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Floristic Studies to Assess the Biodiversity of Angiospermic Herbal Weeds of Chittoor District, Andhrapradesh, India

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Floristic Studies to Assess the Biodiversity of Angiospermic Herbal Weeds of Chittoor District, Andhrapradesh, India Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-2, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in Floristic Studies to Assess the Biodiversity of Angiospermic Herbal Weeds of Chittoor District, Andhrapradesh, India. *Pasupuleti Neeraja & Busireddy Muralidhar Reddy *Assistant professor, Department of Botany, Kakatiya Government College, Hanamkonda, Warangal, Telangana, India. Abstract: Botanical surveys were carried out region is not explored fully due to prohibition and during 2008-2016 for ethnobotanical studies on religious belief. Fisher (1923) reported 388 species angiospermic weeds of the Chittoor, southern most of dicots from Nellore, Kadapa, Chittoor, and district of Andhra Pradesh where agriculture is Chengalput district. Naidu & Rao (1967,1969, predominant. The district is geographically distinct 1971) listed 828 species in the flora of Tirupathi in to hilly, plateau, plain regions and shows hills. Rangacharulu (1991) reported 1500 species floristic diversity coupled with high degree of of angiosperms. Species assessment, and endemism as the Seshachalam Hill ranges, the inventorisation provide botanical data related to richest floristic hotspot of Eastern Ghats, fall under change in diversity and number of species over a the study area. The botanical surveys were period of time. Intensive botanical surveys from conducted covering entire district and all seasons time to time are prerequisite for the management of of the year, revealed the vast biodiversity of natural resources and conservation of biodiversity angiospermic weeds, the plant specimens were which is embodied in India’s Biological Diversity collected, identified, with the help of floras, Act (2002). So for in depth floristic studies, or voucher specimens were prepared as per standard ethnobotanical studies have not been carried out on protocols, compared with herbarium specimens of angiospermic weeds of the Chittoor district. BSI, Hyderabad and deposited in the herbarium of SVU, Tirupati for future studies. APG III system Most of the traditional herbs are growing in wild was followed in the enumeration of angiospermic conditon as weeds. Weeds are comprised of the herbs. The floristic analysis of the present studies more aggressive, troublesome and undesirable of shows that herbs constitute dominant life form the world’s vegetation. According to Bell (1905) belongs to 62 families, genera 218, species 404. weed is a plant of outside place. Baily and Baily The present studies are necessary in view of (1941) passed the opinion that weed is a plant presence of endemic, endangered, invasive and whose virtue have not yet discovered. Shah (1971) rare species, for the management of ecosystem, stated that weed is a plant growing where it is not conservation of biodiversity, and tapping the desired. Some researchers feel weeds as hidden potential of herbal weeds for the betterment “Vegabonds”. Many describe them as “necessary of mankind. The present study is the first attempt to collories” of agiculture. No plant is useless in enumerate angiospermic weeds of Chittoor district. nature, in fact weeds are important from the standpoint of medicinal, allelopathic and food 1.INTRODUCTION values. As per the available weed definitions all plants come under category of weeds, to avoid the The vast geographical, diverse climate, confusion, based on the available literature, a and topographical realms of India have resulted in Global Compendium of Weeds (GCW) list has enormous ecological diversity on 2% of earth come into force. In the recent edition of GCW by surface making it one of the 12 mega diversity R. P. Randal (2012), 33, 738 weed species were centers in the world. India harbors three of the reported based on weediness. Baker (1965 & world’s 34 biodiversity hot spots and number of 1975) has done pioneering work on the traits that endemic species. The study area Chittoor district is make plants weedy and defined an ideal weed. The also known for species diversity, and endemism present study is on angiospermic herbal weeds of because of its geographical location, as well as the Chittoor district. vegetation of the area is influenced by both the monsoons. The well-known Tirumala hills are the part of Seshschalam hill ranges of Eastern Ghats, which is one of the richest floristic hotspots. This Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Page 610 Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-2, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS angiospermic herbs were with armature out of 404 species studied. The floristic analysis of the Present o o Chittoor district is situated between 12 -37’ to 14 - study revealed that there were 404 taxa belongs to o o 81’ of North latitude and 78 -30’ to 79 -55’ of 218 genera, 62 families. The dominant families Eastern longitudes. The Eastern Ghats are were Poaceae (41 genera / 71 species), Fabaceae predominant in the western region they gradually (14/39), Astraceae (28/32), Acanthaceae (13/29), bend towards the sacred hills of Tirupati passing Cyperaceae (7/25), Amaranthaceae ( 11/24), through historical place Chandragiri. The general Lamiaceae (7/21), Euphorbiaceae (6/17), elevation of the mountainous part of the district is Malvaceae (5/14), Rubiaceae (4/8). These ten 2500 feet above sea level. Physiographically the familes contributed 136 genera (62.38%) and 280 study area is divided into hilly, plateau and plains species (69.30%) and proliferic genera of study with red, black, and laterite soils and has dry area were Cyperus, Indigofera, Euphorbia, Leucas, climate. Vegetation of the region is influenced by crotalaria. both south west and north east monsoons. There are no perennieal rivers. The average temperature Around 83 Invasive alien species were ranges from 30oC to 42oC in estern mandals and identified and Asteraceae tops the list (15) followed 19oC to 32oC in western mandals and temperature by Malvaceae (8), Amaranthaceae (8), Poaceae (7), soars up to 47oC during summer season. An Fabaceae (7), Euphorbiaceae (5) (Table 4.) ethnobotanical exploration was carried out Weedy nature and invasive characters of covering all seasons like pre- monsoon, monsoon, angiospermic herbs are biological indicators for post-monsoon, winter and summer in almost all climate change. Solanum sisymbriifolium new mandalas of the Chittoor district A.P., during the report from south India has become a menace. The years 2008-2016. The methods suggested by Jain invasive alien weeds influence the distribution of and Goel (1995) were adopted to survey native weed species. Sometimes the prolific growth Angiospermic weeds of Chittoor district. Specimen of the invasive weed herbs pose grave threat to collection, field notes, processing of material was survival of local flora through allelopathic effect. followed according to the standard protocol ( Biotic interference through invasion of species, has Fosberg & Sachet, 1965) suggested by Botanical marked influence on the vegetation of the study Survey of India. Identification of plant specimens area. The human influence in the name of were done with the help of regional floras (Gamble modernization will alter the natural habitats. In and Fischer 1915-1936; Pullaiah 1997; Pullaiah & view of the climate change there is a possibility of Chennaiah 1997; Pullaiah & Moulali 1997) and e- invasion, or extinction of the taxon to the local floras. Voucher specimen were Compared with flora of any region. To understand and study the herbarium specimens of BSI, DRC, Hyderabad and levels of biodiversity operating in any area, and to deposited in the Herbarium of SVU, Tirupati. For know about the effect of climate change on the enumeration APG III Plant Classification 2012 was vegetation of locality, botanical surveys and the followed. The botanical name of the taxa have been documentation of inventory of species are verified with International Plant Name Index necessary. The present study is an attempt to (IPNI). understand the biodiversity of angiospermic weeds 3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION of Chittoor district with reference to habit. Biodiversity is essential for continued existence of The present investigation is the outcome human race. The present study reveals that majority of intensive and extensive field explorations and of angiospermic weeds of Chittoor are herbs and herbarium studies carried out between the years invasive in nature. 2008-2016 and indicates that the Chittoor district is blessed with splendid diversity of angiospermic 4. CONCLUSION weeds. The herbs dominate habit form with 404 The study area possesses richness of biodiversity species. Accepted plant binomial, habit, family, and this feature is attributed to heterogenicity of and voucher specimen number are listed in table1. geographic and climatic features. Wild In the present survey weeds were collected, angiospermic herbs constitute a major part of this identified and voucher specimens were prepared in biodiversity. However, presently unknown species triplets and were given collection numbers starting is thought to be 10 -20% of number of known from PNR 0001. Around eight new weed species species and they are likely to be rare in rapidly were identified for the first time from the study shrinking habitats, therefore cataloguing such area (table 1) and few of them are first reports in species is an essential step in setting conservation the state. Some important plants are featured in priorities. (Joppa& al.,2010). Inventorying of photographs ( A- F) in fig I. It was
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