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Peter the Great and His Changing Identity Emily Frances Pagrabs Wofford College
Wofford College Digital Commons @ Wofford Student Scholarship 5-2016 Peter the Great and His Changing Identity Emily Frances Pagrabs Wofford College Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wofford.edu/studentpubs Part of the European History Commons, and the Slavic Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Pagrabs, Emily Frances, "Peter the Great and His Changing Identity" (2016). Student Scholarship. Paper 17. http://digitalcommons.wofford.edu/studentpubs/17 This Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ Wofford. It has been accepted for inclusion in Student Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Wofford. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Peter the Great and His Changing Identity Senior History Honors Thesis May 11, 2016 Emiley Pagrabs Pagrabs 1 Introduction Well aware of the perception that foreigners held of him, Peter the Great would never apologize for his nationality or his country. A product of his upbringing, Peter did have some qualities that many foreigners criticized as barbaric and harsh. Said Peter: They say that I am cruel; that is what foreigners think of me, but who are they to judge? They do not know what the situation was at the beginning of my reign, and how many were opposed to my plans, and brought about the failure of projects which would have been of great benefit to my country obliging me to arm myself with great severity; but I have never been cruel…I have always asked for the cooperation of those of my subjects in whom I have perceived intelligence and patriotism, and who, agreeing with my views, were ready to support them.1 Essentially, Peter I was simply a Russian. -
FRANÇOIS MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE (1694-1778) Author: George Saintsbury, D.C.L., LL.D
FRANÇOIS MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE (1694-1778) Author: George Saintsbury, D.C.L., LL.D. Encyclopedia Britannica (New York 1911) vol. 28: 199-205. Electronic Text edited, modified & paginated by Dr Robert A. Hatch© VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE. French philosopher, historian, dramatist and man of letters, whose real name was François Marie Arouet simply, was born on the 21st of November 1694 at Paris, and was baptized the next day. His father was François Arouet, a notary; his mother was Marie Marguerite Daumart or D’Aumard. Both father and mother were of Poitevin extraction, but the Arouets had been for two generations established in Paris, the grandfather being a prosperous tradesman. The family appear to have always belonged to the yeoman-tradesman class; their special home was the town of Saint-Loup. Voltaire was the fifth child of his parents—twin boys (of whom one survived), a girl, Marguerite Catherine, and another boy who died young, having preceded him. Not very much is known of the mother, who died when Voltaire was but seven years old. She pretty certainly was the chief cause of his early introduction to good society, the Abbé de Châteauneuf (his sponsor in more ways than one) having been her friend. The father appears to have been somewhat peremptory in temper, but neither inhospitable nor tyrannical. Marguerite Arouet, of whom her younger brother was very fond, married early, her husbands name being Mignot; the elder brother, Armand, was a strong Jansenist, and there never was any kind of sympathy between him and François. The Abbé do Châteauneuf instructed him early in belles lettres and deism, and he showed when a child the unsurpassed faculty for facile verse-making which always distinguished him. -
The Age of Louis XIV"
Marc Serge Rivière, "The Age of Louis XIV" Marc Serge Rivière THE AGE OF LOUIS XIV: VOLTAIRE'S COMING OF AGE AS A PHILOSOPHER-HISTORIAN In 1994, scholars from all over the world met at congresses in Paris, Oxford, Melbourne and other centres of learning to celebrate the tercentenary of Voltaire's birth. Although there is some doubt as to the exact date of his birth, we know that he was baptized in November 1694. It is accordingly fitting now to reflect on Voltaire's achievements as a historian, for he regarded himself first as a dramatist, next as a historian and last as an essayist and a Conteur, even if he is fondly remembered nowadays as the author of Candide. Voltaire's documentation for his historical works was impressive. In this.respect, The Age of Louis XIV (1751) has as sound a basis as could be expected in its day, and its author has been deemed to be the father of modern "scientific" history. 1 What emerges from a study of the sources utilised for The Age of Louis XIV is that, although Voltaire scorned erudite working habits, in so far as he excluded documents such as extracts of treatises and gave few references, he clearly took his duty as a historian with a degree of seriousness equalled amongst his French contemporaries only by Montesquieu. He was fully aware that his com- petence in historiography would be judged first and foremost on the reliability of his evidence and on the degree of accuracy which he would achieve. Although The Age of Louis XIV did not occupy him exclusively, he sought for about twenty years or so (1732-1751), to add to the data and material which he had begun to gather as early as the late 1720s. -
Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet)
Letters on England by Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet) A Penn State Electronic Classics Series Publication Letters on England by Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet) is a publication of the Pennsylvania State University. This Portable Document file is furnished free and without any charge of any kind. Any person using this document file, for any purpose, and in any way does so at his or her own risk. Neither the Pennsylvania State University nor Jim Manis, Faculty Editor, nor anyone associated with the Pennsylvania State University assumes any responsibility for the material contained within the document or for the file as an electronic transmission, in any way. Letters on England by Voltaire (Francois Marie Arouet), the Pennsylvania State University, Electronic Classics Series, Jim Manis, Faculty Editor, Hazleton, PA 18202-1291 is a Portable Document File produced as part of an ongoing student publication project to bring classical works of literature, in English, to free and easy access of those wishing to make use of them. Cover Design: Jim Manis Copyright © 2002 The Pennsylvania State University The Pennsylvania State University is an equal opportunity university. Contents LETTER I.—ON THE QUAKERS .............................................................................................................................. 6 LETTER II.—ON THE QUAKERS .......................................................................................................................... 10 LETTER III.—ON THE QUAKERS ........................................................................................................................ -
A Biographical Critique of Voltaire by John Morely) [1872]
The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. John Morley, The Works of Voltaire, Vol. XXI (A Biographical Critique of Voltaire by John Morely) [1872] The Online Library Of Liberty This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, educational foundation established in 1960 to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. 2010 was the 50th anniversary year of the founding of Liberty Fund. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), or to make use of the hundreds of essays, educational aids, and study guides, please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 1,000 books and quotes about liberty and power, and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, in present day Iraq. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at [email protected]. -
Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men of France
CABINET CYCLOPAEDIA. m*u0tfO j / } W E N T!L 3 T E RARY ATJ B Finlan, sc,. / Icrttiort 1S5S. CABINET CYCLOPAEDIA. CONDUCTED BY THE REV. DIONYSIUS LARDNER, LL.D. F.R.S. L.&E. M.R.I.A. F.R.A.S. F.L.S. F.Z.S. Hon. F.C.P.S. &c. &c. ASSISTED BY EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN. EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN OF FRANCE. VOL. II. LONDON: PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, & LONGMANS, PATERNOSTER-ROW ; AND JOHN TAYLOR, UPPER COWER STREET. 1839. LONOON : Printed by A. SpomsWOODS, New-Street-Square. Stack Annex \HVo TABLE, ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF LIVES OF EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN OF FRANCE. MONTAIGNE. 15331592 A. D. Page 1533. Birth of Michel de Montaigne . 1 Pierre Eyquem, Seigneur de Montaigne - 1 Education of Montaigne and his five Brothers - 2 The Public School of Guienne - - 5 1559. -Slat 26. Friendship with Etienne de la Boetie - . 7 1563. Death of '. de la Boetie - - 9 1566. JEtat 33. Marriage of Montaigne - 9 Death of his father Pierre - - 10,11 Troubles of France . - 10 Duke of Guise - - 11 Henry King of Navarre, afterwards Henri Quatre - - 11 Anecdotes of the Civil War - - 13, 14 1580. J2tat 47. Montaigne's Journey through Switzerland to Munich, and Rome - 17 Venice, . 1581. JEtat48. Citizenship of Rome granted to Montaigne by a Bull of the Pope - - 18 - - Description of Rome 18 Devotion of Montaigne, and Offering at the Shrine of Loretto - 19 Montaigne elected Mayor by the Citizens of Bordeaux. His return home to fill that Office - - 19 1585. -
Voltaire's History of Charles XII, King of Sweden
EVERYMAN S LIBRARY EDITED BY ERNEST RHYS BIOGRAPHY VOLTAIRE S HISTORY OF CHARLES TWELFTH INTRODUCTORY NOTE BY RT. HON. JOHN BURNS, M.P. THE PUBLISHERS OF LIBIfyFRr WILL BE PLEASED TO SEND FREELY TO ALL APPLICANTS A LIST OF THE PUBLISHED AND PROJECTED VOLUMES TO BE COMPRISED UNDER THE FOLLOWING THIRTEEN HEADINGS: TRAVEL ^ SCIENCE ^ FICTION THEOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY HISTORY ^ CLASSICAL FOR YOUNG PEOPLE ESSAYS ^ ORATORY POETRY & DRAMA BIOGRAPHY REFERENCE ROMANCE IN FOUR STYLES OF BINDING : CLOTH, FLAT BACK, COLOURED TOP ; LEATHER, ROUND CORNERS, GILT TOP; LIBRARY BINDING IN CLOTH, & QUARTER PIGSKIN LTD. LONDON: J. M. DENT & SONS, NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON & CO. VOLTAIRE S HI STORY of CHARLES XII KING SWEDEN Translated 6y WINIFRED -<D TODHUNTER LONDON: PUBLISHED byJ-M-DENT S-SONS-IS3 AND IN NEW YORK BY E-P- DUTTONSCO FIRST ISSUE OF THIS EDITION . 1908 REPRINTED .... 1912 PREFATORY NOTE " much To Charles the Twelfth of Sweden I owe in best stead all It of what has stood me my life. but a that was nearly thirty years ago, when boy, in the New Cut. I I bought his Life for a penny a took it home and devoured it. It made great but the impression on me. Not his wars, Spartan me with the heroism of his character. He inspired over weakness, weari idea of triumphing physical to bear all manner ness and pain. To inure his body to bathe in ice, or of hardships indifferently, face his the torrid rays of the sun, to discipline physical the niceties powers by gymnastics, to despise of to make his an instrument as food and drink, body and at the same time to have that of tempered steel, the mind, that body absolutely at the disposition of seemed to me conduct worthy of a hero. -
Cómo Citar El Artículo Número Completo Más Información Del
Tópicos ISSN: 1666-485X ISSN: 1668-723X Asociación Revista de Filosofía de Santa Fe Ratto, Adrián Voltaire historiador. A propósito de la Histoire de Charles XII Tópicos, núm. 36, 2018, pp. 71-90 Asociación Revista de Filosofía de Santa Fe Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=28859251005 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Redalyc Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Voltaire historiador. A propósito de la Histoire de Charles XII Voltaire historian. About the Histoire de Charles XII Adrián Ratto* Resumen: La Histoire de Charles XII, roi de Suède (1731) es un texto a menudo desvalorizado por los especialistas en los trabajos históricos e historiográficos de Voltaire, en la medida en que ven en él una obra menor, que se encontraría más cerca de la Henriade, el poema épico que el filósofo había publicado en 1728 en honor a Enrique IV, que de sus grandes trabajos históricos, el Siècle de Louis XIV (1751) y el Essai sur les mœurs et l’esprit des nations (1756). El objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar que la Histoire de Charles XII anticipa, a pesar de ser uno de los primeros escritos históricos de Voltaire, el método que utilizaría a partir de los años 40 en sus obras mayores. Además, el texto pone de relieve la existencia de cierta distancia entre el programa que el filósofo se propone ejecutar en el escrito y su materialización. -
The Works of Voltaire, Vol. I (Candide) [1759]
The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. Voltaire, The Works of Voltaire, Vol. I (Candide) [1759] The Online Library Of Liberty This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, educational foundation established in 1960 to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. 2010 was the 50th anniversary year of the founding of Liberty Fund. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), or to make use of the hundreds of essays, educational aids, and study guides, please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 1,000 books and quotes about liberty and power, and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, in present day Iraq. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at [email protected]. -
Voltaire Candide
VOLTAIRE CANDIDE Introduction Chronology French – English parallel text Notes Glossary Further Reading and Links [The word NOTE in the French text indicates a crux of translation that is explored further in the Notes that follow the text. Voltaire at the age of 24, by Catherine Lusurier, after Nicolas de Largillière’s painting. A star (*) in the English version indicates the name of a person or place, identified further in the Glossary at the end of the translation. In both cases, click on NOTE or the star to be taken to the relevant discussion, and then on RETURN to come back to the text.] © tclt.org.uk 2010 INTRODUCTION There can be few, if any, writers whose achievement has been profound and various enough as to result in their name being connected with an entire literary period, with one of the stations on the Paris Métro, with a celebrated American musical, with a famous racehorse, and with a Gothic rock band. The writer in question is, of course, Voltaire, who over the course of a long life from 1694 to 1778 came to dominate not only French but also European culture, to the extent that the 18th century Age of Enlightenment is often, and justifiably, referred to as the Age of Voltaire. Even at first meeting, what is at once apparent is the astonishing breadth of his cultural interests and literary skills. He wrote prolifically, producing works in practically every literary form: major poems, essays, between fifty and sixty plays, works of history and philosophy and science, political tracts against slavery and social injustice, in addition to more than 20,000 letters and countless pamphlets. -
Rare and Early Printed Books
Rare and Early Printed Books Alphabetical list of collection A Abingdon, Thomas. The antiquities of the cathedral church of Worcester ... - London : Printed for E.Curll , 1717. - Location: o1717 Account of all the manors, messuages, lands, tenements, and hereditaments ... held by lease from the Crown ... - London : S.Hooper , 1787. - Location: x1787 An accurate description and history of the cathedral and metroplitan church of St. Peter, York, ... - [s.l.] : [s.n.] , 1768. - Location: o1768 Adams, John. Index villaries: or, an exact register, alphabetically digested, of all the cities, market-towns, parishes, ... of each county ... - London : Sawbridge &c , 1690. - WingA480. - Location: f1690 Addison, Joseph. The free-holder; or, political essays. - 6th ed. - London : Pr. for J. & R.Brown , 1739. - Provenance: Miss M.Hollier.- Location: o1739 Aelianus, Claudius. Varia historia. Ad MStos codices nunc primum recognita ... - Leyden : J. Du Vivie , 1701. - 2 vol.- Location: o1701 Aikin, John. England delineated; or, a geographical description of every county in England and Wales ... - London : J.Johnson , 1788. - Location: o1788 Ainsworth, Robert. Thesaurus linguae Latinae compendarius; or, a compendious dictionay of the Latin tongue ... - New ed ... by Thomas Morell. - London : J.Pott &c , 1783. - Location: d1783 Akenside, Mark. The pleasures of imagination : a poem. - London : R.Dodsley , 1744. - With other edition of poetry.- Location: o1744 Alberti, Leandro. Descrittione di tutta l'Italia e isoli pertinenti ad essa. - Venetia :Gio.Battista Porta , 1581. - Ed. Borgaruccio Borgarucci. - B&E A 1. - Location: o1581 Albin, Eleazar. A natural history of British insects; illustrated with a hundred copper plates, curiously engraven from the life ... - [s.l.] : The Author , 1720. - plates : ill.- Location: d1720 Allestree, Richard. -
The History of Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia
The History Of Peter The Great, Emperor Of Russia By Voltaire The History Of Peter The Great, Emperor Of Russia CHAPTER I. DESCRIPTION OF RUSSIA. The empire of Russia is the largest in the whole globe, extending from west to east upwards of two thousand common leagues of France, and about eight hundred in its greatest breadth from north to south. It borders upon Poland and the Frozen Sea, and joins to Sweden and China. Its length from the island of Dago, in the westernmost part of Livonia, to its most eastern limits, takes in near one hundred and seventy degrees, so that when it is noon in the western parts of the empire, it is nearly midnight in the eastern. Its breadth from north to south is three thousand six hundred wersts, which make eight hundred and fifty of our common French leagues. The limits of this country were so little known in the last century, that, in 1689, when it was reported, that the Chinese and the Russians were at war, and that in order to terminate their differences, the emperor Camhi on the one hand, and the czars Ivan or John, and Peter, on the other, had sent their ministers to meet an embassy within three hundred leagues of Pekin, on the frontiers of the two empires, the account was at first treated as a fiction. The country now comprehended under the name of Russia, or the Russias, is of a greater extent than all the rest of Europe, or than ever the Roman empire was, or that of Darius subdued by Alexander; for it contains upwards of one million one hundred thousand square leagues.