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Fisheries Management FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AN INTRODUCTION FOR COMMUNITY AND VILLAGE USE Student resource manual 1 CFMDP community-based management training programme © 2007 Coastal Fisheries Management and Development Project and the PNG National Fisheries Authority All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher and individual authors. National Library Service Cataloguing-in-Publication: National Fisheries Authority (Papua New Guinea). Fisheries management: an introduction for community and village use / National Fisheries Authority and the Coastal Fisheries Management and Development Project. -- [Kavieng] : National Fisheries Authority and Coastal Fisheries Management and Development Project, 2006. 71 p. ; cm. ISBN 9980-86-085-5 1. Fishery management. 2. Fishes. 3. Fishes – Ecology. 4. Marine ecology. I. Title. II. Coastal Fisheries Management and Development Project (Papua New Guinea). 639.3 -- dc22 This manual has been prepared for the Coastal Fisheries Management and Development Project (CFMDP) by the project's Community Fisheries Management Adviser, Lyn Lambeth. The contents have been drawn from a variety of sources, both published and unpublished, including work of the Community Fisheries Section of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, the University of the South Pacific's Marine Studies Programme, The Pacific Regional Environment Programme, and the Samoa Fisheries Division. Written sources are listed in the bibliography at the end of the manual. The manual was prepared as a learning resource for CFMDP training courses in fisheries management, hosted at the National Fisheries College, Kavieng, New Ireland in October 2004 and September 2005. The course was primarily delivered by Lyn Lambeth with various inputs from other CFMDP advisers including Joel Opnai, Peter Watt, Garry Preston, Gerald Moore and John Aini. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 BACKGROUND..........................................................................................................1 2 COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS – TYPES OF MARINE ENVIRONMENTS .............................3 2.1 Introduction................................................................................................................3 2.2 Coastal wetlands: estuaries and mangroves.............................................................4 2.3 Beaches and seagrass ..............................................................................................5 2.4 Coral reefs and lagoons ............................................................................................6 2.5 Outer reef slopes and the open sea ..........................................................................8 3 CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS ................................................................... 9 3.1 What is a fish? ...........................................................................................................9 3.2 Vertebrates and invertebrates .................................................................................10 4 RESOURCE SPECIES ......................................................................................................... 12 4.1 Echinoderms............................................................................................................12 4.2 Molluscs...................................................................................................................12 4.3 Crustaceans ............................................................................................................13 4.4 Fish — inshore species ...........................................................................................14 4.5 Fish — coral reef species ........................................................................................15 4.6 Fish — deepwater reef slope species .....................................................................15 4.7 Fish — tunas and other pelagic fish ........................................................................16 4.8 Seaweeds................................................................................................................16 5 FISH AND INVERTEBRATE BIOLOGY ............................................................................... 19 5.1 Size at first maturity .................................................................................................19 5.3 Reproductive methods of marine fish ......................................................................21 5.4 Spawning behaviour in marine fish..........................................................................23 5.5 Invertebrate biology and reproduction .....................................................................25 6 LIFE CYCLES ....................................................................................................................... 27 6.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................27 6.2 Larval forms.............................................................................................................27 6.3 Life cycles of some important harvested species ....................................................28 7 FOOD WEBS AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ECOSYSTEMS.................................... 34 7.1 Overview..................................................................................................................34 8 THREATS TO THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT AND FISHERIES....................................... 36 8.1 Loss of key marine environments............................................................................36 8.2 Marine pollution.......................................................................................................40 8.3 Introduced species..................................................................................................44 8.4 Overfishing and the use of efficient fishing gear......................................................45 8.5 Overfishing immature fish and broodstock ..............................................................46 8.6 Targeting spawning aggregations ...........................................................................47 8.7 Bycatch....................................................................................................................47 8.8 Destructive fishing practices....................................................................................48 9 FUNCTIONS OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT.................................................................... 50 9.1 Fish stocks and factors influencing fish stock size ..................................................50 9.2 Fisheries management goals ..................................................................................51 9.3 Fisheries management measures and what they aim to achieve............................52 i 10 SUMMARY OF MANAGEMENT MEASURES FOR IMPORTANT MARINE RESOURCES IN PNG................................................................................................................................. 57 10.1 Existing regulations.................................................................................................57 10.2 Recommendations for other species.......................................................................60 11 THE IMPORTANCE OF SUBSISTENCE AND SMALL-SCALE FISHING.......................... 64 11.1 Informal employment...............................................................................................64 11.2 Fishing and customary marine tenure .....................................................................65 11.3 Seafood and nutrition ..............................................................................................65 11.4 The role of women in fisheries ................................................................................67 12 DIFFICULTIES FACED BY GOVERNMENT IN MANAGING SMALL-SCALE FISHERIES68 12.1 PNG - physical characteristics ................................................................................68 12.2 Political and institutional characteristics..................................................................68 12.3 Research and monitoring constraints......................................................................69 12.4 Surveillance and enforcement.................................................................................69 12.5 Summary.................................................................................................................70 LIST OF WRITTEN RESOURCES.............................................................................................. 70 LIST OF WRITTEN RESOURCES............................................................................................... 71 ii 1 BACKGROUND The National Fisheries Authority (NFA) underwent a reorganisation process from 1999–2003. As part of the reorganisation, provincial and lower-level government (LLG) agencies were given greater responsibility for the development and management of inshore fisheries resources. This approach was intended to: • build natural resource management capacity at provincial and local government levels; • improve the effectiveness of fishery management arrangements through greater stakeholder participation in the management process; • meet NFA's obligations under the Organic Law
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