Ecological Research Monographs Nisikawa Usio · Tadashi Miyashita Editors Social-Ecological Restoration in Paddy-Dominated Landscapes Ecological Research Monographs Series Editor: Yoh Iwasa More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8852 Nisikawa Usio • Tadashi Miyashita Editors Social-Ecological Restoration in Paddy- Dominated Landscapes Editors Nisikawa Usio Tadashi Miyashita Center for Toki and Ecological Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Restoration (CTER) Sciences Niigata University The University of Tokyo Sado, Japan Tokyo, Japan Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology (K-INET) Kanazawa University Kanazawa, Japan ISSN 2191-0707 ISSN 2191-0715 (electronic) Ecological Research Monographs ISBN 978-4-431-55329-8 ISBN 978-4-431-55330-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-4-431-55330-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014958758 Springer Tokyo Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer Japan 2014 This work is subject to copyright. 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Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Front cover: A farmer endeavoring to remove agricultural pest insects using a basket in an organic rice paddy field in Sado Island, Japan (photo by Nisikawa Usio). Back cover: Left: A near-threatened Rana porosa porosa (Tokyo daruma pond frog) found in a rice paddy field adjacent to an earthen irrigation ditch in Saitama Prefecture, Japan (photo by Aiko Furuya). Center: Nipponia nippon (toki) resting on a tree branch in Sado Island, Japan (photo by Hiromu Nakatsu). Right: An endangered Rotala pusilla (mizumatsuba) growing in a rice paddy field in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan (photo by Aiko Furuya). Printed on acid-free paper Springer Japan KK is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Anthropogenic activities have led to dramatic loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services worldwide. Among various management practices undertaken to mitigate detrimental impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services, land sparing and land sharing are two major land management approaches discussed in conservation or restoration science (Fischer et al. 2008; Tscharntke et al. 2012). Traditionally, much attention has been given to land sparing, in which relatively pristine areas are designated as protected areas for biodiversity conservation while human use of natural resources are restricted in such areas. In recent decades, land sharing, in which biodiversity conservation and human use of natural resources are practiced on the same land, has gained equal attention, especially in agricultural ecosystems. Land sparing and land sharing have complementary roles in biodiversity conserva- tion or restoration (Fischer et al. 2008), and both land management approaches comply with a short-term (i.e., Target 7: by 2020 areas under agriculture, aquacul- ture, and forestry are managed sustainably, ensuring conservation of biodiversity) and long-term (2050) visions (i.e., living in harmony with nature) proposed in the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 and the Aichi Targets at the 10th Conference of the Parties (COP10) to the Convention of Biodiversity (CBD 2010). Japan is among the densely populated countries, where humans have had close affinity with rural biocultural landscapes, also known as Satoyama. Satoyama comprises paddy fields, cropland, farm ponds, streams/ditches, secondary forests, and grassland around villages, where village people have long managed and maintained natural resources through farming and forestry activities. Many endemic species, including endangered species, inhabit Satoyama, and organisms are adapted to moderate levels of disturbances (Katoh et al. 2009). At the same time, village people have maintained economic activities through farming and forestry activities. Therefore, Satoyama is believed to be an ideal model system for land sharing. However, Satoyama is facing serious threats from two contrasting types of habitat degradation: agricultural intensification and abandonment of farmland– forestry areas (Katoh et al. 2009; Natuhara 2013). Modernization of agriculture v vi Preface led to the use of strong agrochemicals, the associated non-point pollution from farmland, farmland consolidation, and the associated habitat fragmentation. In contrast, depopulation and aging in rural communities led to abandonment of farmland and secondary forests, which in turn accelerated loss of disturbance- dependent organisms and loss of multifunctionality of such secondary ecosystems. In this book, we focus on ecological restoration of paddy-dominated land- scapes, as rice farming has a major role in Japanese agriculture. To restore multifunctionality of paddy fields and to revitalize depopulating and aging rural communities, both ecosystem and human dimensions of ecological restoration need to be considered. Throughout this book, we have used the term “social- ecological” to put equal weight on the two dimensions of ecological restoration. The only exception is Chap. 2, where “socio-ecological” is used because of the history of that term’s being used in a political context. Ecological restoration of farmland has attracted much attention from scientists and policy makers in Europe (e.g., Kleijn et al. 2006; Gabriel et al. 2009), probably because farmland accounts for significant proportions of land areas in many European countries. Although European scientists focus on restoration of degraded dry lands (e.g., cropland or pasture), ecological restoration of paddy fields differs fundamentally in that it focuses on restoration of quasi-natural wetland habitats. Our book is the first to introduce ecological restoration of paddy-dominated land- scapes. We hope that this book stimulates further research on social-ecological restoration in paddy-dominated landscapes. We thank the authors for submitting chapters for this book; reviewers for their constructive criticisms on the chapters; N. Yamamura for his helpful comments on the book; A. Furuya, H. Nakatsu, M. Nishizawa, and the Sado Municipal Government for providing photos; and the staff of Springer, Japan, for their support. Kanazawa, Japan Nisikawa Usio Tokyo, Japan Tadashi Miyashita References CBD (2010) The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 and the Aichi biodiversity targets. Available at http://www.cbd.int/cop10/doc/default.shtml. Accessed 28 July 2014 Fischer J, Brosi B, Daily GC, Ehrlich PR, Goldman R, Goldstein J, Lindenmayer DB, Manning AD, Mooney HA, Pejchar L, Ranganathan J, Tallis H (2008) Should agricultural policies encourage land sparing or wildlife-friendly farming? Front Ecol Environ 6:382–387 Gabriel D, Carver SJ, Durham H, Kunin WE, Palmer RC, Sait SM, Stagl S, Benton TG (2009) The spatial aggregation of organic farming in England and its underlying environmental correlates. J Appl Ecol 46:323–333 Katoh K, Sakai S, Takahashi T (2009) Factors maintaining species diversity in satoyama, a traditional agricultural landscape of Japan. Biol Conserv 142:1930–1936 Preface vii Kleijn D, Baquero RA, Clough Y, Diaz M, De Esteban J, Fernandez F, Gabriel D, Herzog F, Holzschuh A, Johl R, Knop E, Kruess A, Marshall EJP, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T, Verhulst J, West TM, Yela JL (2006) Mixed biodiversity benefits of agri-environment schemes in five European countries. Ecol Lett 9:243–254 Natuhara Y (2013) Ecosystem services by paddy fields as substitutes of natural wetlands in Japan. Ecol Eng 56:97–106 Tscharntke T, Clough Y, Wanger TC, Jackson L, Motzke I, Perfecto I, Vandermeer J, Whitbread A (2012) Global food security, biodiversity conservation and the future of agricultural intensifi- cation. Biol Conserv 151:53–59 Contents Part I Understanding Agricultural Systems in Japan 1 Japan’s Agricultural Policies After World War II: Agricultural Land Use Policies and Problems ................ 3 Takuya Hashiguchi 2 Socio-ecological Systems in Paddy-Dominated Landscapes in Asian Monsoon ...................................... 17 Osamu Saito and Kaoru Ichikawa 3 Column: Promoting Agriculture with a Recognition of Biological Diversity in the Context of Rice Paddy Resolutions ..................................... 39 Shinji Minami 4 Distribution and Abundance of Organisms in Paddy-Dominated Landscapes with Implications for Wildlife-Friendly Farming ............................ 45 Tadashi Miyashita, Miyu Yamanaka, and Masaru H. Tsutsui Part II Restoring the Multifunctionality of Paddy-Dominated Landscapes 5 Environmentally Friendly Farming in Japan: Introduction .......................................... 69 Nisikawa Usio 6 Column: Endangered Species in Japan: