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New Zealand's Efforts to Eliminate Violence Against Women Fordham Law School FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History Crowley Mission Reports Leitner Center for International Law and Justice 2008 "It's Not OK": New Zealand's Efforts to Eliminate Violence Against Women Jeanmarie Fenrich Exectutive Director, Leitner Center for International Law and Justice, [email protected] Jorge Contesse Crowley Fellow 2007-2008 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/crowley_reports Part of the Human Rights Law Commons, and the Law and Gender Commons Recommended Citation Fenrich, Jeanmarie and Contesse, Jorge, ""It's Not OK": New Zealand's Efforts to Eliminate Violence Against Women" (2008). Crowley Mission Reports. 1. https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/crowley_reports/1 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Leitner Center for International Law and Justice at FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. It has been accepted for inclusion in Crowley Mission Reports by an authorized administrator of FLASH: The Fordham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Leitner Center for International Law and Justice “It’s not OK”: Fordham Law School New Zealand’s Efforts to Eliminate Violence Against Women 33 West 60th Street Second Floor New York, NY 10023 NEW ZEALAND REPPORT 212.636.6862 www.leitnercenter.org “IT’S NOT OK” “IT’S NOT OK”: New Zealand’s Efforts to Eliminate Violence Against Women Jeanmarie Fenrich Jorge Contesse Executive Director, Crowley Fellow 2007-08 Leitner Center for International Leitner Center for International Law and Justice Law and Justice Fordham Law School Fordham Law School Cover: Mural image usage by courtesy of Bream Bay Community Support Trust, Ruakaka, Northland. Mural Artist Dan Mills. Contents Introduction 4 Acknowledgements 6 Part I: New Zealand’s obligations under international law and domestic law regarding domestic violence & its responses 7 1. Domestic violence as a human rights violation 7 2. New Zealand’s regulations and programs on domestic violence 9 Regulations 9 Programs 14 3. New Zealand’s international obligations to Ma¯ori as indigenous people 16 International Law 16 The Treaty of Waitangi 18 Part II: Domestic violence in New Zealand: problems with current regulations and “implementation gaps” 20 1. Domestic violence in New Zealand: the current situation 20 2. Problems with the law as written 21 Access to programs 21 Access to legal aid 22 Lack of mandatory and adequate training 24 Failure to require data collection 27 Conclusions and Recommendations 29 3. Problems with implementation 31 Stopping violence programs 31 Problems with protection orders 31 Meeting the standards of the DVA 1995 35 Conclusions and Recommendations 37 Part III: Domestic Violence in Ma¯ori Communities 39 1. Socioeconomic indicators and disparities in New Zealand 39 2. Explanations for the disparities 40 3. Funding issues 43 4. Certification for service providers 45 5. Services in rural areas 48 6. Relations between the Police and Ma¯ori communities 48 7. Ma¯ori programs addressing domestic violence 49 8. The New Zealand government’s obligation to consult with Ma¯ori 52 Conclusions and Recommendations 52 Conclusion 55 Introduction Over the last decade, New Zealand has made significant efforts to address an acute social problem—violence against women. In New Zealand, it is estimated that one in three women has been a victim of domestic violence.1 In an effort to combat the problem, New Zealand has enacted legislation and regulations which aim to prevent and eliminate domestic violence.2 It has also created visible public education cam- paigns calling upon people to stop “family violence” as it is called in New Zealand.3 As a result, domestic violence is no longer circum- School to study violence against women in New scribed to the private sphere and it is not difficult to Zealand in light of these international commitments. strike up a conversation on the issue. Nonetheless, Violence against women, and domestic violence in the levels of domestic violence remain surprisingly particular, is a serious issue that has received a great high. Domestic violence affects all segments of the deal of attention internationally over the last few population and all ethnicities in New Zealand, how- decades. However, patterns of violence persist in ever, the prevalence rates within Ma¯ori communities both developed and developing countries, undermin- are even higher than the rates for the general popu- ing the status and rights of women, and damaging lation.4 the lives of women and children who are exposed to The prevalence of violence against women per- these situations. We acknowledge that the Labour- sists despite New Zealand’s commitments under led coalition government in power from 1998-2008 international law to secure equality for women, act in New Zealand made deliberate efforts to combat with due diligence to prevent, investigate or punish this problem. We maintain, however, that more can— acts of domestic violence and provide for effective and ought to—be done. remedies to the victims of domestic violence. New The Fordham delegation was led by Professors Zealand has signed and ratified the U.N. Charter,5 the Jeanmarie Fenrich, Paolo Galizzi, and Chi Mgbako, Universal Declaration of Human Rights,6 the Interna- and the 2007-08 Crowley Fellow in International tional Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,7 and the Human Rights, Jorge Contesse, and included eight International Covenant on Economic, Social, and second-year law students, Justin Bernstein, Annie Cultural Rights.8 While none of these treaties Chen, Abisola Fatade, Michelle Magbalon, Mani expressly addresses domestic violence, they each Mostofi, Sarah Stevenson, Anupama Sawkar and prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex.9 New Emily Wei, and the Leitner Center’s Program Assis- Zealand has also signed and ratified the Convention tant, Elizabeth Mooers. Prior to the on-the-ground on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination study, the delegation participated in an intense pro- Against Women10 (“CEDAW”), which imposes more gram of study throughout the academic year, includ- specific obligations on states to ensure women’s ing a seminar on human rights in New Zealand led equality. by Mr. Contesse and Professors Jeanmarie Fenrich This Report represents the culmination of a year- and Tracy Higgins. While in New Zealand, the dele- long project undertaken by the Leitner Center for gation met with lawyers, judges, legislators, govern- International Law and Justice at Fordham Law ment officials, academics, local leaders, and ordinary 1 See Infra, note 153 and accompanying text 2 See, infra, Part I.2.A. 3 Although “domestic violence” or “family violence” may also include child abuse, this report considers only male partner violence against women and, as used in this report, “domestic violence” and “family violence” refer only to male partner violence against women. 4 See, infra, Part III. 5 U.N. Charter. The Charter was signed on June 26, 1945, and entered into force on October 24, 1945. 6 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. Res. 217A (III), U.N. Doc. A/180, at 71 (1948). 7 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 999 U.N.T.S. 171 [hereinafter ICCPR]. The Covenant was adopted on December 19, 1966, and entered into force on March 23, 1976. 8 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 999 U.N.T.S. 3 [hereinafter ICESCR]. The Covenant was adopted on December 19, 1966, and entered into force on January 3, 1976. 9 See infra Part I. 10 Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women, G.A. Res. 34/180, 34 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 46) at 193, U.N. Doc. A/34/46 (1980) [hereinafter CEDAW]. The Convention was adopted on December 18, 1979, and entered into force on September 3, 1981. 4 IT’S NOT OK The prevalence of violence against women persists despite New Zealand’s commitments under international law to secure equality for women, act with due diligence to prevent, investigate or punish acts of domestic violence and provide for effective remedies to the victims of domestic violence. Kaitaia Whangarei North Dargaville Ruakaka Island Takapuna Auckland Waitemata Manukau Tasman Sea Tauranga Hamilton Rotorua Whakatane Taupo New Plymouth Gisborne Napier Hastings Wanganui Palmerston Collingwood North Porirua Karamea Nelson Wellington Westport Blenheim Reelton Kaikoura Hokitika Whataroa Christchurch Haast Akanoa Pacific Ocean Ashburton Timaru Millford Sound Alexandra Oamaru Te Anau South Island Winton Gore Dunedin Invercargill The Leitner Center teams traveled to several New Zealand cities and towns, including: Auckland, Ruakaka, Christchurch, Hamilton, Invercargill, Kaitaia, Nelson, Whangarei, and Wellington. LEITNER CENTER 5 women and men from Aotearoa/New Zealand. The problems activists and workers face when they delegation conducted approximately 165 interviews address these situations. Some of these problems in all.11 relate to the existing law or government policy This Report presents the findings of this research whereas others have to do with the way the law and effort. It consists of three parts. Part I sets out the policy has been implemented—or not implemented. normative framework on domestic violence, both at Finally, Part III addresses domestic violence in Ma¯ori the international and national level, and explains the communities. While many of the problems present- relevant norms that govern the relationship between ed in Part II also apply to Ma¯ori, this Part discusses Ma¯ori and the Crown. Part II begins with a back- some issues that affect Ma¯ori in particular. Both ground discussion regarding the level of domestic Parts II and III offer recommendations designed to violence in New Zealand. It then proceeds to detail address the documented problems. During the the problems with the domestic law and implement- course of our research, the New Zealand govern- ing regulations addressing domestic violence—both ment has apparently decided to adopt a number of with the law as written and problems with the law modifications to the existing legislation and policies and regulations as implemented or enforced, the addressing domestic violence.
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