Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-6, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
Intra-District Educational Scenario in Ganga Delta of West Bengal Jayatra Mandal Part-time Lecturer, Dept. of Geography, P. K. H. N. Mahavidyalaya, Howrah, W.B., India
Abstract: Education is fundamental in INTRODUCTION maintaining economic growth, infrastructure and social development. Naturally, availability of Development of a region, country or a district has existing educational institutions of block level various facets. Broadly speaking development plays important role to delineate the balanced or constitutes the elements like economic growth, imbalanced scenario of the district. infrastructure and social development. The status In this paper six districts of Ganga delta were of education is an integral part of social assessed for identification of deficient blocks by development. Education is an important avenue residual mapping. The co-efficient of correlation which provides a wide range of opportunities for 2 (r) and the coefficient of determination (r ) ware all round development. Recognizing the value of used for determined of degree of relationship education, our central government has always tried between educational institution and total to reconstruct the educational system for population. betterment of the masses. Deep attention was paid The result show that the blocks of Hariharpara, to education as a factor vital to national progress Farakka, Samserganj, Suti – II, Raghunathganj – II and security. For the harmonious development of and Domkal in Murshidabad; Nakashipara, the society, education is imparted in different Santipur and Chakdaha in Nadia; Chanditala-I levels through various institutions. In West Bengal and Chanditala-II in Hoogly; Bally and Sankrail in the general educational structure is divided into Haora; Barasat-I, Barasat-II, Rajarhat, Haroa and five stages, viz. primary school (class I - IV), Minakhan in North 24 Praganas; Budge-Budge-I, middle school (class V - VIII), high school (class Bhangar-II and Canning-II in South 24 Paraganas IX - X), higher secondary school (XI - XII), have deficiency of educational institutions. It is college (3 years in B.A/ B.Sc. / B.Com.) and also found that Nadia have almost perfect positive university (2 years in M.A/ M.Sc. /M. Com.). The relation (r) between educational center and qualitative outcome of each and every stages based population whereas Murshidabad, Hoogly, Haora on availability of spatial distribution of educational and North 24 Paraganas have strong positive institution. This reasons induced the author to wage relation (r) and South 24 Paraganas have the present study on a district level. The study is moderate positive (r) relation. designed to recognize the variation in the As per coefficient of determination, Murshidabad distribution of educational institution in Ganga belong with 63 percent of the total variation Delta. This is the region where 44.74 percent in y can be explained by the linear relationship people (excluding Kolkata) of West Bengal are between total population (x) and total educational resided in 31 percent geographical area. So, score (y). Similarly, Nadia-96 percent, Hoogly- 83 education system of this area is really important. percent, Haora-79 percent, North 24 Paraganas - 89 percent and South 24 Paraganas -43 percent STUDY AREA can be explained. These deficiencies are not fruitful towards planning for development. To alleviate such The study area (fig.1) geographically lies between situation, few new and high-quality schools and 21°29′00″ to 24°50′20″ north latitude and colleges are needed to be established. 87°30′20″ to 89°06′00″ east longitude. The Ganges delta consists of district Murshidabad, Keywords: residual mapping, co-efficient of Nadia, Kolkata, Hooghly, Haora, North and South 2 24 Parganas. But in current study, district Kolkata correlation (r), coefficient of determination (r ), have not counted. River ganges passes through this educational institutions, surplus-deficit vast area and divides into three distinct parts – the
old delta (i.e. Murshidabad and Nadia), the mature delta (i.e. Kolkata, Hooghly, and Howrah and part
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-6, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in of north 24 Parganas) and the active delta (i.e. DATA BASE AND METHODOLOGY Northern portion of south 24 Parganas district). It is cover an area of 27,921sq.km. and 40,868,973 The present study was conducted based on populations with the density of population 1464 secondary data sources e.g. persons/sq.km. 1. DCHB of Murshidabad, Nadia, , Hoogly, Haora, North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas (2011)
2. DSHB of Murshidabad, Nadia, , Hoogly, Haora, North 24 Parganas and South 24 Parganas (2012)
Firstly, the block-wise data of total no. of educational institutions (i.e., primary school, middle school, high school, higher secondary school and college or university) of each block in the districts are collected and tabulated (Table 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) to get individual scores.
Secondly, based on the score of educational institutions (y) with respect to the total populations (x) the residual value was calculated and tabulated (Table 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12).
Residual mapping: Residual is used to identify and regionalize the areas having negative and positive impact over y. There are two variables are taken as independent (total population) and dependent (total score of educational institutions). They are considered as x and y. The equation is: Yc = a+bx Where, a= y intercept, b= regression coefficient and yc = estimated score. The constant a and b are determined by:
Now, residual is being calculated by differentiation between actual score (Y) to estimated score (Yc).
Thirdly, isopleths map has been drawn to portrait Fig.1 Location of the study area the intra-district diversity with the help of residual value.
OBJECTIVES Finally, the degree of relationship among districts shown by Correlation Co-efficient (r) and The major objectives are as follows: Coefficient of Determination (r 2)
1. To analyze the block-wise disparity in the Correlation Co-efficient (r): distribution of educational institutions. The quantity r, called the linear correlation 2. To locate the gap where there is surplus or coefficient, measures the strength and the direction deficit of educational institutions. of a linear relationship between two variables. The 3. To identify the degree of relationship among linear correlation co-efficient is sometimes referred districts of north Bengal. to as the Pearson product moment correlation
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-6, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in coefficient in honor of its developer Karl Pearson. Lalgola 131 21 6 11 1 170 The mathematical formula for computing r is: Bhagwangol 81 12 5 5 - a - I 103 Bhagwangol 76 9 6 4 - a - II 95 Murshidaba Where, n is the number of pairs of data. d-Jiaganj 167 4 10 16 3 200 Nabagram 150 17 13 12 1 Coefficient of Determination (r 2) : 193 The coefficient of determination of a linear Domkal 124 10 13 13 1 161 regression model is the quotient of the variances Jalangi 112 24 7 10 - 153 of the fitted values and observed values of the Raninagar - 77 17 7 6 1 dependent variable. If we denote yi as the I 108 observed values of the dependent variable, as Raninagar - 89 15 9 3 - its mean, and as the fitted value, then the II 116 coefficient of determination is: Source: Compiled by the Author
Table-2 Score of Total Educational Institutions of Nadia district, 2012
Table-1. Score of Total Educational Institutions of Murshidabad district, 2012
CDBlock Total Score Total High School High CDBlock Middle School Middle and University and PrimarySchool Total Score Total High School High Middle School Middle PrimarySchool Secondary School Secondary College Higher Secondary School Secondary Higher College andUniversity
Higher Karimpur-I 96 7 5 9 1 118 Karimpur-II 112 9 5 13 - Behrampore 306 34 20 33 3 396 139 Tehatta-I 132 8 3 17 1 Beldanga - I 138 11 14 11 1 175 161 Beldanga - Tehatta-II 83 3 2 8 - 96 105 17 7 9 - II 138 Kaliganj 175 13 8 17 1 214 Nowda 109 10 6 10 1 136 Nakashipara 184 12 12 22 1 231 Hariharpara 75 16 8 10 1 110 Chapra 155 19 6 18 1 199 Kandi 162 18 9 13 2 204 Krishnaganj 95 7 5 10 1 118 Khargram 148 15 20 8 1 192 Krishnanagar- I 243 16 12 33 4 308 Burwan 174 34 14 9 1 232 Krishnanagar- 76 10 2 8 - Bharatpur - I 101 23 6 7 - 137 II 96 Bharatpur - 94 8 12 7 1 Nabadwip 139 8 6 15 2 170 II 122 Santipur 169 10 11 16 1 207 Farakka 91 7 2 11 1 112 Hanskhali 166 14 8 23 1 212 Samserganj 118 13 6 10 1 148 Ranaghat-I Suti - I 84 4 2 8 - 98 179 6 13 25 1 224 Ranaghat-II Suti - II 73 1 3 7 1 85 192 16 13 19 1 241 Raghunathg Chakdaha 308 14 14 55 3 394 anj - I 125 8 6 10 1 150 Haringhata 120 11 8 10 1 150 Raghunathg 97 7 3 8 - Source: Compiled by the Author anj - II 115 Sagardighi 156 18 11 13 1 199
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-6, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
Table-3 Score of Total Educational Institutions Panchla 100 6 12 12 1 131 of Hoogly district, 2012 Sankrail 113 8 9 12 1 143 Jagatballavp 144 13 8 15 1 ur 181 Howrah CDBlock 315 14 76 75 4 Total Score Total
High School High (M.C.) 484
Middle School Middle Uluberia-I PrimarySchool 271 12 21 28 1 333 Uluberia-II 122 16 4 10 - 152
College andUniversity Amta-I 136 4 22 4 2 168
Higher Secondary School Secondary Higher Amta-II 153 4 15 13 1 186 Udaynaraya 121 8 13 12 1 npur 155 Dhaniakhali 199 18 26 15 1 259 Bagnan-I 113 8 9 12 1 143 Pandua 185 7 24 14 1 231 Bagnan-II 99 4 11 8 - Balagarh 165 5 18 8 1 197 122 Chinsurah- Shyampur-I 125 9 14 11 - 159 Mogra 250 3 25 43 3 324 Shyampur-II 127 17 12 10 1 167 Polba- Source: Compiled by the Author Dadpur 132 10 26 8 1 177 Table-5 Score of Total Educational Institutions Tarakeswar 120 11 7 13 2 153 of North 24 Paraganas district, 2012
Haripal 187 11 6 16 1 221 Singur 280 15 29 40 3 367 Jangipara 148 9 11 15 1 184
Chanditala-I 89 9 8 8 1 115
Chanditala- II 94 0 11 14 0 119 Serampur- Uttarpara 281 8 41 53 6 389
Goghat-I 144 6 13 9 - 172 CDBlock PrimarySchool School Middle School High School Secondary Higher College andUniversity Score Total Goghat-II 114 6 16 5 2 143 Bagdah 131 - 9 16 1 157 Arambagh 232 12 23 23 3 293 Bongaon 238 1 12 40 1 292 Khanakul-I 188 17 17 11 1 234 Gaighata 162 - 10 27 1 200 Khanakul-II 137 8 12 8 - 165 Habra-I 140 3 18 21 2 184 Pursurah 108 3 9 8 1 129 Habra-II 163 2 19 27 3 214 Source: Compiled by the Author Barasat-I 184 3 20 42 5 254 Barasat-II 85 2 4 7 - Table-4 Score of Total Educational Institutions 98 of Haora district, 2012 Amdanga 83 3 9 12 .. 107 Deganga 168 3 9 15 1 196
Rajarhat 116 0 8 42 2 168 Barrackpur
-I 420 9 76 64 3 572
Barrackpur
-II 527 18 121 136 20 822 Baduria 225 4 17 17 0 263 Haroa 86 - 5 9 - 100 Middle School Middle CDBlock PrimarySchool School High School Secondary Higher College andUniversity Score Total Minakhan 82 2 5 7 .. 96 Bally Swarupnag 113 2 23 27 4 169 144 3 13 15 .. ar 175 Domjur 157 3 21 18 1 200 Hasnabad 148 2 16 12 1 179
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-6, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
Hingalganj 127 5 15 13 .. 160 Jaynagar-II 129 4 12 9 0 154 Sandeshkha 87 2 9 10 1 Kultali 96 - 7 8 1 112 li-I 109 Baruipur Sandeshkha 185 0 15 20 3 223 90 1 15 6 - li-II 112 Bhangar-I 99 - 7 11 1 118 Basirhat-I 145 5 9 17 1 177 Bhangar-II 95 1 5 6 - 107 Basirhat-II 122 1 9 9 - 141 Canning-I 114 1 4 11 1 131 Source: Compiled by the Author Canning-II 92 - 3 7 1 103 Basanti 146 1 9 12 1 169 Gosaba 161 4 24 12 1 Table-6 Score of Total Educational Institutions 202 of South 24 Paraganas district, 2012 Mograhat-I 113 2 17 11 1 144
Mograhat-II 135 - 10 11 1 157 Mandirbazar 131 4 14 11 1 161
Kulpi 208 2 21 11 1 243
Falta 148 - 25 10 1 184
Diamond Harbour-I 99 0 13 11 1 124 Diamond 118 - 14 14 - Harbour-II 146 CDBlock PrimarySchool School Middle School High School Secondary Higher College andUniversity Score Total Mathurapur- 125 - 18 8 - Thakurpukur I 151 -Maheshtala 177 5 26 28 3 239 Mathurapur- 134 2 13 14 1 Bishnupur-I 108 2 9 7 - 126 II 164 Bishnupur-II 107 1 15 11 1 135 Kakdwip 151 3 17 20 1 192 Budge- Namkhana 101 - 12 9 - 122 Budge-I 57 4 9 9 0 79 Sagar 124 1 16 14 1 156 Budge- 93 - 12 13 1 Patharpratim Budge-II 119 204 3 24 14 1 a 246 Sonarpur 165 1 19 31 2 218 Source: Compiled by the Author Jaynagar-I 107 - 11 13 1 132
Table-7 Residuals of Total Educational Institutions of Murshidabad district, 2012 CD Block Total Population (x) Total Score (y) yc = a+bx Residuals Behrampore 642110 396 335.06 60.94 Beldanga - I 348527 175 188.2685 -13.2685 Beldanga - II 250458 138 139.234 -1.234 Nowda 226859 136 127.4345 8.5655 Hariharpara 257571 110 142.7905 -32.7905 Kandi 275777 204 151.8935 52.1065 Khargram 273332 192 150.671 41.329 Burwan 257466 232 142.738 89.262 Bharatpur - I 172702 137 100.356 36.644 Bharatpur - II 176368 122 102.189 19.811 Farakka 274111 112 151.0605 -39.0605 Samserganj 379778 148 203.894 -55.894 Suti - I 179908 98 103.959 -5.959 Suti - II 278922 85 153.466 -68.466 Raghunathganj - I 283792 150 155.901 -5.901 Raghunathganj - II 265336 115 146.673 -31.673
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Sagardighi 310461 199 169.2355 29.7645 Lalgola 335831 170 181.9205 -11.9205 Bhagwangola - I 202071 103 115.0405 -12.0405 Bhagwangola - II 158024 95 93.017 1.983 Murshidabad-Jiaganj 330374 200 179.192 20.808 Nabagram 227586 193 127.798 65.202 Domkal 363976 161 195.993 -34.993 Jalangi 252477 153 140.2435 12.7565 Raninagar - I 189105 108 108.5575 -0.5575 Raninagar - II 190885 116 109.4475 6.5525 Source: Compiled by the Author Table-8 Residuals of Total Educational Institutions of Nadia district, 2012 CD Block Total Population (x) Total Score (y) yc=a+bx Residuals Karimpur-I 183556 118 130.3226 -12.3226 Karimpur-II 217136 139 150.4706 -11.4706 Tehatta-I 244322 161 166.7822 -5.7822 Tehatta-II 151231 96 110.9276 -14.9276 Kaliganj 334881 214 221.1176 -7.1176 Nakashipara 386569 231 252.1304 -21.1304 Chapra 310652 199 206.5802 -7.5802 Krishnaganj 146705 118 108.212 9.788 Krishnanagar-I 467895 308 300.926 7.074 Krishnanagar-II 139472 96 103.8722 -7.8722 Nabadwip 260857 170 176.7032 -6.7032 Santipur 392857 207 255.9032 -48.9032 Hanskhali 293040 212 196.013 15.987 Ranaghat-I 359340 224 235.793 -11.793 Ranaghat-II 387524 241 252.7034 -11.7034 Chakdaha 660495 394 416.486 -22.486 Haringhata 231068 150 158.8298 -8.8298 Source: Compiled by the Author
Table-9 Residuals of Total Educational Institutions of Hoogly district, 2012 CD Block Total Population (x) Total Score (y) yc=a+bx Residuals Dhaniakhali 320534 259 215.9476 43.0524 Pandua 316197 231 214.2128 16.7872 Balagarh 228998 197 179.3332 17.6668 Chinsurah-Mogra 528234 324 299.0276 24.9724 Polba-Dadpur 263555 177 193.156 -16.156 Tarakeswar 210095 153 171.772 -18.772 Haripal 261073 221 192.1632 28.8368 Singur 656008 367 350.1372 16.8628 Jangipara 221578 184 176.3652 7.6348 Chanditala-I 179825 115 159.664 -44.664
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Chanditala-II 253332 119 189.0668 -70.0668 Serampur-Uttarpara 815114 389 413.7796 -24.7796 Goghat-I 140030 172 143.746 28.254 Goghat-II 160585 143 151.968 -8.968 Arambagh 351382 293 228.2868 64.7132 Khanakul-I 254434 234 189.5076 44.4924 Khanakul-II 184734 165 161.6276 3.3724 Pursurah 173437 129 157.1088 -28.1088 Source: Compiled by the Author
Table-10 Residuals of Total Educational Institutions of Haora district, 2012 CD Block Total Population (x) Total Score (y) yc=a+bx Residuals Bally 502877 169 276.3298 -107.33 Domjur 377588 200 226.2142 -26.2142 Panchla 251930 131 175.951 -44.951 Sankrail 343933 143 212.7522 -69.7522 Jagatballavpur 257941 181 178.3554 2.6446 Howrah (M.C.) 1077075 484 506.009 -22.009 Uluberia-I 437632 333 250.2318 82.7682 Uluberia-II 191599 152 151.8186 0.1814 Amta-I 223218 168 164.4662 3.5338 Amta-II 208132 186 158.4318 27.5682 Udaynarayanpur 190186 155 151.2534 3.7466 Bagnan-I 221500 143 163.779 -20.779 Bagnan-II 164405 122 140.941 -18.941 Shyampur-I 205849 159 157.5186 1.4814 Shyampur-II 196164 167 153.6446 13.3554 Source: Compiled by the Author
Table-11 Residuals of Total Educational Institutions of North 24 Paraganas district, 2012 CD Block Total Population (x) Total Score (y) yc=a+bx Residuals Bagdah 242974 157 146.5812 10.4188 Bongaon 489767 292 220.6191 71.3809 Gaighata 330287 200 172.7751 27.2249 Habra-I 372421 184 185.4153 -1.4153 Habra-II 343459 214 176.7267 37.2733 Barasat-I 769190 254 304.446 -50.446 Barasat-II 200918 98 133.9644 -35.9644 Amdanga 191673 107 131.1909 -24.1909 Deganga 319213 196 131.1909 64.8091 Rajarhat 809346 168 316.4928 -148.493 Barrackpur-I 1276801 572 456.7293 115.2707 Barrackpur-II 2391852 822 791.2446 30.7554
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Baduria 337812 263 175.0326 87.9674 Haroa 214401 100 138.0093 -38.0093 Minakhan 199084 96 133.4142 -37.4142 Swarupnagar 256075 175 150.5115 24.4885 Hasnabad 241525 179 146.1465 32.8535 Hingalganj 174545 160 126.0525 33.9475 Sandeshkhali-I 164465 109 123.0285 -14.0285 Sandeshkhali-II 160976 112 121.9818 -9.9818 Basirhat-I 296867 177 162.7491 14.2509 Basirhat-II 226130 141 141.528 -0.528 Source: Compiled by the Author
Table-12 Residuals of Total Educational Institutions of South 24 Paraganas district, 2012
CD Block Total Population (x) Total Score (y) yc=a+bx Residuals Thakurpukur-Maheshtala 701357 239 231.5154 7.4846 Bishnupur-I 232365 126 137.717 -11.717 Bishnupur-II 214531 135 134.1502 0.8498 Budge-Budge-I 149955 79 121.235 -42.235 Budge-Budge-II 192134 119 129.6708 -10.6708 Sonarpur 644231 218 220.0902 -2.0902 Jaynagar-I 263151 132 143.8742 -11.8742 Jaynagar-II 278086 154 146.8612 7.1388 Kultali 229053 112 137.0546 -25.0546 Baruipur 486247 223 188.4934 34.5066 Bhangar-I 249170 118 141.078 -23.078 Bhangar-II 246708 107 140.5856 -33.5856 Canning-I 304724 131 152.1888 -21.1888 Canning-II 252523 103 141.7486 -38.7486 Basanti 336717 169 158.5874 10.4126 Gosaba 246598 202 140.5636 61.4364 Mograhat-I 269494 144 145.1428 -1.1428 Mograhat-II 304744 157 152.1928 4.8072 Mandirbazar 214050 161 134.054 26.946 Kulpi 283197 243 147.8834 95.1166 Falta 249561 184 141.1562 42.8438 Diamond Harbour-I 197968 124 130.8376 -6.8376 Diamond Harbour-II 190801 146 129.4042 16.5958 Mathurapur-I 195104 151 130.2648 20.7352 Mathurapur-II 220839 164 135.4118 28.5882 Kakdwip 281963 192 147.6366 44.3634 Namkhana 182830 122 127.81 -5.81 Sagar 212037 156 133.6514 22.3486 Patharpratima 331823 246 157.6086 88.3914 Source: Compiled by the Author
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Case study of Murshidabad
The district of Mubshidabad shows the significant diversity among 26 blocks. Only 13 blocks have surplus educational institutions in respect to total populations and remaining 13 blocks have deficiency (table-13).
Table-13 Surplus and deficient blocks of Murshidabad Score Surplus Deficient High Behrampore, Hariharpara, (>30) Kandi, Farakka, Khargram, Samserganj, Suti Burwan, – II, Bharatpur – I, Raghunathganj – Nabagram II, Domkal Moderate Bharatpur – II, Beldanga – I, (10-30) Sagardighi, Lalgola, Murshidabad- Bhagwangola – I Jiaganj, Jalangi Low Nowda, Beldanga – II, (<10) Bhagwangola Suti – I, – II, Raninagar Raghunathganj – - II I, Raninagar - I Total 13 13
Source: Compiled by the Author
The isopleths map (fig. 2) reveals a lot of information. It is true that higher the residual the lesser is the relationship between the two variables and vice versa. There are five zones identified as spatial variance based on four isolines viz. -30, -10, +10 and +30. Fig. 2 Residuals of Murshidabad district The region between (-) 10 to +10 exhibit maximum correspondence between the variables. In other On the contrary of deficient regions (<-10) are words, it also determines number of educational cover in the south-eastern and northern part of the institutions situated in this region in respect to district including the blocks of Beldanga – I, population. The relationship is seen in the eastern Lalgola, Bhagwangola – I, Hariharpara, Farakka, and few pocket of western, central and southern Samserganj, Suti – II, Raghunathganj – II and part of the districts which, including the blocks of Domkal. These blocks are suffering from lack of Nowda, Bhagwangola – II, Raninagar – II, educational institutions. So, these negative areas Beldanga – II, Suti – I, Raghunathganj – I and need immediate attention in the form of setting up Raninagar – I. adequate education centers.
The positive surplus regions (> +10) lie in major part of western and few part of eastern portion of Case study of Nadia the district including the blocks Bharatpur – II, Sagardighi, Murshidabad-Jiaganj, Jalangi, The district of Nadia shows the significant Behrampore, Kandi, Khargram, Burwan, Bharatpur diversity among 17 blocks. Only 3 blocks have – I and Nabagram. These blocks encompass with surplus educational institutions in respect to total adequate number of educational institutions. So, populations and remaining 14 blocks have there is no urgent requirement for more of them. deficiency (table-14).
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Table-14 Surplus and deficient blocks of Nadia immediate attention in the form of setting up Score Surplus Deficient adequate education centers.
High Nakashipara, (>15) Hanskhali Santipur, Chakdaha Moderate Krishnaganj, Karimpur-I, (5-15) Krishnanagar- Karimpur-II, I Tehatta-I, Tehatta- II, Kaliganj, Chapra, Krishnanagar-II, Nabadwip, Ranaghat-I, Ranaghat-II, Haringhata Low - - (< 5) Total 3 14
Source: Compiled by the Author
The isopleths map (fig.3) reveals a lot of information. It is true that higher the residual the lesser is the relationship between the two variables and vice versa. The highest positive and negative residual value are 16 and (-) 48. There are five zones identified as spatial variance based on four isoclines viz. -15, -5, + 5 and +15. The similar lines are not chosen (i.e. 30, 10,-10 and -30) for the nature of data.
The region between (-)-5 to (+) 5 exhibit maximum correspondence between the variables. In other words, it also determines number of educational institutions situated in this region in respect to population. The relationship is seen like a strip in the few portion of central and lower-central portion of the district including the few part of the block Chapra, Krishnagar-II, Nabadwip, Krishnanagar-1, Haringhata and Ranaghat- II.
The positive surplus regions (> +5) lie just eastern side of zone of maximum correspondence, in few Fig. 3 Residuals of Nadia district portion of central and lower-central part of the district in and comprising the blocks of Case study of Hoogly Krishnaganj, Krishnanagar-I and Hanskhali. These blocks encompass with adequate number of The district of Haora shows the significant educational institutions. So, there is no urgent diversity among 18 blocks. Only 7 blocks have requirement for more of them. deficient educational institutions in respect to total On the contrary of deficient or negative regions are populations and remaining 11 blocks have surplus covered major portion of the district .i.e. in the (table-15). northern, central and southern comprising the blocks of Karimpur-I, Karimpur-II, Tehatta-I, The isopleths map (fig. 4) reveals a lot of Tehatta-II, Kaliganj, Chapra, Krishnanagar-II, information. It is true that higher the residual the Nabadwip, Ranaghat-I, Ranaghat-II, Haringhata, lesser is the relationship between the two variables Nakashipara, Santipur and Chakdaha.These two and vice versa. There are five zones identified as blocks are suffering from lack of educational spatial variance based on four isolines viz. -30, -10, institutions. So, these negative areas need +10 and +30.
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-6, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in
Table 15 Surplus and deficient blocks of Hoogly Score Surplus Deficient The positive surplus regions (> +10) lie in few part of western and major part of central to north- High Dhaniakhali, Chanditala-I, eastern side of the district including the blocks (>30) Arambagh, Chanditala-II Pandua, Balagarh, Chinsurah-Mogra, Haripal, Khanakul-I Singur, Goghat-I, Dhaniakhali, Arambagh and Moderate Pandua, Balagarh, Polba-Dadpur, Khanakul-I. These blocks encompass with (10-30) Chinsurah-Mogra, Tarakeswar, adequate number of educational institutions. So, Haripal, Singur, Serampur- there is no urgent requirement for more of them. Goghat-I Uttarpara, Pursurah On the contrary of deficient regions (<-10) are Low Jangipara, Goghat-II cover in few pockets in scattered way i.e. in the (< 10) Khanakul-II north-western, central and southern part of the Total 11 7 district including the blocks of Polba-Dadpur, Tarakeswar, Serampur-Uttarpara, Pursurah, Source: Computed by the author Chanditala-I and Chanditala-II . These blocks are suffering from lack of educational institutions. So, these negative areas need immediate attention in the form of setting up adequate education centers.
Case study of Haora
The district of Haora shows the significant diversity among 14 blocks and 1 M.C. Only 8 blocks have surplus educational institutions in respect to total populations and remaining 7 blocks have deficiency (table-16).
Table-16 Surplus and deficient blocks of Haora Score Surplus Deficient
High Uluberia-I Bally, Sankrail (>60) Moderate Amta-II Domjur, (20-60) Panchla, Howrah (M.C.), Bagnan-I Low (< Jagatballavpur, Bagnan-II 20) Uluberia-II, Amta-I, Udaynarayanpur, Shyampur-I, Shyampur-II Total 8 7
Source: Compiled by the Author
Fig. 4 Residuals of Hoogly district The isopleths map (fig. 5) derived from residual
value of total score of educational institutions on The region between (-) 10 to +10 exhibit maximum population reveals a lot of information. The highest correspondence between the variables. In other negative and positive value are (-) 107 and (+) 82 words, it also determines number of educational respectively. That is why; the isolines are taken as - institutions situated in this region in respect to 60, -20, +20 and +60. Based on those four isolines, population. The relationship is seen few pocket of the five zones are identified as spatial variance. the district i.e. north-western, central, southern and eastern part which, including the blocks of The region between (-) 20 to +20 exhibit maximum Jangipara, Khanakul-II and Goghat-II. correspondence between the variables. In other
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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-2, Issue-6, 2016 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in words, it also determines number of educational On the contrary of deficient or negative regions institutions situated in this region in respect to i.e., > (-) 20 are covered in the north-eastern population. The relationship is seen in the major portion of the district comprising the blocks of portion of the district i.e., northern portion to Bally, Sankrail, Domjur, Panchla, Howrah (M.C.) southern via central part like a strip of the district and Bagnan-I. These six blocks are suffering from including the blocks of Jagatballavpur, Uluberia- lack of educational institutions. So, these negative II, Amta-I, Udaynarayanpur, Shyampur-I, areas need immediate attention in the form of Shyampur-II and Bagnan-II. setting up adequate education centers.
Case study of North 24 Paraganas The district of North 24 Paraganas shows the significant diversity among 22 blocks. Only 12 blocks have surplus educational institutions in respect to total populations and remaining 10 blocks have deficiency (table-17).
Table-17 Surplus and deficient blocks of North 24 Paraganas Score Surplus Deficient
High Bongaon, Habra- Barasat-I, (>30) II, Deganga, Barasat-II, Barrackpur-I, Rajarhat, Barrackpur-II, Haroa, Baduria, Minakhan Hasnabad, Hingalganj Moderate Bagdah, Gaighata, Amdanga, (10-30) Swarupnagar, Sandeshkhali-I Basirhat-I Low - Habra-I, (< 10) Sandeshkhali- II, Basirhat-II Total 12 10
Source: Compiled by the Author
The isopleths map (fig. 6) reveals a lot of information. It is true that higher the residual the lesser is the relationship between the two variables and vice versa. There are five zones identified as spatial variance based on four isolines viz. -30, -10, +10 and +30.
The region between (-) 10 to +10 exhibit maximum correspondence between the variables. In other
Fig. 5 Residuals of district Haora words, it also determines number of educational institutions situated in this region in respect to population. The relationship is seen like a strip in The positive surplus regions (> +20) lie in few northern to southern part of the districts and portion of north-western and south-eastern part of distinctively one pocket of north, including the the district and comprising the blocks of Amta-II blocks of Habra-I, Sandeshkhali-II, Basirhat-II, and Ulluberia-I. These blocks encompass with Bagda and few portion of other blocks. adequate number of educational institutions. So, there is no urgent requirement for more of them. The positive surplus regions (> +10) lie in major part of northern , central, central-western and south-eastern portion of the district including the blocks Bagdah, Gaighata, Swarupnagar, Basirhat-I
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Bongaon, Habra-II, Deganga, Barrackpur-I, Case study of South 24 Paraganas Barrackpur-II, Baduria, Hasnabad and Hingalganj. These blocks encompass with adequate number of The district of South 24 Paraganas shows the educational institutions. So, there is no urgent significant diversity among 29 blocks. Only 16 requirement for more of them. blocks have surplus educational institutions in respect to total populations and remaining 13 On the contrary of deficient regions (< -10) are blocks have deficiency (table-18). cover in the south-western part of the district including the blocks of Amdanga, Sandeshkhali-I, Table-18 Surplus and deficient blocks of South Barasat-I, Barasat-II, Rajarhat, Haroa and 24 Paraganas Minakhan. These blocks are suffering from lack of Score Surplus Deficient educational institutions. So, these negative areas need immediate attention in the form of setting up High Baruipur, Budge-Budge- adequate education centers. (>30) Gosaba, Kulpi, I, Bhangar-II, Falta, Kakdwip, Canning-II Patharpratima Moderate Basanti, Bishnupur-I, (10-30) Mandirbazar, Budge-Budge- Diamond II, Jaynagar-I, Harbour-II¸ Kultali, Mathurapur-I, Bhangar-I, Mathurapur-II, Canning-I Sagar Low Thakurpukur- Sonarpur, (< 10) Maheshtala, Mograhat-I, Bishnupur-II, Diamond Jaynagar-II, Harbour-I, Mograhat-II Namkhana Total 16 13 Source: Compiled by the Author
The isopleths map (fig. 7) reveals a lot of information. It is true that higher the residual the lesser is the relationship between the two variables and vice versa. There are five zones identified as spatial variance based on four isolines viz. -30, -10, +10 and +30.
The region between (-) 10 to +10 exhibit maximum correspondence between the variables. In other words, it also determines number of educational institutions situated in this region in respect to population. The relationship is seen in the northern, central and south-western part of the districts including the blocks of Thakurpukur-Maheshtala, Bishnupur-II, Jaynagar-II, Mograhat-II, Sonarpur, Mograhat-I, Diamond Harbour-I and Namkhana.
The positive surplus regions (> +10) lie in major part of south-eastern, south-western portion and few pocket of the district including the blocks of Basanti, Mandirbazar, Diamond Harbour-II¸ Mathurapur-I, Mathurapur-II, Sagar, Baruipur, Gosaba, Kulpi, Falta, Kakdwip and Patharpratima . These blocks encompass with adequate number of educational institutions. So, there is no urgent Fig. 6 Residuals of district North 24 Parganas requirement for more of them.
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On the contrary of deficient regions (< -10) are cover in the north-eastern, north-western and southern part of the district including the blocks of Bishnupur-I, Budge-Budge-II, Jaynagar-I, Kultali, Bhangar-I, Canning-I, Budge-Budge-I, Bhangar-II and Canning-II. These blocks are suffering from lack of educational institutions. So, these negative areas need immediate attention in the form of setting up adequate education centers.
Table- 19 shows the degree of relationship by Co- efficient of correlation (r) between educational institution and total population. It is found that Nadia have almost perfect positive relation; Murshidabad, Hoogly, Haora and North 24 Paraganas have strong positive relation and South 24 Paraganas have moderate positive relation.
The coefficient of determination (r 2) represents the percent of the data that is the closest to the line of best fit. For example of Murshidabad ,if r = 0.79, then r 2 = 0.63, which means that percent of the total variation in y can be explained by the linear relationship between total population (x) and total educational score (y). The other 37 percent of the total variation in y remains unexplained. Similarly, Nadia- 96 percent, Hoogly- 83 percent, Haora- 79 percent, North 24 Paraganas- 89 percent and South 24 Paraganas- 43 percent can
be explained. Fig. 7 Residuals of district South 24 Parganas
Table-19: Degree of relationship by Karl Pearson’s product moment method Sl no. District Co-efficient of correlation (r ) coefficient of determination (r2) 1 Murshidabad 0.79 0.63 2 Nadia 0.98 0.96 3 Hoogly 0.91 0.83 4 Haora 0.89 0.79 5 North 24 Paraganas 0.94 0.89 6 South 24 Paraganas 0.66 0.43 Source: Computed by the Author
CONCLUSION
The study delineates the disparity in the Farakka, Samserganj, Suti – II, Raghunathganj – II distribution of the educational institutions in the and Domkal in Murshidabad; Nakashipara, district of ganga delta. This so called disparity or Santipur and Chakdaha in Nadia; Chanditala-I and surplus-deficiency cause serious development gap. Chanditala-II in Hoogly; Bally and Sankrail in To alleviate such situation, few new and high- Haora; Barasat-I, Barasat-II, Rajarhat, Haroa and quality schools and colleges are needed to be Minakhan in North 24 Praganas; Budge-Budge-I, established, especially in the blocks of Hariharpara, Bhangar-II and Canning-II in South 24 Paraganas.
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Besides that, population all over the district is and planning is required to mitigate such intra- increasing day by day. Hence parallel proper policy district disparity.
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