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Redalyc.CARACTERIZACIÓN FÍSICO-QUÍMICA DEL EXTRACTO Revista Cubana de Química ISSN: 0258-5995 [email protected] Universidad de Oriente Cuba Martinez Hung, B.; Hung Guzmán, B.; Hernández Sosa, E.; Audivert Hung, Y. CARACTERIZACIÓN FÍSICO-QUÍMICA DEL EXTRACTO ACUOSO DE ZUELANIA SP Revista Cubana de Química, vol. XVIII, núm. 1, 2006, pp. 258-268 Universidad de Oriente Santiago de Cuba, Cuba Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=443543688088 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto CARACTERIZACIÓN FÍSICO-QUÍMICA DEL EXTRACTO ACUOSO DE ZUELANIA SP B. Martinez Hung, [email protected], B. Hung Guzmán, [email protected], E. Hernández Sosa, Y. Audivert Hung Resumen: Durante más de dos generaciones la población de las regiones montañosas orientales de Cuba ha utilizado de forma popular el macerado de cortezas de Zuelania sp. para tratar enfermedades urinarias con resultados satisfactorios1, y por la trascendencia de las enfermedades renales y su incremento en la población infantil y adulta, resulta necesaria la evaluación científica para poderles ofrecer ayuda conociendo la composición y las características físico-químicas del extracto. En el presente trabajo se realiza la caracterización físico-química, el estudio de estabilidad y la determinación de biomoléculas presentes. Palabras claves: extracto, tamizaje, fitoquímico, guaguasí, medicina alternativa. Introducción: En nuestro siglo, los grandes avances científicos y tecnológicos han permitido desarrollar sustitutos artificiales de los naturales, sin embargo, en los últimos veinte años se ha verificado una tendencia de volver a los productos naturales, libres de contaminación, al uso de hierbas medicinales, plantas aromáticas y plantas condimentarias, esto se debe al deterioro del medio ambiente a causa de las contaminaciones y al hecho de que las biomoléculas son idóneas por su inocuidad en dependencia de las concentraciones, ya que todas las sustancias son potencialmente venenosas, la dosis define esa toxicidad y su grado. Las ventajas del empleo de las plantas son que, junto a sus principios activos, existen en muchos casos otros constituyentes de acción sinérgica, que potencian su acción y la hacen más completa y duradera que el principio o principios activos aislados2,3. No obstante a ello, debemos tener en cuenta que ciertas plantas medicinales no han mostrado las propiedades que les atribuye la experiencia popular, e incluso algunas han resultado peligrosas. De ahí la necesidad de un estudio científico de estas plantas para su empleo como medicina alternativa, y la negativa de los médicos al empleo desordenado de los remedios y los métodos de la medicina popular. El descubrimiento de un alto porcentaje de fármacos de origen vegetal es resultado del estudio científico de plantas bien conocidas y empleadas en la medicina tradicional. Entre las muchas acciones terapéuticas estudiadas que se les atribuye a las plantas medicinales, la acción diurética es una de la menos estudiada y muy necesaria para buscar alivio a los enfermos renales por eso el objetivo del presente trabajo es la evaluación científica del extracto acuoso de la corteza de Zuelania guidonia (Sw.) Britt. & Millsp. Métodos experimentales: La planta seleccionada para esta investigación fue la Zuelania guidonia, árbol elevado de hasta 20 a 30 metros de altura, resinoso, de costas secas y pedregosas, se encuentra en la Sierra Maestra, en la zona costera sur, en Baracoa, en la Península de Guanahacabibes, no abunda en Cuba, sin embargo está presente en toda la región del Caribe, Centroamérica, México, Perú, Costa Rica, Colombia y Brasil. En Cuba se utilizan las hojas, la corteza y la resina para el tratamiento del reumatismo, enfermedades renales y como purgante desde antes de 1895, según se refiere en “Memoria del Cuerpo de Sanidad Militar del Ejército Libertador”4. Vol. XVIII, No 1, 2006 258 Taxonomía Nombre: Zuelania guidonia Autoridad: (Sw.) Britt. & Millsp. Familia/Género: Flacourtiaceae - Zuelania Sinónimos: Casearia laetioides Warb., Laetia guidonia Sw., Casearia guidonia (Sw.), Lundell non Benth, Casearia icosandra (Sw.), Planch. & Triana ex Hemsl., Casearia latioides (A.Rich.) Northr, Guidonia icosandra (Sw.), Kuntze Guidonia latioides (A.Rich.) M.Gómez Laetia crenata A.Rich, Laetia guidonia Sw., Laetia longifolia A.Rich. Samyda icosandra Sw. Thiodia longifolia A.Rich. Samyda icosandra Sw. Thiodia laetioides ( A.Rich.),Zuelania crenata (A.Rich) Griseb, Zuelania icosandra (Sw.) Clos Zuelania laetioides A.Rich.Zuelania longifolia A.Rich.Zuelania reoussoviae Pittier Nombres communes: trementino, anona de llano, campanillo, manzanillo, manzano, nogalillo, volantín (Mexico); cachimán marrón; cagajón, palacio, caranon (Panama); cojón de bayo, hueso de pava, pellejo de vieja, resina, sangre de playa, plomo (Honduras); guaguasí, güagüasí (Cuba); palo de plomo (Nicaragua); quapac (Guatemala); tamay (Belice, Mexico) Caracterización físico-química del extracto acuoso de la corteza de Zuelania guidonia (Sw.) Britt. & Millsp.: En el estudio físico-químico fueron escogidas para su determinación las variables físicas por ser estas las que más afectan la absorción de los compuestos a nivel de las membranas celulares5, dentro de las variables estudiadas están: pH, sólidos, viscosidad, densidad y propiedades organolépticas. Tabla 1 Métodos aplicados para la determinación de los parámetros físicos. No. Parámetro físico Método* 1 Viscosidad relativa Viscosimétrico 2 Densidad Pignometría 3 Sólidos Gravimétrico 4 Propiedades organolépticas Sensorial 5 pH Potenciométrico *Todos los métodos se aplicaron según la NC:19-01-316. Los parámetros físicos fueron determinados para un solo tipo de extracto, el extracto acuoso sin modificación alguna: 1. La viscosidad relativa es la medida de la resistencia interna que ofrece un líquido a su propio movimiento, se determinó mediante la razón entre el tiempo de caída del extracto de Guaguasí y el tiempo de caída del agua dentro del viscosímetro de Ostwald, medido con un cronómetro7. 2. La densidad fue hallada por pignometría utilizando un pignómetro de 25 ml y por diferencias de pesadas entre el extracto y el agua, a la temperatura de 29º C7. 3. Los sólidos totales se determinaron por método gravimétrico, basado en la evaporación de la muestra a analizar, de manera que el residuo se obtenga seco8. Se aplicó análisis estadístico a las muestras pesadas, se determinó media, desviación estándar y el Gráfico de caja y bigotes, utilizando el programa Statgraphis Plus for Windows. Versión 5.19. 4. Las propiedades organolépticas se realizaron directamente por el investigador, usando todos los sentidos y reportando todos los resultados para el olor de acuerdo a su identidad y su tipo, para el color por indicación visual y señalando el tono10. Vol. XVIII, No 1, 2006 259 5. La determinación del pH se realiza utilizando un pHmetro, este valor está relacionado + 11 directamente con la concentración de iones H3O en solución . De acuerdo a su identidad el olor se puede definir como: • Muy débil: puede definirse solo por un analista experimentado. • Débil: comparado contra un a muestra de referencia. • Distinguible: perceptible por cualquier consumidor de agua. • Fuerte: desagradable. • Muy fuerte: nauseabundo. El color por inspección visual se define como: • Incoloro • Coloreado muy débilmente • Coloreado débilmente • Fuertemente coloreado El tono puede ser: amarillo, verdoso, carmelita, rojizo, negro, etc. Para todos los casos se realizaron las mediciones en tres ocasiones diferentes y con diferentes extractos para lograr mayor representatividad, reportando los valores medios que han asumido las variables. Tamizaje fitoquímico: El tamizaje fitoquímico es una técnica que se utiliza para detectar metabolitos secundarios presentes en especies vegetales, desde el punto de vista cualitativo y se basa en la realización de reacciones químicas con diferentes reactivos, donde la aparición de determinado color o precipitado coloreado o no, es indicativo de la presencia de un determinado metabolito. Estos ensayos no brindan un criterio absoluto y confirmativo de la presencia de estos compuestos, pues se pueden producir numerosas interferencias en estas reacciones, producto de la presencia en el medio de otras sustancias (metabolitos secundarios o no), capaces de reaccionar en forma similar, provocando reacciones falsas positivas. Sin embargo esta técnica sí da un criterio de la composición química que pueda existir en un extracto de una droga vegetal12. Los ensayos se realizaron según se describe en la guía metodológica para la investigación de la plantas medicinales, realizándose tres réplicas para cada ensayo13. La técnica del tamizaje se realizó con el objetivo de determinar la presencia de algunos metabolitos, en dependencia de sus características estructurales y solubilidad de cada uno de ellos. Entre los ensayos a realizar podemos citar: cumarinas, saponinas, aceites esenciales, leucoantocianidinas y principios amargos y/o astringentes. Preparación del producto: Se lavó la corteza con abundante agua potable corriente y se fragmentó manualmente con instrumentos cortantes hasta obtener astillas de 3 cm de largo por ½ cm de ancho (para aumentar la superficie de contacto). De los fragmentos obtenidos se pesaron aproximadamente 5 gramos y se sometieron a un proceso de ebullición
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