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Apatura Ilia (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Apaturinae Le Petit Mars Changeant

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Apatura Ilia (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Apaturinae Le Petit Mars Changeant Famille Nymphalidae Sous-famille Apatura ilia (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) Apaturinae le Petit Mars changeant Statut Le Petit Mars changeant était autrefois assez commun, bien qu’en populations assez localisées. Les effectifs sont connus pour être assez fl uctuants, et l’espèce montre une nette tendance à la régression, ce phénomène semblant d’ailleurs s’accé- RE lérer depuis une vingtaine d’années. CR Phénologie OINOT Espèce univoltine, paraissant habi- EN Claude V tuellement de la mi-juin à la mi-juillet, mais qui se montre de plus en plus tôt (en VU moyenne avec quinze jours d’avance sur les éclosions des années 1980) ; quelques exemplaires observés tardivement les Bourgogne NT années chaudes, correspondent probable- Franche-Comté ment (comme dans le Sud de la France) à LC une deuxième génération, très partielle ici. Dates extrêmes : (17 mai 2007 ; DD 21 mai 2011) 26 mai – 2 août, (11 août 2003 ; 13 août 1983 ; 20 août 2011, 22 août 2003 ; 25 août 2010). NA Atteintes et menaces NE L’espèce est menacée par diverses atteintes portées à ses habitats. En Europe – LC contexte forestier, l’élimination des es- Mâles, forme clytie à gauche, forme nominative blanche à droite (Côte-d’Or, 2005). France – LC sences dites secondaires et l’entretien des abords de sommières par gyrobroyage Écologie et biologie dite Mars orangé, dont les taches bien peuvent compromettre le maintien de marquées varient de l’ocre au brun-roux. Le Petit Mars changeant est une ce papillon. De façon similaire, la recti- Ces différences se retrouvent au revers. fi cation et l’enrochement de nombreuses espèce mésophile à mésohygrophile des Comme pour le Grand Mars changeant, berges de cours d’eau éliminent les arbres milieux boisés, assez ouverts, présentant les mâles présentent sur le dessus de nourriciers indispensables au bon déve- une végétation arbustive ensoleillée : magnifi ques refl ets bleu-violet, variables loppement des chenilles. D’après une lisières, coupes de régénération et che- selon l’angle d’incidence de la lumière. partie de la bilbiographie, les plantations mins attenants, bords de cours d’eau et d’essences allochtones et plus particuliè- d’étangs, bois des plateaux calcaires et La forme clytie domine par rapport rement de Peuplier du Canada pourraient friches associées. Il arrive souvent que à la forme blanche, surtout en milieu impacter défavorablement les popula- des individus adultes erratiques soient chaud. tions de ce taxon. Il semble en effet que également observés le long des haies, Il existe un grand risque de confu- les femelles de Mars pondent préférentiel- jusque dans les jardins et même en sion entre les deux Mars, surtout en vol. lement sur ces cultivars dont le feuillage pleine ville. La bande blanche et les dessins contras- se montre ensuite trop coriace pour que tés du revers d’Apatura iris permettent Les imagos femelles sont peu actifs les jeunes chenilles puissent correcte- et rarement visibles. Les mâles des- la distinction. Posés, ailes ouvertes, les ment s’en nourrir. Cette assertion a tou- Difficulté de cendent se désaltérer sur les fl aques mâles sont très proches ; l’ocelle cerclé tefois été réfutée dans certains ouvrages. détermination boueuses des sentiers, les plages enva- d’orange de l’espace 2 des antérieures Sous un autre angle, des études ont éga- sées des rivières, les talus des gravières, facilite la reconnaissance d’Apatura ilia. lement démontré que les mésanges pré- et sont très attirés par les sources am- La forme orangée ne présente globale- lèvent de grandes quantités de chenilles moniaquées (sueur, déjections animales, ment pas de diffi culté de détermination, durant leur diapause hivernale. Ce phé- cadavres des petits mammifères et de alors que la forme typique reste plus nomène de régulation de type proie-pré- mollusques, humeurs d’insectes écra- délicate à identifi er si le revers des ailes dateur, qui participe au fonctionnement sés…). Ils peuvent alors se rassembler n’est pas visible. naturel des écosystèmes, peut expliquer en nombre sur quelques mètres, toujours pour partie les fortes variations d’effectifs en plein soleil. Distribution observées certaines années. Dérangés, ils se réfugient à trois Espèce eurasiatique, répandue en ou quatre mètres du sol, à l’extrémité France dans la quasi-totalité des dépar- Orientations de gestion et d’un rameau, puis au bout de quelques tements ; elle n’est jamais banale et tou- mesures conservatoires minutes d’observation, redescendent en jours très localisée. La sauvegarde et le maintien du Petit planant se poser au même endroit. Les Dans nos régions, c’est une espèce Mars changeant passent par une gestion chenilles se développent sur les Peu- planitiaire, ne dépassant pas 600 m d’al- appropriée des ripisylves et des lisières Diagramme pliers (Populus tremula, P. nigra) et les titude, évitant la partie méridionale du forestières. Il faut en ce sens préserver écologique Saules (Salix spp.). massif vosgien et les hauteurs du Jura au maximum les essences autochtones en Franche-Comté et le Morvan en Bour- et chercher à restaurer les plantations 4 Chaud Description et risques de gogne. Très dispersée dans cette der- artifi cialisées. Le maintien de transitions 3 nière région, elle est encore bien visible 2 confusion douces et régulières est de plus à favori- dans les fonds de combes, sur les pla- 1 Apatura ilia présente deux formes, ser sur les clairières et les marges fores- teaux calcaires et en plaine de la Saône. bien distinctes, qui cohabitent : la forme tières, ceci au détriment des lisières tran- Humide Sec Si Apatura iris et Apatura ilia volent nominative blanche ilia, dont les ma- chées qui se montrent peu accueillantes souvent ensemble avec des exigences cules blanches du dessus sont peu éten- pour nombre d’espèces en raison de leur écologiques proches, A. ilia montre une dues et parfois enfumées ; la forme fauve caractère exigu et peu diversifi é sur un Froid tendance plus thermophile. jaunâtre, clytie Denis & Schiffermüller, plan fl oristique. 286 Rev. sci. Bourgogne-Nature - Hors-série 13-2013 OINOT ARADAN Claude V Jean-François M Mâle, forme nominative blanche (Doubs, 2010). OINOT Claude V Mâle, forme clytie (Côte-d’Or, 2005). Imagos de la forme clytie sur cadavre de taupe (Côte-d’Or, 2009). 84 9000 OINOT OINOT n = 333 70 7500 Claude V Claude V 56 6000 42 4500 28 3000 14 1500 Mâle, forme nominative blanche (Côte-d’Or, 2005). Mâle, forme nominative blanche (Côte-d’Or, 2005). 0 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031323334353637383940414243444546474849505152 Janv. Févr. Mars Avr. Mai Juin Juil. Août Sept. Oct. Nov. Déc. Phénologie d’Apatura ilia. avant 1970 1970 - 1999 2000 - 2011 Distribution d’Apatura ilia en Bourgogne et Franche-Comté. Atlas des papillons de jour de Bourgogne et de Franche-Comté (Rhopalocères et Zygènes) 287.
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