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The Social Bases of American Voting Behavior; Wayne County, Michigan, 1837-1852, As a Test Case

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The Social Bases of American Voting Behavior; Wayne County, Michigan, 1837-1852, As a Test Case Copyright by RONALD P. FORM!SAND 1966 THE SOCIAL BASES OF AMERICAN VOTING BEHAVIOR; WAYNE COUNTY, MICHIGAN, 1837-1852, AS A TEST CASE by Ronald P. Formlsano A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Graduate Division, of Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 1966 MAJOR: History APPROVED BY: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I owe thanks to many persons who aided directly in the preparation of this dissertation, particularly to my adviser Mr. Lee Benson, and M essrs. Raymond Miller and Robert Skotheim. Sandra McCoy, Lynn Parsons, Sidney Glazer, Phil Mason, Wal­ ter Poulshock, Bill Shade, Richard Reinitz, and John W eiss gave help along the way. The staff of the Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library, was immensely helpful. Miss Geneva Kebler,of the Michigan Historical Commission, was generous, as was the typist, Mrs. John Fisher. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................. ix Chapter I. INTRODUCTION.................................................................... 2 II. "EXPLICIT DATA AND IMPLICIT ASSUMPTIONS:" A CASE STUDY; HISTORIANS AND VOTING BEHAVIOR IN THE JACKSON PERIOD........................ 13 III. DESIGN FOR A CASE STUDY OF VOTING BEHAVIOR IN WAYNE COUNTY, MICHIGAN, 1837-1852 .............................................. 51 Aims Theoretical Assumptions Method Study of Eastern Michigan and Michigan The Case Study Wayne County, Representative of What ? Defining the Problem ...................................................... 68 Party Loyalty Impact of the Liberty and Free Soil Parties, 1840-1852 1848 and Defection Among Democrats and Whigs IV. ECONOMIC DETERMINANTS AND POLITICAL BEHAVIOR, 1837-1852 ................................................... 85 Economic Interests and Parties, 1835-1841 ................ 85 Introduction Streeter's Economic Determinism Economic Interests and the Convention of 1835 Internal Improvements iv Chapter IV. Continued Banking Whigs and Banks Party Leadership and Classes Economic Elite and Political Parties Summary Classes and Voting ............................................................... 116 The Uses of Impressionistic Evidence Wayne County and Detroit Voting, 1837-1852 Rural Voting, 1837-1852 Urbanness and Ruralness: 1840 Urbanness and Ruralness: 1850 ''Banner" Towns of W ashtenaw, Oakland, and Hillsdale Counties: Urbanness and Ruralness Class and Party: The Occupation-Status Rankings and Party Rural Lower C lasses Middle and Upper Middle Class Farmers Oakland County Banner Towns: Classes and Parties Washtenaw Banner Towns: C lasses and Parties Hillsdale Banner Towns: C lasses and Parties - Summary V. ANTIPARTY, ORGANIZATION, AND SOCIAL GROUPS, 1829-1840 .......................................................... 155 Introduction ............................................................................... 156 Party Organization and Voter Participation Parties as Reference Groups Antiparty Sentiment, Organizers, and Parties Antimasonry ............................................................................... 164 Organization Antimasons, Antipart/, and Whig Organization The Nature of Antiparty Sentiment Effects of Antiparty Sentiment v Chapter VI. THE PARTIES AND ALIEN VOTING IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS OF 1835 and 1850 ................................. '. , 206 The Convention of 1835 ................... 206 Historical Background In Convention Summary The Convention of 1850 ....................................................... 232 VII. THE PARTIES AND RELIGION: THE MORALIZATION OF POLITICS....................................... 244 Historical Background ....................................................... 246 The Parties and the Evangelicals: General View Democratic Secularism and Laissez-Faire Ethics . 254 Democratic Secularism in the 1835 Convention Democratic Secularism and Higher Education Laissez-Faire Ethics Whig Benevolence and Evangelicalism ........................ 265 Piety and Power The Whigs and the Presbyterians Michigan Synod and Party Policy The Parties and M o ra lity ................................................... 275 Temperance Anti slavery The Sabbath Adultery and Fornication Capital Punishment The Whigs and the Moralization of Politics. .... 298 ‘'Woodbridge and Reform" Active Providence Political Revivalism VIII. RELIGIOUS GROUPS AND POLITICAL PARTIES, 1837-1852 ............................................................... 313 Religion As A Cause of Political Alignment. ................ 313 Method: Religious Preference and Religiosity . .... 315 Protestants and Whiggery ....................................................... 317 Evangelicals: Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and Baptists ........................................................................... 320 Evangelical Voting vi Chapter; VIII. Continued Evangelical Tendencies of Whig Leaders and Whig Economic Elite Members, Wayne County, 1844 Q u a k e rs.................................................. 335 Wesleyan Methodists ........................................................... 340 The Non-Evangelicals: Methodists and Episcopalians ....................................................................... 342 Methodists Methodist Voting Episcopalians Evangelicals and Episcopalians Catholics ...................................................... 358 Rural Catholics Urban Catholics M o r m o n s .................................................................................. 363 Negative Reference to Evangelicals: General. 366 Lenski: The Principles of the Demanding Norm and Social Hedonism ....................................................... 373 IX. ETHNOCULTURAL GROUPS AND POLITICAL PARTIES........................................................... 378 Im m ig ra n ts ............................................................................... 379 Natives: Yankees and Y orkers ....................................... 384 Yorkers: 387 The F r e n c h ............................................................................... 389 Detroit French, 1839-1844 Rural French, 1837-1852 Ecorse French Economic Elite The French Democratic Association Yankees and Frenchmen ....................................................... 401 Irish C atholics .......................................................... 415 Urban Irish Rural Irish Irish Catholics and Evangelicals G erm ans ........................... 419 Urban Germans Rural Germans Rationalists German Lutherans Lebensgemuss and Politics v ii Chapter IX. Continued New B r i t i s h .................................... ............................... 429 X. CULTURAL POLITICS............................................................... 433 Ethnic Politics ............................................................... 433 Manipulative Politics .............................................. 445 Native Americanism ............................................................... 447 Denominational Politics ....................................................... 453 APPENDIX ...................................................................................................... 457 BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................................... 473 v iii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Michigan Vote for Governor, 1837, and President, 1840-1852, Number and-Percent to each Party ................ 69 2. Wayne County Vote For Governor, 1837 , and President 1840-1852, Number and Percent ........................................... 69 3. Democratic Party Percentages in Ten Wayne County Towns, Elections 1837-1852 ................................................... 71 4. Democratic Percent in Five Wayne County Towns, Pre­ sidential Elections, 1840-1852 ........................................... 72 5. Democratic Percent in Ecorse and Springwells, Presi­ dential Elections , 1840-1856 ............................................... 73 6 . Whig Percent in Four Wayne Towns in 1839 and 1840, Compared with Whig and Liberty Percent in 1844 . 76 7. Democratic Percent in Three Wayne Towns, 1839 and 1840, Compared with Democratic and Liberty Percent in 1844 .................................................................................. 76 8. Majority Party Percent of Vote in Wayne County Towns Giving No Vote to the Liberty Party in 1844 (Presiden­ tial) ............................................... 77 9. Michigan Vote in Major Elections, 1836-1841 ................. 79 10. Percent of Vote to Parties and Total Vote, Detroit, 1837-1852 ...................................................................................... 123 11. Wayne County Party Percentages and Turnout, Elections, 1837-1852 125 12. Number of Persons Engaged in Manufacturing, Trade, Learned Professions and Engineering, Wayne County Towns, 1840 .............................................. 127 ix Table 13. Percent of Farm Occupations and Party Strength, 1848-1852, and Percent of Urban Occupations and Party Strength, 1848-1852 ........................................... 129 14. Ruralness and Party in Banner Towns of Oakland, Washtenaw, and Hillsdale Counties ............................... 132 15. Tenancy (Percent of Potential Voters) 1850 and Democratic Strength in Wayne County Towns .... 137 16. Farm Laborers, 1850, and Democratic Strength, Wayne County .........................................................................
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