Prisoners' Rights to Physical and Mental Health Care: a Modern Expansion of the Eight Amendment's Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause Stuart Klein [email protected]

Fordham Urban Law Journal Volume 7 | Number 1 Article 1 1979 Prisoners' Rights to Physical and Mental Health Care: A Modern Expansion of the Eight Amendment's Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause Stuart Klein [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj Part of the Criminal Law Commons Recommended Citation Stuart Klein, Prisoners' Rights to Physical and Mental Health Care: A Modern Expansion of the Eight Amendment's Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause , 7 Fordham Urb. L.J. 1 (1979). Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj/vol7/iss1/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by FLASH: The orF dham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. It has been accepted for inclusion in Fordham Urban Law Journal by an authorized editor of FLASH: The orF dham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Prisoners' Rights to Physical and Mental Health Care: A Modern Expansion of the Eight Amendment's Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause Cover Page Footnote A note of appreciation is extended to Professors Vincent Nathan, Frank Merritt, and Judy Beckner Sloan This article is available in Fordham Urban Law Journal: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj/vol7/iss1/1 PRISONERS' RIGHTS TO PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH CARE: A MODERN EXPANSION OF THE EIGHTH AMENDMENT'S CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT CLAUSE Stuart B. Klein* I. Introduction In recent years, the primary constitutional amendment used as a means to alleviate poor prison conditions has been the eighth amendment's prohibition against the infliction of cruel and unusual punishment.' The eighth amendment to the United States Consti- tution' is interpreted to prohibit certain actions by the government and to require other affirmative actions.' This prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment is often utilized to insure that adequate health care, including psychiatric care, is provided for inmates. The courts have required correctional authorities to establish * Member of the Ohio Bar and former psychotherapist in an outpatient psychiatric clinic. B.G.S. Ohio University; J.D. University of Toledo. Mr. Klein is currently pursuing advanced degree work at New York University School of Law. A note of appreciation is extended to Professors Vincent Nathan, Frank Merritt and Judy Beckner Sloan. 1. See Smith v. Sullivan, 553 F.2d 373 (5th Cir. 1977); Barnes v. Virgin Islands, 415 F. Supp. 1218 (D.V.I. 1976); Finney v. Hutto, 410 F. Supp. 251 (E.D. Ark. 1976); Pugh v. Locke, 406 F. Supp. 318 (M.D. Ala. 1976), aff'd sub nom. Newman v. Alabama, 559 F.2d 283 (5th Cir.), rehearing and rehearing en banc denied, 564 F.2d 97, 98 (5th Cir. 1977); Alberti v. Sheriff of Harris County, 406 F. Supp. 649 (S.D. Tex. 1975); Costello v. Wainwright, 387 F. Supp. 324 (M.D. Fla. 1973); Battle v. Anderson, 376 F. Supp. 402 (E.D. Okla. 1974); Newman v. Alabama, 349 F. Supp. 278 (M.D. Ala. 1972), aff'd in part, 503 F.2d 1320 (5th Cir. 1974), cert. denied, 421 U.S. 948 (1975); Jones v. Wittenberg, 330 F. Supp. 707 (N.D. Ohio 1971); Holt v. Sarver, 309 F. Supp. 362 (E.D. Ark. 1970), aff'd, 442 F.2d 304 (8th Cir. 1971). 2. U.S. CONST. amend. VIII states: "Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted." Id. 3. Note, Eighth Amendment Rights of Prisoners:Adequate Medical Care and Protection from the Violence of Fellow Inmates, 49 NOTRE DAME LAW. 454 (1973) [hereinafter cited as Eighth Amendment Rights of Prisoners] classifies four types of proscribed punishments: (1) punishments inherently cruel in method; (2) punishments which are excessive in relation to the offense (citing Weems v. United States, 217 U.S. 349 (1910); O'Neil v. Vermont, 144 U.S. 323 (1892)); (3) punishment for status crimes (citing Robinson v. California, 370 U.S. 660 (1962)); (4) punishments which go beyond "legitimate penal aims" (citing Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 257-306 (Brennan, J., concurring), rehearing denied, 409 U.S. 902 (1973)). 49 NOTRE DAME LAW. at 454 n.2. 2 FORDHAM URBAN LAW JOURNAL [Vol. VII adequate medical and psychological programs both in prisons and jails.4 This Article will describe the history and development of the eighth amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishment and analyze its application to medical care. In addition, it will set forth statistics reported by various governmental agencies describing present conditions in the penal system. Finally, it will discuss recommendations from a variety of organizations involved in mental health care, with special emphasis on the standards adopted by the American Public Health Association, will be discussed. II. The Prisoner's Constitutional Rights to Medical Treatment and Mental Health Care A. The History of the Eighth Amendment's Ban Against Cruel and Unusual Punishment The language of the eighth amendment to the United States Constitution was taken from the English Bill of Rights of 1689.1 Its prior history may be traced to the Magna Carta,' and perhaps much earlier.7 The English cruel and unusual punishment provision was designed as a protection against the executions and tortures which were prevalent in England during the Stuarts' reign.' The clause prohibited punishments which were unauthorized by statute and beyond the discretion of the sentencing court as well as 4. For purposes of this Article the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration's distinc- tion between jails and prisons will be used. As defined in the Survey of Inmates of Local Jails, a jail is a locally administered institution that has authority to retain adults for 48 hours or longer. The "intake point for the entire criminal justice system," the local jail is used both as a detention center for persons convicted of serious offenses, jails house both the accused and the convicted, the latter more often than not serving time for misdemeanor-type offenses. National Criminal Justice Information and Statistics Service, Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, U.S. Department of Justice, Survey of Inmates of Local Jails Advance Re- port at iii (1972). 5. The English Bill of Rights of 1689 provided that "excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted." Note, ConstitutionalLaw - The Eighth Amendment and PrisonReform, 51 N.C.L. REV. 1539, 1540 (1973) [hereinafter cited as Eighth Amendment and Prison Reform]. 6. "A free man shall be amerced for a small fault only according to the measure thereof, and for a great crime according to its magnitude. ... A. HOWARD, MAGNA CARTA: TEXT AND COMMENTARY 40 (1964). 7. Granucci, Nor Cruel and Unusual Punishments Inflicted: The Original Meaning, 57 CALIF. L. REV. 839, 840 (1969) [hereinafter cited as Granuccil. 8. Note, The Cruel and Unusual Clause and the Substantive Criminal Law, 79 HARV. L. REV. 635, 636 (1969) [hereinafter cited as Cruel and Unusual Clause]. 19781 PRISONERS' RIGHT TO HEALTH CARE 3 punishments disproportionate to the offense.' After having been adopted by nine colonial constitutions, the eighth amendment was incorporated into the United States Consti- tution in 1791.10 Like their English counterparts, the American draftsmen were primarily concerned with preventing tortures and other barbarous methods of punishment." Use of the clause through the nineteenth century, however, in this country was limited and attempts to extend the meaning of the clause to include punishments disproportionate to the crime were rejected." The early cases in this country which arose under the eighth amendment addressed the issue whether the particular punishment was too cruel and inhu- mane to pass the eighth amendment's ban against cruel and un- 3 usual punishment. 9. Granucci, supra note 7, at 860. In Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972), Mr. Justice Brennan discussed the history of the use of torture to extract confessions from persons sus- pected of crimes, as well as the use of torture to those convicted. Id. at 264-65 (Brennan, J., concurring). 10. Granucci, supra note 7, at 840. 11. Id. at 841 (citing J. ELLIOT, THE DEBATES IN THE SEVERAL STATE CONVENTIONS ON THE ADOPTION OF THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION 111 (2d ed. 1881)): [Congress will] have to ascertain, point out, and determine, what kinds of punishments shall be inflicted on persons convicted of crimes. They are nowhere restrained from inventing the most cruel and unheard-of punishments and annexing them to crimes; and there is no constitutional check of them, but that racks and gibbets may be amongst the most mild instruments of their discipline. Granucci, supra note 7, at 841 (emphasis in Granucci). In Furman v. Georgia, Justice Marshall stated, "there is no doubt whatever that in borrow- ing the language and in including it in the Eighth Amendment, our Founding Fathers in- tended to outlaw torture and other cruel punishments." 408 U.S. at 319 (Marshall, J., concurring). 12. See generally Cruel and Unusual Clause, supra note 8 & Granucci, supra note 7. 13. In Wilkerson v. Utah, 99 U.S. 130 (1879), unnecessary cruelty was held to be no more permissible than torture, although the court sustained a sentence of public execution by a firing squad for the conviction of premeditated murder. The Court said: Difficulty would attend the effort to define with exactness the extent of the constitutional provision which provides that cruel and unusual punishments shall not be inflicted; but it is safe to affirm that punishments of torture,. and all others in the same line of unnecessary cruelty, are forbidden by that amendment to the Constitu- tion.

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