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Wisconsin Magazine of History (ISSN 0043-6534) WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY The State Historical Society of Wisconsin • Vol. 70,No. 1 'Autumn, 1986 P^'kjs!S!!5vJP*i'^*»»*»-*'-' 'if ''iti^ii' '''KIMIHI^BH ^jmlBiitrriiiM HP*"*' " ." -Ok' t'. ii3aWWriJB€gl |HBBMBj|fcl{X*HPr^S^f'' t .•siH*.^ . ,. ^MIW^IBI •^ f^o ^f^™" .•;. ^ ^— • .-.—: A. .«*...^___ . If sw.^ i. )^, ^/, 'i^ ^,. ^ s^vijij^ THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN H. NICHOLAS MULLER III, Director Officers MRS. L. PRENTICE EAGER, JR., Prrarfen( GERALD D. VISTE, Treasurer WILSON B. THIEDE, First Vice-President H. NICHOLAS MULLER III, Secretary GEORGE H. MILLER, Second Vice-President THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN is both a state agency and a private membership organization. Founded in 1846—two years before statehood—and chartered in 1853, it is the oldest American historical society to receive continuous public funding. By statute, it is charged with collecting, advancing, and disseminating knowledge ofWisconsin and of the trans-Allegheny West. The Society serves as the archive of the State of Wisconsin; it collects all manner of books, periodicals, maps, manuscripts, relics, newspapers, and aural and graphic materials as they relate to North America; it maintains a museum, library, and research facility in Madison as well as a statewide system of historic sites, school services, area research centers, and affiliated local societies; it administers a broad program of historic preservation; and publishes a wide variety of historical materials, both scholarly and popular. MEMBERSHIP in the Society is open to the public. Individual membership is $15, or $12.50 for persons over 65 or members of affiliated societies. Family membership is $20, or $15 for persons over 65 or members of affiliated societies. Contributing membership is |50; supporting, $100; sustaining, $200-500; patron, $500 or more. THE SOCIETY is governed by a Board of Curators which includes twenty-four elected members, the Governor or designee, three appointees ofthe Governor, a legislator from the majority and minority from each house, and ex officio, the President ofthe University of Wisconsin System, the designee ofthe Friends Coordinating Council, the President ofthe Wisconsin History Foundation, Inc., and the President ofthe Administrative Committee of the Wisconsin Council for Local History. A complete listing of the Curators appears inside the back cover. The Society is headquartered at 816 State Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, at the Juncture of State and Park streets on the University of Wisconsin campus. The State Historical Museum is located at 30 North Carroll Street. A partial listing of phone numbers (Area Code 608) follows: General Administration 262-3266 Library circulation desk 262-3421 General information 262-3271 Maps 262-5867 Affiliated local societies 262-2316 Membership 262-9613 Archives reading room 262-3338 Microforms reading room 262-9621 Contribution of manuscript materials 262-3248 Museum tours 262-7700 Editorial offices 262-9603 Newspapers reference 262-9584 Film collections 262-0,58.5 Picture and sound collections 262-9581 Genealogical and general reference inquiries . 262-9590 Public information office 262-9606 Government publications and reference 262-2781 Sales desk 262-8000 Historic preservation 262-1339 School services 262-7539 Historic sites 262-9606 Speakers bureau 262-9606 ON THE COVER: A scene in Schlitz Park, from Milwaukee, a booklet of collotype views by S. L. Stein, 1889. A description of a trip to Milwaukee in 1886 by Anders and Anna Petterson is part ofthe article which begins on page 32. Volume 70, Number 1 / Autumn, 1986 WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY Published quarterly by the State Historical Society ofWisconsin, 816 State Street, Madison, Aslak Lie and the Challenge of the Artifact Wisconsin 53706. Distributed John 0. Holzhueter to members as part of their dues. (Individual membership, $15, or $12.50 for those over 65 or members of affiliated societies; family membership, Wisconsin's Civil War Historians 21 $20, or $15 for those over 65 or Richard N. Current members of affiliated societies; contributing, $50; supporting, $100; sustaining, $200-500; patron, $500 or more.) Single numbers from Volume 57 Ephraim Is My Home Now: forward are $2. Microfilmed Letters of Anna and Anders Petterson, copies available through University Microfilms, 300 1884-1889 (Part III) 32 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Translated and edited by Lucille Petterson Michigan 48106; reprints of Volumes 1 through 20 and most issues of Volumes 21 through 56 are available from Kraus Reprint Company, Book Reviews 57 Route 100, Millwood, New York 10.546. Book Review Index 63 Communications should be addressed to the editor. 4'he Society does not assume Accessions 64 responsibility for statements made by contributors. Wisconsin History Checklist 66 Second-class postage paid at Madison, Wisconsin. Proceedings of the One Hundred and Fortieth POSTMASTER: Send address Annual Meeting ofthe State Historical Society 69 changes to Wisconsin Magazine of History, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. Copyright © 1986 by Contributors 80 the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. The Wisconsin Magazine of History is indexed annually by Editor the editors; cumulative indexes PAUL H. HASS are assembled decennially. In addition, articles are abstracted Associate Editors and indexed in America: History and Life, Historical Abstracts, WILLIAM C. MARTEN Index to Literature on the American JOHN O. HOLZHUETER Indian, and the Combined Retro.spective Index to Journals in History, 1838-1974. The steeple ofthe Springdale Lutheran Church, Dane County, which the author believes Aslak Lie designed in the early 1870's, as discussed on page 16. Aslak Lie and the Challenge ofthe Artifact John O. Holzhueter iN October 5, 1957, Professor Hesseltine believed that a teacher had a mis­ o William Best Hesseltine of the sion not merely to teach facts, but to teach stu­ University of Wisconsin history faculty under­ dents how to analyze those facts, ask questions took a task he had undertaken literally thou­ of them, argue about them, then to act, to sands of times before; he spoke to a group of commit words to paper or to public speech. scholars and admonished them to think Many of those before whom Hesseltine harder and do a better job. Ordinarily he did stood shortly after 10 A.M. in a Columbus, this in his seminars and classrooms. Some­ Ohio, hotel meeting room knew him well, for times he did this in print, and when he did, he they were members of the American Associa­ did not confine himself to the scholarly com­ tion for State and Local History whose 1957 munity. Politicians, economists, political scien­ annual meeting program centered on the state tists, university administrators—all were fair of historical agency work in the United States. game for his wit and insights, even when he Hesseltine elected to speak about an area of stepped beyond the bounds of his field of emi­ their concern with which he was far less inti­ nence, the Civil War and Reconstruction. mately acquainted than he was with historical Whether writing or speaking, Hesseltine libraries and archives; he talked about muse­ played two roles; historian and teacher. In ums and artifacts. He had had vast experience summing up his career, historians and his with written words as historical sources, but former students always mention his outstand­ he—as were all historians at that time—was ing reputation as a pedagogue, whose meth­ somewhat less familiar with historical uses of ods embraced both Socrates and Attila the what are now called non-text materials: photo­ Hun. Former students tell of papers being graphs, artifacts, and the like. swept from his seminar table clear into the Hesseltine asked the assembled crowd: "Is hallway, and his marginal notes on their pa­ the artifact a useful, viable source for under­ pers, in three or four colors, are legendary. standing of the human past?" He acknowl­ edged that the question was not new, and that the preponderance of previous studies found AUTHOR'S NOTE: This paper was originally presented be­ in the negative for artifacts. Most of what they fore the Madison Literary Club on October 14, 1985. It could tell the historian fell into the category of was made possible by the generous support of Robert M. Granum of Alpena, Michigan, a great-great-grandson of external criticism, he said, meaning that a his­ Aslak Olsen Lie, and by the extensive research done in torian applies his or her own previous knowl­ Norway by Ingrid Larsen Stenvik of Asker, Norway. For edge to an artifact to determine its authentic­ the ideas contained herein, I am indebted to three col­ ity, its probable maker, who used it, and when. leagues at the Society from whom I have borrowed liber­ ally: E. Emilie Tari, George A. Talbot, and William F. After applying these external criticisms to a Thompson. document, the historian then places the bur- C:opynght © / 986 by The State Historical Society of Wisconsin All rights of reproduction in any form reserved WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY AUTUMN, 1986 den of revealing information upon the source methodology; he challenged historians in gen­ itself, asking it to yield internal criticism. In eral. the case of a textual document, the historian learns from it "facts and opinions," Hesseltine said. But, he went on, "the artifact, in contrast to the literary remain, gives no answers to the OSTLY, however, historians historian's queries. It contains no information M'hav e ignored his challenge. which the historian may extract by the process When appropriate and especially for periods of internal criticism." He added: "Herein lies and areas of inquiry for which written docu­ the challenge of the artifact—a challenge ments are scarce —as in ethnohistory, ancient which it offers to the archeologists, the cura­ history, the history of technology, and social tors of museums, the keepers of the kitchen- and community history—historians have wel­ middens of civilization.
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