AE August 2020 ROSPACE

MALE ALLIES IN

AEROSPACE SPACEX AMBITIONS THE IMMORTAL DC-3

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TEMPEST FUGIT V olume 47 Number 8 HOW THE UK’S NEXT FIGHTER IS A CATALYST FOR CHANGE

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AUGUST 2020 AEROSPACE COVER FINAL.indd 1 17/07/2020 14:13 RAeS Careers Service The RAeS Careers Team – We are here for you!

Established in 1997, The Royal Aeronautical Society Careers Team are your one-stop-shop for FREE impartial and specialist advice. While the service has lived through many crises, Covid-19 sees the industry’s biggest challenge yet and we are here to provide specific support. We have a vast range of resources and materials on careers in aerospace and aviation – from civil, military, engineering and maintenance through to pilots, cabin crew, business and operations. We are here to support anyone, whether you are new to the sector or an experienced professional looking for further development. FREE 1-2-1 careers advice available online via webinar or by phone, with impartial advice on aerospace & aviation careers routes, CVs and job hunting advice. Our team are available Monday to Friday to provide specialist advice, for the upturn in our sector by contacting us to arrange an appointment Annual recruitment fair dedicated to aerospace and aviation - Careers in AEROSPACE & AVIATION LIVE taking place on the 6th November 2020 (subject to the Covid-19 situation) Apply for financial support for tuition fees from Centennial Scholarship Fund

Join our first Careers Webinars The Careers Team, along with experts from the Society’s membership, are running a series of FREE online webinars this month. 6th May – How to best prepare for a career in aerospace & aviation following a crisis 13th May – Covid-19 and Career Reinvention. How to re-invent yourself, so you emerge strong and ready to make your next career move W e will be joined by some expert panelists and there will be a Q&A opportunity at the end. Sign up by contacting [email protected]

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Careers 5_2020 280x210 Adv FINAL.indd 1 18/06/2020 12:44 Volume 47 Number 8 August 2020

EDITORIAL Contents Accelerating change Regulars 4 Radome 12 Transmission The news of the cessation of Boeing 747 production should come as no The latest aviation and Your letters, emails, tweets aeronautical intelligence, and social media feedback. surprise, even if, after over half a century, the end of the ‘Jumbo Jet’ – an analysis and comment. that changed the world – makes many eyes grow moist. Due to 58 The Last Word its freighter origins, the 747 outlasted its upstart rival, the Airbus A380, 11 Pushing the Envelope Keith Hayward compares although future orders were already looking scarce – thanks to the rise of Rob Coppinger looks at the approach of the French progress in enabling in-orbit and UK governments on a new generation of big-twins such as the 787 and A350. However, like servicing of satellites and encouraging their national the A380, it is the coronavirus that has accelerated and brought forward removal of space debris. aerospace industries and early retirements of the 747 by operators facing evaporating demand for promoting green initiatives. long-haul air travel. Elsewhere, which were marginal concerns are Features

also restructuring or cutting costs in a desperate race to survive. Oddly, SpaceX 28 Harnessing allies’ this deadly pandemic may also be forcing through new, more agile ways of voices collaboration and working too – as the UK’s Tempest programme (p 32) 14 Engaging men in advocating is fi nding out. These changes may be painful to those involved but the end female equality and inclusion in the aerospace industry. result could be fi tter, leaner enterprises that are more resilient and better able

to respond to the challenges of the 21st century. The impact of coronavirus, BAE Systems although undoubtedly a sledgehammer to aviation and aerospace, is arguably accelerating existing trends and changes that were already inherent and Live from Mars! 32 visible – whether it is the switch from four-engine to twin-engine SpaceX’s out-of-this-world plans to send humans to types or increases in virtual collaboration and home working. Those Mars. organisations already on this path will thus fi nd it much easier than those that Tempest fugit 20 The immortal DC-3 have been hoping that change leaves them alone. However, in this issue is How the UK-led Tempest the one exception that proves the rule. With 172 aircraft still fl ying in service Some 85 years after it fi rst future combat aircraft project fl ew, the Douglas DC-3 around the world and another 150-200 airframes ripe for conversion to could accelerate the pace still fl ies on in commercial of aircraft development and , the 85-year old Douglas DC-3 (p 20) could conceivably outlast service. revitalise Britain’s aerospace both the A380 and coronavirus. Some things never change. capabilities. Bristow Tim Robinson FRAeS, Editor-in-Chief 24 [email protected]

Correspondence on all aerospace matters is welcome at: [email protected] 36 Editor-in-Chief Editorial Offi ce 2020 AEROSPACE subscription Tim Robinson, FRAeS Royal Aeronautical Society rates: Non-members, £180 +44 (0)20 7670 4353 No.4 Hamilton Place Helicopters rise to the Please send your order to: Turning aviation green [email protected] London W1J 7BQ, UK Wayne J Davis, RAeS, No.4 Hamilton challenge +44 (0)20 7670 4300 Deputy Editor Place, London W1J 7BQ, UK. Helicopter operators adapt New aircraft designs, [email protected] Bill Read, FRAeS +44 (0)20 7670 4354 both aircraft and operating operations and power +44 (0)20 7670 4351 www.aerosociety.com [email protected] procedures to provide sources which could solve [email protected] AEROSPACE is published by the Royal Any member not requiring a print medical evacuation during the environmental challenges Aeronautical Society (RAeS). version of this magazine should Production Manager the Covid-19 outbreak. faced by aviation. contact: [email protected] Wayne J Davis Chief Executive +44 (0)20 7670 4354 Sir Brian Burridge CBE FRAeS USA: Periodical postage paid at [email protected] Advertising Champlain New York and additional offi ces. Publications Executive +44 (0)20 7670 4346 Afterburner [email protected] Chris Male, MRAeS Postmaster: Send address changes to IMS of New York, PO Box 1518, 42 Message from our President +44 (0)20 7670 4352 Unless specifi cally attributed, no Champlain NY 12919-1518, USA. [email protected] material in AEROSPACE shall be taken 43 Message from our Chief Executive Production Executive to represent the opinion of the RAeS. ISSN 2052-451X 44 Book Reviews Annabel Hallam Reproduction of material used in this 48 New Member spotlight +44 (0)20 7670 4361 publication is not permitted without the [email protected] written consent of the Editor-in-Chief. 50 NAL Archive Hub Book Review Editor Printed by Buxton Press Limited, 52 RAeS Careers Webinars Brian Riddle Palace Road, Buxton, Derbyshire [email protected] SK17 6AE, UK 56 Elections/Obituaries Distributed by Royal Mail 57 New Corporate Partners Additional content is available to view online at: www.aerosociety.com/aerospaceinsight Including: UK invests in OneWeb, Emergency evacuation of commercial aircraft, Why Germany selected the Boeing F/A-18, In the July issue of AEROSPACE, Working with , New Members’ Online Spotlight, Helicopter Covid-19 med-evac operations, Pilot error! What about pilot saves?

Front cover: The Tempest, an artist’s impression. (BAE Systems)

@aerosociety i Find us on LinkedIn f Find us on Facebook www.aerosociety.com AUGUST 2020 13 Blueprint

INTELLIGENCE / ANALYSIS / COMMENT

Hydrogen envelope The football stadium-sized balloon would be fi lled with hydrogen for buoyancy and lift.

Safety In the unlikely event of a problem with the balloon, the capsule will also be equipped with a parachute as a reserve descent system.

Live-streaming your experience As well as the flight itself, Space Perspective is promoting the capsule as roomy enough for concerts, weddings or corporate events, with the connectivity to stream these to the ground.

4 AEROSPACE

AUGUST 2020 News wjd.indd 2 17/07/2020 14:25:07 Flight profi le Total flight time aloft would be six hours with the pressurised capsule spending two hours at 100,000ft. The capsule would then recover to a water landing.

Room with a view The Neptune Capsule with eight passengers and a pilot would launch appropriately from Kennedy Space Center, Florida. As well as ‘edge of space’ tourists, the company is also promoting it as a plat- form for research and science flights.

W SPACEFLIGHT A higher perspective US company Space Perspective has announced plans to fl y passengers and research payloads to the edge of space using a ‘Spaceship Neptune’ high- altitude balloon carrying a pressurised capsule. Carrying one pilot and up to eight passengers, the balloon would ascend to 100,000ft where it would remain for two hours before descending to sea level where the passengers would be picked up by a ship. Space Perspective plans to launch the balloon from the Shuttle Landing Facility at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. The fi rst uncrewed test fl ight of the balloon is scheduled for early 2021.

AUGUST 2020 5

AUGUST 2020 News wjd.indd 3 17/07/2020 14:25:14 Radome COVID-19 AIR TRANSPORT AEROSPACE Virgin Atlantic saved with Airbus to axe 15,000 jobs as it faces £1.2bn rescue deal ‘gravest crisis’ in aviation history Troubled Virgin Atlantic deferrals from creditors Airways, which had and suppliers. The been facing collapse expects the due to the slump in measures announced demand from Covid-19, to enable it to survive has secured a £1.3bn for another 18 months refi nancing and and return to profi t in restructuring deal. 2022. Additionally, the The rescue package carrier is also cutting its Airbus includes some £200m workforce by 3,150 jobs European airframer Airbus has announced a deep and widespread restructuring with up provided by Sir Richard and streamlining its fl eet, to 15,000 jobs to be shed as it grapples with a 40% reduction in commercial aircraft Branson’s parent Virgin retiring seven Boeing activity due to the Coronavirus pandemic. Calling the downturn “the gravest crisis this Group, with additional 747s early and deferring industry has ever experienced”, the OEM will shed 5,000 positions in , 5,100 in funds provided by delivery of outstanding Germany, 1,700 in the UK, 900 positions in Spain and 1,300 jobs around Airbus’ other investors, loans and A350s and A330neos. worldwide sites. The company expects to conclude the restructuring by mid-2021.

AIR TRANSPORT GENERAL AVIATION United warns of 36,000 workers cut GA deliveries decline in United Airlines fi rst quarter of year Figures released on deliveries 27 May by the General declined by 19.1% (114 Aviation Manufacturers aircraft, compared to Association (GAMA) 141 in the fi rst three show a fall in deliveries months of 2019). of all types of GA aircraft Helicopter deliveries during the fi rst quarter were also down, with US carrier United Airlines has warned some 36,000 employees or almost one-third of 2020. Piston type 85 turbine helicopter of its workforce that they are at risk of redundancy as the Coronavirus air travel slump deliveries declined by (-18.3%) and 37 piston continues to impact airlines. Those with jobs at risk include 15,000 cabin crew and 11.7% with 219 aircraft, helicopter deliveries more than 2,200 pilots. The airline, together with other US airlines, is facing a stall deliveries (-43.9%). Total deliveries in recovery of air travel as the country reports new Covid-19 cases and some states fell by 41.8% with 71 fell by 21.3% year-on- impose quarantines on passengers from high-infection areas. aircraft handed over and year.

NEWS IN BRIEF

loss of Ringgit 803.3m 42 F-35Bs which will DA50 RG is powered by employs over 10,000 Boeing’s 737 MAX ($187.91m) for the fi rst equip its two Izumo-class a Continental CD-300 people providing aero completed three intense three months in 2020, helicopter carriers. engine and fi tted with the engines and MRO days of fl ight tests with down from a Ringgit Garmin G1000 NXi fl ight services around the world. FAA regulators in late June 96.1m net profi t in Q1 Israel launched an Ofek deck. Certifi cation from as the company aims to 2019. Revenues fell 16 military reconnaissance EASA is expected this year The International Air recertifi cate the grounded 15% to Ringgit 2.31bn, Earth-imaging satellite with FAA certifi cation to Transport Association airliner. The company has while passengers carried on 6 July. The satellite follow in 2021. (IATA) reports that promised EASA, as well declined 22% to 9.85m. was launched aboard a European carriers are as Canadian authorities, Shavit 2 rocket from the German aircraft engine expected to make a that it will incorporate Japan is set to become Palmachim air base. manufacturer MTU Aero collective loss of $21.5bn design changes they have the second-largest global Engines has announced in 2020. Passenger requested once the jet operator of the F-35 Diamond Aircraft unveiled plans to reduce its demand has fallen by over re-enters service. after the US approved a its single-engine, workforce by 10-15% 50% due to the impact of giant $23bn sale of 105 retractable gear DA50 RG – equivalent to around the Coronavirus, putting Malaysian carrier AirAsia stealth fi ghters. The deal on 24 June. First fl own 1,000 jobs – by the end between 6-7m aviation- Group has reported a includes 63 F-35As and in October, the fi ve-seat of 2021. MTU currently related jobs at risk.

6 AEROSPACE

AUGUST 2020 News wjd.indd 4 17/07/2020 14:25:15 SPACEFLIGHT DEFENCE UAE Hope mission set to VIP Voyager breaks cover blast off for Mars As AEROSPACE goes lower atmosphere of Mars. to press, the United Arab  NASA and China are Emirates’ Hope space also set to launch new probe is set to launch from missions to Mars before Tanegashima Space Center the launch window in Japan using a JAXA closes on 15 August. H-2A rocket. The UAE NASA is aiming to land

Mars Mission is the first its Perseverance Rover CopyrightCrown ever Arab mission to the on Mars in early 2021, The UK MoD has revealed a striking new livery for a RAF A330 MRTT Voyager tanker- Red Planet, with the Hope which will also carry a tiny transport assigned to the VIP transport role as part of its mission. The new £900,000 paint spacecraft expected to helicopter. China is also scheme, completed by Marshall of Cambridge, ditches the grey camouflage worn by the rest arrive at Mars in February set to imminently launch of the Voyager fleet for a white fuselage, Union Jack tail fin and gold lettering with ‘United 2021. Once there, it is set its Tianwen-1 lander and Kingdom’. The aircraft, which is equipped with a forward VIP cabin, retains the refuelling to study the upper and rover. pods for its core mission of AAR.

AEROSPACE AIR TRANSPORT Airbus H160 receives certification PIA grounds one-third of pilots for ‘fake licences’ Pakistan International approach to landing, then Airlines (PIA) has attempted to perform a go- grounded 150 of its around after skidding down 450 pilots for having the runway on the engines. ‘suspicious licences’ amid  Meanwhile, on 30 a safety clampdown. The June, the European Union move comes as part of a Aviation Safety Agency preliminary report into the (EASA) placed Pakistan crash of a PIA A320 on International Airlines (PIA) 22 May in Karachi, which on a blacklist, banning

Airbus Helicopters killed 97 people when the it from operating to EU On 1 July Airbus Helicopters announced that its new medium H160 helicopter has crew raised the gear on destinations for six months. been awarded type certification by EASA, after a 1,500hr flight test campaign. FAA certification is to follow shortly, says the manufacturer, with a delivery to a first unnamed Read ‘PIA PK8303 crash – just the tip of the customer in the US before the end of the year. iceberg?’on the AEROSPACE Insight blog

Zealand failed to make (NBAA) has cancelled the Autonomous Taxi, Take- airline, , Airbus Defence and orbit, with satellites 2020 Business Aviation Off and Landing (ATTOL) will launch services to Space has received a onboard with Electron Convention & Exhibition project, it uses on-board Cuba in November using contract to integrate rocket deemed lost. (NBAA-BACE) which image recognition a fleet of three Boeing 115 Captor-E AESA The vehicle was lost was due to be held on technology to enable 737-400s configured with radars with German and after around five minutes 6-8 October in Orlando, autonomous taxiing, 158 economy seats. Spanish Eurofighters. and 40 seconds into Florida. The next NBAA take-off and landing of The new radar will the flight. Onboard were convention is scheduled a commercial aircraft As AEROSPACE goes equip Tranche 2 and 3 satellites from Canon for 12-15 October 2021 through fully automatic to press, a US Navy Typhoons, with 110 sets Electronics, Planet Labs in Las Vegas. vision-based flight tests. amphibious assault ship, for the Luftwaffe and five and In-Space Missions. the USS Bonhomme for the Spanish Air Force. It was the 13th launch Airbus has concluded A new Canadian airline, Richard, is burning after The upgrade is scheduled for the smallsat launcher a two-year research OWG (Off We Go) has catching fire at the dock to be completed by 2023. company. programme to enable been revealed, with Cuba in San Diego on 11 July. large commercial aircraft as its first destination. The ship’s air group can On 5 July Rocket Lab’s The National Business to take off and land The airline, a subsidiary include F-35Bs, V-22 latest launch from New Aviation Association autonomously. Named the of Quebec-based charter Ospreys or AH-1Zs.

AUGUST 2020 7

AUGUST 2020 News wjd.indd 5 17/07/2020 14:25:17 Radome

AIR TRANSPORT DEFENCE Lufthansa announces Australia reveals new strategic update more cost-cutting

German flag carrier also limit new aircraft Lufthansa has announced deliveries to 80 until 2023 a second set of cost- and has announced that it cutting measures as has a calculated personnel part of a restructuring surplus of at least 22,000 programme in the wake of full-time positions. The the Coronavirus outbreak. airline plans to return an As well as the already additional 200 aircraft

announced decision to back into service by the Australian DoD reduce the airline’s fleet end of October, by which The Australian Government has published a new Defence Strategic Update and Force by 100 aircraft and to time the airline will be Structure Plan for the next ten years, reflecting a more uncertain and unstable world. suspend flight operations operating 380 aircraft, The $270bn plan sees investment in hypersonics, long-range strike missiles, ‘Loyal at its Germanwings equivalent to 50% of its Wingmen’ drones, sovereign satellite capability and replacements for its E-7 Wedgetail subsidiary, Lufthansa will fleet. and C-130J in 2030.

GENERAL AVIATION AEROSPACE Stratos 716X makes first flight After 50 years, end of the runway for 747

After half a century, cargo model, will roll out Boeing is to finally cease in two years’ time, with production of the 747 the last long lead items jumbo jet, according now having been ordered. to Bloomberg, as the Sixteen aircraft are still in Coronavirus accelerates the production backlog, its retirement from airlines including 12 747-8F

Stratos Aircraft including British Airways, freighters for UPS. The Stratos Aircraft has flown its new 716X single-engine VLJ (very light jet) for the first KLM, Qantas, Virgin final airframes also include time, with a 22 minute flight from Roberts Field Airport, Oregon, on 2 July. Powered by a Atlantic and Corsair two ex-Transaero -8s that Pratt & Whitney Canada JT15D-5, the all-composite six-seat 716X is expected to have a International. The news are set to be converted to cruise speed of 400kt. The 716X will be offered as an experimental kit build aircraft, with outlet reported that the VC-25 Presidential Aircraft a 716 certificated as the production version. final 747, likely a -8F for the US Air Force. NEWS IN BRIEF

Cassio hybrid-electic constellation. The satellite Leicester has been Embraer has delivered the aircraft in the next two At the RAF Chief of Air was launched from the chosen as the location first enhanced Phenom years. The Cassio will Staff Air and Space Power Xichang launch centre for a new £100m 300E very light jet to have a range of 800nm virtual Conference on 15 aboard a Long March 3B European Space Agency Texas law firm Dunham and carry four-to-ten July, Secretary of State for rocket on 23 March. Business Incubation & Jones. The aircraft was passengers. Defence, MP, Centre for UK start- handed over in late June at announced that General Russian Helicopters has ups aiming to develop a ceremony at Embraer’s Norwegian Air is reported Atomics-ASI had been produced the first variant technology and ideas Global Customer Center to have cancelled orders awarded a £65m contract of its Mil Mi-8AMT military for the space sector. in Melbourne, Florida. for 92 Boeing 737 MAXs for the first three Protector helicopter designed Space Park Leicester and five 787 Dreamliners. RG1 UAVs for the RAF of for civilian use in the will open in 2021 and French-based hybrid- The airline has also a total acquisition of 16. Arctic. Manufactured at aims to create a cluster electric developer cancelled its GoldCare The platform is expected the company’s Ulan- in research, earth VoltAero has partnered service contract and also to enter service in 2024. Ude Aviation Plant, the observation, data and with regional point-to- has filed a lawsuit against helicopter is equipped space-enabled business. point travel start-up the US manufacturer China has launched with a transmission It is expected to create KinectAir to offer on- to reclaim pre-delivery the final satellite for its heating unit, a system some 2,500 jobs. demand flights on its new payments for the aircraft. Beidou satellite navigation for cargo compartment

8 AEROSPACE

AUGUST 2020 News wjd.indd 6 17/07/2020 14:25:19 AEROSPACE AIR TRANSPORT Bootleg helicopter Hat-trick of deliveries for ARJ21 factory closed down A secret factory making was located in the Criuleni illegal copies of Kamov area near the Dniester Ka-26 helicopters for river, after law enforcement sale on the international officers raided the market has been closed complex. The factory had down by authorities in the been illegally producing breakaway Transnistrian helicopters for unnamed region of Moldova. customers in post-Soviet

Over ten examples of republics. A criminal case COMAC the light civilian coaxial has now been started by On 28 June China’s COMAC delivered three examples of its delayed ARJ21 90-seat rotorcraft were found Moldovan prosecutors, regional airliner to the ‘big three’ of the country’s airlines: Air China, China Eastern in various stages of with sentences that could Airlines and China Southern Airlines. After taking delivering of their first ARJ21s, the assembly at a clandestine range from three to ten carriers will receive a further two examples each in 2020. The three airlines each ordered production plant which years. 35 ARJ21s in August 2019.

SPACEFLIGHT DEFENCE UK wins auction for OneWeb Boeing gets $23bn for F-15EX Boeing has been awarded for the first eight F-15EXs, a $22.89bn indefinite with the first airframe to be date/indefinite quantity rolled off the production deal to supply up to 200 line in 2021. The two-seat of its upgraded F-15EX F-15EX features fly-by-

OneWeb Advanced Eagles to the wire, advanced glass The UK Government has won a £400m auction to acquire a stake in the bankrupt US Air Force over the next cockpit and upgraded broadband mega-constellation provider OneWeb. OneWeb, which was aiming to roll ten years, with the service payload allowing it to carry out a constellation of 648 LEO satellites, went bankrupt earlier in March. The UK, as looking at a minimum fleet larger hypersonic weapons part of a consortium including India’s Bharti Global, is interested in potentially using the of 144 aircraft. The first in development. Aimed at constellation to piggy-back additional navigational payloads which could provide an new build procurement supplementing F-35s, the alternative to Europe’s Galileo system and augment US GPS positioning. of F-15s for the USAF in F-15EX will also replace decades, the deal includes F-15C/Ds flown by the US Read ‘OneWeb and the UK – a wise investment?’ on the AEROSPACE Insight blog an initial $1.2bn contract Air National Guard.

thermal protection, heat- Chapter 11 voluntary being released from the insulating blinds and bankruptcy protection, mothership VMS Eve at ON THE MOVE cockpit doors and frost- becoming the latest 51,000ft. Unity completed resistant Teflon hoses. carrier to fall victim to the multiple test points before Kathy Lueders has been Former Disney theme-park Coronavirus crisis. touching back down appointed as NASA’s Head exec Michael Colglazier Hybrid-electric aircraft The airline is the third Latin smoothly for a runway of Human Spaceflight is the new CEO of Virgin developer Faradair has American airline to file landing. Operations. Galactic, replacing George announced that it is for bankruptcy, following Whitesides, who becomes relocating its HQ and Chile’s LATAM and Bye Aerospace has Chansin Treenuchagron Chief Space Officer. development of its STOL Colombia’s Avianca. announced that it has is to be Acting President BEHA (Bio Electric Hybrid . commenced the next of Thai Airways replacing Becky Yoder is now SVP Aircraft) to Duxford Airfield On 25 June, Virgin phase of flight tests for Chakkrit Parapuntakul. Finance and Business in Cambridgeshire. A Galactic conducted the its two-seat all-electric Operations at Astroscale first flight is targeted for second SpaceShipTwo eFlyer 2 technology AAR Corporation has US. 2023/24. test flight from Spaceport demonstrator. The tests elected Robert F Leduc, America. The test involved are to focus on collecting retired President of Pratt Rob Holmes is the new Mexican airline a glide flight and landing engineering data for & Whitney, to its Board of VP Aerospace at Hardide AeroMexico has filed for of VSS Unity after propeller choice. Directors. Coatings.

AUGUST 2020 9

AUGUST 2020 News wjd.indd 7 17/07/2020 14:25:20 By the Numbers Understanding the world of Aerospace through data BAE Systems reveals Tempest factory of the future PMCS1484.06.07.20 Production Future Combat Air into next generation manufacturing A fi rst of its kind factory drives digital capability baesystems.com supply chain and Connected intelligent store deploys store intelligent tools and materials into into and materials tools Logistics Systems Intelligent the factory. technologies and developing technologies additive manufacturing new material joining new material Exploiting the latest processes to build a processes to Manufacturing range of detailed range of detailed Technologies aircraft parts. Advanced multi-functional assembly A re-configurable and fl exible Performing autonomous assembly approach replaces operations and parts need for traditional fixed Mobile Robots Autonomous Robot Assisted delivery. Assembly tooling. tooling. technology guides operators to to guides operators technology drive efficiencies and minimise work instructions deployed process deviation. Digital process deviation. Digital Human-augmented engineering toolsets. from connected from connected Workstation Intelligent factory provides ‘at a glance’ snapshot of performance, Live data flLive data ow from the enabled by Internet of enabled by Internet Things connectivity. Smart Office Data Driven Transformation Industry 4.0 Digitally Driven

Source: BAE Systems 10 AEROSPACE

Aug 2020 By the Numbers.indd 2 17/07/2020 14:25 Pushing the Envelope Exploring advances on the leading edge of aerospace Robert Coppinger In-orbit servicing

s AEROSPACE goes to press, an Docking and cleaning Arianespace Ariane 5 rocket is scheduled to launch from Kourou The United States’ Defense Advanced Research in French Guiana at the end of Projects Agency’s Orbital Express mission July with the Northrop Grumman demonstrated docking during its four-month flight from MissionA Extension Vehicle (MEV)-2. It will dock March to July 2007. At the same time, the UK-based with its customer Intelsat’s 1002 satellite early next Orbital Satellite Servicing company was proposing its year to extend its life. For decades after the Soviet SMART-OLEV vehicle to service spacecraft. Since Union’s launch of Sputnik in 1957, satellites were then, in parallel to the US progress, the European untouchable once the rocket ascended from the Union (EU) and the European Space Agency (ESA) launch pad. Racing around the planet at more than have funded research and a mission to demonstrate 17,500mph, they worked until they malfunctioned, or debris removal techniques, another market for space the Earth’s gravity pulled them down to a fiery end. services. The EU-funded REMOVEDEBRIS project In 1984 this fateful solitude ended when began in 2013, its test spacecraft was launched in NASA’s space shuttle Discovery brought the first June 2018 and the project ended last year, having telecommunication satellites back from orbit. The completed its technology demonstration. shuttle also serviced the Hubble Space Telescope Airbus subsidiary Surrey Satellite Technology (HST) five times but, for the more than 2,600 satellites (SSTL) designed and built the REMOVEDEBRIS the Union of Concerned Scientists says were flying in spacecraft. It had three technologies for debris space up to 1 April this year, only software changes removal: a net, a harpoon and a vision-based could be beamed to these spacecraft; nothing else navigation system to rendezvous with debris. The could be done to maintain them. harpoon punctures the thin wall of a spacecraft fuselage, while the net wraps itself around a portion of Satellite care the satellite. SSTL is now working with Japan-based satellite servicing company, Astroscale. It is aiming to Now, in 2020, Northrop stated that its MEV is provide mission extension services and active debris the space industry’s first satellite servicing vehicle removal, among other solutions. SSTL International designed to dock with geostationary spacecraft. Business Development Manager, Alex da Silva Curiel, Like other satellite mission extension concepts, the MEV docks with the target’s apogee motor, which is explained that if one spacecraft could de-orbit multiple used to put a spacecraft into its final geostationary satellites, the debris issue could begin to be tackled. orbit trajectory. The basic service that can be offered with this concept is station keeping. Satellites use The long view propulsion to keep themselves in the right position to aim the antennas correctly. When the fuel runs out, the The in-orbit services beyond life extension and THE orientation becomes inaccurate and the mission ends. de-orbiting will require more advanced robotics and artificial intelligence, according to da Silva Curiel. One REMOVEDEBRIS Northrop Grumman subsidiary Space Logistics’ SPACECRAFT Operations Business Development Vice President, Joe concept being funded by the German Aerospace Anderson, said that the capture technology, or how the Center, DLR, and called iBOSS, is a geostationary ... HAD THREE servicing spacecraft grabs the customer, was the key satellite made up of modules that can be reconfigured TECHNOLOGIES technology development for the MEV. The company’s using robotics. Another idea da Silva Curiel refers FOR DEBRIS first MEV, called MEV-1, was launched in October to is the in-orbit assembly of a space telescope, REMOVAL: A NET, last year and docked with the customer Intelsat which could be far larger than HST or the James A HARPOON AND Webb Space Telescope. The huge telescope would IS-901 spacecraft in February this year. Northrop A VISION-BASED said that this marked the first time two commercial be built by autonomous robots from parts launched satellites had docked in orbit. IS-901 resumed its by separate rockets. While the HST was serviced NAVIGATION telecommunications services in April. In-orbit servicing by astronauts, like so many Earthly tasks, dull and SYSTEM TO has seen a number of demonstration missions and dangerous work, carried out as part of a low Earth orbit RENDEZVOUS start-up companies in the past 20 years. economy, could be done more safely by robots. WITH DEBRIS

AUGUST 2020 11

In Orbit servicing.indd 1 17/07/2020 14:28 Transmission

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Voyager flies the flag RAF number of new US-built RAF aircraft rely on boom refuelling, which means they either cannot air refuel at all, lacking a probe, or must rely increasingly on boom- i tanking support from friendly nations. Although the RAF was the Voyager’s launch Covid-19 statement customer, this operational Oshan De Alwis [On RAeS restriction does not apply statement on Covid-19 and to the boom-equipped changes to the aviation and Voyagers in service with aerospace workforce(4)] Great Australia, France and other initiative! Nice to know the Air Tanker only a proportion of Voyagers boom aerial refuelling and allies flying this impressive owned Voyager MRTT equipped for air-to-air military transport. Voyager machine. With ongoing QRA allocated to Boris and other tanking without adaption is clearly the best tanker- stand-by support required Alan Paterson Fantastic VVIPs is being repainted by work (which can take several transport in the world, but for UK and Falklands-based support at an extremely Marshalls in a less dowdy weeks for the five earmarked although it is very modern, Typhoons, plus NATO and difficult time in our aviation colour scheme. The old RAF for commercial hire from capable and flexible, and other global deployments, the industry. Well done to all at VC10s of No 10 Sqn in high its total of 14), the French much bigger, the RAF current RAF tanker fleet is RAeS. gloss Air Support Command Air Force is to expand its strategic tanker-transport undoubtedly under-strength, white, blue and grey colours, own MRTT fleet with three fleet is far smaller than when if it is required to also support looked superb – a scheme additional aircraft, bringing it had nearly 30 VC10s and unexpected emergency Anooshiravan Maleki guaranteed to project a its total to 15, fully Service- TriStars – and individual operations overseas. Great initiative and support! confident and capable UK. owned and equipped for aircraft can only be in one Thanks to all at RAeS! However, while the UK has hose-and-drogue, as well as place at a time. An increasing Richard Gardner MRAeS

Saving graces Simon Ludlow A good Emergency evacuation article. Sydney Dekker commented that we Richard Wiggins [On RAeS The same applies to duty-free Charlie Jeffs [On Pilot error! concentrate on when things Passenger Evacuation Paper(5] purchases in terminal (far – What about pilot saves?(2)] go wrong. But how about It needs an international legal more availability to purchase Yes, good thinking, we are all examining when things go standard for restrictions to consumer goods bigger than too mercenary when it comes right? uplift cabin bags. Right now it is and heavier than alcohol and to aviation catastrophes, a bit dependent on class of travel/ cigarettes) and expect these f like football, the focus is on aircraft cabin size and pax to be also uplifted in cabin. An the player scoring goals, never Flying on Mars seating density/percentage example of nil cabin baggage the goalkeeper saving goals. NASA of cabin occupancy/length allowed was BA shuttle LHR/ F-35 lecture And this breeds cynicism. of journey requiring access or BFS during ‘The Troubles’ era

Air Source Military/YouTubeAir Source Pilots are of course paid high not to lap tops and cabin bag/ when 100% of cabin bags had salaries, not for mundane commercial revenues either to be belly stowed and retrieved non eventful ‘dial-a-route’ for charging to carry extra bag on arrival from aircraft steps flying but their response and in cabin or taking bag into side. It was a legal national reaction to an emergency, cabin to avoid suitcase fees security mandate so nobody many of which could not have or waiting around at arrivals challenged it and the system been rehearsed or practised Curiosity Mars Rover and Flyer. baggage belt on terminal. worked for short sector one- before. So let’s hear more Locking lockers before landing hour flights! Kevin Bowen [On F-35 of the crew that saved the Jason Nicholson [On would just make passengers’ Lightning II Test Flight audio souls unselfishly, rather than podcast of Classic Lecture human actions more devious – Laszlo Molnar The future lecture(1)] What a mess of those that did not make it. But – Curiosity, The Next Mars to hide cabin bag under seats could be better than that. doors and bendy nozzliness. let’s keep the comments and Rover(3)] Our name is aboard to ensure access upon landing. 43 benefits, four safety Harrier did the biz in a much analysis fair, not speculative or it and with the possibility of It is really for IATA and ICAO to improvements is the innovation more classy way! over reaction. Remember the aviation history being made legalise the standard globally of the 21st century. Evacuation life the pilot is trying to save with the first heavier-than-air and not for airlines’ commercial without slide landing on water when he is avoiding built up flight on another planet. It’s departments to forecast and eventually take-off. Initial Chris Walker Yes. Via bicycle areas while crashing, is his one mission I will be watching ancillary revenue opportunity. model is for sale. chains! own, so no over-dramatisation. closely.

12 AEROSPACE Off to a Flying Start From@beaver_paul the RAeS [On new photo archives i Journal of Aeronautical History RAeS/NAL paper on Alcock and Brown’s competitors(6)] Excellent scholarship. @Solsticenator [On what will be the ‘new normal’ for air travel post Covid-19?(7)] Permanent anti-microbial/viral coatings. Print a fi ghter @CamberandChord [On @StTim How does banning BAE Systems aims to 3D carry on work for people print 30% of the Tempest] travelling with a laptop? They No reason this shouldn’t Raphael D Joseph F Corrao can’t go in the hold. . [On RAeS Britten-Norman Cushioncraft CC-2, CC2-002, being fuelled be possible, especially with Excellent! The beginning of a @ProfAtkin [On Gender Member Maleha Khan at a BP Service Station at Bembridge, . This was companies like Rocket Lab doubtlessly brilliant career! All diversity on RAeS Council] winning a British Women one of a series of air cushion vehicles used to investigate showing what is possible with the best, Maleha! Pilots’ Association Flying Start the possibility of a breakthrough in transportation techniques 3D printing. (7) scholarship ] Congratulations which could accelerate the pace of development in territories Maleha! where roads were non-existent and costly to build and rivers BAME seminar Dr Eur Ing Bishnujee seasonally unnavigable. @tallbeanie [On RAeS Callum H Congratulations. Singh Congratulations and BAME seminar(6)] Goodness? Flying an aircraft is the best RAeS playing key role in What on Earth is going on – thing since sliced bread. nurturing brilliant talent with New civil aircraft? Electric aircraft safety deliberate segregation? Surely After doing all my training exciting career ahead! @gethinsinfl ight [COMAC not? at EGBW (where I think the @tomhajjar [On electric picture is), it’s a shame to see Stuart G Smith Well done Assistant Chief Designer GA aircraft – the pilot’s greedy landlords selling this Maleha – it’s a fantastic world bemoans lack of civil airliner perspective(10)] The same projects in RAeS webinar(9)] @RichardGearing Giving an magnifi cent fi eld for houses. up here ! people who barely maintain To say that during a pandemic under-represented community their cars, boats and small makes no sense. There are a voice is not segregation – it’s planes will do the same with hundreds, if not thousands, an opportunity for us to hear electric models. The batteries RAF Voyager repaint UK to acquire OneWeb of commercial aircraft parked the amazing things they do in will not have the same sat nav system around the world that may our sector and the challenges @combat_boot [On RAF protective measures of a land- never fl y again due to Covid. they and others may face, reveals VIP Voyager repaint] based design due to weight. @percymerlin [Has the UK New aircraft programmes especially at this time. I would £900k for some paint? I am in The damaged batteries will bought the ‘wrong satellites’ will need to respond to a new encourage everyone to join the wrong business. incinerate on impact... for a satellite navigation sustainable reality post- this webinar to learn more. (8) system with OneWeb? ] Covid. We need radically new There are two issues with @davidhearn Most of concepts to take travellers into OneWeb as a navigation Indian women pilots the £900k was apparently a totally sustainable, ie carbon- @brazilinsight I graduated system. First, it has no chance standard scheduled routine free, future. @nivedita_bhasin [On in aerospace with a black of seeing four stats at the student. We both joined the checks/maintenance and Indian aviation – the hidden same time with current orbits, (11) RAF. He, being outstanding, the likelihood was that a force ] 50 years of women to use current technology. @Ridgley_Vefand In what won the Sword of Honour repaint (in grey) had also been pilots in India woven in a fl ying Second, it would have to use a market space would a new and rose to air rank. He was required at normal intervals, carpet by @neelammathews. totally different type of system programme bring meaningful not unusual in the military I so the actual cost of changing A lovely article and a must- like the old US Transit sat and benefi ts? The famous NMA knew, or in aerospace. In both the design was more like just read. that would take a longer time where Boeing didn’t manage to sectors what matters is ability, the additional white/blue/red to get a location fi x. Accuracy? extract a business case from? not the colour of your skin. paint and design work.

1. https://www.aerosociety.com/news/audio-classic-lecture-f-35-lightning-ii-fl ight-test-update-by-graham-tomlinson/ 2. AEROSPACE, June 2020 p 20, Pilot error! What about pilot saves? 3. https://www.aerosociety.com/news/audio-classic-lecture-curiosity-the-next-mars-rover-by-dr-matt-wallace/ 4. https://www.aerosociety.com/media/14112/2020_07_01_statement_covid-19_changes_to_workforce.pdf 5. https://www.aerosociety.com/news/updated-raes-passenger-evacuation-paper-now-available/ 6. https://www.aerosociety.com/events-calendar/bame-perspectives-on-aerospace-and-aviation-shaping-the-future/ 7. https://bwpa.co.uk/scholarships/scholarship-winners-archive/ 8. https://www.aerosociety.com/news/oneweb-and-the-uk-a-wise-investment/ 9. https://www.aerosociety.com/news/working-with-china/ 10. AEROSPACE, July 2020 p 26, Electric fl ight – a pilot’s eye view 11. AEROSPACE, July 2020 p 22, Indian aviation’s invisible force

@aerosociety i linkedin.com/raes f facebook.com/raes www.aerosociety.com AUGUST 2020 13 SPACEFLIGHT SpaceX strategy Live from Mars! PAT NORRIS FRAeS (member of the RAeS Space Specialist Group Committee) assesses the ambitious plans of SpaceX and its charismatic CEO, Elon Musk, to send humans to Mars and to provide broadband links here on Earth.

n 30 May 2020 Doug Hurley and Bob In the intervening nine years the US has paid Behnken were the first astronauts in Russia for 35 separate seats in the regular Soyuz almost nine years launched into space launches taking cosmonauts to the ISS. The current on an American rocket at the start sticker price for each seat (round trip) is about of a 19hr journey to the International $90m and the political costs have also been high, OSpace Station (ISS). Hurley had been on the previous since being dependent on Russia for anything is such flight, Space Shuttle mission No. 135, when not good politics in the US at the moment. it took off from the exact same spot – Pad 39A at The Crew Dragon spacecraft into which Hurley Cape Canaveral in Florida – its launch on 11 July and Behnken were strapped and the Falcon 2011 bringing the Space Shuttle programme to a 9 rocket that blasted it into space were both close. The same pad was the starting point for all of designed and built by SpaceX. The design of all the Apollo Moon landing missions. previous crewed space rockets had been managed by governments – and just three of those: Russia (Soviet Union), US and China – so this was a first for a commercial company. The private sector origin of the technology was especially visible in the sleek, designer-style spacesuits worn by the astronauts, in contrast to the baggy ‘pumpkin’ suit of previous missions.

Returning the US among the stars

Republican Congressman turned NASA (MUSK) TOLD Administrator, Jim Bridenstine left it to his bosses, AN AUDIENCE President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence, to blow the ‘America is great’ trumpet at AT THE ROYAL the Cape Canaveral launch. Bridenstine will use AERONAUTICAL the success to persuade Congress to increase the SOCIETY IN NASA budget. The approximate $50m SpaceX LONDON IN charges NASA for an astronaut launch is, of course, also a welcome price reduction. 2012 THAT HE The man most applauded for the event was WOULD LIKE Elon Musk, founder and CEO of SpaceX. Musk TO DIE ON is an eccentric billionaire who has built his SpaceX business from the ground up into a MARS “BUT NOT company valued at more than $30bn in just DURING THE 18 years. He is perhaps better known for also LANDING.” Elon Musk speaking at the RAeS in 2012. creating from nothing, the electric car company,

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Space X Mars.indd 2 17/07/2020 14:22 Tesla, and his Twitter musings have sometimes science fiction movie. NASA insisted on using a made headlines for the wrong reasons. pristine first stage for the 30 May flight but has Musk’s eccentricity was highlighted in his since agreed to allow the use of boosters that have statement after the launch that it was “the first step previously flown. The cost of preparing an already toward a civilisation on Mars”. The stretch from two flown booster for reuse has not been disclosed and astronauts on the ISS to having a civilisation on it is not clear how much of a saving it provides. One Mars seemed ridiculous to most people. However, major cost incurred is the need to preserve fuel Musk founded SpaceX to go to Mars, so for him during the flight so that the first stage can power its it seemed natural. He sees Mars as a backup to way back to a landing, thereby reducing the payload Earth in the event of a third world war, and also as it can carry into orbit by a reported 30%. an extraordinary adventure. He told an audience at The latest variant (Block 5) of the nine the Royal Aeronautical Society in London in 2012 Merlin engines used in the Falcon 9 first that he would like to die on Mars “but not during the stage is designed to be re-used ten times with landing”. minor processing and up to 100 times with This is not the first time the US has got itself refurbishment. Five launches is the most any into the pickle of mothballing its only astronaut- booster has so far achieved, allowing the first 35 rated launcher and having to wait several years for Block 5 launches to be made with a total of just 17 the replacement to be ready. After the last launch different Block 5 engines. of an Apollo-era rocket in July 1975, it was almost SpaceX also recovers the fairing that protects eight years before the next American astronauts the payload on top of the rocket and reuses it. The made it into space on the first flight of the Space fairing floats down on parachutes to be recovered Shuttle in April 1981. The gap this time round was at sea. Musk told the RAeS audience that each supposed to be four years, 2011 to 2015, but this fairing costs about $5m, so it’s worth trying to had slipped to 2017 by the time parallel contracts reuse them. Note that no other space rocket were placed with Boeing and SpaceX. Further manufacturer anywhere in the world is able to slippage ensued: to 2020 for SpaceX and probably recover and reuse its rockets, putting SpaceX truly 2021 for Boeing – leading Musk to declare on in a class of its own. 30 May that the pace of development needed to accelerate if humans were to get to Mars in his Falcon Heavy lifetime. Another of SpaceX’s unique products is the Falcon Re-using the rocket Heavy launcher which can carry into orbit more payload than any other launcher in the world – a SpaceX has undercut all of the world’s rocket lot more! It can place about 64 tonnes into orbit, suppliers by being commercially-focused. The which is more than double the capacity of the next technology is chosen for cost and reliability, not most powerful rocket, the Delta IV Heavy. It has because it is hi-tech. The manufacturing is mostly been launched three times and is very competitively done in-house, enabling trade-offs and design priced. changes to be made more easily than with a long It helps to be based in the world’s biggest supply chain. economy. Since its first flight in 2010, 38% In his talk at the RAeS, Musk noted that the of Falcon 9 launches have been for the US cost of the fuel was less than 2% of the overall Government – initially for NASA but, since 2015, launcher cost, hence his decision to recover the also for the Department of Defense. In the same rocket’s first stage instead of letting it fall into period, only 14% of the launches of Europe’s Ariane the ocean. After boosting the second stage and 5 rocket (Falcon 9’s main commercial competitor) its payload towards space, the first stage of the have been for government agencies. However, Falcon 9 navigates itself back to a platform floating Europe funded the cost of developing Ariane 5 in the ocean and lands vertically on it – for most while Musk used his own money to pay for most observers this is like watching a scene from a of the development of both the Falcon 9 and

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the Falcon Heavy, getting the rocket close to an the Saturn V of the Apollo era, ie. able to loft in the operational state before bidding for and winning region of 150 tonnes into orbit around the Earth. contracts from NASA and the commercial market. However Saturn V was an expendable rocket with its Building both the rocket and the spacecraft on parts ending up at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean top of it is an important SpaceX feature. Musk’s or as space junk. Musk reckons that, if Starship were dream of flying to Mars requires a very powerful expendable, its payload capacity would be doubled. rocket (about which more in a moment) and a Setting a development timescale of just three to four sophisticated vehicle to reach and land on Mars years and a budget of about $5bn (“between $2bn – and then to take off again and return to Earth. and $10bn” says Musk) means that the technical The Crew Dragon capsule that carried Hurley and challenges are enormous. So far, development Behnken to the ISS on 30 May is the first SpaceX of a prototype of a scaled down first stage has vehicle certified to carry humans. However, the been ‘exciting’ with explosions and other mishaps cargo version, called simply Dragon, has carried fuel, destroying or damaging most of the early test water, food and supplies to the Station 20 times articles. SpaceX has put in place a manufacturing in the past eight years and brought cargo safely process for the rocket that underpins a ‘build-a-little- back to Earth. Dragon is the only spacecraft able to test-a-little’ approach, so that the design of the final return a significant amount of cargo (3½ tonnes) – product evolves as the testing progresses. the Russian Soyuz can bring back just 50kg along Musk admits that success of the development with three passengers (150kg if there are only two is not assured given the many technical hurdles to passengers). All the other cargo vehicles (Russian, be surmounted. His confidence has been boosted American, Japanese, European) that bring supplies by NASA selecting Starship as one of three to the ISS burn up on re-entry into the Earth’s contenders for its return to the Moon – the other atmosphere. contenders are Dynetics, a 2,000 personnel hi-tech company based in Huntsville, AL, and a team led Starship – even bigger by Jeff Bezos’ Blue Origin that includes Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman. NASA will give With his vision of Mars in mind, Musk has been SpaceX $135m to design a lunar landing variant of investing heavily in a new generation of launchers Starship and a similar contribution has come from and spacecraft. He has been expected to enhance Japanese fashion retail billionaire Yusaku Maezawa the successful Falcon Heavy rocket but instead has who paid for a trip with eight friends around the gone back to the drawing board and is developing Moon and back. a colossal rocket/spaceship combination called the To send the Apollo astronauts to the Moon Starship system. The second stage is called Starship required the Saturn V to be five or six times and, as well as a rocket, it is a crew and cargo more powerful than was needed for any other vehicle capable of long duration missions, eg. to space mission, so it was uneconomic for anything Mars. The first stage is currently called Super Heavy. except a Moon landing. SpaceX is planning to Everything in the Starship system will be turn this argument on its head with Starship. Its recovered and reused – not just the first stage. full reusability will make it so cheap that it will be Starship will be comparable in carrying capacity to suitable for launching normal satellites, in other

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Space X Mars.indd 4 17/07/2020 14:22 words replacing the workhorse Falcon 9. That as of June 2020, with expansion plans already at any rate is the commercial logic espoused by announced to increase that to 10,000. In response Elon Musk. A sceptic might say that a competitor to astronomers’ complaints, SpaceX is applying a could develop a smaller reusable rocket that would low reflectivity coating to the satellites and is testing provide even cheaper launches and thus undercut a sunshade that would be deployed to reduce Starship. reflected sunlight. Each satellite weighs about So the challenge for SpaceX is 250kg with an ingenious flat design about the size not only to complete the ambitious of a 20cm thick ping-pong table which is packed Starship development in a timely and with electronics and includes a solar panel that affordable way but also to ensure unfolds once in orbit. They are launched on a Falcon that it is commercially competitive in 9 in batches of 60 using a clever packing strategy operation. inside the rocket fairing. SpaceX is funding the development and launch Making the sky bright of the satellites from internal funds, with the total cost of the initial constellation said to be about The Crew Dragon launch is $10bn. Orbiting the Earth at an altitude of about not the only headline SpaceX 550km, the Starlink satellites move rapidly across has made in recent months. the sky. A broadband user therefore has to track Astronomers have been the satellite as it moves, and switch to another critical of the several hundred one when it goes over the horizon. Most current Starlink satellites that SpaceX telecommunication satellites are at an altitude of has built and launched 35,000km in the so-called geostationary orbit, into orbit round the Earth making them appear fixed in place to the user – intended to provide global hence the unmoving satellite dishes on the side of broadband services. The houses. The lower altitude orbit makes the round-trip satellites reflect sunlight signal delay time much shorter than for geostationary before dawn and after dusk, satellites. This ‘low latency’ can be important for and are so numerous that some applications such as real-time gaming as well the accumulated ‘light as to avoid the embarrassing pauses often seen pollution’ is significant – on TV news feeds. But the downside is the need one American astronomer for higher cost user equipment that can track the reckons about 30% satellites – the Starlink user’s antenna is expected of her images will be to be flat and about the size of a medium-sized pizza contaminated. box which tracks the satellites electronically and The initial thus avoids any physical movement, although the constellation of Starlink early beta versions are dishes that move to track satellites will number the satellites. Sceptics point out that the greatest about 1,500, of which potential for new Internet users is in emerging about 500 are in place markets but they have little need for low latency.

Artist’s rendering of the SpaceX Starship concept.

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MUSK’S PROJECTION IS THAT, BY 2025, STARLINK WILL HAVE BROUGHT IN REVENUES OF ABOUT $30BN – REVENUES THAT WILL HELP UNDERPIN THE COST OF DEVELOPING THE GIANT STARSHIP LAUNCHER AND SPACECRAFT.

All images: SpaceX

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Space X Mars.indd 6 17/07/2020 14:22 Previous attempts to use lower altitude orbits With American transport to the ISS now for telecommunication services fared badly 20 available again, NASA’s new Head of Human years ago but SpaceX hopes that advances in Spaceflight and Exploration, Kathy Lueders, is technology will make the difference now. One turning her attention to getting American men and bad omen is that OneWeb, another company women to the Moon by 2024. Having taken over using low altitude orbits to connect users to the from her predecessor at short notice in mid-June, Internet, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection she is lumbered with a baseline NASA approach to in March 2020, having run out of cash to pay for the mission involving two elements that are hugely the construction and deployment of the hundreds over budget and behind schedule and have been of satellites it needed to provide a service. The heavily criticised by independent auditors on a challenge for SpaceX is to build and launch enough number of occasions – the Space Launch System satellites to begin its broadband service and thus Saturn-5 class heavy-lift rocket and the Orion allow the revenue to start rolling in. A Beta version spacecraft in which astronauts would travel to and of the 1GB broadband service is expected to from the vicinity of the Moon (but would transfer to start in the US and Canada in late 2020 and go a separate lander to reach the surface). The good global in 2021. Musk’s projection is that, by 2020, news is that the three contractors for lander vehicles Starlink will have brought in revenues of about mentioned earlier in this article offer alternatives $30bn – revenues that will help underpin the cost to this baseline. A crunch issue for Lueders is the of developing the giant Starship launcher and request to Congress for a 12% hike in NASA’s spacecraft. budget to $25.2bn for the fiscal year beginning 1 One side effect of the Starlink initiative is that October 2020. Without this new funding the 2024 SpaceX is now starting to compete with some date for humans on the Moon will surely slip. of its commercial customers – organisations For SpaceX, progress in developing the such as SES and Inmarsat that are targeting the ambitious Starship launcher and spacecraft will same global broadband market as Starlink. These dictate whether they participate in NASA’s Moon organisations would normally consider using landing adventure. A variant called Starhopper is SpaceX to launch their satellites but will they now intended to make low altitude flights this year and hesitate to do so? a larger prototype would then get into Earth orbit in 2021. What now? As well as providing a Moon-bound service for NASA, Starship has been signed up by two Doug Hurley and Bob Behnken are likely to stay ‘travel agencies’ to provide space trips for paying onboard the ISS until early August 2020 and passengers. One of the packages is five days in perhaps beyond. They have been putting Crew space for four people at a cost said to be less than Dragon through its paces with a variety of tests, $50m per head. as well as helping out with maintenance of the One of the ironies of the 30 May Crew Dragon ISS. The return journey to Earth will be the final flight to the ISS is that it was achieved before the big test for the Crew Dragon, testing its ability much less ambitious space tourism flights of Virgin to survive the fiery re-entry phase through the Galactic and Blue Origin. Both these companies atmosphere, then safely land on target. Assuming have been promising to take paying passengers all that goes well, a few weeks later, the second up to 100km altitude where they would experience Crew Dragon spacecraft will take off on the first several minutes of weightlessness and achieve operational mission of the craft, labelled Crew-1 – astronaut status. Both have been beset by delays, Hurley and Behnken’s mission has been labelled although it was expected that they would begin Demo-2 (Demo-1 was an unpiloted flight in March operation in 2020, leading swiftly to regular and 2019). Crew-1 will carry NASA astronauts Victor frequent flights. Prices for a seat seem to be about Glover, Michael Hopkins and Shannon Walker plus $200,000, although Blue Origin has not yet publicly Japanese Space Agency (JAXA) astronaut Soichi announced its tariff structure. Noguchi. A Crew-2 mission will follow sometime in Rocketry is a difficult, dangerous and 2021. commercially risky business and, once again, Elon SpaceX competitor Boeing’s crewed Musk has shown that he is one of the few able demonstration flight is also likely to come sometime to master its complexities and make money. Can in 2021. Boeing’s Starliner, as it is called, works he pull off this master conjurer’s trick again with out about 60% more expensive than Crew Dragon, the outrageously ambitious Starship? Perhaps the based on the fact that both companies received biggest risk is Musk himself – he represents a contracts in 2014 for seven flights including key-person dependency for SpaceX, and his death the demonstration one: SpaceX’s price was or incapacity would jeopardise the company’s Moon $2.6bn, Boeing’s $4.2bn. and Mars plans. So, Elon Musk: stay safe!

Pat Norris (www.pat-norris.com) is the author of Returning People to the Moon After Apollo (Springer).

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Space X Mars.indd 7 17/07/2020 14:22 AIR TRANSPORT DC-3s in service 85 years on The immortal DC-3 Daniel H. Schumann

Some 85 years after it first flew, the Douglas DC-3 still flies on in commercial service – a testament to the ruggedness of the original design. ALAN DRON tracks down the DC-3s still in service.

t is the aircraft that revolutionised air travel in Early this year, they calculated that 172 DC-3s A Rovos Air C-47A the 1930s, provided the backbone of the Allies’ of all variants were still flying commercially, around operating in South Africa, transport efforts throughout the Second World one-third of them turboprop conversions. This figure 2006. War and was the route by which many nascent constantly shifts slightly, said Prophet, as aircraft airlines got into the air post-1945. But how are eventually retired, crash or – occasionally – are Imany DC-3s are still flying today? restored to flying condition. More than 16,000 DC-3s and C-47s of As might be imagined, the largest national all variants were built, while the Soviet Union group is located in the US, where around 80 reside. constructed almost 5,000 more under licence as the Canada follows with just over 20, with Colombia Lisunov Li-2 and Nakajima Hikoki built close to 500 having 16. licensed examples from 1940-45. Still flying after all these years Found around the world Only one or two are still in regular passenger The aircraft plied the airways in every corner of the service, said Monk, with rather more hauling freight. globe. Keeping track of the survivors 85 years on The great majority are in other lines of work, such as since the DC-3’s first flight is a task undertaken research and entertainment, the latter in the form of by Dutch DC-3 enthusiast Coert Munk, assisted pleasure flights. by Michael Prophet and Andre van Loon, who pull One significant operator over the years has together data from around the world. been Canada’s , having had as many

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The Immortal DC-3 A B.indd 2 17/07/2020 14:21 as 14 in service at one point. The company now have, with the signing of a peace agreement, been operates only a single example, although it has, redeployed on duties such as anti-narcotics patrols until recently, also had two Basler BT-67 turboprop and surveillance. conversions on lease. The turboprops have some Colombian airlines using the DC-3 have been significant advantages over the original DC-3, under increasing pressure, said Prophet. New rules namely being around 30% faster and able to carry THEY MADE and regulations, triggered by a spate of accidents in about 30% more cargo but the greatest advantage MORE the 1980s (not all of them involving DC-3s), have is their ability to use jet fuel, rather than increasingly DC-3S THAN made operating conditions increasingly difficult for hard-to-find AvGas, said Buffalo’s General Manager, airlines. Several carriers now fly only one aircraft, Mikey McBryan. ALL OTHER with perhaps another one or two in maintenance, he The airline’s remaining DC-3 is used solely for AIRLINERS IN said. hauling cargo – “anything that can fit in the freight THE WORLD Despite this, the DC-3 remains the ideal aircraft door”– and mainly operates two daily 45-minute PUT TOGETHER. to reach remote villages in the country’s interior: “It’s sectors between Hay River and in the the most sensible, economical and mechanically , the main hubs in this vast solid vehicle to land on a dirt strip.” region. The aircraft’s routes cover particularly rugged An aeroplane under no pressure territory: “There’s no roads, so everything has to be flown in,” said McBryan. Although the DC-3 can be The secret to the aircraft’s durability? “The people fitted with skis if necessary, their use is very rare at Douglas over-engineered it for safety,” said today, as most small communities arrange to have Prophet. A major factor behind that durability an airstrip cleared for Buffalo’s aircraft. is that the aircraft is unpressurised, sparing its Moving south from the frigid reaches of northern fuselage the strain of pressurisation cycles and Canada, Central and South America has traditionally eventual fatigue. Can it keep going indefinitely? “As been a bastion of surviving examples of the DC-3, long as you keep parts well-oiled, replace cylinders with airfields such as Colombia’s Villavicencio, 30 and have all the tubing regularly maintained, why miles southeast of the capital, Bogota, a particular not?” hotspot. Of the 20 aircraft still known to be flying Those sentiments are echoed by Mike in the South American country, six are operated by US Navy Douglas R4D and Woodley, CEO of Dunsfold, UK-based aviation the Colombian air force and four by the Colombian US Air Force C-47 aircraft filming specialists Aces High, whose G-DAKS has unload at Tempelhof Airport national police, with just 10 in commercial hands. appeared in more than 30 films. during the Berlin Airlift. The The air force examples, used as gunships in first aircraft is a C-47A- “It’s a very simple aeroplane – a clockwork the 50-year guerrilla war against FARC rebels 90-DL. aeroplane, basically. It has no hydraulic controls on it.” That considerably eases the maintenance tasks. “It’s as good as the day it was built. It’s corrosion- US Air Force US free and lives in a hangar in winter.” The aircraft may be simple to keep operational but doing so does not come cheap: “It costs £100,000 a year just to maintain it,” said Woodley. However, “spares are still relatively easy to come by. They made more DC-3s than all other airliners in the world put together. We’ve got containers full of spares and you can buy spare engines for it.” When Woodley’s company acquired the aircraft, it was destined for the fire dump at the Ministry of Defence base at Catterick. “A bit silly, because it had the lowest [flying] time in the world. It has only done 3,800hr from new and has only had two owners – the RAF and us.” The aircraft saw action at both D-Day and at Arnhem and, unusually, has never been civilianised. It spent much of its career with the RAF at West Freugh, southwest , dropping experimental sonar buoys and was then seconded to electronics firm to be fitted with the Airpass radar used on the Lightning. As mentioned above, the number of DC- 3s fluctuates. There are, of course, the almost inevitable occasional crashes. But there are also examples of ‘new’ aircraft coming to light.

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The Immortal DC-3 A B.indd 3 17/07/2020 14:21 AIR TRANSPORT DC-3s in service 85 years on

The Soviet C-47 The wreckage remained on the tundra until 2016 when an expedition mounted by the Russian One was a C-47 supplied under Lend-Lease to Geographical Society retrieved the remarkably the Soviet Union in 1943, that was transferred to well-preserved wreck and transported it by civilian use and which made a forced landing on helicopter and barge to Krasnoyarsk, where it is the Taymyr Peninsula of northern Siberia in April being refurbished and is destined to be an exhibit 1947. After 20 days, 20 of the 29 occupants were in the city’s planned Museum of the Exploration of found alive in the wreckage – ironically, by the the Russian North. crew of an overflying Li-2, which was able to land There are still examples of the DC-3 waiting nearby to pick them up. to be brought back into the public gaze. Even in

Dutch Dakota Association

Among the non-commercial organisations keeping DC-3s in the “We fly the aircraft 120 to 150 hours annually during the air is DDA [Dutch Dakota Association] Classic Airlines of The April to November season,” Jaski said. Typically, flights are Netherlands, whose aircraft performs around 30 weekends of operated from Amsterdam Schiphol, Rotterdam, Maastricht pleasure flights a year, mainly in The Netherlands and Germany. and Groningen to overfly landmarks such as the tulip fields and The Lelystad-based aircraft has an unusually rich history, central Amsterdam. Remarkably, the foundation has broken even even for a DC-3. It took part not only in the D-Day invasion since 2011. The Covid-19 pandemic has forced DDA to cancel but in the ill-fated Operation Market Garden, which was this summer’s timetable but Jaski is confident the aircraft will be intended to create a 100km salient held by US, British and back in the air next year. Polish paratroopers along a narrow corridor in The Netherlands Despite its age, “The aircraft is in excellent shape. We’ve in autumn 1944, seizing bridges at Eindhoven, Nijmegen changed engines on it many times and they only have a few and Arnhem and forcing a bridgehead over the Rhine, thus hundred hours’ flying time. We inspected the wings recently and shortening the war. This history means the aircraft “has added it looks like it came from the factory last week. “There’s no lack historical value for us in Holland,” said DDA Classic Airlines of engines. In the US there are engines that are fully refurbished foundation chairman, Feije Jaski. and when we buy them, they have zero hours.” A further Dutch connection comes from Prince Bernhard DDA Classic Airlines has around 80 volunteers that maintain of The Netherlands, who bought the aircraft in the US in 1946 and fly PH-PBA. The ground crews have either retired from, or and sold it a year later to the Dutch government, for which still work in, the aviation industry. They’re usually highly skilled. it performed VIP flights for many years – often flown by the During the winter we have refresher courses to keep them Prince himself. The aircraft’s registration, PH-PBA, recalls Prince licensed. The most important part, of course, is in the cockpit Bernhard’s links. and we have eight or nine pilots.” The DC-3 also arouses considerable enthusiasm in Uniquely, said Jaski, a sponsor has built a fully-functioning Germany, Jaski added, where the type is known fondly as DC-3 simulator, complete with 180-degree screens and audio- the Rosinen-Bomber, or ‘grape-bomber’, a reference to its visual systems. Although mounted on a fixed base, the pilots’ significant role in ferrying fresh food to Berlin during that city’s seats have up to 10 degrees of movement for realism and, as blockade by the East Germans in 1948-49. Beyond that, many with a modern airliner simulator, an instructor can pose problems

Germans admire the aircraft’s old but durable technology. for the pilots, such as engine failure, by the push of a button. Dutch Dakota Association Dakota Dutch

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The Immortal DC-3 A B.indd 4 17/07/2020 14:21 A Basler BT-67 turboprop conversion of the DC-3 is now in service supporting Polar Research Institute of China. Chinese Polar Research Institute Chinese Polar Research

this era of ubiquitous social media, there are some it’s brand new,” said Kincaid. “It’s a complete nose- owners who keep their prized aviation possessions to-tail conversion, rivet by rivet. The FAA considers locked away in hangars and they are rarely seen. the BT-67 to be a separate type rating. If you have The Dutch group of enthusiasts knows of most of a DC-3 type rating, you’d have to come through a them, but sometimes, admitted Prophet, even he is course and do a check ride.” surprised when an unexpected example turns up. Locating ‘new’ DC-3s is a regular occurrence The versatile workhorse at Basler Turbo Conversions. The company has been converting radial-engined DC-3s and C-47s The aircraft has proved popular with armed forces into BT-67 turboprops since the late 1980s. The – the first major customer was the Royal Thai Air 67th example is due to roll out of the company’s Force, which still uses them for cloud seeding. The hangar in mid-July and the company has almost 30 company is currently developing that military niche. more airframes on hand at its Oshkosh, Wisconsin It argues that the aircraft’s low price (a base factory. conversion comes in at around $10.3m, although “We know of another 150-200 that are much depends on added customer options) makes candidates and with a bit of research we could it particularly suitable for developing nations probably find another 100,” said Rob Kincaid, Vice- with tight budgets for use as a gunship or armed President, Marketing and Product Development. overwatch platform. A new variant being developed The company is set up to produce up to five for nations with limited airports and infrastructure aircraft annually, “but we’re very comfortable with is a medevac aircraft, with litters and even an two a year”, said Kincaid. operating table. The term ‘conversion’ is something of a The BT-67’s other main niche is with civilian misnomer. Apart from the obvious change of companies that use the type for various aspects of engines from Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp or Wright scientific research and testing. Cyclone radials to Pratt & Whitney PT6A-67Rs, The aircraft’s endurance – just over 2,000nm the fuselage is lengthened by some 40 inches or more than 13hr with long-range tanks – makes to offset changes in the centre of gravity caused it particularly favoured by geophysical research by installation of the much lighter new engines companies, for example, while China uses two (around 500lb each compared to the 1,500lb ski-equipped BT-67s operated by Canada’s Kenn radials). Borek Air for Antarctic support duties. More significantly, around 90% of the original “The biggest issue we have with the industry is aircraft is discarded, with only the basic fuselage perception,” said Kincaid. “Because it looks like a structure being retained. “It’s a zero accumulated C-47, the tendency is for people to go ‘Oh, that’s fatigue aircraft, which is a lot of legal jargon to say an 80-year-old aircraft.’ But it’s really not.”

More articles of a historic type can be found at The Journal of Aeronautical History

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The Immortal DC-3 A B.indd 5 17/07/2020 14:21 ROTORCRAFT EMS and Covid-19 Helicopters rise to the challenge of Covid-19 BILL READ FRAeS reports on an RAeS webinar which looked at how manufacturers and operators of military, civil and aeromedical helicopters are responding to the new challenges posed by the Covid-19 outbreak and how their aircraft are being adapted to assist with medical evacuations.

n 12 May, the RAeS held an online Wing, RAF Benson explained about Operation webinar ‘Covid 19 – Helicopter RESCRIPT which provides military support to the transport – challenges & experience’ UK civil authorities coping with Covid-19, including in which representatives from the the carriage of critically ill patients, medical staff armed forces, national coastguards, and supplies. The helicopters involved are RAF Ooffshore transport operators and manufacturers Pumas and Chinooks, Army Wildcats and Royal shared their experiences of how they have adapted Navy Merlins. Wg Cdr Gilbertson explained how their helicopters and methods of operating to provide the current crisis has required the helicopters to assistance with emergency medical evacuation flights. temporarily relocate away from their regular bases In response to the Covid-19 outbreak, military, civil to new centres of operation where they can provide utility and aeromedical helicopters have been pressed a wider coverage. into service to assist with the transport of patients. The rapid development of the pandemic has allowed Safety modifications little time for ‘best practice’ to be developed and manufacturers and military and civil operators have It was then the turn of Sam Schaab, Helicopter had to devise solutions to react to the ever-changing Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) Specialist situation. at Leonardo Helicopters to outline how the manufacturer was assisting civil and military Operation RESCRIPT helicopter operators to adapt their aircraft to be used for medical evacuation. He explained how Wing Commander Elizabeth Gilbertson MRAeS, patients infected with Covid-19 needed to be Officer Commanding Engineering and Logistics transferred in special biocontainment units with a

US Air National Guard

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Helicopters and Covid19.indd 2 17/07/2020 14:20 physical separation barrier fitted between medical staff accompanying the patient and the driver of the vehicle. To carry infected patients, helicopters – even those already configured for medical evacuation (medivac) missions – needed to be modified to have the same safety features adopted in ground vehicles and in fixed-wing aircraft. The most important of these was to fit a separating wall between the air crew and the patient compartment. “We looked at existing cockpit separating devices, as well as identifying third party suppliers who could provide solutions for operators,” explained Schaab. “These include seals for existing curtains, as well as retrofits which could also be supplied as kit in the future. The challenge was to respond quickly. The pace of change has been very rapid, so we’ve got to respond just as fast.” MoD

Biocontaiment devices Above: The UK armed Epiguard forces have mobilised RAF Sam Schaab also explained about biocontainment Pumas and Chinooks, devices (also known as patient isolation devices Wildcats (PIDs)) which are human-sized isolation pods and Merlins to support the UK civil designed to prevent infected patients from authorities response to infecting other people. “Biocontaiment devices Covid-19. bring an additional level of safety but there are Right: The Epishuttle logistical and training challenges,” he told the patient isolation device. conference. “Bicontainment devices are designed so that they can be secured to existing litters within the aircraft. They provide consistent positive airflow pressure to isolate the patient from the outside with the ability to perform patient care Leonardo response through sealed access ports.” Schaab described how the company had assisted Two examples of such devices are: a range of different Leonardo Helicopter operators with modifications and support. In the UK, three IsoArk N-36 from Beth El Industries – self- AW101 Merlin Mk2 helicopters from 820 Naval contained unit, collapsible, relatively small and Air Squadron based at RNAS Culdrose in Cornwall portable, less expensive than other systems, blower have been used as air ambulances across South system with lots of filters, cannot be used for CPR, West UK and offshore islands; three AW159 attaches to existing litter systems or to floor mounts. A CH-47 Chinook helicopter, assigned to the Wildcat helicopters from 1st Regiment Air Air EpiShuttle from Epiguard– rigid self-contained New York Army National Corps based as RNAS Yeovilton were on call for unit, more expensive, cannot be collapsed but is a Guard makes a delivery south of and then were deployed to other more robust structure. Can be attached to existing at a helipad in New York areas. litter systems and floor mounts in aircraft. City, April 2020. New York In Italy there was a quick reaction from the National Guard members Schaab said the different biocontainment designs are supporting the government in providing a co-ordinated military needed multiple approvals through different multi-agency response to and civil response and transport between hospitals certifying bodies. Covid-19. was done by Italian Air Force AW101 equipped

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Helicopters and Covid19.indd 3 17/07/2020 14:20 ROTORCRAFT EMS and Covid-19

operations. “When the pandemic began, like the rest of the population, our crews were fearful of the virus and did not want to expose themselves or their families to infection. We had a 17% absence rate away from work due to self isolation. Crews were not familiar with infection prevention and control (IPC) guidance and processes in the Clinical Governance Leonardo Document.” Broad went on to explain how the offshore with biocontainment equipment. Meanwhile, private Examples of different industry had had an immediate need for helicopters operators are starting to use their helicopters cockpit/passenger suitable for carrying infected or potentially infected fitted with a special insulated stretcher designed compartment separation personnel from offshore installations. Because for biocontainment air transport. The Italian Health techniques. fewer people were going to sea because of travel Ministry and Civil Aviation Authority has authorised restrictions, SAR operations fell by 75% and the Babcock to install isolation stretchers, IsoArk N36-2 S-92 helicopters used for search and rescue and N36-4 biocontainment units on AW139 and were lying idle. Using the protocols developed AW169 helicopters. from carrying SAR patients, Bristow was able to convert its helicopters to carry Covid-19 patients Airbus solutions while protecting both crew and passengers. “Using the C-Med S-92 concept developed using SAR Stefan Bestle, Key Segment Manager HEMS, Airbus expertise, we have now transported 120 suspected Helicopters then described the ways that Airbus Covid-19 patients from offshore installations without Helicopters is assisting to find Covid-19-relevant ill effects to crew,” declared Broad. “We now have solutions. Airbus has also faced similar problems to cockpit barriers in both AW189 and S-92 helicopters Leonardo with fast-tracking the safety certification of which means that pilots don’t have to wear masks. cabin modifications and operations. We can carry the EpiShuttle in both the AW189 and Airbus also had to find quick solutions to the S-92. We haven’t had any negative effects and enable cockpit-cabin separation and the carriage of our crews are gaining confidence.” patient isolation devices. “It usually takes time to do modifications but Covid-19 doesn’t wait,” explained Coast Guard experience Bestle. “For cockpit-cabin separation we found a solution using a non-aeronautical material which was The next speaker was Davitt Ward, Chief Crewman available globally for customers which was suitable Medical Standards from CHC Helicopters Ireland for both large and small helicopters.” which provides both SAR and HEM services for Ireland. He gave details of how CHC Helicopters From search and rescue to patient worked with the national ambulance service and evacuation accelerated crew infection testing results. “Crews are now wearing masks on all flights but we did have to Offshore transport providers and search and rescue get everyone who had beards to shave them off,” he (SAR) operators have also been adapting helicopters admitted. for Covid-19 patient transport. One company involved Ward explained how CHC Helicopter pilots wore in both sectors is the Bristow Group which provides ALPHA Eagle 900 helmets with respirator mask and helicopter transportation to the offshore oil and gas bayonet connectors. Patients had been carried on industries, as well as SAR services. Capt Clark Broad, Priority 1 Air Rescue stretchers while crews had worn Flight Operations Manager from Bristow Helicopter Virustatic Shield snoods and safety goggles. “The Search and Rescue explained how the sudden recommended UVEX goggles got fogged up with escalation of the pandemic in March had affected anti fog spray so that we couldn’t read with them, so we used prescription safety goggles instead,” he said. Airbus Helicopters Icelandic saga

A second coastguard perspective was given by Jón Erlendsson from the Icelandic Coastguard. He explained how the Coast Guard in Iceland operates using a fleet of three helicopters (two H225s and one AS332L1), and one Dash 8-314 fixed-wing aircraft. Erlendsson described how the Patient in a protection Coast Guard had so far had one Covid-19-related cover being loaded onto mission to the west part of Iceland when bad weather a SAMU Airbus helicopter. stopped normal aircraft getting there.

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Helicopters and Covid19.indd 4 17/07/2020 14:20 Bristow How to clean an aircraft

Until recently, aircraft cleaning and the techniques used was not a topic that was widely discussed. However, with the spread of Covid-19, the decontamination of aircraft interiors has become a hot topic and one that was mentioned by all the webinar speakers. While Covid-19 can spread from infected people to those who are in close proximity (hence the need for masks, screen and patient containment), it can also be transmitted through contact with infected surfaces, thus making the need for decontamination essential. The sixth speaker at the webinar was Andrew Dutch from 1710 Naval Air Squadron, Corrosion Control HOD who described the process of how to disinfect an aircraft in some detail. There were two ways to disinfect aircraft from Covid-19. One was the passive method in which the aircraft is left alone for Bristow guidelines on how The other speakers also agreed that aircraft three days. The other is the active method in which a to clean a helicopter. cleaning was now an important issue. “We’ve never had product is applied to disinfect aircraft surfaces. Dutch to clean things so much,” declared Sam Schaab from explained how some disinfectant materials are OK Leonardo. “We have approved a variety of solutions to be used on passenger aircraft where the cabin and we’re looking at additional alternatives.” Schaab interiors are fitted with soundproofing and panels. added that some customers have wanted to use UV-C However, the same disinfectants are not so good on lighting for decontamination but there has not been aircraft with exposed internal structures. enough testing on its effect on aircraft parts, so there is a risk that it may degrade rubberised components. Cleaning options Bristow has also prepared detailed guidelines on how its helicopters should be cleaned, including Looking at the cleaning options in more detail: information on protective clothing, walking out to the Soap/detergent – some commercial detergents aircraft, wiping and bagging of used materials and a include additives which can damage aircraft; checklist of tasks required in both the cabin and the cockpit. Oxidisers – cause rapid corrosion to metals and seals – not good for aircraft; Alcohol solutions – methanol and isopropanol Learning from experience have the advantage of evaporating quickly and are In conclusion, the speakers agreed that that they had commonly used in aircraft but may have long-term all been unprepared for the rapid onset and scale of effect on aircraft structures; the crisis. However, much progress had been made Quaternary ammonium compounds – are used in to adapt to the new ways of helicopter operation now aircraft but can cause corrosion; needed to protect crew, medical staff, patients and Acids or alkalis – need to be strong to work and are aircraft during the Covid-19 pandemic. By working therefore bad for aircraft; and together to find rapid solutions, many lessons had UV radiation – needs 50 mins to work and is bad for been learned which would enable manufacturers, elastomeric and polymeric products. operators and regulatory authorities to be more prepared for similar situations in the future. Helicopter operators (and indeed all aircraft operators) are now having to look in detail at the pros and cons It’s not over yet of each alternative cleaning method and the best ways to use them for maximum effect against the virus and The final conclusion was that the advent of Covid-19 minimum damage to the aircraft. meant that the accepted rules had changed and Dutch described how the most effective method of nothing would ever be quite the same again. “We’re cleaning was wiping surfaces which had the advantage not through the woods yet,” stated Davitt Ward. “We’ve of ensuring that all surfaces were treated but also got to where we are by design, not luck. We’re still so that the cleaning agent did not linger on surfaces learning on the hoof and we need to keep an open which could be corroded. However, wiping surfaces mind. We’ve only survived first contact to cope with is also very labour intensive and time consuming. A second contact, we’re going have to play a long game. quicker solution is low level spraying or fogging but We have to adapt our behaviours in order to live safely there is no control over where the cleaning agent goes. with Covid-19.”

A longer version of this report can be found on the AEROSPACE App

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Helicopters and Covid19.indd 5 17/07/2020 14:20 AEROSPACE Male advocates and women in aviation

Harnessing allies’ voices ARPAND SZAKAL, from the Aviation & Aerospace practice at Cellence Plus, and Assistant Professor KIM CHUA, Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, look at how ‘Male Ally’ or advocates can help support women in aerospace and foster a more inclusive and diverse workplace for everyone.

arlier this year I researched the state of issues’ within businesses and fail to resonate with gender balance and female participation internal stakeholders effectively. in the aviation and aerospace industries To tackle this challenge, we first need to (Is gender still holding women back in understand the concept of a ‘male advocate’ and the aviation industry?), particularly at break down some of the barriers that prevent men Eleadership level, and was curious to further explore from getting involved with gender, diversity and the potential role of male advocates – an angle that inclusion efforts. has not received enough spotlight within an aviation context – in the conversation about gender equality What is a male advocate? and female participation. To do this, I collaborated with Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Asia Assistant Male advocates come in many forms. According to Professor Kim Chua who has insights on similar Fairygodboss & Artemis’, ’Men in the Workplace¹ themes and brings a female perspective to this piece. survey, men who have been allies to advancing When it comes to change initiatives aimed at women’s inclusion at work have done so by privately increasing female participation, diversity officers often and publicly advocating for equality, inclusion and struggle to engage men, whom, especially within diversity. These efforts include meeting women in their the aviation and aerospace sectors traditionally hold workplace to discuss equality, inclusion, identifying positions of power and influence. Men frequently cases of inequality or lack of diversity and actively stay on the sidelines and avoid speaking up about working to fix them. programs aimed at encouraging female participation Diversity expert and CEO of 20-first, a leading due to a variety of reasons including indifference, lack diversity & inclusion advisory firm, Avivah Wittenberg- of knowledge and awareness. As a result, change Cox, suggests that rather than making male initiatives sometimes become labelled as ‘women’s support for gender balance the exception by using

1Fairygodboss and Artemis Connection. Men in the Workplace: An in-depth exploration of what men think of gender diversity in the workplace.

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Inclusive Aerospace A B.indd 2 17/07/2020 14:24 congratulatory titles such as ‘champions’ and ‘allies’, 3. Lack of focus the goal is to make it the norm. Additionally, there is the risk of over-focusing on men Perhaps, the best way to mainstream the at women’s events which may ironically reinforce concept of female participation in traditionally male the gender hierarchy status quo. Men’s lack of dominant industries is to use and leverage existing understanding of where they fit in the diversity male dominated hierarchies that are pegged against equation, may result in them perceiving Gender key performance indicators, such as sales volume, and D&I efforts as a ‘zero sum game’ in which they market share, profitability, quality and performance. stand to lose opportunities for progression to other As such, the business case for gender balance members of the workforce. should be articulated more urgently, since it is clear Set against the wider context of societal that diverse teams deliver better performance and and social progress, a failure to understand the higher returns. This effectively means that gender importance and significance of partnership and balance and a higher female participation rate should collaboration with humility, may lead to the risk form part of the mandate. of male allies undermining women’s initiatives by attempting to dominate them. Barriers to male engagement As such, it is timely to discuss some effective ways that men can support women in their day-to- To meaningfully engage males in the gender, day professional lives at the workplace. diversity and inclusion effort, aviation organisations must firstly, identify and understand the segments

that constitute the male demographics before they BAE Systems mitigate the barriers that distance men from those initiatives. Broadly speaking, there are three main groups within the male demographics, including the resisters, neutrals and advocates. From personal experience, it could be observed that most males tend to fall into the ‘neutral/indifferent’ category while a small minority tends to congregate at both ends of the spectrum. The terms suggest and indicate their levels of interest and awareness of the prevailing gender issues at hand.

1. Lack of knowledge According to David G. Smith at the US Naval Academy, aside from the busyness of careers and life, the main factors limiting male support and engagement in diversity efforts include the lack of knowledge on how to engage with the issue, followed by lack of access to the right forums and inability or unwillingness to realise the benefits of engaging. Some men are simply not aware of gender inequality problems and initiatives at their workplace and others struggle to see how gender equality would affect their personal and professional lives.

2. Lack of acceptance Male allies can also face scepticism from the women they try to ally with. As someone who writes and speaks about diversity and cross-gender mentorship, it could be observed that there was occasional backlash from women when men turned up at women’s events. Many women are initially sceptical about efforts to include men in women’s events and conferences. This is understandable as such gatherings have traditionally offered women a sense of community and a safe space for sharing experiences and exchanging ideas to achieve equality in the workplace.

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Inclusive Aerospace A B.indd 3 17/07/2020 14:24 Inclusive Aerospace AB.indd 4 30 small actscanmakeadifference asamaleleader. participation themeonsocialmedia. Evensuch support thegenderequalityand greaterfemale show supportbysharingarticles andvideosthat Mencanalso reporting negativeeventstoHR. poorly orharassedinanywayby speakingupand Males cansupportwomenwhoarebeingtreated 4. actionable supportintheworkplace. dialogue enablesmaleadvocatestoprovide and respect.Creatingawarenessthroughsincere face andthesupporttheyneedwillinspiretrust listening andunderstandingthechallenges they Talking tofemale colleagues withtheintentionof 3. As amaleteammember respected. their needtofeel valuedand their experience andacknowledging female candidatesbyunderstanding putting themselvesintheshoesof practise empathywhenhiringby top female talent.Menshouldalso percentage ofresumésrepresenting in theorganisationconsiderahigh Men shouldinsistthathiringteams 2. actively supporthertomakeitwork. – iftheanswerispositive,heshould to beconsideredforsuch aposition employee directlywhethershewants the managershouldcheck withthe her careerprogression.Instead, instead endupnegativelyaffecting of aninternationaljobassignmentmay ‘help’ anewmotherbytakingherout manager’s well-intentionedmoveto ambition levels.For example, amale employees, includingtheirneeds,goalsand femaleshould avoidmakingassumptionsabout modelling therightbehaviours.Maleemployees they createandthemessagesendin Men shouldbemindfuloftheworkenvironment 1. As amaleemployer following recommendations: organisations, wenarrowedthemdowntothe gauge whatdeliveredpositivechange withintheir maleandfemale leaderstospeaking withboth advocate genderequalityintheworkplace.After There aremanyactionsmencan adoptto allies How malescansupportwomenas AEROSPACE

Call outinequality Listen mor Recruit inclusively Model therightbehaviours Male advocatesandwomeninaviation AEROSPACE e and talk less e andtalk EFFORTS. DIVERSITY INVOLVED WITH GETTING IN ACTIVELY INTERESTED HELP MENGET RETURN WILL AND FINANCIAL PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVES HOW DIVERSITY DEMONSTRATES RESEARCH THAT DATA AND SHARING progress. in abetterpositiontotakeactionsandadvance the initiative’s purpose.Also,withdata,leadersare organisations canreduceuncertaintyregarding quantifiable metricstoassessD&Isuccess, theirvalue.Byusing to eliminateconfusionabout enable men’s engagementwith Four waysthatorganisationscan gap areasandkeepthemfocused. colleagues andidentifystrategiestoaddresstheir can alsooffer tocoach underperformingfemale to accelerateprofessional growth. Conversely, they recognising theirstrengthsandidentifyingstrategies or coach ahighpotentialfemale employeeby Males inseniorpositionscanoffer tomentorand/ 6. career ladder. and developmentsupporttheyneedtomoveupthe promotions andensuringthattheygetthetraining employees bysupportingtheirapplicationfor Males inseniorpositionscanadvocateforfemale 5. 3. that needsbuilding.Organisations shouldeducate normalise genderbalanceasa management skill thischange incultureistoway tobringabout balanced teams.Wittenberg-Cox believesthebest managers accordingtotheirability tobuildgender Businesses shouldrecogniseand rewardtheir

Mentor/coac Sponsor ahighpotentialwoman Make balanceameasurablemanagement skill female participationefforts participation, D&Iinitiativesandimpact research regardingvariousfemale Businesses shouldsharedataand 2. Measure andcelebrateprogress remains apoliticallycorrectsideline”. to theirteamswhythatis,balance for thebusinessandbecomeconvincing that genderbalanceisastrategiclevel Avivah adds“untilleadersareconvinced imperative’ isamoreeffective frame. for balancefrommen,the‘business want togetabroadbaseofsupport Avivah Wittenberg-Cox, iforganisations as abusinesschallenge. Accordingto engaging menthanthosewhoframeit issue mightbelesssuccessfulin balance asadiversityorwomen’s Organisations whoframegender advancement ofwomen? active maleadvocacyinthe How canorganisationsdrive 1. than a diversity or HR one than adiversityorHR Make itabusinessissuerather  h ahighpotentialwoman

BAE Systems 17/07/2020 14:25 managers to become more gender aware and have help men get interested in actively getting involved them learn about gender difference, so that they with diversity efforts. Consequently, talking about the become adept at flexing their management styles to relevance of gender diversity as it applies to their own suit their target audience. roles within the organisation might appeal to one’s sense of fairness and social responsibility. 4. Have the will to drive change According to Jeffery Tobias Halter, President of 3. Recognise YWomen, a consultancy focused on engaging men in Affirming the impact and work of your allies and women’s leadership advancement, organisations must sharing success stories related to collaborative efforts openly and publicly commit to change. Businesses will help engage more men within the business and and their leaders should never be satisfied with the drive lasting change. As a mentor to men, women status quo but look at their numbers and take action. can play an important role in helping men address It could then be argued that changing the numbers their own biases and fears. Additionally, as mentors to often precedes any real change in behaviours, beliefs younger men, women can help prepare the pipeline of and cultures since there is strength in the collective the next generation of male allies. voices of a critical mass. 4.e Shar British Airways Women sharing the challenges and obstacles they have faced in the workplace as well as their strengths, passions and career game plans with men could serve as a powerful tool in building understanding and increasing empathy in their male colleagues.

5. Tag Women could also do more to tag the positive male role models and advocates in their lives and acknowledge them in appropriate ways. This could create a knock-on positive effect for other men to follow suit and join in the conversation.

Avoiding gender silos

To achieve lasting change, female participation, D&I initiatives must be treated with the same attention and level of importance as any other business Embraer imperative. Five ways women can engage and Business leaders must be engaged and on board support male advocates with D&I values and goals. In the case of aviation and aerospace businesses, this means engaging Interviews with female leaders revealed that women males, who might be serving as organisational can play a significant role in bringing men into the leaders and are often the primary decision makers conversation and support their efforts as male allies. behind workforce planning and development. Thus, converting males from passive bystanders to female This is how FIRST can help participation allies and champions of change is critical. In conclusion, gender equality and female 1. Facilitate participation are important and relevant issues in Inviting men to be part of the conversation about aviation. This is not only because of the industry’s gender equality builds awareness, creates alliances struggle to find the number of qualified personnel and fosters a diverse perspective within the group. but also due to the importance of creativity in our If men are free to attend events and have an active industry’s overwhelming need and drive for innovation role in defining and rolling out inclusive programmes, and problem-solving. This is even more pertinent in they are more likely to engage in gender equality today’s Covid-19 pandemic context. activities. Additionally, men are more likely to respond D&I could be seen as ‘extra work’ to do when to personal appeals from colleagues, friends and things are ‘normal’ but the impact of Covid-19 on family members, as opposed to formal directives and/ business transformation within the sector should or mandated programmes. enable a more inclusive culture to be embedded in recovery and to ensure that there is diversity of 2. Initiate thought on business strategy going forward, and that Sharing data and research that demonstrates how as people return to work the impact of lockdown will diversity improves productivity and financial return will have different repercussions for different groups.

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Inclusive Aerospace A B.indd 5 17/07/2020 14:25 DEFENCE Team Tempest Tempest fugit Two years on from its official public reveal, TIM ROBINSON FRAeS looks at progress on the UK-led Tempest future combat aircraft programme – a project aimed at nothing less than disrupting traditional ways of designing and developing a next generation fighter – with collaboration and export potential at its heart.

wo years ago a stealthy grey shape in The Team Tempest consortium, consisting of BAE the form of a mock-up of the Future Systems, Leonardo UK, Rolls-Royce, MBDA and Combat Air System Technology Initiative the MoD in the form of the RAF’s Rapid Capabilities (FCAS TI) Tempest broke cover at Office, has already been joined by international Farnborough Air Show – drawing gasps partners in the shape of Italy and Sweden. Some Tof surprise and generating headlines around the 1,800 people are now working on the programme world. Conceived as part of the UK’s Combat Air and this is set to expand to 2,500 in the next year. It strategy, Tempest is aiming to produce a stealth is also worth noting that, as well as the main partners fighter that will enter service in 2035 and eventually in the Tempest consortium, the whole enterprise now replace the Eurofighter Typhoon in RAF service– as involves around 300 companies, which, as well as an affordable, flexible/upgradable and exportable traditional aerospace suppliers, also include video military platform. Though the term ‘sixth generation’ gaming firms (Epic Games) and F1 motorsport spin- combat aircraft is somewhat nebulous, Tempest will offs (Williams Advanced Engineering). incorporate next-generation advanced technologies, The Tempest outline business case (equivalent such as an augmented reality cockpit, modular to the traditional MoD ‘Main Gate’ approval) is due payload bay, hypersonics and directed energy to be submitted by the end of the year, with a full weapons. But it also is aiming to rewrite the iron laws business case due by 2025. Ten years later, IOC of increasing cost and schedule slippage in military (initial operating capability) is scheduled, making for a procurement – by halving the development time. very aggressive timescale. (In comparison, the X-35 Tempest also stands for new models of collaboration first flew in 2000, 20 years before the RAF’s 617Sqn and partnerships, both nationally and internationally, declared the F-35B operational for UK Carrier Strike that are upending traditional ideas of technology this year.) The next key milestone will be April 2021

BAE Systems transfer and acquisition. with the launch of the Concept and Assessment phase.

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Tempest Fugit Revised.indd 2 17/07/2020 14:27 A LAB DEMONSTRATION OF A RADAR WARNING RECEIVER TECHNOLOGY FOR TEMPEST HAD SEEN RECEIVERS FOUR TIMES AS ACCURATE AS EXISTING SENSORS, IN A PACKAGE 1/10TH THE SIZE.

Progress so far classified) ESM capabilities of the F-35 already in service to geolocate threat radars and electronic With the project in such an early state of conceptual emissions, then this would appear to be a game- design, coupled with the highly classified nature of changing leap forward. much of the technology that is set to be incorporated Leonardo is also the prime contractor for a Boeing into Tempest, much of the R&D has been going on 757, to be converted by 2Excel, which will serve as a quietly under the surface, with somewhere around 60 flying avionics, sensors and systems testbed for the technology demonstrations currently underway. Tempest programme and which is expected to be Speaking to an RAeS Corporate Partners’ flying in the mid-2020s. briefing on 8 July, Michael Christie, Director of Meanwhile, in January 2020, another Tempest Future Combat Air Systems, BAE Systems, gave an industrial partner, Rolls-Royce, revealed it was overview of why Tempest is already proving a ‘catalyst developing another key technology for the programme, for transformation’. Christie was coy about specific in the form of the Embedded Electrical Starter progress on technologies achieved in the past two Generator (EESG). This replaces the bulky and heavy years but revealed that news would soon be trickling external gearbox and generator used to generate out of the various R&D strands already underway. electrical power into an embedded system – allowing However, some measure of progress and the the engine to be slimmer – a significant advantage state of technology going into Tempest can be when designing a low-observable platform. gleaned from an announcement in December from There has also been progress on Tempest’s Leonardo that a lab demonstration of a radar warning open system architecture PYRAMID which will receiver technology for Tempest had seen receivers also link other parts of the future Combat Air four times as accurate as existing sensors, in a ecosystem, (such as drones) together. Speaking to package 1/10th the size. If one thinks of the (highly AEROSPACE, Richard Berthon, Director, Combat

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Tempest Fugit Revised.indd 3 17/07/2020 14:27 DEFENCE Team Tempest

Air Acquisition, UK MoD, revealed that the reference caused the biggest ever downturn in civil aviation architecture for PYRAMID has now been delivered has had some unexpected benefits for the Tempest and shared with Team Tempest. These ‘Exploiters programme – forcing a new, more agile way of Packs’ are perhaps best thought of as software API working. Berthon notes that, instead of traditional (application programming interface) or SDK (software infrequent face-to-face meetings with programme development kits) that firms such as Apple will send partners, virtual meetings, teleconferencing and phone out to app developers when a new OS (operating calls have been happening much more frequently – system) is about to be released or updated. These increasing collaboration, flattening the structure and then allow developers to create apps with the correct making for a more lean and agile organisation. “Where ‘hooks’ to interface with the OS. For Tempest – with we might have travelled every four months and held the goal of having an open, yet secure system big set pieces, in an hour, they’re on my speed dial.” architecture in the form of PYRAMID – this will be Even when restrictions are fully lifted, this virtual critical in allowing customers to modify or customise collaboration process will remain in place, adding to the ‘apps’ that the aircraft will use and ‘plug in and the momentum of the project. “Although it’s not ideal play’ new weapons, sensors and capabilities quickly not to have relationships face-to-face, I think we’ve and cost-effectively in the future. probably got closer relationships because of this, than we might have done otherwise” he adds. Concurrent design and testing One programme, multiple sites The key to meeting its ambitious schedule, says BAE’s Christie, will be model-based systems Tempest is also designed to correct the shortcomings engineering (MBSE) – testing and validating in of both Eurofighter and F-35 international synthetic environments. Though simulation is not collaborations. Eurofighter has only fairly recently new, increased computing power, better engineering evolved into its true multirole potential, having been models and higher fidelity means that MBSE offers held back by a cumbersome management structure industry a way to concurrently design and test at that proceeded at the pace of the slowest partner. the same time, without waiting for the traditional Industrial workshare, meanwhile, was allocated on design-test-validate-redesign-test loop of previous specific percentages, which sometimes made little programmes. Indeed, one of the Tempest partners, sense. In contrast – the F-35 programme went to Saab, has already got experience in MBSE in the the other extreme. A strong leadership from the US, form of its involvement with the Boeing T-7A Red Tail a ‘best athlete’ approach to suppliers but a ‘my way advanced trainer, as well as its own Gripen E. or the highway’ approach meant for little flexibility or Building a ‘digital twin’ of Tempest then will allow IP for its partners. Tempest is attempting to carve a a synthetic model of the system to keep pace with the middle path with ‘one programme, multiple sites’ and physical airframe from cradle to the grave – allowing a flexible, agile organisation that will allow partners engineers to quickly modify, upgrade and record to derive maximum benefit in technology gains changes. Says Berthon: “Digital design just gives us and a military capability, or even ‘opt out’ of parts an entirely different dynamic and allows us possibly to that they do not wish to be involved with. Berthon, get a much greater degree of maturity in our design, meanwhile, notes that the different phases of the much earlier on, using digital twins”. However, Christie Tempest programme (R&D, manufacturing, acquisition admits that one challenge of model-based design will and support) across the aircraft’s lifetime could be virtual or synthetic certification. attract different levels of involvement from partners. While this makes reporting and understanding the The effect of Coronavirus programme perhaps more complicated than other defence projects (the F-35 has a clear pecking Ironically the global pandemic that has killed so many partner order of ‘Tiers’), it does promise more people in the UK and around the world and also opportunities for nations and partners to become involved in different stages of Tempest along the way. Berthon says that, outside of Italy and Sweden, there are at least a ‘half-dozen’ potential partners who could be involved at some level with Tempest development going forward. In practice, then this flexibility being a key driver in the programme, means there is unlikely to be a common Tempest configuration across all customers.

Meet ‘Generation Tempest’

Arguably, despite budget concerns, the importance

BAE Systems of Tempest perhaps has only increased in the past

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Tempest Fugit Revised.indd 4 17/07/2020 14:27 fast pace, agile organisation goals and inspirational potential make it more akin to a SpaceX disruptive project than traditional combat aircraft procurement. The UK Government has already shown with the OneWeb investment, it is now prepared to act quickly and take risks in technology. Could Tempest also be seen in this light? Berthon thinks so: “Tempest will break out of traditional moulds, we are open to doing things differently, we understand the need to do things differently.” Additionally, the UK Government’s, ‘Prosperity Agenda’ – which seeks to turbocharge UK exports and offset any losses from Brexit, is now even more critical, thanks to the downturn from Covid-19 hitting the economy as a whole. Says Berthon: “Of course,

BAE Systems Tempest is in an R&D phase. But, once we actually begin that acquisition programme, there will be very significant broadening of the industrial base and the couple of years. For one thing, the international workforce that’s required in support of it which is situation has, if anything, only got even more volatile particularly important at a time when the civil side of and unpredictable. China’s crackdown in Hong The opportunity aerospace is having such a hard time.” Kong has proved a wake-up call to the West and to work on a BAE’s Christie also highlights how Tempest has its partners, while the prospect of four more years been designed from the outset to be export-led – with of President Trump has caused America’s allies to sixth-generation ‘time to market’ a major driver. This contrasts with privately question whether the US can still be relied fighter is proving Eurofighter, where export sales beyond the initial on as a stable and trusted partner. irresistible to buy for partners was seen as an afterthought and Commercial aerospace, meanwhile, has been where the priorities of core nations were put before battered by Covid-19 and thus, in terms of new the diverse accelerating capabilities to increase wider export programmes, Tempest is a beacon of hope and young talent potential. opportunity for those embarking or thinking of of ‘Generation Tempest is thus much more now than a new embarking on a career in aerospace. Indeed, it is the Tempest’ combat aircraft but a defence project that arguably first major combat aircraft programme to be launched the hopes of the entire UK aerospace industry and in the UK in 30 years – making it an irresistible government are riding on. Succeed and its benefits project for those seeking to work on a high- will help unlock further opportunities and long-term technology aerospace project. Berthon agrees, saying: growth for UK plc. Fail and it is likely that the UK will “It is attracting absolutely the very very best into the exit the military aircraft industry altogether. workforce. I think across industry and government, it’s proving a very inspiring programme to work on. I went Summary up to Warton at the early part of the year and talked to a group of reasonably recent graduates and young In short then, Tempest is as much a revolution in engineers, some of whom had literally been inspired leadership, culture and organisational structures, by seeing what we had done at Farnborough and had design and manufacturing, than it is about the stealth, wanted to be involved as a result.” laser weapons or augmented reality cockpit that will Interestingly, while Tempest is attracting a be incorporated into the airframe itself. Its ambitious younger, cooler and more diverse set of applicants goal is to break the cost/time curve of military into aerospace, Berthon also notes the programme aircraft development while offering partners flexible is facilitating a surge in mentoring with skills opportunities and varying levels of commitment and and experience being passed on from the older buy-in to suit their needs. Professor Keith Hayward generation with experience on Tornado, Hawk and observes: “BAeS does have some form here in Typhoon to the younger ‘Generation Tempest’. delivering new concepts; a world-class manufacturing asset at Salmesbury and a track record of innovative A disruptive programme? ‘fast prototyping’ its uninhabited technology demonstrators”. Tempest also comes at a time where the UK is set to Berthon sums up the importance of Tempest undergo a new defence and security review – with to the UK: “Tempest is a once-in-a-generation emerging technologies such as cyber and drones opportunity. The Combat Air sector, is critical to hotly tipped to be the winners. Yet, while Tempest delivering our national security but also to supporting can be considered a ‘big-ticket’ procurement item, its a strong, prosperous, influential and global Britain.”

The Route to Air Power 2040, RAeS Conference – 6-7 October 2020, RAeS HQ, London

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Tempest Fugit Revised.indd 5 17/07/2020 14:27 AEROSPACE Aviation and the environment Turning aviation green

BILL READ FRAeS reports on a technical conference held at the 2020 Singapore Air Show which considered the environmental challenges faced by aviation and ways that they can be solved through new designs, alternative power sources and methods of operation.

n 10 February, during the 2020 Aerospace. Recent years have seen an increased Singapore Air Show, the Singapore focus on environmental issues, in particular the

aerospace association A*STAR, effect that rising levels of CO2 in the Earth’s hosted the Singapore Aerospace atmosphere has on global warming. Technology Leadership Forum Francis Preli, Pratt & Whitney, VP Propulsion O(SATLF). The conference looked at two areas and Materials Technology, explained how the of emerging technology – the increased use of environment is just one of the challenges currently artificial intelligence (AI) and digitalisation in airline facing aviation, alongside the demand for mobility, operations and the aerospace industry and also oil prices and availability, maintaining customer how new technology and aircraft designs could value and making profits. These targets are not all tackle the issue of climate change. Part 2 of this compatible as, the faster the growth in demand for two-part report looks at how the aerospace industry air travel, the greater the percentage of greenhouse is responding to the green aviation challenge. gases created by aviation. The ACCEL is an electric “The world is turning green,” commented Mike Aviation affects the Earth’s atmosphere in aircraft demonstrator Stewart, VP, Advanced Technology, Honeywell different ways at different altitudes. At the highest developed by Rolls-Royce. Rolls-Royce

36 AEROSPACE

SATLF Green Aviation A B.indd 2 17/07/2020 14:23 NASA

Above: In the US, attention level in the stratosphere, NO and halogens affect X The electric revolution has focused on truss- the ozone layer, in the troposphere CO2, NOX, H2O braced wings as the next and particulates affect climate change while, at Recent years have seen a revolution in aircraft configuration for green ground level, NO , CO and particulates affect local propulsion systems, with hybrid-electric and airliners. X 2 air quality, as well as noise pollution from aircraft battery-powered electric aircraft now becoming Below right: The Airbus AlbatrossOne, revealed arriving or departing from airports and at ground an economically viable alternative to conventional in July 2019, is a scale level. platforms – at least for smaller, short-range demonstrator exploring To tackle the problem of global warming, the aircraft. Such aircraft are the ideal solution to the freely flapping wing tips to International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has problem of reducing CO2, as they produce no (or reduce weight and drag. created CORSIA (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction in the case of hybrid-electric propulsion – fewer) Scheme for International Aviation) with the aim of direct carbon emissions (although the generation

halving 2005 levels of CO2 emissions by 2050. of the electricity to charge the batteries may do There are also other schemes, including the Air so). Transport Action Group (ATAG) waypoint project Beginning with powered gliders, the potential of

which also has the goal of halving CO2 emissions electric aircraft has expanded to include light aircraft by 2050, while the European Commission Green and small electric vertical take-off and landing Deal requires Europe to be climate neutral by 2050. (eVTOL) personal air vehicles and air taxis and the concept is now being actively considered for larger Redesigning aircraft regional aircraft powered by electric motors or multiple distributed power systems. Airbus has been Francis Preli considered that there are three involved in a series of aircraft electrification projects ways that commercial aviation could develop and is moving towards the goal of developing a more environmentally friendly aircraft of the hybrid propulsion single aisle aircraft in the 2020s. future – through the evolution of existing designs, by innovation to improve existing designs or by disruption through the introduction of completely new designs. “Disruptive aircraft designs could reduce fuel consumption by 30-40%,” said Benoit Guyon, VP R&T Partnership, Safran. The aerospace industry is already working on technical solutions to the problem. Last year, a consortium of chief technical officers from a number of leading aerospace companies published a joint declaration at the 2019 Paris Air Show to work together on improving fuel efficiency. Airbus has already been involved in a number of new aircraft technology projects, including the BLADE laminar flow on wings project, dynamic hinged wings Albatross 1 project and boundary layer

research with ONERA. Airbus

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SATLF Green Aviation A B.indd 3 17/07/2020 14:23 AEROSPACE Aviation and the environment

However, there are still significant barriers to to improve efficiency on fuels,” said Paul Stein. be overcome before electric propulsion can be Recent years have seen the development of used as a viable alternative to conventional fossil- more efficient jet engines with reduced fuel burn fuel engines – the biggest of which is the power using bigger fans, high bypass turbofans, geared and duration of the batteries. “Pure electric storage engines and ultra-high bypass geared turbofans. is not a very efficient way of storing energy,” said Paul Stein was of the opinion that long-range Paul Stein from Rolls-Royce. “On the ground or middle-of-market and widebody aircraft could best in ships, where weight or size isn’t an issue, this be powered by ultra-high bypass ration (UHBR) jet isn’t a problem but it is when it comes to aircraft turbine engines fitted with embedded generators, where there is a battle against gravity. The case electric distribution systems, limited energy storage for powering very short-range aircraft is good for and boundary layer ingestion (BLI) fans. pure batteries but not so good for longer-range. There are also safety issues to be resolved with Sustainable fuels recharging batteries, as was demonstrated in the early days of the Boeing 787.” The other area of interest for the future In the meantime, speakers agreed that interim development of greener large aircraft has been progress could be made using hybrid-electric in the creation of sustainable fuels. Although new battery-assisted engines. reserves of oil are still being discovered, fossil fuel stocks will not last forever and the aerospace Big and small aircraft industry is working on the development of sustainable alternatives. Paul Stein explained how When considering new ‘greener’ aircraft designs, aviation is going to have to use more biofuels and the conference speakers explained how two sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs). “We’re going to different approaches needed to be taken for large need 500m tonnes of SAFs by 2050 to create net and smaller aircraft. Mike Stewart predicted that zero carbon,” he said. future environmentally sustainable aircraft designs There are two main types of sustainable are likely to be divided into two main categories fuels. One is ‘drop-in’ SAFs made from waste and depending on their size and range: (1) regional biomass while the other is synthetic ‘electrofuels – short-range powered by hybrid and distributed (e-fuels)’ created by using electricity created by propulsion; and (2) long and medium-range renewable energy to take hydrogen from water

powered with ultra-efficient gas turbines and novel which can be synthesised with carbon from CO2 engine concepts. to produce liquid fuels which can be used in a Although there has been progress towards conventional engine. However, there are problems the development of new smaller electric-powered still to be overcome with the creation of both Biofuels could aircraft, their introduction would not have a huge these types of SAFs. Biofuels need large areas begin to replace effect on reducing carbon emissions, as they are of land to grow the plants to create them which fossil fuels over not the largest sector of the market. Francis Preli could compete with land needed for foodstuffs, the next 30 years. described how the amount of CO2 produced by while e-fuels require significant amounts of aircraft depends on the size, range and number energy to produce, cost up to six times as much as flying. Airliners above 30t GTOW (gross take- conventional fuels to produce and would require

off weight) produce 98% of the CO2, with twin aisles accounting for 57% of emissions, single aisles 36%, regional jets 5%, business jets 1% and turboprops 1%. Paul Stein added that 65% of all aviation fuel consumption is used on flights beyond 1,000 miles. Improvements to large aircraft designs will therefore have a bigger overall effect

on reducing CO2 emissions than changes to smaller aircraft.

Engine design

As electric propulsion is not currently a viable alternative for larger long-range aircraft, attention has been focused on ways to make liquid fuel- powered engines more efficient. Francis Preli described how, when it comes to using alternative power sources, it is more difficult to store energy on bigger aircraft, compared to

liquid fuels. “Beyond 1,000nm we’re going to have United Airlines

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SATLF Green Aviation A B.indd 4 17/07/2020 14:23 Cranfield University

major technical investments in new production The bigger picture Green airliner of the future? facilities. A concept image of a However, biofuels also have their list of Although the emphasis of the conference was on model of the A-13 Voyager problems to solve. The first is that they are very technology, the speakers agreed that electrification semi-widebody airliner powered by external open expensive to produce. “Sustainable fuels are not and fuel were only part of the larger equation. “The rotors created by students yet affordable,” said Mike Stewart. “Biofuel will be goal is CO2 reduction,” said Mike Stewart. “Electric- at Cranfield University in more expensive,” agreed Paul Stein. “Therefore, powered aircraft have a role but we have to look at 2012/13. more efficient engines are important.” The second all options. You also need to consider fuel as part problem is biofuels will need to be produced in of the full system.”

large quantities if they are to replace fossil fuels. Francis Preli highlighted that ICAO’s CO2 Benoit Guyon predicted that 100mt of biofuels reduction roadmap includes a ‘basket of measures’ could be produced by 2040, increasing to 180mt approach to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from of green synthetic fuels and 100mt of biofuels by aviation, including not just aircraft engine technology 2050. The third problem is how environmentally and biofuels but also operations and infrastructure. beneficial such fuels might actually be. “Aircraft use a lot of fuel in flight holding patterns “Sustainable... may not benefit the environment,” which could be saved by plotting better trajectories,” cautioned Francis Preli. “It depends where they agreed Dumont. The presenters also noted that were made and how much energy was used.” the introduction of electric-powered aircraft would require major changes to airport infrastructure. The hydrogen alternative “Using drop-in fuels won’t require infrastructure changes but otherwise, every airport will need new The speakers also discussed the potential of infrastructure for particular aircraft,” said Paul Stein. aircraft powered by liquid hydrogen stored in “Anything we do must involve airports,” added Jean cryogenic fuel cells aboard the aircraft. “Hydrogen Brice-Dumont. “Introducing electric aircraft would is a challenge,” admitted Jean Brice-Dumont. involve new interfaces between airport and aircraft “Liquid hydrogen has the advantage that it and ground handling systems.”

produces no CO2 and NOx but it has to be very There are also wider implications for the cold and takes up more space than kerosene.” services and support market, such as what will One topic of discussion was how hydrogen be the effect on the aerospace aftermarket fuel cells could be fitted aboard an aircraft. “The of introducing electric-powered aircraft. Here, problem with fuel cells is how to store them,” stated speakers did not envisage an immediate effect. Mike Stewart. Francis Preli asked the question as “Electric aircraft will need less maintenance but to whether the fuel cells needed to be aboard the their introduction won’t happen in the near future,” aircraft at all and could they be put to better use said Benoit Guyon. “Electric aircraft will change the located on the ground as a zero emissions way to aftermarket but not immediately,” assented Mike generate electricity for aircraft batteries. Stewart.

AUGUST 2020 39

SATLF Green Aviation A B.indd 5 17/07/2020 14:23 AEROSPACE Environmental aviation Bell Nexus Bell

The Bell Nexus 4EX air taxi is planned to be capable of flying four to five passengers plus a pilot for distances up to 100km (62m) at a cruise speed of 241km/h (150mph).

Visions of the future regional transport, including 20-seat hybrid short take-off and landing (STOL) design, 20-seat Looking to the future, Benoit Guyon outlined a turbo-electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) possible time frame as to how the aviation industry aircraft and 90-seat low noise hybrid electric might transition from its present reliance on fossil aircraft. fuels to carbon-free alternatives in the future. Starting from the current market in 2020 which Working together relies on 100% jet fuel propulsion for long-haul, regional and helicopter transport, changes brought Finally, the conference speakers agreed that, for about by public policies, regulations and technology the aerospace industry to achieve its environmental could start to change the industry. By 2030-35, he goals, it will require all the players to work together. predicted the introduction of small electric short- “Aviation is a global team sport,” said Paul Stein. range mobility solutions and hybrid electric regional “The goal for 2050 can be reached but needs to aircraft, together with new low-carbon, ultra-efficient be a shared vision with industry, airlines, public conventional propulsion aircraft and the increased authorities and energy experts,” added Benoit use of alternative fuels. By 2050, aviation could Guyon. operate with zero emissions using future aircraft “We need collaborative innovation with aviation powered by carbon-free energy sources, such as stakeholders,” commented Jean Brice-Dumont. “We green synthetic fuel, liquid hydrogen and ultra-high are an industry of progress. We need to change power density batteries. course so that we connect people while being Paul Stein predicted that eVTOLs powered by sustainable. However, I am very optimistic about the electric generators and batteries would begin to future because we are all working together.”

be used for personal and public transport, logistics, “Flying is not bad for the environment – CO2 air ambulance, police and military by 2025. In is bad for the environment,” concluded Paul Stein. 10 years’ time, 2030 would see the introduction “Flight shaming is for history if aviation can move of hybrid/distributed power aircraft designs for people about more efficiently.

Note: Because SATLF was held in February before the global spread of the Covid-19 virus, some of the research projects referred to may have subsequently been cancelled or curtailed but were active at the time of the event. RAeS Climate Change Conference – 3/4 November 2020, RAeS HQ, London A longer version of this article can be found on the AEROSPACE Insight blog

40 AEROSPACE

SATLF Green Aviation A B.indd 6 17/07/2020 14:23 Afterburner www.aerosociety.com

A Royal Netherlands Air Force F-16 Fighting Falcon approaches a US Air Force KC-135 Stratotanker, assigned to the 100th Air Refueling Wing, for refuelling during a NATO Multinational Air Group exercise over Germany, 25 June 2020. USAF.

42 Message from RAeS 44 Book Reviews 52 RAeS Careers Webinars – President Inside London’s Airport Policy, Low-Cost Carriers in With widespread redundancies announced across Emerging Countries, Wings of the Rising Sun and the aviation and aerospace industry, the RAeS “Having had to bring our conference programme Flight. Careers team has run a series of careers and to an abrupt halt in March, I am very pleased to see mentoring themed webinars with expert panellists. that our Autumn conference programme will be 48 New Member Spotlight brought to you in a virtual environment.” 56 Elections 50 NAL Archive Hub – Chief Executive 56 Obituaries The National Aerospace Library holds collections “Our programme of lectures and webinars continues of reports, private papers, letters and documents Captain Dick Twomey and Michel Harvey. unfettered by the requirements of Covid-19 with drafted by some of the most influential and the success of the Sopwith Lecture as a particular interesting people in our aeronautical history. high-spot.” 57 New Corporate Partners Now, for the first time, information about our key collections are available online, via Archive Hub.

AUGUST 2020 41 Message from RAeS OUR PRESIDENT

Prof Jonathan Cooper Maintaining and enhancing our international market that will eventually materialise, enabling job footprint remains one of the Society’s strategic aims. creation and a focus to provide skills developments Following on from the signing of the MoU with the across industry and academia. The aerospace and American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics aviation industries have survived events in the past in May, several meetings have been held between such as 9-11, SARS and the financial crash in the the RAeS and AIAA to determine ways of working 1980s and have then thrived, so I am sure that this together for the mutual benefit of both societies. A will be the case as we move into 2021. The UK number of interactions have been planned to move must be ready to grab any opportunities that arise. It forward with this collaboration including further was therefore rather disappointing that the recently joint webinars, shared events for Young Members published HM Government R&D Roadmap1 made and co-operation on D&I. Several other avenues of no explicit mention of aviation and, although zero- interaction were discussed including potential co- emissions vehicles did appear in the document, membership of certain Specialist Groups/technical the focus was on the automotive sector. However, committees (in AIAA speak) and joint honours and not all is lost, the £125m Future Flight Challenge, awards. I will be highlighting further developments in aiming to enable greener flight and facilitate urban the future. air mobility is starting to ramp up and Transport Many of our student members have been Secretary Grant Shapps recently stated2 that there going through a difficult time recently with the last was a desire to bring together leaders from aviation, academic year having to suddenly change its mode environmental groups and Government to form of delivery from March onwards. The focus is now on a Jet Zero Council charged with making net zero what will happen in September. I recently attended emission flights possible. However, the goal of “within a meeting of the STEM Professional, Statutory and a generation – will be to demonstrate flight across Regulating Bodies (PSRB) and a large number of the Atlantic, without harming the environment” will universities who provide degrees in these areas. be an extremely challenging problem, requiring much A wide-ranging discussion ensued, covering best more than simply the development of new battery practice and shared experience in delivering a or hydrogen technologies. I look forward to hearing ‘blended’ (part virtual – part face-to-face) teaching much more about this initiative and hope that it will experience across Lab and Practicals, Assessment, involve a co-ordinated effort across industry and Group Work and Team Projects. There was also a academia. session focussed on answering questions from a Having had to bring our conference programme panel of students from across the UK, who were to an abrupt halt in March, I am very pleased to particularly worried about whether their degrees see that our autumn conference programme will would remain accredited. I would like to reassure be brought to you in a virtual environment. Our first all students on aerospace degree courses that the two conferences are, Safeguarding Earth’s Space Society is in touch with all universities and colleges Environment taking place on the 10 September to ensure that they remain accredited. I will also be and Extreme Threats to the UK taking place on hosting another Academic Forum in the autumn 17 September. Along with high-level speaker MAINTAINING to ensure that best practice is shared across the presentations and discussion, there will still be lots AND aerospace engineering universities. of opportunities for networking and interaction, ENHANCING As the world moves out of the economic slump these conferences won’t just be another webinar! OUR caused by Covid, the UK needs to ensure that it The Society aims to continue to welcome and is well-placed to be part of the new technological connect with audiences from across the world, who INTERNATIONAL developments that will bring about hybrid-electric and would never have considered travelling to No.4 FOOTPRINT eventually full-electric flight. These will become one of Hamilton Place in London for an in-person event. REMAINS the major changes in aviation that occurs once every For more information on all our conferences that ONE OF THE 30 years or so (eg jet engines, pressurised cabins, are taking place up to the end of 2020, the virtual composite structures, etc). The UK must ensure that experience and to register please visit our website SOCIETY’S it is part of these technological developments so https://www.aerosociety.com/events/. I look STRATEGIC AIMS that it can gain access to the very large worldwide forward to you joining us.

1https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/896799/UK_ Research_and_Development_Roadmap.pdf 2https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/transport-secretarys-statement-on-coronavirus-covid-19-12-june-2020

42 AEROSPACE OUR CHIEF EXECUTIVE

Sir Brian Burridge ● Writing in his organisation’s magazine, IATA CEO relevant topics. Also of interest, the NAL Film Alexandre de Juniac, pointed out that ‘a world Archive is proving very popular internationally. The without aviation is a bleak place’. How very true NAL quiz at http://www.aerosociety.com/ but it is worth looking deeper for the antidote moviecomp has proved very popular – for those to this bleakness and recognise the concerted of you who are reading this before 30 July, there and highly innovative efforts being made across is still time to enter – but be quick! The winner will the sector to restore passenger confidence and be announced on 30 July and will receive a NAL meet the future environmental challenges. Cabin goody bag. interiors are being re-thought with interesting new ● Our programme of lectures and webinars designs like Zephyr’s stacked seating, Teague’s continues unfettered by the requirements of AirShield directional cabin airflow system and Covid-19 with the success of the Sopwith Lecture HeadZone’s foldable, cardboard shield that slips as a particular high-spot. Delivered by the CEO over the back of the seat. Further ahead, there is of Airbus Defence and Space, Dirk Hoke, we had renewed impetus behind hydrogen propulsion and a global audience of almost 400 and significant airborne storage. The UK Government’s creation follow-up press coverage. Other events all with of the Jet Zero Council charged with making net- very high attendance have encompassed Drone zero possible could be highly significant, provided Operations for Good, the African Drone Forum, that it is backed by more than just sentiment. Artificial Intelligence and Aviation and Secrets of Meanwhile, Team Tempest is going from strength- the Battle of Britain. In addition, we have delivered to strength. Taken together, these initiatives a Corporate Partner brief on Team Tempest by should prove attractive to the coming generation Michael Christie of BAE Systems and a ‘brains- to discover for themselves that there is more trust’ panel with Katherine Bennett FRAeS from excitement than bleakness to be had from a Airbus, Paul Briggs from Bird & Bird and Paul career in aerospace. Richardson from AAR Corp providing valuable ● Related to this, our activity on apprenticeship, insights to into the aerospace industry post End Point Assessment, has moved up a gear Covid-19. All these webinars are subsequently during recent months as employers either enlarge uploaded to the RAeS YouTube channel. their schemes or are already working on next ● On External Affairs, in early July we saw further year’s programmes. In addition, we are on-track job-loss announcements from large aviation and to install a modern and easy-to-use learning and aerospace employers. The Society responded, professional development platform in the coming noting that the road to recovery will take time weeks. Through our new Learning Management and that it is important to consider the wider System (LMS), accessible via desktop and app, impact. To that end, we reinforced the extent we will showcase a range of RAeS and external of the careers advice service that we offer. content, which includes eLearning courses, Meanwhile, the Flight Operations Specialist Group webinars, video and audio lectures, articles, published the second edition of their widely used e-books and journals. The new LMS will replace ‘Emergency Evacuation of Commercial Passenger our current professional development recording Aeroplanes’. Many thanks to all of those who platform, mycareerpath. Members will thus have a contributed to the report, especially to Nick more seamless and mobile-friendly way to record Butcher and Terry Buckland for their stewardship. and engage with CPD. As ever, maintaining The full report is available on our website and our expertise and profile as a Professional there is also an Aerospace Insight blog. WRITING IN HIS Engineering Institution remains a key objective. ● Finally, to return to combatting bleakness, where ORGANISATION’S ● If this is just one example of our digital better to go than our Young Persons’ Committee? MAGAZINE, IATA transformation, there are also others in the Robin Saaristo has taken-over as the chair and CEO ALEXANDRE pipeline. The President mentions opposite that voting has closed for the AeroTube entries: there we have contracted a virtual conference delivery was an exceptional batch of submissions. The DE JUNIAC, partner with 11 conferences in the programme winners were the team entry from Dr Rohan Sant POINTED OUT for the rest of 2020. We are also finalising the and Dr Daniel Olaiya discussing overarching THAT ‘A WORLD purchase of ProQuest’s Advanced Technologies themes in Aerospace Medicine and the difficulties WITHOUT & Aerospace Database, which will give members for humans in space. The second award goes to access to full-text papers and articles and Sergio Hidalgo who presented the challenges of AVIATION IS A extensive abstracts. This is an excellent research supersonic flight: both videos are available on the BLEAK PLACE’ and CPD tool which covers a wide range of website.

AUGUST 2020 43 Book Reviews INSIDE LONDON’S AIRPORTS POLICY

Indecision, decision and is politically attainable. As a result, governments largely ‘muddled through’ a policy swamp rather counter-decision than making logical and sustainable decisions. The role of the UK planning system is also discussed in By P Le Blond the context of airport development, particular in the context of development within the green belt and ICE Publishing, One Great George Street, London other designations and in the process of lengthy SW1P 3AA, UK. 2019. xiii; 181pp. Illustrated. £70. Public Inquiries. The current process for airport ISBN 978-0-7277-6365-5. development involving an increase of more than ten million passengers per annum is for the government Paul Le Blond has written an illuminating book on to approve a National Policy Statement (NPS) the failure of the UK government to provide for incorporating the development and for the airport much-needed airport capacity in London and SE to apply for a Development Consent Order (DCO). England over the past 45 years. It highlights how The DCO is then assessed though consultation government indecision has led to a situation in and a Public Inquiry. The current Heathrow third which the UK’s main airport – Heathrow – has been runway scheme is the first airport development to at virtual capacity since 2003 and is losing market be assessed in this way. In theory the Public Inquiry share to other European hubs which provide more should be a more streamlined process than previous services to emerging economies and other growth ones – the Terminal 5 inquiry lasted nearly four years! markets. After the Roskill Commission, the UK The author is well-qualified to write this book, government adopted a step by step approach having worked in senior management positions at towards airport expansion. New terminals were built British Airports Authority (subsequently BAA plc) Above: Heathrow Airport at Heathrow (Terminal 4) and at Gatwick (North for some 30 years. Although he left BAA in 2001, control tower. Benoît Prieur. Terminal). Stansted was also expanded – and BAA he continued as a consultant and is still involved was invited to bring forward proposals for a new in airport policy development as a Fellow of the terminal and outline planning consent for a second Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport. runway, which culminated in a Public Inquiry from The book primarily focuses on the period from 1981-1983. This considered expansion of Stansted 1968 onwards when the UK government set up the to accommodate 15 mppa (million passengers per Roskill Commission to recommend the location of annum) and also, someway bizarrely, a planning the Third London Airport. There is a brief overview application for a fifth terminal at Heathrow, of the earlier period when Croydon was London’s submitted not by BAA but by Uttlesford District main airport and Gatwick went ‘from racetrack Council, the planning authority for Stansted. This to runway’. Interestingly the author mentions was put forward to ensure that an alternative to Abercrombie’s Greater London Plan of 1944 which the Stansted terminal was also considered. As the proposed a hierarchy of airports in a ring around author points out, this resulted in a situation in which London, including not only Heathrow and Gatwick BAA, which was at the time the owners of both but also Croydon, Heston, Bovingdon, Hatfield, Stansted and Heathrow, had to oppose expansion at Fairlop, Roding, Lullingstone and West Malling. One Heathrow to promote its case at Stansted. wonders what today’s green lobby would have made Planning consent for a new terminal at Stansted of these proposals! was eventually granted although the Inspector The Roskill Commission’s majority recommended against a second runway. In 1985 recommendation was for a new airport at Paul Le Blond the Government published a White Paper which Cublington in Buckinghamshire, although one has written an recommended that BAA be privatised, which member of the Commission, Colin Buchanan, illuminating resulted in a £1.2bn stock market flotation in recommended an offshore location at Foulness in 2007. BAA was later split up following a study by Essex. Ultimately the Conservative Government, led book on the the Competition Commission. Meanwhile, traffic by Edward Heath, preferred Foulness (subsequently failure of the levels continued to grow and new terminals were renamed as Maplin), although this was reassessed UK government constructed at Heathrow (Terminal 4) in 1986, by the Labour Government following the February to provide for Gatwick (North Terminal) in 1988 and Stansted in 1974 general election. The Roskill Commission 1991. Heathrow Terminal 5 eventually opened in study was noteworthy as the first major use of much-needed March 2008. cost-benefit analysis for infrastructure appraisal airport capacity The story continued with the government and I can well recall reading it in detail during my in London and embarking on two major public consultation student days. SE England exercises, the RUCATSE (Runway Capacity in the The book highlights the dilemma successive South East) study in 1993 and the SERAS (South governments faced in making a decision based on over the past 45 East and Regional Airports) study in 2002. The what the evidence suggested as against one that years latter proposed two new runways at Stansted and

44 AEROSPACE Heathrow. Although a planning application for a concern over environmental issues, particularly second runway at Stansted (the G2 Application) aircraft noise and air quality. There is some was submitted by BAA in 2009, delays and the discussion of the climate change impacts of airport possibility of a change in ownership resulting in expansion, although this has only really emerged work on G2 being put on hold in 2009 and the over the past 15 or so years. It will be interesting application was withdrawn in March 2010. In 2012 to see how UK airport policy, including that for the the Conservative Government set up the Airports third Heathrow runway, might change as a result of Commission under Howard Davies to yet again the recent Government commitment to zero carbon look at airport capacity requirements in London and emissions for aviation by 2050. the South East. This resulted in a recommendation The book provides a well-researched history for a third north west Heathrow runway, which was of UK airport planning and will be of interest to a announced by the government in October 2016. broad range of readers involved in aviation, planning, While this currently has parliamentary approval, it is politics and community involvement. It will become still subject to a planning inquiry and potential legal the standard reference book for this phase of the challenge. journey – but it will undoubtedly need updating in The book adeptly discusses some of the the years ahead! key themes that emerged during this complex and troubled path. These include the difficulties Peter A Forbes of forecasting future air traffic demand and the FRAeS expected size of aircraft flown and the increasing Director, Alan Stratford and Associates

LOW-COST CARRIERS IN EMERGING COUNTRIES

to the literature covering LCCs. The book gives the reader a much-needed fresh analysis of the recent developments in the low-cost sector in developing countries, its implications for individual countries and a solid basis for understanding the on-going debate referring to the wider economic impacts of LCCs. John Bowen begins with the characteristics of LCCs and their importance to developing countries and this comprises the first ten chapters of the book. The book then discusses the conditions that led to the emergence of LCCs in Boeing 737-900ER PK-LHU the United States and their diffusion in various By J Bowen of Indonesian low-cost carrier Lion Air at Singapore Changi parts of the globe. Some of the topics covered Elsevier, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Airport. Paul Spijkers. in the advanced chapters deal, in an original and Oxford OX5 1GB, UK. 2019. vii; 271pp. Illustrated. effective way, with the pioneers of LCCs, aircraft £95.95. ISBN 978-0-12-811393-6. [RAeS technology, aeropolitics, market condition for LCCs, members can access an e-book edition of this title benchmarking of reforms, needs, opportunities online via the National Aerospace Library’s e-book and different issues facing the low-cost segment service www.aerosociety.com/ebooks] Overall, this in various regions, LCCs penetration rate, airline position in the market and full-service network Driven by a continuous stream of innovations and book draws carrier responses to LCCs entry. favourable conditions in the air transport industry, together the The last part of the book takes a look into the the low-cost sector has grown rapidly since the key issues future of LCCs in emerging economies in terms of early 2000s, albeit to a varying degree of success aeromobility aspirations, social and environmental in different regions. The key binding constraints in LCCs issues, and includes such discussions as the for low-cost carriers (LCCs) development and the development potential effects of different carbon emissions precondition for a functional air transport sector in in emerging mitigation policies and other government constraints emerging markets are well-documented. However, markets that on the low-cost sector. few books have taken a broad research approach, Overall, this book draws together the key covering the micro- and macro-environments of require the issues in LCCs development in emerging markets LCCs in emerging markets from a historical and urgent attention that require the urgent attention of air transport cross-regional perspective and documenting of air transport stakeholders and policy-makers. regional differences and variations in LCCs stakeholders business models, peppered with real examples. Dr Eric Tchouamou Njoya A book such as Low-Cost Carriers in Emerging and policy- Senior Lecturer in Air Transport Countries is, therefore, a highly welcome addition makers University of Huddersfield

AUGUST 2020 45 - Book Reviews WINGS OF THE RISING SUN

Uncovering the Secrets of A Japanese Mitsubishi A6M2 cover jet- and rocket-powered craft and special Reisen (Allied code ‘Zeke’ weapons. or ‘Zero’) at the US National the Japanese Fighters and Advisory Committee for The last chapter is a discussion of what Bombers of World War II Aeronautics (NACA) Langley was achieved with these evaluations and here I Research Center, Virginia, would have appreciated further inquiry. In this too By M Chambers US, on 8 March 1943. brief section, consisting of just three pages, the NASA. author claims that ‘the Allies gained much from Osprey Publishing, Bloomsbury Publishing, PO Box the evaluation of captured Japanese aircraft and 883, Oxford OX1 9PL, UK. 2018. 336pp. Illustrated. weapons systems’. The book would have been ISBN 978-14728-2373-1. improved if this chapter had included further examples of the benefits gained by the Allies from The purpose of the book is to explain how, in WW2, this collected data. For example: the demands made US military personnel with Allied support set about by the Japanese military planners, both Army and the evaluation of captured or downed Japanese Navy, for extended range and manoeuvrability in military aircraft and passing this information on to their fighter aircraft forced their designers to reduce the allied authorities. The organisation formulated weight at the expense of rugged construction and for this task, in 1944, was the Allied Technical pilot safety. This obsession with weight saving Intelligence (TAI) units – comprising officers from resulted in machines susceptible to the more robust the US Army Air Force (USAAF), US Navy and the Allied fighters pitted against them in the later war RAF. Their function was to examine and record years. These demands, especially the long-range details of the machines. These investigations were This publication capability, were understandable, given the vast usually undertaken in America, at the USAAF and covers a little- size of the newly acquired Japanese conquests. Navy test stations and the NACA facilities and, known subject Due to reasons mostly out of their control, they where possible, damaged aircraft were rebuilt and and goes failed to change this philosophy until too late. This test flown. This data was then disseminated and crucial weakness in their aircraft performance was passed on, in the form of test reports, to allied someway to mentioned briefly but was important enough to planners and designers with the purpose of more exposing the deserve a more thorough debate. effectively countering the continued threat posed by differences This is a minor quibble in an otherwise excellent aircraft of the two Japanese air arms. book. It is nicely presented and easily read. The book of 336 pages comprises eight between the Appendix A gives a roster of surviving Japanese chapters with appendices, bibliography, endnotes Japanese aircraft and where they can be seen and each is and a comprehensive index and is packed with and Allied accompanied by a coloured photo. Appendix B information. Almost every page is adorned with an military when presents a number of pertinent TAI reports. illustration, drawing, chart or table with numerous This publication covers a little-known subject coloured photos. The books’ subtitle ‘Uncovering planning their and goes someway to exposing the differences the Secrets of Japanese Fighters and Bombers of air arms and between the Japanese and Allied military when World War II’ is an ambitious undertaking for so vast is a welcome planning their air arms and is a welcome addition to a subject. However, for the material covered, the addition to any any enthusiast’s bookshelf. book is largely a success. The chapters are each dedicated to the various types – fighter, bomber, enthusiast’s H J Murray seaplanes and transport aircraft. The final sections bookshelf Affiliate

46 AEROSPACE -

FLIGHT And Some of its Little Secrets By F M Burrows

Published by the author, London. 2018. iv; 322pp. Illustrated. £30 or $60. ISBN 978-1-79569-651-7. [Kindle edition 2019 £7.32 or $10]

Truth be told, I nearly set this book aside after reading p 7, where the author stated that the Wright brothers’ first powered flight happened at Daytona Beach (in Florida) on 3 December 1903, as opposed to Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, on 17 December. At least the year was correct. Then, on p 8, he misquoted (albeit The famous photo of the first the legends border on microscopic and aging readers slightly) Neil Armstrong’s ‘unforgettable description’ flight of the Wright Flyer flying like myself would prefer larger illustrations and fonts. upon taking the first step onto the lunar surface in at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, at 10.35am on 17 December The discussion of rotating wings (eg helicopters 1969. Even if Armstrong’s historic words were, in fact, 1903 taken by John T and gyroplanes) is excellent but there are slip-ups forgettable, the correct quote is pretty easy to verify. Daniels. Wilbur Wright stands which would be apparent to a pilot with experience in Additionally, Dr Burrows would have benefited greatly on the right. RAeS (NAL). such vehicles. An example: To my knowledge there from a thorough proof reading as the book is riddled are no helicopters using a ‘control column’ either as with typos. a cyclic control which is invariably a control stick, or Despite these distractions – all easily corrected as the place to locate engine power controls which – I gave Dr Burrows the benefit of the doubt, pressed are generally on the collective lever. Similarly, the term onward and, ultimately was quite glad I did. His book ‘rudder bar’ seems inappropriate. Although some offers a nearly equation-free, yet rigorous, treatment helicopters have an aerodynamic rudder for yaw of aerodynamic fundamentals presented in building control in forward flight, for the low speed/hovering block fashion, beginning with molecular theory, regime virtually all use anti-torque pedals, which are Newtonian mechanics, wave propagation, and fluid hinged differently than a rudder bar. flow. Next come boundary layers, source and sink flow The second half of the book is largely devoted and some of the most easily understood descriptions to the fascinating and enormously complex subject of coriolis acceleration and vortex characteristics I of flapping flight. It is here that Dr Burrows applies have encountered. the principles introduced in previous chapters to With this preparation, the reader is next offered an describe how birds, bats, and bugs take-off and appetite-whetting chapter entitled Man-Made Flight, land, glide and propel themselves. As he points out, with compelling illustrations ranging from a balloon Man’s understanding of flight in the natural world to biplanes, triplanes, the obligatory Spitfire (after all, is incomplete and our ability to replicate it through Burrows is a Brit!), seaplanes, and transports from mechanical means essentially nil. The most lavish the DC-3 through the Boeing 747 and Concorde. and compelling illustrations are in these chapters Unfortunately, that pesky Wright brothers’ error (both and for most readers, they alone will convey a basic place and date) creeps in again, and the author Summarising, understanding of the subject even without the text, makes a surprising gaff by describing the Boeing despite which is well done and not to be overlooked. Another 777 and 787 as larger than the 747. Having piloted nit: the author’s description of lift sources for soaring all three, rest assured they are not (Note: With its my early flight confuses wave lift with ridge lift; sailplane pilots folding wingtips deployed, the 777X will have a larger misgivings will recognise the associated illustration as ridge wingspan than any previous Boeing but all other brought on by lift, whereas the accompanying words more closely physical parameters are still surpassed by the 747-8). describe wave lift. Again, a small blemish that has Next, Dr Burrows returns to the theoretical with the errors cited little effect on the overall superb technical content. one of the longest and most technical discussions, above, Flight: Before closing with some words on mathematics addressing the Kutta condition, circulation theory, lift and Some of its and flight theory, Burrows devotes a chapter to the and drag, wing design and the elements of control. Little Secrets will aerodynamics of seeds, fruits, spores and pollen; a It is appropriate here to applaud the author on his brilliant discussion that I’ve not seen elsewhere. many diagrams, illustrations and figures throughout likely become Summarising, despite my early misgivings brought the book, all of which he personally created. I was first one of my go-to on by the errors cited above, Flight: and Some of drawn to the three colourful images on the softback sources for an its Little Secrets will likely become one of my go-to cover: a Montgolfier balloon, a Dragon Rapide and a entertaining sources for an entertaining refresher on how things gnat (six-legged variety, not the 1950s’ jet trainer). All fly. I hope Dr Burrows produces a second edition. the graphics are notable both for technical content refresher on and aesthetic appeal. My only criticism is that many of how things fly William Mnich FRAeS

AUGUST 2020 47 NEW MEMBER SPOTLIGHT

David Guerin MRAeS, 56 fortunate countries, so that improvements come Location: Winchester, Hampshire to many needy individuals. Drones used for good can impact so many people. We are so lucky Job Title: I first retired in 2016 after 34 years in Australia where I am from, in Ireland where I in air traffic control and air traffic and safety risk worked as an ATC for three years, in Germany management. I trained in Melbourne in 1982, where I was on a sabbatical in the Unmanned working at airports in Perth, Derby, Sydney, Aircraft institutes of the German Aerospace Bankstown, Brisbane, Gold Coast, Cairns, Centre (DLR-Braunschweig) for one year, and the Brisbane again, then Dublin in Ireland and UK where we have lived since 2017. I have had Brisbane again, with a sabbatical in Germany. an astonishing career and a fortunate life, so it is More recently, I volunteer by representing air great to be able to pay it forward. traffic controllers through the UK guild (GATCO) and the International Federati on (IFATCA) on all What made you join the Royal Aeronautical matters associated with unmanned aircraft (UA, Society? In 2016, while in Germany, I facilitated drones, remotely piloted aircraft systems, UA a regulations track on unmanned aircraft Traffic Management-UTM). I fund and am the main operations at the Experts Meeting: Cargo UAVs editor for the Global Drone Regulations Database, in Humanitarian Action in Sheffield. Here, I met used by humanitarian aid drone operators. I Edward Anderson from the World Bank in Dar am also a consultant with the World Bank as es Salaam, a senior technology and innovation operations manager, and safety, regulations, and specialist, transport & ICT with an understanding airspace integration advisor for unmanned aircraft of drone use cases and a career focus on air and flying operations (the Lake Victoria Challenge, and space technologies for sustainable development. the African Drone Forum – Lake Kivu Challenge). Edward has been team leader for most of the I ‘retired’ a second time in February after the Drones for Good projects that I have worked on Rwanda competitions were successful. This lasted and he mentioned that he was a member of the until I was enticed to join new projects that I see Royal Aeronautical Society. When I retired and as essential in harmonising drone regulations moved to Winchester, I decided to look more closely across Africa. at the RAeS and joined as an Affiliate Member. As What inspired you into aerospace? My father, I was representing GATCO on various unmanned who is 87 and retains his superb memory, told aircraft forum, the President Dr Luis Barbero me many stories when I was young about WW2 suggested I approach the RAeS UAS Specialist aircraft operating near to the farm in which he Group to join and I was honoured to be accepted grew up north of Adelaide, South Australia. My as a member at the national committee meeting first flight was in a Queensland Airlines Fokker in June 2019. I was also recently nominated to F27 (F.27-2013 VH-FN?) from Brisbane to become a full Member (MRAeS) and in June was Maryborough airport to visit family friends in advised that my application was successful. Hervey Bay. I was 16 and had already travelled What do you hope to get out of your by train for nearly three days from Adelaide to membership? I am encouraged by the interaction Brisbane, so the comparison between modes of between people of the same ilk (aviation) yet vastly transport was obvious once I’d taken to the air. I different experiences, career paths and knowledge. wanted to become a pilot, yet my eyesight was I have always sought to gather different shot (literally; at school I was struck in the left eye stakeholders into joint conversations as divides by a pencil from a cross-bow by an energetic and can otherwise form between new and to some classmate, and there was no apple on my head!) extent disruptive industries such as those around and as my father had already explained how the unmanned aircraft use cases and traditional and Australian airspace was managed by air traffic often seemingly conservative conventional or controllers and flight service officers, I decided to ‘manned’ aviators. I hope to initiate and encourage take this road instead and never looked back. such positive discussions with the RAeS. What is the best thing about your current Additionally, I would like to promote a broader role? As a volunteer, I can remain independent membership in these older and newer fields of from the goals and imperatives that those in aviation. Gender equality is positive in every way. industry who sometimes have to vote against Lastly, I want to promote the personal satisfaction their personal views; I have no hidden agenda! that can be gotten from humanitarian efforts, either In my efforts in Africa, I am able to bring a range paid or voluntary, and that anyone with experience of stakeholders together into discussions on preferably in both the disciplines of unmanned and use-cases for drones in the lower skies in less conventional aviation can help out.

48 AEROSPACE Are you graduating or completing your apprenticeship this year?

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Access career services including 1-to-1 appointments Online resources including lectures and webinars Exclusive access to the AEROSPACE APP Recognition via our membership graded structure Online e-book and library services Join our Young Professionals Network Support for engineers working towards professional registration with the Engineering Council UK*

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AUGUST 2020 49 NATIONAL AEROSPACE LIBRARY Archive Hub

Though the physical and virtual shelves of the Society’s library are filled with the cream of new aerospace publishing to help you keep up to date with cutting-edge developments in aerospace and books to help with your CPD. If you explore further into the bowels of the library you will find collections of reports, private papers, letters and documents drafted by some of the most influential and interesting people in our aeronautical history. Now, for the first time, information about our key collections are available online, via Archive Hub. By visiting www.aerosociety.com/archivecatalogue, you can scroll down and see what we have in 30 of our most important collections and then follow up your browsing with a trip to the National Aerospace Library (once it has re-opened) and see the items in person. Many of our most interesting material is filed away in our extensive letters collection. Here you can find correspondence between key members of the Society and the leading figures in aeronautics. The collections are especially strong in the early days of flight, with letters from pioneers such as the Wright brothers, Samuel Cody, Samuel Langley, Octave Above: Delphine Reynolds a learned society, it also contains audio recordings Chanute, Lawrence Hargrave, J W Dunne, A V Roe, in front of her Blackburn of over 400 of its lectures and conferences, Bluebird IV, G-ABGF. Lord Rayleigh, Sir Frederick , Alberto Delphine Reynolds and her primarily from the 1960s and 1990s onwards (see Santos-Dumont, Gustav Lilienthal, F W Lanchester, pilot, W G Pudney, took off AEROSPACE, January 2020 pp 50-51 and April James Glaisher and Sir Geoffrey . from Hanworth on 1 March 2020 pp 50-51) and a near complete set of its Though we have not yet listed each letter on Archives 1931 in her Blackburn conference proceedings. Hub, a list of files can be found on our pages on Bluebird IV, for a survey Social historians can find a wealth of information flight down the West African Archives Hub and we can then use our paper indexes coast, via Tangier to Bathurst, within our four walls. For example, we have three to find out more about each item of correspondence. Gambia, where Short floats interesting collections from women who were Interaction with the great names in aero politics and were fitted. After two and a captivated by flight during the interwar period, with the services between 1910 and 1953 can be found half months in Sierra Leone the collections of The Flying Countess, Kathleen the metal airframe had in the correspondence files of the acid-tongued corroded beyond repair. Countess of Drogheda, and two pioneering women editor of Aeroplane, C G Grey and letters used by Below: ‘Speed’ a bronze bust who tried to fly across Africa: Delphine Reynolds Harald Penrose to write his seminal works on pre-war of Lady Drogheda by J A who reached as far as Sierra Leone in early 1931 aviation. Stevenson was exhibited at and Peggy Salaman who successfully reached Cape Our aero engineering archive collections move the Royal Academy of Arts in Town later that year. The collection of Wilfred Parkes from the pioneering days into the era of aircraft 1932 and is now on display at gives an insight into the exciting pre-WW1 world of No.4 Hamilton Place. designers and manufacturers. The British & Colonial RAeS (NAL). air racing. Aeroplane Company Collection includes design work Flying has always captured the imagination and for many post-war Aircraft, WW2 propeller has been recorded in prints, posters, photographs developments can be found in the collection of de and paintings. We care for over 100,000 images Havilland’s A V Cleaver. W O Manning’s work at showing early balloon lithographs from the 18th English Electric can be found in his collection while century, the design that accompanied air travel the G W Saynor Collection gives an insight into in the 1930s, glass slides explaining scientific design work at and Canadian concepts, plus tens of thousands of images showing Vickers and also includes a full set of plans for the aircraft. Many of these images are available via the Saynor & Bell Canadian Cub & Canadian Cub II Mary Evans Picture Library’s corporate licencing aircraft. and merchandise sites: www.aerosoiety.com/ Of course, the NAL also holds the records printsandposters. of the Royal Aeronautical Society. As well as the Aeronautics is also a business and our collections membership records of the great and the good of cover how the world of science, government, warfare the industry and the day-by-day administration of and business collide. This is best shown through the

50 AEROSPACE records of Britain’s aviation trade organisation – the Society of British Aircraft Constructors. Started during WW1, these minute books chronicle 70 years of thinking of those high up in industry. We also have the wartime records of the British and Colonial Aeroplane Company with its digitised minute book appearing on www.aerosocietyheritage.com and the Broke-Smith Archive contains some interesting material on military aviation before WW1. Though we have an excellent collection of letters from the Wright brothers, the Society, of course, dates back decades before the Wright brothers became the first men to fly a powered aircraft, and the archive of the Royal Aeronautical Society is strong on how the great minds of the time worked out how to Above: The first de Havilland Development Branch and Research & Special design the machines that enabled us to fly. One of DH106 Comet 4B, G-APMA Development Department; these reports review Sir Edmund Halley, of BEA. our main treasures are the scientific papers of Sir RAeS (NAL). the trials of aircraft, helicopters, equipment and George Cayley. Other early collections include the techniques for the BEA fleet. There is also some Baden-Powell Ballooning Cuttings Collection dating interesting material from the old CAA Library from the 18th to 20th centuries, Percy Pilcher’s work highlighting how our airports and airfields have on gliders and Lawrence Hargrave’s photograph changed over the decades. Gems include master albums. We have digitised the Cayley Notebooks, sets of the inter-war Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs) Pilcher Drawings and Hargrave albums (see July and post-war Notice to Aeronautical AEROSPACE pp 50-51) and they can all be viewed Information Publication (UKAIP). via www.aerosocietyheritage.com. So far, the National Aerospace Library has placed The business of taking passengers around the high-level descriptions of just over 30 of our main world is also represented in our collections. Captain collections on Archives Hub. We will be now working Michael Majendie was one of the key players in to fill in some of the lower level information and the introduction of the de Havilland DH106 Comet details that are currently stored in paper index files 1 and Comet 2 into the British Overseas Airways or hidden away on our library catalogue at www. Corporation’s fleet, and we have a collection of aerosociety.com/catalogue. In the meantime, official reports, files and lecture notes relating to we always welcome enquiries, either by phone +44 his work. There are also six files of reports from (0)1252 701038/60, email via nal@aerosociety. ’ Research & Long Term com.

NATIONAL AEROSPACE LIBRARY

The National Aerospace Library is closed but our online services remain available so you can continue to browse the catalogue and download e-books as well as contact our expert Librarians for advice and enquiries. E [email protected] NAL www.aerosociety.com/nal Catalogue www.aerosociety.com/catalogue Film Archive www.aerosociety.com/movies e-books www.aerosociety.com/ebooks

AUGUST 2020 51 RAeS CAREERS AND SKILLS TEAM Careers in crisis – Ten top tips to navigate through turbulent times ahead

What a difference six months make. In November 2019, the RAeS Careers team held one of its most successful annual careers fairs ever. Then Covid-19 turned the world upside down leaving civil aviation in crisis with large-scale redundancy programmes announcements affecting both supply chains and aerospace and aviation professionals at all career stages. To support those affected, the RAeS Careers team has run a series of careers and mentoring-themed webinars with expert panellists from across the Society’s membership to help provide practical advice and guidance. Here we bring together some key tips drawn from the sessions to help you navigate through the crisis.

1. Online Learning and Networking Actively seeking to advance your skills and learning, especially during unexpected downtime, can help you develop your knowledge and networks. Now, more than ever, there is a vast range of online Above: Many airlines around someone in their early career who may need some the world have declared support – a great chance to give back, boost each learning tools and methods, such as, webinars, blogs redundancies. British Airways. and other publications available for free, many of other’s confidence and you may even pick up on which would normally incur hefty fees. Secondly, new skills such as social media engagement. joining platforms, such as Alta, can help you make useful contacts and develop your ‘virtual’ skills. They 3. Transferable skills self-assessment can also help you identify career opportunities which Employers not only use technical qualifications and may be advertised ‘word-of-mouth’, or help you find direct experience when assessing applications. a mentor. If you haven’t used LinkedIn before, this They also look for future employees who can blend may be the time to load up your profile and start in with, or lead, their existing teams, deal with connecting. customers, clients or suppliers, resolve problems, That said, not everyone has had more time innovate, work under pressure and progress through during lockdown. Some working parents, in ONLINE their training programmes. It is not always easy to particular, have expressed concerns that balancing articulate these abilities to prospective employers. home schooling with working from home full-time PLATFORMS Now might be a good time to undertake a self- has been exhausting, leaving little time for online MAKE assessment of your soft skills. If you find yourself events. Remember that many webinars are available MENTORING working in a role entirely outside aerospace/ to view online post-event, so you can still register for POSSIBLE aviation due to the crisis, this does not mean you events which can be followed up when more time is won’t pick up valuable, transferable skills for your available. EVEN DURING eventual return to the industry. Sectors such as LOCKDOWNS, logistics, medical, nuclear and rail offer particularly 2. Mentoring ENABLING YOU transferable experience but all experience counts Online platforms make mentoring possible even TO CONNECT and can help develop and enhance your existing knowledge and skills in unexpected ways. during lockdowns, enabling you to connect with WITH LIKE- like-minded people who can share their advice and experiences with you. Maybe they have been MINDED PEOPLE 4. Update your CV through previous crises and can provide valuable WHO CAN You may not have written a CV in a long time, or insights on resilience, how to reinvent yourself, cope SHARE THEIR may have never had it reviewed by a careers advisor. with change and find opportunities even if things ADVICE AND Seek expert advice and get started. Whether you seem bleak. Remember you can have more than are in your early or late career stage, a UK CV one mentor helping you with different aspects of EXPERIENCES should normally be two pages long, whether for your career. You could also become a mentor to WITH YOU engineering or operational roles. This might prove

52 AEROSPACE challenging in practice but focus on your expertise and achievements on page one, reinforced by your employment history/personal activities on page two. Conversely, if you are moving away from the flight deck, two pages may seem too long but remember you will need to focus more on your soft skills for future roles, and less on pilot’s licence, type ratings and hours on type.

5. Careers coaching Are you getting the most out of your job applications? Seek the advice of a careers expert and get some coaching. You are now in ‘sales mode’ and the product is you! Think about developing a toolkit of stories, highlighting various competencies you have gained through your education, previous roles, hobbies etc. A careers coach/professional can guide you through various aspects of the that you know how to work the virtual meeting recruitment process, whether that is a CV feedback platform tools, such as share screen buttons, and if session, mock interviews or creative job search tips. at all possible, test it out beforehand and download Whatever your career move, don’t forget that any software a few days before the interview day in the RAeS Careers services include FREE 1-2-1 case of any niggles. support and are open to anyone seeking advice for aerospace and aviation related roles and training. 7. Recruitment agency vs executive search We are commonly asked, what is the difference? 6. Interview preparation ‘Contingency’ recruitment agencies tend to work in Interviews come in many formats, whether 1-2-1 junior to mid-level roles. ‘Retained’ executive search or with a panel. You may be a seasoned interview firms focus on senior executive and board director pro or have until now sailed through your career roles. In both cases, search firms work to fill specific avoiding interviews altogether! Preparation is key. mandates and are client driven, ie the priority is Given the current Covid-19 crisis, companies to meet the company’s requirements, rather than are now turning to virtual interviews on Zoom/ those of the individual candidate. Usually if you are Skype etc. However, the formats remain similar early to mid-career, and/or looking to make a lateral to face-to-face sessions, including technical move, recruitment agencies offer the most relevant questions relating to the role’s specific knowledge opportunities while executive search will focus requirements plus ‘soft skill’ questions; sometimes on senior and executive roles. There are several these may be broken down into a series of different specialist agencies that specialise in aerospace or interviews. However, as well as technical/knowledge aviation recruitment, as well as many in engineering specific responses, you should develop a strong and getting on the relevant books can help increase bank of answers to soft skill questions which are opportunities. Many employers will use LinkedIn to common to all organisations – leadership, teamwork, advertise roles. The crisis has also brought together communication, problem-solving, innovation etc. displaced aviation professionals who are creating Researching the prospective employer their own networks, such as Miramar and Aviation beforehand is vital – it is essential that you Action, providing further networks to engage demonstrate a deep understanding of the with like-minded people who understand and organisations you have applied to. Learn all there can translate your skills and knowledge to future is to know about their products/services, business employers within and outside the sector. outlook and even their competitors. Recruitment is an expensive process, so the interviewers will be 8. Everything counts looking for candidates who not only demonstrate Whether you are in your early career and faced the required aptitude and skills for the role but with no opportunities to gain relevant experience, also demonstrates likely staying power by virtue of or an experienced industry professional suddenly having done extensive prior research. faced with a career move into a completely different Presentations are still common in virtual sector, do not panic. All experiences count and you interviews; ensure that you focus on what is being should never be afraid to put work you do inside asked, and spend time producing an interesting, and outside your target sector on your CV. You can well-structured slide pack or handout. Finally, check tie this together with as much relevant knowledge

AUGUST 2020 53 or experience that you do have, such as from may have to be part-time, perhaps a ‘portfolio’ education or previous industry roles. Examples from approach will not only help you survive but thrive any job can provide a good illustration of your work and eventually help you be even better prepared for ethic, how you deal with difficult people, customers, recovery. time management, agility and taking responsibility. Faced with the current crisis, doing something Pockets of hope different, be it volunteering, community engagement or retail, will all demonstrate your agility, resilience It would be premature to predict which regions and tenacity. and sub-sectors within civil aerospace and aviation will recover first and when. When recovery does 9. Get involved get underway, the challenges to make aviation While it can be difficult to stay motivated when greener and more sustainable will remain, your career plans receive an unexpected blow, it is requiring engineers and innovative thinkers from always beneficial to remain active. There are ways different disciplines to create aviation’s new future, you can stay connected to the industry, such as underpinned by the need to reach across a wider, through voluntary activities and your professional more diverse talent pool. body – with so many online RAeS seminars, Nevertheless, the Society’s footprint is wide networking events and resources including our and, for some sub-sectors, such as defence, space, careers support services, dedicated website cargo, legal and insurance, the impact has been less and much more. You may not have got round FOR SOME SUB- severe, with opportunities for continued growth. Do to upgrading your membership to receive peer SECTORS, SUCH keep looking for opportunities, aerospace is made recognition of your current experience and expertise AS DEFENCE, up of diverse areas but across a relatively niche in the industry. If you are an engineer, now may be community and there may be more opportunities the time to complete your professional engineering SPACE, CARGO, than you first realise. Whatever the short-medium registration for EngTech, IEng or CEng status. LEGAL AND term impact, in the long-term aviation will be at the Students and apprentices can join the Society for INSURANCE, heart of helping people and businesses reconnect in free and during this time all Society committees THE IMPACT person when it is safe to do so and we will all need and groups continue to operate virtually, enabling to be ready to step back in. you to contribute and link up with networks like the HAS BEEN LESS Specialist Groups, local Branches, Young Persons SEVERE, WITH Rosalind Azouzi FRAeS Network or support our educational programmes and Diversity and Inclusion initiatives. This will help OPPORTUNITIES Nicholas Davis keep your CV current, as well as raise your self FOR CONTINUED Rishi Radia ARAeS esteem and confidence through gaining new friends GROWTH RAeS Careers and Skills Team and retaining a sense of community.

10. Take time out Finally, as important as a career can be for your Thanks to our panellists identity, there are many benefits in taking some time to pause and reflect on your current position. You may not have had time before to step back, take We would like to thank our panellists for giving up their time and expertise stock and evaluate what you really want. Or you to support the webinars providing invaluable advice from their personal may have been on auto-pilot towards a particular experience over our four webinars trajectory without really seeing if it is what you want. Victoria Cope MRAeS, Head of Procurement (20 May) Take time to evaluate your skills and knowledge First Officer Stuart Christie, airline pilot (3 June) and re-discover your passions, unidentified talent Professor Sue Durbin, RAeS Women in Aerospace & Aviation Committee/Alta or opportunities for further learning. If you can, Steering Group Founding Partner (9 June) spending time on other things than your career can Jenny Edwards ARAeS, Systems Engineer (6 May) be beneficial to your well-being. Try and find time Yvonne Elsorougi FRAeS, Aerospace Advisor and RAeS Council Member/ to do the something you have always wanted to do, Women in Aerospace & Aviation Committee (9 June) such as a new hobby, volunteering, connecting with friends and family, books, box-sets, trying a new Senior First Officer Mark Furness, airline pilot (3 June) sport or culinary passion etc. Perhaps you can even Judith Milne FRAeS, Aviation Advisor (9 June) incorporate this into a future ‘dual’ career – while it Capt Marnie Munns, airline pilot (3 June) may be that in the short term your aviation career Arpad Szakal MRAeS, Executive Search specialist (6 and 20 May events)

Visit the RAeS YouTube Channel or Careers in Aerospace > Resources to access the webinar recordings. Webinar handouts and further guidance on CVs, interviews, soft skills and more are also available to view for free on the Careers in Aerospace website. For careers support and 1-2-1 appointments please contact [email protected]

54 AEROSPACE Untitled-3 2 09/07/2020 14:32 Elections

FELLOWS Peter Joslin Robert Mackenzie Didunoluwa Obilanade WITH REGRET Rosalind Azouzi Chris Paterson AFFILIATES James Bickley The RAeS announces with regret the deaths of the following members: Robert Brown ASSOCIATE Bernadette Paul Cremin MEMBERS Cheng-Whitehead Anthony A Andrews MRAeS 85 Martyn Davidson Bjorn Fehrm Ernest Joseph Clarke BEM Affiliate 92 David Hale Callum McGee Thomas Gysin Libby Jackson Pearl Mensah Kavin Ha John Withrington Cooper MRAeS 87 Paul Sanberg Stephen O’Brien Bryan Geoffrey Cox IEng AMRAeS 83 Christopher Taylor STUDENT AFFILIATES Dr Edward Thomas Curran MBE CEng FRAeS 90 Richard Woodward ASSOCIATES Ahmad Albatayneh Michel Raymond Sixte Harvey CEng FRAeS 85 MEMBERS Ralph Dodds Aidan Correa John Aubrey Hoad CEng MRAeS 73 Ryan Evans Duncan Gibbons Aftab Afzal Michelle Merry Rudraksh K Muzaffer Islam CEng MRAeS 71 Louise Aiken Uswatta Liyanage Tiffany Kou Richard E Long FRAeS 71 Zetong Chen Shehara Perera Jatin Mangal Dr Roy Barrie Maclaren MRAeS 90 Stephen Clarkson Sophie Sherdel Ben Massey Matthew Cornall David Short Aiden Napier Paul Anthony Ramsden CEng MRAeS 80 Alessandra D’Angeli Kelvin Yeung Scott Peachey Peter Trevor Ryans CEng Fellow 87 Paul Ensor Nicky Sigamonie John Anthony Steff-Langston Affiliate 93 Muhammad Faizan E-ASSOCIATES Sean Tan Eric Fuilla-Weishaupt Harrison Taranec Captain Richard (Dick) Augustin Twomey Robert Henstridge Robert Bird Hari Venkitaraman FRAeS 89

Obituary CAPTAIN RICHARD (DICK) AUGUSTIN TWOMEY

FRAeS FAeSM PRO (AeSM) known Dick as a model glider enthusiast who made 1930-2020 aviation his passion and career which spanned some The President and members of the Executive 31 years in Cambrian Airways, British European Committee of the Aeronautical Society of Mauritius Airways (BEA) and then, during the later years of the (AeSM) with deep regret announce the death in the Cold War at his very own creation ‘Berlin European early hours of 9 July 2020 of Captain Richard (Dick) UK’, before landing in Mauritius as the MK Director of Twomey its founder member and President. Flight Operations. Those at AeSM have known him as the Rural North Yorkshire will recall him as the indefatigable engine which brought about the young boy who founded the Model Aircraft Club at AeSM in 2010 and secured its registration in 2013, his school in Ampleforth when he tried his hand at adopting similar objectives as its UK older brother – designing gliders and other flying machines, one of the Royal Aeronautical Society. which flew and remained airborne for 2 hours, flying Dick spared no effort to transform his vision of 22 miles from where it was recovered by a teacher. the Society into that of the Society that is now fait There is much more to Dick, and for this we accompli: The Society’s Vision is to bring together would strongly recommend reading his book Wing all the aeronautics and aviation professionals of the Tips which carries a preface by Rear Admiral Simon Republic of Mauritius into an independent expert Henley MBE FRAeS, Past President of the Royal body which can contribute to the formulation and Aeronautical Society. As well as an ‘Appreciation of review of an evolving National Aviation Strategy for his life and work’ by Dr Marc Serge Riviere MA PhD, Mauritius while being a source which can be tapped Professor Emeritus, University of Limerick, Ireland. into by tomorrow’s leaders in aeronautics and aviation. While certainly being a great loss to his wife and To realise this, the AeSM gave itself the mission children, members of AeSM will find it difficult to to engage in the encouragement and maintenance reconcile his absence at AeSM events such as the of excellence in the fields of aviation and aeronautics Model Glider Competition and the Young Aviators leading to the General Advancement of Aeronautical Group from the various secondary schools. Art, Science and Engineering and, more particularly, Additionally, may I mention that Dick has, during for promoting that species of knowledge which the past ten years, including the seven years of the distinguishes the profession of Aeronautics (which official life of AeSM, built a substantial network who expression includes Astronautics) in Mauritius and contributed to building the credibility and repute of the Indian Ocean Region. the Society. Those with international experience would have Jagadish Soobarah President AeSM

56 AEROSPACE Obituary MICHEL RAYMOND SIXTE HARVEY

CEng FRAeS 1934-2020 in 1993. Michel’s knowledge and experience was in high demand and, when Jean-Paul Béchat took Michel Harvey, Chevalier de l’Ordre National de the reins at SNECMA, he was invited back out of Merite, Chevalier de l’Ordre National des Palmes retirement to take up a role as Special Advisor, Academiques, Croix du Combattant, Chartered serving on the Board of Messier-Bugatti and guiding Engineer, Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society them in their acquisition of Dowty in Gloucester. and Chairman of the Paris Branch of the Society Seeing an opportunity to help promote passed away peacefully on 26 June 2020, aged 85. co-operation between France and the UK at a He was born in Paris on 21 July 1934 and grew time when SNECMA was looking to develop its up in the city during the war years. On 25 August international activities Michel convinced Béchat to 1944 he was in the Place de la Concorde with his support the creation of a Branch of the Society in aunt when shooting broke out and he had to hide Paris. The Paris Branch of the Royal Aeronautical under a tank to escape the crossfire. He completed Society was duly formed on 29 April 2004 with his education two years ahead of time and went on an inauguration ceremony at the British Embassy to study engineering at l’Institute du Nord, in Lille, on the 100th anniversary of the ‘Entente Cordiale’. graduating in 1957, adding a further Diploma from Michel was named President and ran the Branch SUPMECA in 1959. He carried out his military until his retirement in 2014, becoming Honorary service from 1959 to 1962, first with the French Chairman of the Branch. He continued to play an Army in Algeria, holding the rank of sub-Lieutenant, active role in the Branch, offering his advice to the then with the Army laboratories. Committee and participating in Branch events until After several short-term placements with Parkinson’s disease robbed him of his mobility. His SNECMA from 1957 to 1962, he joined the last participation at a Branch event was, coincidently, company as a Production Engineer and, from 1965 once again at the British Embassy in June 2018 to 1966, was seconded to Pratt & Whitney in East for the ‘100th Anniversary of the ’ Hartford. On returning to France he worked at Lecture. the SNECMA Corbeil facility developing surface Michel played a pivotal role in the creation of treatments for the CF6-50 engine and also worked the Paris Branch and the activities of the Society in with Rolls-Royce Bristol on the development of the France. Without his gentle insistence Béchat would Olympus engine for Concorde. not have supported the creation of a Branch in Paris In 1979 he was named Programme Director for and, once the initial enthusiasm for the Branch had SNECMA’s participation in the CF6-50 programme, waned, Michel kept the Branch going through many as well as the new CFM-X engine destined for the difficult years, performing the roles of President, Airbus A320. He was Executive Vice President – Treasurer and Chief Conference Organiser, while CFM for a short period before becoming Directeur also developing close relationships with French du Cabinet for SNECMA’s President Benichou, Universities such as IPSA. Without Michel there followed by President General Capillon. would not be a Paris Branch of the Society today In 1990 he was charged with creating and all of us in Paris owe him a deep debt of SNECMA’s Representative Office in London, gratitude. He was extremely proud of being a Fellow opening premises on Whitehall, a role he held until of the Society and, at his funeral, attended by many his official retirement in 1995. It was during this members of the Paris Branch Committee, his RAeS time that he came to know the RAeS, joining as badge was displayed along with his medals and a Member in 1993 and was duly elected a Fellow honours.

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AUGUST 2020 57 The Last Word Commentary from Professor Keith Hayward FRAeS

Strategic intervention

t is difficult to fault the French in terms of aerospace sector. EU-funded R&D is moving in support for domestic ‘strategic industries’. similar ‘green directions’. From the late 1940s, successive governments planned and modernised the economy from The UK at sixes and sevens electrification of the railway system to a Inuclear powered grid. Aerospace was part of the The UK has seen little coherence in its approach plan – indeed planification was the technocratic to stimulating an aerospace/aviation recovery approach to almost everything. programme. The aviation sector has been hampered by the 14-day quarantine requirement, although Planning is not always a good air bridges have been negotiated with some of the idea key destinations. In addition to the general help to companies through furlough and loans, there are Not that planification always got things right. One reports of short-term help heading towards the of the last of the great French plans in the early likes of Rolls-Royce and also perhaps Airbus now 1970s placed Airbus third behind Concorde and that it has revealed the loss of 1,100 British jobs, the Mercure in terms of investment priorities. There which might prove more permanent than across the was a UK National Aerospace Strategic Plan in Channel. However, the real need is a more long-term the 1990s; the Blair years offered the Aerospace strategy. Innovation and Growth plans; and, later, an R&D Prime Minister Johnson talks of a green long strategy under Cameron – all welcome and well haul airliner as part of his much vaunted ‘New Deal’, received. But this is amateur stuff compared to but getting ‘Jet Zero’ off the ground will take more the continual commitment across the Channel at money than what a national effort can afford. There is national and regional level to aerospace. no effective substitute for combining several of these individual commitments into a single programme – in Across the Channel someone has an Airbus along with French and German partners? It idea should be remembered that the boost to national R&D programmes was originally designed to improve Now, with both aerospace and aviation in Covid Britain’s leverage in European programmes. meltdown, the French Government has come up with a coherent strategy to bolster and to defend And beyond the pandemic its national assets. A mixture perhaps of earlier chunks of cash for green-orientated research Meanwhile, the drum beat of 31 December and and bailouts for companies in trouble, the French the prospect of a ‘no deal’ deadline hangs over the Government has not waited for events simply to whole aerospace and aviation sector. The additional THE UK HAS take their course. The complete package is worth costs attendant on recreating EASA and as yet no SEEN LITTLE some €15bn. Other support comes from advancing confirmed substitute for the Brussels-funded R&D COHERENCE defence contracts to help manufacturers by easing programmes will be an additional burden for UK cash flow and filling factories with work and loans based companies. In passing, EASA has already IN ITS for the airline sector. The French (and Germans) are been working towards a regulatory framework to APPROACH TO also looking to extend their jobs support schemes encourage e-powered aircraft. The worst-case STIMULATING for two years. The French have also taken care scenario is that we enter the post Brexit world AN AEROSPACE/ to target the supply chain and the smaller firms with a once world-beating set of industries, facing with a €500m package, that includes €200m better-supported survivors in France and Germany, AVIATION from Airbus, Thales Dassault and Safran. Germany and unable to access a multi-billion ‘green-centric’ RECOVERY has also announced a large research programme EU-funded aeronautical research initiative. It could PROGRAMME. into hydrogen power, which will also benefit the be a cold world out there from the first of January.

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