MYCOLOGICAL 'NEWSLETTER MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
June 1978 Vol.29 No.1 MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA NEWSLETTER Vol . 29. number 1 June 1978
Published twice yearly by the Mycological Society of America Edited by Henry C . Aldrich Department of Microbiology and Cell Science. McCarty Hall University of Florida Gainesville. Florida 32611
CONTENTS
Sustaining members of the Mycological Society ....I Symposia. meetings. and forays of interest ..... 4 New mycological research projects ...... 5 Courses in mycology ...... 6 Fungi available for distribution ...... 7 Fungi wanted ...... 7 Identifications ...... 8 Publications wanted ...... 9 Publications for sale. exchange. or giveaway .....10
[ INSERT: AIBS MEETING SCHEDULE AND ABSTRACTS 1
Fellowships and assistantships available ...... 12 Positions wanted ...... 13 Personals ...... 13 Miscellaneous ...... 17 Comments on a Mycologia book review ...... 18 Humor (?) ...... 19 h!embership application blank ...... 20
Cover by Kathy Erdman SUSTAINING MEMBERS
ANALYTAB PRODUCTS Division of Ayerst Laboratories Plainview, New York 11803
AYERST LABORATORIES Division of Ayerst, McKenna & Harriscn Limited 1025 Laurentian Blvd., P. 0. Box 6082 Montreal, Canada H3C 3A7
BBL, DIVISION OF BIOQUEST Division of Becton, Dickinson and Co. Cockeysville, Maryland 21030
BELLCO GLASS, INC. 349 Edrudo Road Vineland, New Jersey 08360
BUTLER COUNTY MUSHROOM FARM West Winfield, Pennsylvania 16062
CALBIOCHEM P.O. Box 12087 San Diego, California 92112
CAMPBELL SOUP COMPANY Camden, New Jersey 08101
DIAMOND SHAMROCK CORPORATION T. R. Evans Research Center P. 0. Box 348 Painesville, Ohio 44077
DIFCO LABORATORY PRODUCTS The complete line of microbiological reagents and media P.O. BOX 10.58-A Detroit, Michigan 48232
DUPONT COMPANY, INSTRUMENT PRODUCTS Biomed ical Division Peck's Lane Newtown, Connecticut 06470
FUNK SEEDS INTERNATIONAL A Company of CIBA-GEIGY Corporation Funk's G-Hybrid Corn, Sorghum and Farm Seeds Bloomington, Illinois 61701
GB FERMENTATION INDUSTRIES (Former1y WALLERSTEIN COMPANY) One North Broadway Des Plaines, Illinois 60016 HOFFMAN-LA ROCHE, INC. Pharmaceuticals, vitamins and aromatic chemicals Nutley, New Jersey 07110
LAB-LINE INSTRUMENTS, INC. Designers and manufacturers of instruments for science, industry, research and education since 1898 Melrose Park, Illinois 60160
LANE SCIENCE EQUIPMENT CO. Complete line of museum storage cabinets especially herbarium cabinets--airtight for permanent protection 105 Chambers St. New York, New York 10007
ELI LILLY AND COMPANY Pharmaceuticals, agricultural and industrial products and cosmetics 307 East McCarty, Indianapolis, Indiana 46206
MERCK SHARP AND DOHME RESEARCH LABORATORIES Division of Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway, New Jersey 07065
MILES LABORATORIES, INC. Pharmaceutical and chemical research and manufacture Elkhart, Indiana 46514
NEW BRUNSWICK SCIENTIFIC CO., INC. 44 Talmadge Road, P.O. Box 986 Edison, New Jersey 08817
OLYMPUS CORPORATION OF AMERICA Precision Instrument Division Compound and stereo microscopes for research, laboratory and schools with accessories for fluorescence, phase contrast, interference contrast and photomicrography New Hyde Park, New York, 11041
PARKE, DAVIS & COMPANY Research Laboratories Detroit, Michigan 48232
PFIZER, INC. Fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals by means of microorganisms 235 East 42nd Street, New York, New York 10017
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INCORPORATED 1206 Mulberry Street Des Moines, Iowa 50308
SCHERING CORPORATION Pharmaceutical manufacturers Bloomfield, New Jersey 07003 G. D. SEARLE & COMPANY Health Care Products and Service P. 0. Box 1045, Skokie, Illinois 60076
SMITH DINE & FRENCH LABORATORIES Prescription medicines and other health care products Division of SmithKline Corporation Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19101
TRIARCH INCORPORATED Quality prepared microscope slides, catalog listed or custom prepared to your specifications Ripon, Wisconsin 54971
THE UPJOHN COMPANY Fine pharmaceuticals since 1886 Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001
VELSICOL CHEMICAL CORPORATION Agricultural and Industrial Chemical Products 341 East Ohio Street, Chicago, Illinois 60611
WARNER-LAMBERT RESEARCH INSTITUTE Central Research Affiliate of the Warner-Lambert Company Morris Plains, New Jersey 07950 SYMPOSIA. MEETINGS. AND FORAYS OF INTEREST
* Harry Thiers tells us that the 1978 D.E. Stuntz Mycological Foray will be held on the weekend of Dec. 1-3 at the Mendocino Woodlands Camp, the same place where the foray was held in 1971, There will also be a N.A.M.A. foray near there on Thanksgiving weekend. Contact Harry Knighton for information on the N.A.M.A. event, and Harry Thiers for further materials on the Stuntz Foray.
* An invitational symposium on several angles and problems of "Maintenance of Fungus Cultures" has been organized by Emory Simmons for the XI1 International Congress of Microbiology, Munich, 3-8 Sept., 1978. Speakers will include R.P. Elander, B. Kirsop, C.P. Kurtzman, P. Mazur, and M.A.A. Schipper.
* George Grtmes gave a 3 day course on wild mushroom identifi- cation in Lander, Wyoming, May 12-14. The group attending was so enthusiastic that they formed a new mushroom club. George also included an annoucement about the 5th Annual Aspen Mushroom Conference, August 13-18, 1978, in Colorado. Alexander H. Smith and Harry D. Thiers will be in charge. It is designed for physicians, scientists, amateur and profes- sional mycologists. For details: Beth Israel Hospital, 1601 Lowell Blvd., Denver, CO 80204, or phone 303-825-2190, Ext. 350.
* We received a preliminary note to the effect that the 13th International Botanical Congress will be held in Sydney, Australia, in 1981. Anyone interested in receiving future mailings should send their name and address to: Dr. W.J. Cram, Executive Secretary, 13th International Botanical Congress, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
* The Society for Industrial Mycology will meet in Houston, Texas at Rice University, August 13-18, 1978. Alma Dietz has organized an Actinomycete workshop for Aug. 12-13. Further information: Ms. Ann Kulback, Society for Indus- trial Mycology, 1401 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22209.
* --Roger Goos reports that New England mycologists held a very successful meeting at the University of Rhode Island on April 15, 1978. It drew amateur, professional, applied, and basic mycologists. Another such meeting will be held at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, in April, 1979. Contact Howard Bigelow for details.
* Sandra Anagnostakis reports that a symposium on American Chestnut Research was held on Jan. 4-5, 1978 in Morgantown, W.V. More than 170 people from 20 states and two foreign countries attended. Proceedings of the meeting are available from Dr. Wm. MacDonald, 528 Brooks Hall, West Virginia University, Ylorgantown, WV 26506.
* Orson Miller will lead a N.A.M.A. Foray to Sweden and Fin- land during August, 197'8. Contact Harry Knighton for details. * We have just learned that the Boston Mycological Club conducts forays throughout New England each week from July to October. For more information or membership forms contact: Boston hfycological Club, Patrick Peterson, Treas., 21* Tnman St., Cambridge, MA 02139.
* The Second Annual Houston hfushroom Foray will take place in Texas, Nov. 2-5, 1978. Contact Dr. Cynthia Rogers, Houston Baptist University, Dept. of Biology, 7502 Fondren Rd., Houston, TX 77074.
* The Judd Memorial Conference on Color Metrics, Sponsored by the Inter-Society Color Council, will be held in Williams- burg, VA, Feb. 11-14, 1979. Contact: S.L. Davidson, N.L. Industries, P.O. Box 700, Hightstown, N. J. 08520.
* In conjunction with the Phytopathology meetings, a symposium on the Biology of Sclerotinia will be held Oct 29- Nov. 2, in Tucson, Arizona. Contact George -S. Abawi for additional informat ion,
* On Aug. 15-20, 1978, there will be the Third National Ex- hibition of Fungi in Mexico City's Chapultepec Park. Further information: Dr. Lucia Varek, Dept. of Botany, Esc, Nac. Ciencias Biologicas, I.P.N., Apartadu Postal 26-378, Mexico 16, D.F., Mexico.
NEW MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH PROJECTS
* Orson Miller and Arthur Linkins are initiating a study of the role of fungi as mycorrhiza formers and in decomposition in tundra in Alaska.
* David Griffin is investigating the chemical ecology of Hypoxylon canker.
* A monograph of the genus Trichocladium is being prepared by Mary Palm and Elwin Stewart.
* The effect of oil shale retort effluent on communities of soil microfungi in Wyoming sagebrush grasslands is being studied by Martha Christensen.
* David Largent is working on mycorrhizae of ericaceous shrubs and on mycorrhizal succession in white pines. * In R.L. Gilbertson's lab, Donna Goldstein is doing a cultural study of Inonotus arizonicus.
* E.L. Schmidt is working on basidiospore production in vitro and using spore germination to investigate the efficacy of wood preservatives. * A revisionary monograph of the Arachnopezizeae is being prepared by --Dick Korf. * George Grimes says that the Colorado Mycological Society is sponsoring a Front Range & City Mushroom Project in the Fort Collins, Denver, Colo- rado Springs area. They will publish a booklet on fungi of this region. * As part of a project on utilization of crude oil by fungi from tundra soils, Paul Widden is working out the ecology of Trichoderma in forest soils.
* A study of mycorrhizae in cultivated crops is underway by -H. -E. Bloss. * The North American Mycological Association (NAMA), Harry Knighton, secretary, is sponsoring a North American Mushroom Watch, a program designed to establish the most prolific fungi in North America. Coordinators are working in 12 zones, collecting voucher specimens from volunteers.
* Frank DiCosmo is preparing a monograph of the Phacidiaceae and affiliated anamorphs. In the same lab, Shannon Berch is investigating the endbmycorrhizae of some ferns and fern allies.
* Daniel D. Jones and David Jenkins have initiated nutritional studies of the genus Amanita.
* Myxomycetes of Georgia are being actively studied by Lafayette Frederick and Harold Keller. They seek specimens from this state from all sources.
* Betsy Randall, working with Larry Grand, is studying ecto- mycorrhizae of Pinus strobus.
* A field manual of mushrooms of Iowa and the prairie midwest is being prepared by Donald Huffman and Lois Tiffany.
* Ronald W. Meyer has Donna Zook in his lab working on a master's thesis involving winter blossom blight of Iris.
* A study of the fungal flora of Table Mountain in the North Cascades has been initiated by David Hosford with U.S. Forest Service support.
* -A. Tsuneda and Y, Hiratsuka are studying mycoparasites of forest disease pathogens, especially those on forest tree rusts. * Red face department: One of your editors had -H. -P. Molitoris erroneously working on pseudoxidases last issue. Wrong; he is working on occurence, structure and function of phenol- O"id-s. That makes sense, now, doesnlt it?
COURSES IN MYCOLOGY
* David Hosford, in the Biology Department of Central Washing- ton University, is offering the following courses this year: Fall: Mushrooms and their allies; Fall, Spring, and Summer: hgushroom identification; Spring and Summer: Advanced mushroom identification. He sounds busy.
SEE W)UR MSA DIRECTORY FOR ADDRESSES OF UNDERLINED NAMES. * George Grimes, with the Denver Botanic Gardens and the Colorado Mycological Society, is giving a wild mushroom identification course at Denver Botanic Gardens. It will meet each Wednesday night for six weeks beginning Aug. 30, It costs $10. Contact him for details.
* The University of Waterloo offers a correspondence course on fungi and non-vascular plants, for credit. Write Bryce Kendrick for details.
* At Virginia Commonwealth University, Gerald Llewellyn will offer a fall semester graduate course on mycotoxins.
* Ira Salkin and John Haines will teach Introductory P~lycology (emphasizing applied aspects) in spring, 1979, at Russell Sage College, Troy, N.Y. On Sept. 24, 1978, the same pair will teach biology and identification of fungus spores in an aeroallergen workshop at the N.Y. Botanical Garden. This is co-sponsored by Cornell University Medical College and carries continuing medical education credit for physicians. Contact Linda Rachele, Education Dept., NY Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458.
FUNGI AVAILABLE FOR DISTRIBUTION
* Elmer Schmidt can supply sporulating cultures of wood decay fungi.
* David Lewis can supply specimens of Russula spp. from Southeast Texas, with notes on fresh material, in return for verifi-cation of his tentative identifications.
* The Boston Mycclogical Club, Patrick Peterson, treasurer, 21: I~manSt., Cambridge, MA 02139 can. supply fresh or dried speci!!~ens collected on their forays. Professional mycologists should contact him to make arrangements.
FUNGI WANTED (c=cultures, s=specimens)
* Myxomycetes
Harold Keller and Karl Braun wish to correspond with anyone willing to collect bark from living trees in Mexico for them. Harold would also like to receive Myxomycetes from living trees, especially from Georgia, Kentucky, Mexico, and New Zealand. * Chytridiales
Pure cultures of identified chytrids- G.S. Trelawny. Phlyctochytrium (c) - Donald Barr.
CONSULT YOUR LISA DIRECTORY FOR ADDRESSES OF CORRESPONDENTS! * Ascomycetes and Imperfects
Dasyscyphus and related genera ( s or c) John Haines. Acladium, Olpitrichum, Gonatobotrys (c)- H.L. Barnett. Spp. of Glomerella (Colletotrichum, Gloeosporium) from fruit crops- John L. Maas. --Phialea Belonioscypha, Allophylaria, Cyathicula, Davincia (s & c)- Steven Carpenter. Coccomyces (s)- Martha Sherwood. Trichocladium spp. (c or s)- Mary Palm. Spp. of Arachnopeziza, Arachnoscypha, Eriopeziza, Velutaria (incl. Tapesina) (s)- R.P. Korf. Also any Discomycetes from Macaronesia. Trichoderma spp. (c)- Paul Widden. Phacidiaceae- (s & c)- Frank DiCosmo.
Hypocreaceous parasites on rusts- Amy Rossman, Plant Path. Herbarium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14953.
* Basidiomycetes and miscellaneous
Lepiota sensu lato - Walter Sundberg. Phallales (s)- Wm. R. Burk. Aphyllophorales from Juniperus virginiana; wood decav fungi (s) from southern "yellow pinesM- K. Andrew West. ~ortinirius and ~ubaria'(dried- s) , with notes on macroscc~pic characteristics (Kodachromes are helpful)- Joe Ammirati. Dried specimens (room temp.) of spp. of Bourdotia, Basidio- dendron, Exidiopsis (esp. E. plumbescens & -E. calcea); Eichleriella alliciens, ~xidiaglandulosa, Calocera cornea, Myxarium nucleatum, Dacrymyces deliquescens (=D. stillatus), Auricularia auricula, and any species of-~remella-- parasitic on basidiocarps of Stereum. Information on nature of substrate would be most helpful. K. Wells. Specimens, preferably with color notes, of Entoloma(sensu stricto) and Nolanea- D.L. Largent. Glomus & Gigaspora in pot cultures- H.E. Bloss. Herbarium specimens of Amanitas EL notes; Amanita cultures w. voucher specimens & notes- David T. Jenkins. Fungi (c) suspected of being mycorrhizal with Pinus strobus.- Larry Grand. Rhizopogon (s & c); desert gasteromycetes or any hypogeous fungi- David R. Hosford. Endozoic nematode trappers- Caryl E. Heintz.
IDENTIFICATIONS
The mycologists below are willing to identify the fungi listed. Please contact them directly.
* Rhizopogon and hypogeous Basidiomycetes; desert gastero- mycetes- David Hosford. * Amanitas- David Jenkins. * Cortinarius - Joe Arnmirati * Lepiota sensu lato from North America - Walter Sundberg * Arachnopezizaceae, Polydesrnia, Lasiobeloniurn - R. P. Korf * Coccornyces; any Ostropales - Martha Sherwood * Leot iaceae, esp. Phialea, Belonioscypha, Davincia, Cyathicula, Allophylaria - Steven Carpenter
* Dasyscyphus and related genera - John H. Haines * Chytrids in culture - Donald Barr * Members of Aspergillus nidulans group and Emericella spp. - Martha Christensen
* Myxornycetes from bark of living trees, and Perichaena, Licea, Echinostelium, and Clastoderma spp. - Harold Keller
* Any collections of Calonectria spp., particularly if accorn- panied hv an air-dried portion from which the imperfect state c:oul.d be isolated; any specimens of "bypocrealesn" PI ec~sporales s tic11 as Fodonectria, Tubeuf ia., Vel ioliphil a, a~:d--~Puttemxnsi3- Amy Rossrnan, Plant Pathology ~erbariun~: corrieil L'niv. , Ithaca, YY 14953. Amy also has cultures :-)I' assorted species of Fusarium, C-vlindrocladi ~11i and --.Cyl j R- drocarpon (single ascos7)ore isolates o P hypocr?;
--.-FUBLIClTIONS WANTEC
'r r~omri:,!.hen~s P:~ppagianisWF~U~ d like to pl.lrc:h;tse n I-: "L!:itpri-al:; on the t:~x.~nomyor uther aspects fif the genus Agaricus are sough^ by Rick Kerrigan. * --Honald -W. --Meyer rlceds Nearing, The Lichen Book. Any condition is OK. * William -R. -Burk requests a copy of G. Lindau and P. Sydow, Thesaurus litteraturae mycologicae et lichenologicae, 5 vols. plus the 4 vol. supplement. * -K. Andrew West needs a copy of A.H. Smith, 1949, Mushrooms in their natural habitats, text portion. * David T. Jenkins would like publications on culturing of ~asidiom~cetes. * Joe Amrnirati wishes to buy the Methuen Handbook of Color. * Harold Keller would give a good home to reprints on Myxomy- cetes from before 1950, and needs vols. 34 to 42 of Mycologia. PUBLICATIONS FOR SALE, EXCHANGE, OR GIVEAWAY * Clark Rogerson announces that the NY Botanical Garden can supply free copies of the following publications and reprints (write Clark): Scheda & Gazetteer of Cryptogamae Formationum COloradensium Murrill' s Autobiography Pore fungi, Murrill Tropical polypores, Murrill Discomycetes of Venezuela, Seaver Hypocreales of Venezuela, Seaver Biography of Murrill, G. Weber Presidential address, K. Raper, & Annual Lecture, Thom (same reprint) Photo reprints of: B.O. Dodge, J. Couch, Dearness, Fitzpatrick, Linder, G. W. Martin, Julian Miller, Ove~holts,Whetzel, Zeller. Colored reprints of: --Aleuria - aurantia, Morchella esculenta, Plectania coccinea, Sarcosphaera coronaria. Miscellaneous reprints by B.O. Dodge, Fred Seaver, W.A. Murrill. * Mycologia Memoirs still available: #1, Edith Cash, Il~ycologicalEnglish-Lat in Glossary, 152 pp, 1965 $5.00 #2, R.H. Petersen, Genus Clavulinopsis in N.A. , 39pp, 1968. 2.50 #3, L.R. Hesler, N.A. spp. of Gymnopilus, 117 pp., 1969. 3.00 #4, M.J. Larsen, Taxonomy of Tomentella,l45 pp, 1974. 5.00 #5, Gerdemann & Trappe, out of print. Send orders to Clark Rogerson, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458. MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA Schedule of Activities at the AIBS Meetings Athens, Georgia, August, 1978 THURSDAY-SATURDAY, AUGUST 17-19 Workshop on Lower Fungi. For information contact Me1 Fuller, Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Georgia, Athens 30602. FRIDAY, AUGUST 25 Foray to the North Georgia Mountains. Leaves 8 A.M. from Stegeman Hall. For reservations, contact David Porter, Dept of Botany, Univ. of Georgia, Athens 30602. SATURDAY AND SUNDAY, AUG. 19 & 20 Meeting of the Council of the Society, 8 A.M. to 5 P.M. both days. Boyd Graduate Research Center, Room 109. PAPER SESSIONS MONDAY MORNING, AUGUST 21 SESSION 1. Contributed Papers. Fungal Taxonomy and Morphology. John C. Cooke, Department of Biology, University of Connecticut at Avery Point, Groton, CT 06340 ( Tel. 2031446-1020), presiding. 8:lO Introduction. J.C. COOKE. 8: 15 CAVENDER, J.C.*, K.B. RAPER, and A. NORBERG. Ohio University, Athens, and University of Wiscon- sin, Madison. Dictyostelium aureostipes and Dictyostelium tenuis: two interesting additions to the Dictyosteliales. 8: 30 HELD, A.A. Lehman College, Bronx, hi. Rozel- la allomycis: single zoospore gives rise to numer- ous zoosporangia and resistant sporangia. 8:50 SAMUELSON, D.A. University of Florida, Gainesville. The apical apparatus of eugymnohy- menial representatives of the Pezizales. 9:05 CARPENTER, S.E. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx. Taxonomy and systematics of the genus Cyathicula ( Helotiales, Leotiaceae) . UECKER, F.A. Mycology Lab, Plant Protection Institute, USDA, Beltsville, MD. Development and cytology of Anixiella endodonta. ROSSMAN, A.Y. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Morphological convergence of taxonomically diverse species in oneniche: some ascomycetes parasitic on Meliola. RECESS GRAY, D.J.*, and G. MORGAN-JONES. Auburn University, Auburn, AL. Some mycoparasitic fungi. POHLAD, B.R. University of Georgia, Athens. A parasite of ascocarps of chaetothyriaceous fungi from central Florida. MONOSON, H.L.*, and G.M. ROGERS. Bradley University, Peoria, IL. Species of Uromyces that infect New World Cucurbitaceae. RARONI, T.J. University of Massachusetts, Amherst. The genus Rhodocybe (Agaricales). HALLING, R.E. University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Collybia (Agaricales, Tricholomataceae) sectional characters of Section Striipedes. FARR, D.F.*, and E.R. FARR. Mycology Lab, Plant Protection Institute, USDA, Beltsville, Nd., and Botany Department, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Observations on the genus Stro- pharia in culture. STEWART, E.L.*, and J.M. TRAPPE. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, and Forestry Sciences Laboratory, USDA, Corvallis, OR. Austrogautieria gen. nov. (Hypogeous Basidiomycetes). SESSION 2. Posters. Authors are requested to be present at their posters from 9-10 and 4-5 pm. BOISE, J.R.*, H.A. BURGE, and W.R. SOLOMON. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. The contribution of home humidifiers to airborne levels of fungi and act inomycetes. KRAMER, C.L.*, F.L. LYON, M.G. EVERSMEYER, and T. I. COLLINS. Kansas State University, Manhattan, and G.R. Manufacturing Co., Manhattan, KS. Volu- metric airspora sampling devices. HOTINEN, U.K.*, A.E. LIMKINS, and O.K. MILLER. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of selected isolates of Pholiota, in stirps Adiposa. ROBERTSON, L .D , , and R. D . KOEHN. Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos. Characterization of the cellulase produced by the ascomycete, Poronia punctata. DAHLBERG, K.R.*, and D.A. COTTER. University of Windsor, Ontario. Extraction of autoactivator substances from dormant Dictyostelium discoideum spores. HALL, M.T.*, and C.E. BLAND. East Carolina University, Greenville, NC. Effect of malachite green on zoospore fine structure in Lagenidium callinectes Couch. ANDERSON, J.B.*, and R.C. ULLRICH. University of Vermont, Burlington. Biological species in Armillaria mellea. PAPA, K.E. University of Georgia, Athens. Genetic analysis of aflatoxin mutants of Aspergillus f 1avus . MONDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 21 SESSION 3. Contributed Papers. Fungal Ultrastructure, Physiology, and Genetics. Meredith Blackwell, Department of Biology, Hope College, Holland, MI. 49423 (Tel. 616/392-5111, ext. 3207 or 3212), presiding. 1:lO Introduction. M. Blackwell. 1:15 GAURILOFF, L.P., and R.J. DELAY*. University of Georgia, Athens. The fine structure of the zoo- spores and the discharge apparatus of Harpochytrium hedinii. 1:30 SPIEGEL. F.W. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The comparative ultrastructure of mitosis in two closely related protostelids. 1: 45 ELLIS, E.A. Universitv of Florida, Gainesville. ~em~erature-relatedstructuEal changes in the plas- malemma of the thermophile Mucor pusillus. 2 : 00 TRAVLAND, L..B. University of Washington, Seattle. Wall formation in resistant sporangia of Coelomomyces psorophorae. ANTIBUS, R. K.*, A.E. LINKINS, and 0.K.MILLER. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg. The Effects of temperature and cyanide on respiration of selected arctic and temperate mycorrhizal fungi. ALLEN, M. F.*, T. S. MOORE, JR., and M.CHRISTENSEN University of Wyoming, Laramie. Effects of vesicular- arbuscular mycorrhizae on the physiology of Bouteloua gracilis. RECESS MIELE, W. H.*, and A.E. LINKINS. Virginia Poly- technic Inst. and State University, Blacksburg. Extra- cellular soluble and bound cellulases involved in growth and cellulose degradation by Achlya bisexualis. STEIN, L.A.*, and A.E. LINKINS. Virginia Poly- technic Institute and State University, Blacksburg. Changes in cellulase enzyme patterns during induced internal branching in Achlya bisexualis. JOHNSON, B.E.C.*, and J.F. PRESTON. University of Florida, Gainesville. A uniquex-amanitin resistant RNA polymerase I1 from Amanita hygroscopica. MULLEAVY, P.*, and O.R. COLLINS. University of California. Berkelev. Sgontaneous and induced ploidy change& in the hyxomycete Didymium iridis. COLLINS, O.R.*, C.D. THERRIEN, and D.A. BETTERLEY. University of California, Berkeley, and Pennsylvania State University, University Park. Genetical and cytological evidence for chromosomal elimination in a true slime mold, Didymium iridis. LING. H.*, and D. MOORE. E.I. du Pont de Yemours & Co., Newark, DE., and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Multinucleate microcysts in a myxomycete. CLARK, J.D. University of Kentucky, Lexington. Senescence in the slime mold Didymium iridis. TUESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 22 SESSION 4. Contributed Papers. Fungal Ecology and Cytology, Carol A. Shearer, Department of Botany, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL. 61801 (Tel 2171333-2796), presiding. Introduction. C.A. SHEARER. REEVES, F.B.*, and T.B. MOORMAN. Colorado State University, Fort Collins. Ecology of VA mycorrhizal fungi in a semi-arid sage community. ALLEN, E.B.*, and M.F. ALLEN. University of Wyoming, Laramie. Soil inoculum and mycorrhizal infection of annual weeds and native and planted perennials in reclaimed and undisturbed prairie. VINOPAL, J.*, O.K. MILLER, and E.V. KOMAREK. Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, and Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, FL. Effects of pH and charcoal on the linear growth of higher fungi associated with prescribed burns. TAPLEY, S.C.*, and M. CHRISTENSEN. University of Wyoming. Laramie. Accumulation of trace elements by soil microfungi. SHEARER, C.A. University of Illinois, Urbana. Leaf processing and fungal succession in a midwestern river. HEWINGS, A.D.*, and C.A. SHEARER. University of Illinois, Urbana. An autecological study of Filosporella annelidica (aquatic hyphomycete). RECESS WARNER, G.M.*, and D.W. FRENCH. University of Minnesota, St. Paul. Fungi on forest birds in Minnesota and Mexico. GOOS, R.D. University of Rhode Island, Kings- ton. Field and laboratory studies of meliolaceous fungi. GESSNER. R.V. Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina, Morehead City. Spartina alternif lora seed fungi. KOEHN, R.D. Southwest Texas State University, San Marcos. The arenicolous mycoflora from beaches along Padre and Mustang Islands, Texas. MALIK, K.A., and L.R. BATRA*. Nuclear Insti- tute for Agriculture and Biology, Faiselabad, Pakistan, and Plant Protection Institute, USDA, Beltsville, MD. Cellulolytic fungi from saline and sodic soils of Pakistan. GAURILOFF, L.P. University of Georgia, Athens. Isolation of basal bodies and centrioles from Allomyces. 11 : 35 TAYLOR, J.W. University of California, Davis. The mitochondrion of Bullera alba. SESSION 5. Posters. Authors are requested to be present at their posters from 9-10 am. and 4-5 pm. 9: 00- HUNTER, B.B.*, and D. KENDRA. California 5:OO State College, California, PA. The variability of vesicles of the conidiophores of several species of Cylindrocladium. SHERWOOD, M.A. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. Generic limits and evolutionary trends in the Rhytismataceae. WEBER, N.S.*, A.H. SMITH, and K.A. HARRISON. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Spore develop- ment and speciation in Abstoma G.H. Cunn. (Lycoperdaceae). PUSPOSENDJOJO, N.*, E.L. STEWART, and R.J. ZEYEN. University of Minnesota, St. Paul. Conidiogenesis in Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. MC WHORTER, G.A.*, and J.W. KIMBROUGH. Univer- sity of Florida, Gainesville. Ontogeny of asexual spores in the Choanephoraceae. JONES, J.P.*, W.L. STEFFENS, and A.H. bin HUSIN. Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. Ultra- structural aspects of Nomurea rileyii on soybean looper. LAUBE, E.V. Department of Biology, NCCU, Durham, NC. Muckland soil mycoecology: Climax to one year post-clearing. ANASTASIOU, C.J., and L.M. CHURCHLAND. Univer- sity of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, and Water Quality Branch, Vancouver, Canada. Oomycetes from Marine Locations. WARNER, G.M.*, and E.L. STEWART. University of ~innesota,St. Paul. Penicillium species from fiberboard and southern pine. TUESDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 22 1:OO Annual lecture: Fibrillogenesis - a fundamental function of fungi. Salomon Bartnicki-Garcia, Univer- sity of California, Riverside. SESSION 6. Symposium: Approaches to the Teaching of Mycology. C.W. MIMS, Department of Biology, Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX. 75962 (Tel. 713/569-3601), presiding. Introduction. C.W. MIMS. LICHTWARDT, R.W. University of Kansas, Law- rence. The introductory mycology course: Are we losing ground? LOVETT, J.S. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN. Use of audiotutorial methods in introductory mycology. RECESS BUTLER, E.E.*, and K. WELLS. University of California, Davis. hlycology for plant pathologists A teaching program. GOOS, R.D. University of Rhode Island, Kings- ton. Laboratory exercises for general mycology. DISCUSSION TUESDAY EVENI,NG, AUGUST 22 MSA SOCIAL. Taylor-Grady House. WEDNESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 23 BREAKFAST AND BUSINESS MEETING. Presidential Address: The Xylariaceae: Systematic, Biological, and Evolutionary Aspects. Jack D. Rogers, Vashington State University, Pullman. SESSION 7. Posters. Authors are requested to be present at their posters from 11-12 and 4-5 pm. 'YHARP, T .P . * , S .V. OVERTON, and C .E . BLAND. East Carolina University, Greenville, NC. Fine structure of swimming, encysting, and germinating zoospores of the marine fungus, Haliphthoros milfordensis. SCHEETZ,, R.W., and R.K. NELSON*. University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg. Scanning electron microscopy of Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa. ELLZEY, J.T.*, and E. HUEZAR. University of Texas at El Paso. A n ultrastructural comparison of germination in Achlya recurva oospores and gemmae. FEENEY, D.*, and R.E. TRIEMER. Rutgers Univer- sity, NJ. Ultrastructural and cytochemical obser- vations of Allomyces javanicus. WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 23 SESSION 8. Symposium: Aeromycology. HARRIET A. BURGE, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109 (Tel. 3131 764-0227), presiding. Introduction. H .A. BURGE. HAINES, J.H. New York State Museum and Science Service, Albany Effect of environmental factors on fungal air spora. SOLOMON, W.R. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Airborne fungi in human allergic diseases. KRAMER, C.L., F.L. LYON, and M.G. EVERSMEYER. Kansas State University, Manhattan. The homogeneity of spore and pollen content in the atmosphere. ROELFS, A.P. University of Minnesota, St. Paul. Applications of aeromycological methods and data to plant pathology. RECESS TANSEY, M.R., C.B. FLIERMANS, and C.R. KERN. Indiana University, Bloominpton, and E.I. du Pont, Savannah River Lab., Aiken, SC. Practical aspects of the aeromycology of thermophilic and thermotoler- ant fungi. 3: 50 RUDOLPH, E.D., and A. JOHNSON. Ohio State University, Columbus, and Duke University, Durham, NC. Tree bar as a trapping surface for air-borne microfungi. 4:20 BURGE, H.A., and G.W. WILLIAMS. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Guant it at ive aeromycology . WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 23 7:OO Workshop: Aeromycology - Identification of fungus spores in air samples. THURSDAY MORNING, AUGUST 24 SESSION 9. Contributed Papers. Fungal Ultrastructure and Physiology. John P. Jones, Department of Plant Pathology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge. 70803. (Tel 5041769-0282), presiding. Introduction. 5.2. JONES. MIMS, C.W. Stephen F. Austin State University, Nacogdoches, TX. Ultrastructure of basidiospores and basidiospore formation in Pisolithus tinctorius.' HOMOLA, R.L. University of Maine, Orono. Reevaluation of basidiospore ornamentation ter- minology based on scanning electron microscope study. FLEGLER, S.L.*, and G.R. HOOPER. Michigan State University, East Lansing. Ultrastructure of Cyathus stercoreus. MAYFIELD, J.E.*, and H. TAYLOR. Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA. Microsclerotial develop- ment in Verticillium dahliae. HUNTER, B.B.*, and T.P. BUCKELEW. California State College, California, PA. Light and electron microscopy of the conidia and ascospores of Cylin- droeladium floridanum. RECESS GLOVER, S.U. Athens Area Vocational-Technical School, Athens, GA. Conidiogenesis in Sphaerostilbe ochracea Sydow. BARSTOW, W.E. University of Georgia, Athens. The ultrastructure of zoosporangium development induced in hyphal balls of Allomyces macrogynous. BARSTOW, W.E. University of Georgia, Athens. The ultrastructure of gamma body formation within the Blastocladiales. CHARVAT, I.*, and S. HSIEH. University of Minnesota, St. Paul. Characteristics of the plasma membrane of homokaryotic hyphae of Schizophyllum vary depending on treatment used prior to freeze- fracture. EMERSON, R.*, and S.C. WINANS. University of California, Berkeley. Documentation of facultative anaerobiosis and obligately fermentative energy metabolism in a lipid-requiring species of Pythiogeton (Peronosporales) from Costa Rica. THURSDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 24 SESSION 10. Contributed Papers. Fungal Physiology and Medical Mycology. JAMES L. HARRIS, Division of Natural Sciences, University of Pittsburgh at Johns- town, PA. 15904 ( Tel. 8141266-9661), presiding. Introduction. J.L. HARRIS. BIKDER, FL.L lgarshall University, Huntington, WV. Transport af C-L-Phenyl-alanine by the myco- parasite Tieghemiomyces parasit icus grown in axenic cul ture. JAWORSKI, A.J.*, and K. THOMSON. University of Georgia, Athens. Synthesis and turnover of poly(A)RNA during sporulation in Blastocladiella, ernersonii. KURUP, V.P. Medical College of Wisconsin, VA Center, Milwaukee. Immunological cross-reactivity among species of pathogenic Aspergillus. KLINE, R.A.*, R.A. CROCHET, and J.L. HARRIS. University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, Johnstown, PA. Response of medically important fungi to synthetic allicin and a brominated derivative. SHIPLEY, G.L. University of California, Santa Barbara. The effect of growth parameters on recognition competence in Didymium iridis. ALDRICH, H.C.*, and G.L. SHIPLEY. University of Florida, Gainesville. Changes in cell surface in Didymium iridis during myxamoebal growth. ABSTRACTS and unusually large oogonia. It produces large, EDITH BACH ALLEN" and MICHAEL F. ALLEN. Dept. of 1 multilobed, almost symmetrical sporangia. The Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 vesicles produced on release of the protoplasmic Soil inoculum and mycorrhizal infection of annual mass are rigid enough so that they can be picked weeds and native and planted perennials in re- off with a pair of tweezers as a ball of teeming claimed and undisturbed ~rairie. zoospores and transferred to produce single zoospore cultures. The most common Pythiogeton has many Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection percent- characters of Pythiogeton utriforme. The other age and spore counts were determined in native species produces a multilobed sporangium, each lobe prairie, disced native prairie, and three first year acting as a single Pythiogeton sporangium. reclaimed strip mine sites in the Powder River Basin, Wyoming. Root infection of Agropyron smithii ranged from 95) in the undisturbed prairie to 0% in one of 4ANDERSON, JAMES B.* and ROBERT C. ULLRTCH. Botany the reclamation sites. Spore counts were 217 and 10 per 25 g soil in the prairie and one reclaimed site, Department, Universitv of Vermont. Burlin~ton.-. respectively. However, the reclaimed site with the Vermont 05h01.--Biological species in Armillaria highest spore count of the three had intermediate --mellea. Our studies reveal that Armillaria mellea(Vah1 ex Fr) root infection while no infection was found in the - site with intermediate spore counts. These results Kummer consists of at least ten genetically isolated suggest that degree of infection is not necessarily "biological species" in N. America. Each biological related to spore density and may depend on such fac- species possesses bifactorinl heterothallism, but tors as nutrient and water availability, vegetative compatibility is discerned on the basis of mycelial cover, and plant competition. Three species of aspect rather than the classiral criteria (i.e., the early successional weeds (Chen~~odiaceae)examined formation of clamp connections and dikaryotic cells). were nonmycorrhizal at all 5 sites. Endogonaceous Cytological and genetic evidence silggests that com- patible matings in mellra lead to a persistent, hyphae were found in the rhizosphere of these weeds 4. -- but no penetration of the root was noted. It is stable diploid which has a gross colonial morpi~olocy hypothesized that the degree of mycorrhizal infec- distinct from unmated cultures and incompatible tion mav influence the rate of succession. matings. Monosporous isolates were obtained from 9h fruitins bodies collected in N. America. In pairings of iso- lates from different rruiting bodies the presence of 2 MICHAEL F. ALLEN', THOMAS S. MOORE, JR., and intersterility barriers was clearly indicated. All MARTHA CHRISTENSEN. Dept. of Botany, Univeriity of the isolates could he assigned to only one of the of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071. ten intersterile groups (i.c., biological species). Effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on the No instances of compatibility were found between physiology of Bouteloua gracilis. members of different groups drspite thc fact that a substantial number of pairings were made for each Nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal seedlings of Bouteloua combination of biological species. Nutrition'11ly gracilis inoculated with spores of Giomus fascicula- 'forced' matings of nuxotrophic mutants revealed no -tus were grown in defined axenic agal- media and soil heterokaryosis between two of the groups. and compared for changes in plant biomass, morphoi- Some of the biological species are distributr~l ogy, cytokinin concentrations, and water relatior!,. wi:lely in N. Americ.1 and are found in ;issociation Infection perce1,taqes were high (75'') in the agar wit11 a hroad ranve of host species inclu~iin:: both medium contai~-in '4t;corrhi ia1 , -,~r!l,~iiso 'iL1,i 15 JAMES C. CAVENDER*, Department of Botany, Ohio 12 HARRIET A. BURGE*, Internal Medicine, and GEORGE University, Athens, OH 45701 and Kenneth B. Raper W. WILLIAMS, Biostatistics, University of Michigan, and ANN Norberg, Departments of Bacteriology and Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109. Quantitative Aero- Botany, University of Wisconsin, 'ladison, WI 53706 mycology Dictyostelium aureo-stipes and Dictyostel ium Quantitative study of the air-spora involves accurate tenuis: Two interesting additions to the Dictyo- sampling methods and subsequent data analysis suitable stel iales. to the population. The morphology and behavior of two new species of cell- Air sampling technology has reached the point where ular sl ime molds are described. The species are very aeromycology car] become at least a semi-quantitative distant in terms of size and complexity of form, yet science. Two major volumetric'sampling methods are they show a number of features in comon and, in fact available (particulate and viable), each with inherent may be closely related. D. aureo-sti pes is re1 atively problems. The particulate samplers (e.g. Hirst spore large and robust, producTng mutiple-branched soro- trap, Kramer-Collins spore trap, and the varlous rot- carps without the symmetry characteristic of Poly- ating impactors) are limited 1) by their collection sphondyl ium. The golden-yellow stipe is a distinguish- efficiency and the variance of this efficiency with ing feature. 0. tenuis is smaller and simpler in various particle types; and 2) by the difficulties en- structure. The degree of branching is much reduced in countered in identifying captured particles. The comparison and, typically, a sol itary sorus terminates viable particle samplers (e.g. Andersen, TDL Slit) a delicate stipe composed of a single tier of cells, are limited also by collection efficiency and by the Both species are unusually sensitive to environmental major variables of spore viability and germination conditions. and growth requirements. Sound data description and summarization are an ess- 16 *CHARVAT, IRIS, and HSIEH, SU-IN. University of ential beginning step in all data analysis. In the Minnesota, 220 Biological Sciences Center, case of data that is not normally distributed (as St. Paul, MN 55108. Characteristics of the with most aeromycological data), the usual measures plasma membrane of homokaryotic hyphae of of central tendency and variability (mean, Standard Schizophyllum vary depending on treatment used deviation) may be misleading. Both descriptive and ~riorto freeze-fracture. inferential statistics are strongly influenced by the We have compared the freeze-etch characteristics of underlying population distribution. Most standard the plasma membrane using a number of different parametric methods assume normally distributed data. treatments prior to freeze-fracture or freeze-etch. If the data (or some transformation of the data) are These treatments include hyphae treated with (a) dis- normally distributed, then parametric methods are tilled water, (b) 15% glycerol, (c) 2% glutaraldehyde optimal and should be used (e.g. Pearson correlation coefficient, Student's t-test). However, if the followed by 15% glycerol, (d) 2% glutaraldehyde plus assumption of an underlying normal distribution 1s 3% sucrose followed by 15% glycerol and (e) 8% glut- not appropriate, nonparametric statistical msthods araldehyde followed by 15% glycerol. In these treat- are available and should be used (e.9. Spearman rank rents the P face (PF) of the plasma membrane is char- order correlation, Sign test) . acterized by a random distribution of intramembrane particles and the PF exhibits a distinctly greater data can be accommodated, as will be described, on density of particles than that of the E face (EF). the Lasis of chromosome elimination. The possible Hyphae treated with (a) distilled water and (b) 15% significance of polyploidy in relation to myxomycete glycerol have structures that are apparently invag- speciation and evolution will be discussed. inations or evaginations on the PF and EF; however no This research was supported in part by NSF Grant such structures are present in treatments (c), (d), DEB75-21171 to the first author. and (e). The plasma membranes of all fungal cells treated with distilled water are directly adjacent to l~e~artmentof Biology, The Pennsylvania State the cell wall; hence these cells are not plasmolyzed. University, University Park, PA 16802. However, a low percentage of plasmolyzed cells are present in treatments (b) and (c) and a higher per- centage in (d) and (e). Although the plasma membranes of hyphae treated by means of (a) and (b) are smooth, 1 9 KURT R. DAHLBERG*& DAVID A. COTTER. a high percentage of fungal cells have wavy membranes in the other three treatments; however, the addition Univ. Windsor, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3~4. of sucrose in (d) decreases the number of wavy mem- Extraction of Autoactivator Substances From branes. No particle-free areas (PFA) are present on the P face of the plasma membrane in (a), but a1 1 the Dormant Dictyostelium discoideum Spores. other treat~nentshave some PFA. Apparently glutaral- Freshly formed wild type Dictyostelium discoideum dehyde produces such artifacts as plasmolysis and spores require an activation treatment to germinate. wavy membranes. Additional investigations are re- quired in order to determine if PFA ai-e real struc- Spontaneous germinator mutants SG1 and SG2 and wild tures. type (strain Nc~)spores allowed to mature in the intact sorocarps for approximately 9-10 days prior 17 JIMMY D. CLARK. T. H. Morgan School of to testing, however, require no such activation Biological Sciences, University of Kentucky, treatment. This concentration dependent spontaneous Lexington, Kentucky 40506 - Senescence in the germination is mediated by soluble "autoactivator slime mold Didymium-- iridis. The diploid plasmodia1 stage of Didymium iridis has substances". Dormant spores of the SG1 and SG2 a definite lifespan which is determined by its geno- mutants and of fresh and aged strain NC~were type. Genetically identical plasmodia derived from duplicate crosses have an average lifespan which is harvested and fractionated to determine a.) whether specific for each cross and multiple sublines de- dormant spores contain autoactivator substances, rived from a single plasmodium all die concurrently. Environmental or cultural conditions such as and b.) whether the autoactivator substances are nutrient levels and transfer size have little capable of diffusing from the spores. Present effect on lifespan while high temperatures will indications suggest that dormant spores do contain slight1y decrease the average lifespan. Preliminary genetic analysis indicates that lifespan is under significant amounts of the autoactivator,substances the control of a complex additive polygenic system. While age heterokaryons, composed of fused geneti- which diffuse into the medium at different rates cally identical plasmodia of different ages, indi- dependent upon the spore strain. cate a positive gene action since the heterokaryon dies concurrently with its oldest component. 20 E. Ann Ellis. Depart,ment of Rotan?, I:niversit,y ot' Florida, Gainesville, plorida. (Ilailini: address: Insects Affectinp Man Fesearch T,aboratory, 1600 18 O'NEIL R. COLLINS*, C. D. THERRIEVI~and DONALD A. SW 23rd Drive, P. 0. Box 14565, Gainesvillc, BEVERLEY. Department of Botany, University of Florida 32604). 'Temperature-Belated S5ruct:lra: California, Berkeley, CA 94720. - Genetical and Changes in the Plasna1errur.a of t,he Themo:~t~ile cytological evidence for chromosomal elimination Mucor ullsilllls.- in a true slime mold, Didymium iridis. Tenperature-growth studjes of the t,hernophilr -I:!~cor The main purpose of this report is to present data --pusillus (~ooneystrain Yh, IdRRL f3l:ig) icle~tified from several crosses involving a polyploid clone, the minimum and maxinum erowth temperatures as 25 an4 CR2-25. These data, obtained from nuclear DNA meas- >5C, respectively. At 55C the qross rnor~tiologyor urements and genetic analyses of the F1 generations, the colony appeared yeastlike and no sporangia were indicate that plasmodia of various ploidy levels may produced. Freeze-fracture electron nicroscopy demon- be obtained in these crosses, and that the different strated structural ctianges in the plasrr!alemrr~a of levels apparently result from chromosme elimination hyphae grown at 25 and 55C as coripared to 'l5C (opt. following plasmodia1 production. There has been no growth ternp. ). 36 hour old colonies ;.row on prior report of this kind for any rnyxmycete species. Emerson's YpSs rlat,es were fixed briefly with 45 Developent of haploid plasmodia in a cross between buffered gliltaral dehg.de, equil ibrated at the appro- the polyploid CR2-25 and a haploid clone, CR5-5, was priate growth temperature; cryoprotected with 205 reported earlier in a preliminary note by Therrien glycerol, 5: ethylene glycol (v/v); and freeze- and Collins evelo lop. Biol. 49:283, 1976). These fractured by standard procedures. Particles were results have now been repeated and similar results randomly distributed on the PF fracture face of the have also been obtained when the polyploid CR2-25 plasmalemma at 45C. Particle free, smooth patches has been crossed with other selected haploid clones. and a~gregatesof particles occurred on the Po Originally, Therrien and Collins hypothesized that fracture face at 25C. Particle free areas occ~rred the polyploid clone "induced" the haploid CR5-5 clone in pits in the plasmalenlma at 55C. Thin sections to produce plasmodia apogamously, but all of the data demonstrated that these membrane defects (pits) at which have now become available cannot be accommo- 55C were holes in the plasmalema. These membrane dated by the earlier explanation. However, these phenomena are probably a result of alterations in ,T,,-mbr.%:'~. > '1 uifiity nnri lateral trkins! ational rnotion 23 DAVID F. FARR* ELLM R. FARR. M~COIO~~Lat,. , :' in%rmcmbrane nnrt iclec. The ~emhranealterations Plant Protection Institute, USDA, Be1 tsville, Md z,;:-rcJ1.ite wit,h ch:ini.es in r:rnwth rates and ,qross 20705 and Botany Dept., Smithsonian Institution, nornhnl,??y ,>' roi?rliec; at the car8iin:il temperatures Washington, DC 20560. ank: pr~h,i-ri:."i>i':ect, c~:L~~L-P:irl 1.ransport processes Observations on the genus Stropharia in culture. wit iiin :~r.:?:Jt:rT,:;r :he rl:~an~?ler.ur~n. A number of cultures representing four species in the genus Stropharia have been studied. Microscopic examination revealed an unusual hyphal modification 21 JOANNE T. ELLZEY* AND ELAINE HUIZAR. Biological of the vegetative mycelium. The structures ob- Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El served are short lateral projections with terminal Paso, Texas 79968. An ultrastructural comparison branches which become heavily incrusted with an of germination in --Achlya recurva oospores and unknown crystalline material. The function of these gemmae . structures is unknown, but they are not conidia. :domarski interference microscopy and transmission A survey of the literature suggests that these electron microscopy were utilized to compare the structures are unique to the genus Stropharia. similarities and differences between germinating This feature may prove to be taxonomically useful in oospores and gemmae as well as various stages of Stropharia and may contribute to a better under- ~ogonialdevelopment. Many "fingerprint" vacuoles standing of the relationships between Stropharia appear to coalesce forming large vacuoles in pre- and a1 1ied genera. cleavage oogonia as well as in germinating oospores and gemmae. Lysosomes are frequently prevalent at the periphery of large vacuoles. Lipids are very 24 DONA FFENEP* and XCHARC E. TRIEEER. numerous in the precleavage oogonia, oospheres and Department of Botargl, Rutgers University, New oospores until germination. Other organelles such Bmswick, New Jersey 08903. Ultrastructural as dictyosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochon- - and cytochemical observations of Allonryces Jria may be numerous in precleavage oogonia as well 3s in germinating oospores and gemmae, but are diffi- javanicus. Allo ces 'avanicus is a chytridiomycete belonging zult to detect in maturing oospores. +?-+to t e order P astacladiales. The morphology of the vegetative hj-phae is described using trans- mission electron microscopy. Hyphae are mlti- 22 PALPH EMEIISON* and STEPHEN C. WLNANS, Department nucleate with prominent nucleoli. Numerous pores of Botany, University of California, Berkeley, CA are present in the nuclear envelope. Centrioles 94720. - Documentation of facultative anaerobiosis are often associated vith the interphase nucleus. and obligately fermentative energy metabolism in Lipid bodies, glycogen granules and fingerprint- 3 li~i~i-rrquirin,rrspecies of Pythiogeton (lerono- like inclusions are scattered thmughout the sporales) froin Corta Rica. cytaplam. Numerous nicrobodies are present. !hi?:)cci*~-renc~ of a strictly fermentative system of Results of cytochemical tests demonstrating local- enirfi;r.,- '~:,t.:itolisa has been clearly de~lionstratedin ization of thian.lne pjrophosphatase and acid phos- tho blii~:,~~ci;%ciit!es(I?lastocla.lia ramosa) and Lepto- phatase are ~resented. Polyseccharides are demon- mil,:ii.:, (c-s-ind,:r~: !:L fermentans).?,!liogeto;? is strated by the silver methenamine method. aqo:hr7- i.2:.u; .>f s,luati c fungi lona- known for its ul7~clops.,r)si..: :#;I rz~rg~dpuia~tsubstrata in waters I,?! in c1xygcr-, 'Ag: preserii icolat 5, closely sislilar 5i ~or~:i,~logyto E. ligreccens Eatko, was obtained 25 S'l'AYLEY L. l:I.Li:!.l.ii, g;:\RY II. ilCi0PI:R from a ::i?;;r:ant rmnd in Co:i;a Rica where oxygen I'csticide Resr:;rLh Ccnzcr. Michigan state :r.v?l:; wv-rx, >:-I1 b-low one ppm. Using methods of lin i ve rs L - y Ir; 3111 :i;!ar,rc~kio: nr!alyzis closely sirrilar to thosr East Lansing, bl1 48823 i:r,ployed ir! TX La-boratcry previously, we have now Ultrastructure of --Cyathus stcrcorcus sno-m (ec ta:.le; that our Pythiogeton isolate is The life cycle anj peridiole dispersal iiicrt!*nis!ns or nxyr;en-.Lndi.peridcnt in it:. energy metabolism. maether the Nldillariaceae hnvc been known for many years yi.t in the prbi:,ence o-r t!:t g:o~npl~teabsence of oxygen, few studies of the ultrastructure of t11c:~c ~.ornplcx growt;i curves, dry wrights, tot21 acid formed, glu- fungi have been done. -Cyathus sterccrt.us hasidio- cose consimed; an3 rr,nlar prowth yields are essen- caqs were grown in the labordtory on Erodie agar. tially the ::me. No Pa:;teur effect is ~vident. Like The basidiocarps were prepared for study in the SE5l thc otlier fin[:i natc.1 above, this species of Pythio. and 'IEbl. Thc pcridiuin consisted ut' tb.rce morpholo- is 3 .:trang lactic hcid producer, very probably gically. distinct layers. The funj culus consisted of l;omofcr?~.cnt:itivc.T Like A. fermentans, it ha: an ob- three regions. 'The hyphae in t!~ese regions, the ligci tr rr 37 ADRIANNA D. HEWINGS* and CAROL A. SHEARER. Depart- ment of Botary, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 39 ULLA I(.. HOTINEN*, A.E. LINKINS, and O.K. MILLER. 61801. An Autecological Study of Fi losporca- Dept. of Biology, V.P.I. & S.U., B?acIisSur~<,Va. annel idica (aquati L hyphomycete) . 24061. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of A quantitative svstematic seasonal distribution study selected isolates of ~/Lo.&oL~, in stirps A&,?o~c. of an aquatic hyphomycete community indicates that The species concept in ?/whofa,in stirps Adi,g~da -.F. annelidica is one of the ecoloqicallv dominant A.H. Smith & Iiesler, has been investigated by apply- species. In order tc determine the niche parameters ing electrophoretic techniques to isolates that have characteristic of a successful colonizer of leaf sub- previously been exarcinecl for their norpholor_y and strates, a latoratory study of growth, sporulation mutual mating compatibility. Crude protein cxtractr dnd gemination responses to various nutritional and of soluble proteins from mycelium grown in iiquid environmental factors was made. !.laximu~n mycelial shake culture were used to obtain general protein qrowth in liquid culture on a chemically defined me- patterns and zymograms of esterases (al~ha-napht!;~l- dium occurs between pH 4-6 with ammonium ion as the amidases), phenoloxidases (laccases and ty~osinases!, preferred nitrogen source. No amino acid requirement and peroxidases on polyacrylarnide gels. :iarvestinc has been observed although alanine does stimulate a of different isolates for protein extraction was slight, but statistically significant, increa,se in carried out at comparable stages of development usin;. ~rowthat the 95:! level. Growth and sporulation are dry weight determinations and respiration studies as supported by a wide variety of carbohydrate sources criteria. Teroxidase and phenoloxidase z;.rnograrns at the growth optimum of 20 C, among them qlucose, showed wide srea?, of activity and :lo distinct bandin? xylose, fructose, cel lobiose, trehalose, soluble patterns were attained. General protein patterns and starch, citrus pectin and cellulose. Sugar alcohols esterase zymograms displayed characteristics t112t are unsuitable carbohydrate sources. Less than 20 made it possible to arrenge the studied isolates in hours are required for 99% spore germination at 20 C separate groups. This classification, however, did and no germination is observed after 1 week at 1 C. not completely follow results Iron the previous work In F. annelidica, many conidiogenous cells are oro- based on morphology and mating compatibility. The duced at different levels by branching of the conidio- chemotaxonomic approach to the species complex of P. phore and conidia are produced repeatedly from each a~~&vd!n(Fr. ) Kummer and P. hon& (Pk. j Sacc. conidiogenous cell by percurrent proliferation. showed that the species are closely related and can Abundant conidial production at a single locus may be not clearly be separated in this way. more spatially and energetically economical ihan production of conidia singly from relatively undif- ferentiated conidiophores (as occurs in most other species of aquatic hyphomycetes). The success of -F. annelidica as a colonizer of submerged leaves may be explained, in part, by its ability to germin- ate, grow and sporulate prolifically on a wide range of carbon sources at ambient river temperatures. 40 Barry B. Hunter*and Thomas P. Buckelew. 42 ALAN J. JAIJORSKI* and KATHLEEN THOMSON. Botany Department of Biology, California State Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA30602 College, California, Pennsylvania 15419. Synthesis and turnover of poly(A)RNA during sporu- Light and electron microscopy of the co- lation in Blastocladiella emersonii. nidia and ascospores of Cylindrocladium The synthesis of poly(A)RNA was monitored by pulse floridanum. labeling cells with 3H-adenosine for 30-minute inter- Selected isolates of C lindrocladium flori- vals throughout sporulation. A fluorescence assay danum were observed byYphase, brightfm using ethidium bromide was developed to quantitate and transmission electron microsco~v. These small amounts of RNA and facilitate the determination fungi were grown on glucose-yeast &tract of the specific radioactivity of the poly(A)RNA. As agar (1012~20dl) for 7 to 16 days prior to sporulation proceeds, the specific activity of the being examined via light microscopy or fixed pulse-labeled poly(A)RNA progressively increases with for electron microscopy. Ascospores and co- the specific activity measured after the first half nidia were double-fixed in glutaraldehyde and hour of sporulation being less than half the value osmium tetroxide and then subjected to dehy- obtained three hours later. In contrast, at progres- dration in a graded ethanol series, replaced sively later stages of sporulation there is a four- by propylene oxide, and kept for 12 hours in fold decrease in the specific activity of the non- Epon 812 resin. Gray and silver sections of polyadenylated RNA. Sucrose density gradient analysis the reproductive structures were prepared of the RNA indicated the synthesis of non-polyadeny- with a Porter-Blum ultramicrotome and stained lated heterodisperse RMA at all stages of sporula- with either a one percent aqueous uranyl mag- tion. Using 3H-adenosine as the label, some riboso- nesium acetate and Reynold's lead citrate, mal RNA synthesis was detected at all stages of or a saturated uranyl acetate solution. Light sporulation. Ribosomal RNA synthesis was difficult microscopic investigations revealed that co- to detect during late sporulation when 3H-uridine nidia and ascospores possessed definitive was the radioactive tracer. septa and a cytoplasm containing numerous Turnover of the poly(A)RNA was investigated by a lipid-like bodies. The ultrastructure of pulse-chase approach using 3H-adenosine. During the the conidia and ascospores was similar, yet first two hours of sporulation an effective chase was differences were observed. Simple septa obtained by adding 10-3~unlabeled adenosine. The were observed in each kind of the reproduc- specific activity of the poly(A)RNA decreases rapidly tive structures, but septa1 pores were only when cells are labeled during the first hour of occluded with Woronin bodies in the asco- sporulation and then chased untll zoospore release is spores. ~itochohdriawere numerous and most complete. This result suggests extensive turnover of often they were surronded by numerous peri- the poly(A)RNA synthesized during early sporulation. pheral lipid bodies, especially in conidia. In contrast, most of the poly(A)RNA synthesizeddurina late sporulation is conserved in the zoospore. Supported by NSF Grant PCM77-1495. 41 Barry B . Hunter *and David Kendra . Depart- ment of Biology, California State College, '3 B.E.C. JOHNSON and J.F. PRESTON, Department of California, Pennsylvania 15419. The varia- Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Flor bility of vesicles of the conidiophores of ida, Gainesville, FL 32611. A Unique a-Amanitin several species of Cylindrocladium. Resistant RNA Polymerase I1 from Amanita hygro- The vesicles and associated asexual repro- scopica In order to undsrstacd the basis upon which amatoxin accmuiat~ngsgecies of Amanita are able to develope in the prebence of these specific inhibitors of mRNA were observed sycthesis, we have examined the properties of mn- scope 11. The fungi were grown on a variety -tro RNA syntl~esizingsystems from several species of of natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic the genus Amanita. Three forms of DNA-dependent RNA agar media with glucose-lima bean and glucose polymerase have been fractionated by chromatography asparagine media being the substrates for of preparations solubilized from axenic cultures of optimal conidial and vesicle production. Amanita hygroscopica [amanitin accumulating species] Phase, interference, darkfield and bright- and A. solitaria [non-accumulating species]. These field microscopy were employed in studying enzymes have been purified by ion exchange chromato :, these fungi to determine as many microscopic graphy and DNA affinity chromatography, and have been characteristics of the reproductive propa- characterized with respect to salt and ionic require- gules as possible. Most fungi had variable ments and sensitivity to inhibitors of RNA synthesis. vesicular morphologies and anomalous con- Three peaks of enzymatic activity were eluted from ditions of vesicles were not infrequent in DEAE-sephadex for both A. hygroscopica and A. &- certain isolates. One isolate of C. crota- taria extracts. Based upon their positions of elutior, lariae produced a branched stalk dTren - with an (NH4)2S04 gradient and relative inhibition from the vesicle. A few West Virginia iso- by a-amanitin the three activities have been designa- lates of Cylindrocladium had branched vesicle mature ted as I, IIa, and IIb. a-Amanitin at 8 ug/ml inhibi- atalka-- - with vesicles at their apices. ted I by 0%, iIa by 432 and IIb by 60%. Three similar Other West Virginia isolates (isolated- from peaks were obtained from 4. hygroscopica, but peaks diseased nursery seedling tissue or from the I and IIa proved to be completely refractive to soil) possessed vesicles which were inter- a-amanitin inhibition while IIb was inhibited to a mediate between the globose vesicle ascribed maximum extent of 10% by 200 ug/ml. These observa- to C. floridmum and-the elliptical one of tions support those made for the a-amanitin inhibi- C. scomedescribed these vesicles tion by isolated nuclei and indicate that the RNA =a &hich neaated the possibility of polymerase responsible for mRNA synthesis in Amanita a-Gecies designation when applying vesicle species which accumulate amatoxins are uniquely re- morphology as the primary taxonomic criterion sistant to inhibition by these peptides. Vesicular morphology should not be used in this genus for designating species. 44 JONES, J. P., W. L. STEFFENS, and A. H. bin MISIN. Beach on :adre Island. A no-traffic beach area Department of Plant Pathology and Department of available only to pedestrians was also sampled. Foam Entomology, Louisiana State University Agricultural and sand samples were placed on seawater medium and Experiment Station, Baton Rouge, La. 70803. allowed to develop for at least 10 days at 25 C under -Ultrastructural Aspects of Nomurea rileyii on 12 hour light cycles. Since October 1977, over 20 Soybean Looper. genera of filamentous fungi have been observed. Most The control of insect pests is currently of much genera represented are terrestial, or facultative interest to entomologists. Nomurea rileyii is capa- marine hyphomycetes. Dendryphiella arenaria is the ble of having significant impact on soybean looper most prevalent marine species. (Pseudoplusia includens) populations under field conditions. To be useful as a control technique, however, the exact method of infection of the insect 47 by N. rileyii must be known. The indications in CHARLES I,. KRAMER* , FRANK L. LYON Division of the literature are that infection occurs by cuticular Biology, Kansas State University, and MERLE G. penetration. Our study suggests that infection EVERSMEYER USDA SEA, Department of Plant Pathology occurs by ingestion also. Loopers grown on an Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506. The artificial medium containing 3.7% formaldehyde were Homogeniety of spore and Pollen content in the sprayed with an aqueous suspension of N. rileyii Atmosphere. conidia. Although conidia were subsequently found Quantitative studies of the airspora are being made at on the cuticle of loopers, germination was not different locations within and around the city of observed. The first indication of infection was Manhattan, Kansas, USA. The objectives of these the presence of hyphae ramifying throughout the studies are: first, to determine to what extent the spiracle five days after inoculation. By day eight, population of airspora may vary on a quantitative and hyphae could be observed exiting the cuticle, and qualitative basis from one location to another within by day eleven, the fungus produced conidia. This a locally defined region; and second, to develop a study presents presumptive evidence that infection satisfactory method of monitoring the airspora of soybean loopers by N. rileyii occurs by inges- (specifically aeroallergens) to aid in clinical tion. diagnosis and treatment of allergies to airborne pollens and spores. Results, thus far, show that there is some variation in the airspora between loca- tions one to several miles apart, but that this var- 45 R. A. KLINE: R. A. CROCHET and J. L. HARRIS iation may be no greater than occurs in the homogen- Division of Natural Sciences, University of iety of an air mass passing over a single location, Pittsburgh at Johnstown, Johnstown, Pa. 15904 as evidenced by several samplers placed a few feet Response of Medically Important Fungi to Synthetic apart. This would indicate that a single monitoring Allicin and a Broninated Derivative. station within an area may satisfy the needs of A naturally occurring oil of garlic, allicin, has practicing allergists. Most monitoring of aero- been long recognized as having antimicrobial activ- allergens presently undertaken for use by practicing ity. The synthesis of the compound and demonstra- allergists is done with gravity slides. We are tion of antifungal activity in the synthetic oil recolmending that daily counts of aeroallergens have been reported by others. In this investigation (pollens and spores) be reported on the basi: of a modified synthesis and purification of allicin was numbers per cubic meter of air during the period of developed. Because allicin spontaneously degrades, the day when numbers are at a peak. Circadian pro- the tetrabromo derivative was prepared in an attempt files showing differences in the concentration of a to stabilize the compound. Yeasts and filamentous given spore or pollen type from hour to hour through fungi were exposed to various concentrations of a 24 hr period are being developed. Hourly differ- synthetic allicin and its derivative to determine ences will be indicated as percentages of peak their relative lethal and inhibitory activities. The concentrations. antimycotic action of synthetic allicin was found to be equal to the activity of natural allicin. After a 12 hour exposure to 112 ug allicin/d of broth, *CHARLES L. KRAMER, FRANK L. LYON Division of ten species of yeast, including Cryptococcus Biology, kansvs State University; MERLE G. neoformans and Candida albicans, were killed. On a EVERSMEYER USDA SEA, Department of Plant Pathology. volumetric basis the tetrabromo derivative demon- Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506; and, strated a lower antimycotic activity than did rlli- TENNYSON I. COLLINS G. R. Manufacturing Co., 1317 cin. Debromination resulted in recovery of allicin Collins Lane, Manhattan, KS 66502. which was antimycotic and had an infrared spectrum equivalent to that of the original allicin. The VOLUMETRIC AIRSPORA SAMPLING DEVlCES. Quantitative activity of synthetic allicin and its derivative studies of airspora by our group have necessitated against various fungi suggests that further in vivo the development of several suction-type air samplers. and in vitro tests be conducted. Additional deriva- 'l'wo of these, the 7-Day Drum sampler and the K-C tives should be made and tested for acti~ity. Viable Spore sampler are described here. The drum sampler is a volumetric, suction-type sampler-that impinges airborne particles on a strip of double- 46 KOEHN, ROBERT D. coated cellophane tape which is applied to the rim of Department of Biology the drum. The tape can be removed for microscopic Southwest Texas State University examination. The drum rotates past the intake orfice San Marcos, Texas 78666 so that samples may be time related. Operation may be continuous with a 115 V AC vacuum pump or intermit- The arenicolous mycoflora from beaches along Padre tent with a 12 V DC power source. An electronic and Mustang Island, Texas. timing device that can be set to activate the vacuum source over a range of operating time periods, is Sea foam and sand samples were taken monthly at tide necessary for intermittent sampling. Intermittent line from beaches on Northern Padre and Mustang sampling allows for battery power operation in the Island. Three of the beaches were high-traffic areas field where line electricity is not available. A and included Holiday Beach in Port Aransas Park on fully charged wet storage battery will provide Mustang Island, Nueces County Park, and Malaquite several days of operation without recharging. The second sampler is a volumetric viable spore 5l ROBERT W. LICHTWARDT. Department of Botany, sampler. This is also a suction-type sampler, but University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045. here the airspora are impinged on culture media con- The introductory mycology course: are we tained in a Petri dish to allow for colony development. loosing ground? The Petri dish is rotated just behind an intake orfice. Mycology needs a new image. Unjustifiably, mycolo- The use and application of these samplers in various gists too often are considered to be floating types of research are described. placidly down the mainstream of established know- ledge while other scientists are bucking traditional currents, stirring up the waters, and reaching for elusive sidestreams into new and unexplored areas. 49 VISWANATH P. KURUP*, Medical College of Wisconsin, Starting with the premise that mycology is an VA Center, 5000 W. National Avenue, Milwaukee, WI important and fascinating field of study that offers 53193; Immunological Cross-reactivity Among unlimited opportunities to students of every persua- Species of Pathogenic Aspergillus. sion, and that major contributions to scientific concepts are and will continue to be made by mycolo- gists, we should be able to convey more clearly to Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. fischeri, A. our introductory course students how fungi can terreus and A. niger has been reported from aspergil- contribute to basic biological knowledge, and about loma, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and in- their activities as decomposers and parasites and vasive aspergillosis. Diagnosis of aspergillosis is their multitude of practical applications and uses. based on clinical, mycological, histological and Most students in our elementary courses are not on radiological findings. These methods are always not the road to becoming professional mycologists. If feasible or altogether dependable. However, serologi- we want to attract to mycology the bright and cal methods, particularly detection of precipitating creative minds and prevent a slow splintering and antibodies in the serum of patients is considered to atrophy of mycology as a viable subject, we need to be useful in the diagnosis of aspergillosis. Al- expose beginning students to a greater breadth of though antigenic relationship of Aspergillus species fungal activities and all major facets of mycology, are not known, most of the laboratories use antigens including, of course, the more traditional ones. only from A. fumigatus in serological tests. In the But the apparent overemphasis in many of our current present study antigenic cross-reactivity between beginning courses on morphology and taxonomy of each various species of Aspergillus was studied using and every group of fungi night better be left to antigen antibody crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The more advanced studies. metabolic antigens were extracted from various species of Aspergillus grown in a synthetic broth for 3 weeks at 37°C. The broth separated by filtration 52 HUBERT LINGX and DAVID KflOORE L. I. du Pont ae hemours 8 Co., Haskel l Labora- was extensively dialyzed and freeze dried. These tory, Newark, ;E 19711 and University of antigens were used for immunizing rabbits and for crossed immunoelectrophoresis. fumigatus, Pittsburgh, PS 15Ll3 A. A. Mu l t inuclejte ?"llc.-ccysti in a Myxornycete --fischeri and A. fennelliae reacted with anti A. fumi- gatus rabbit serum and produced 25, 11 and 7 preci- Giant mu l ti nuc l eate cysts were produced in a hetero- pitin arcs respectively. A. terreus showed only one thal l ic, haploid c!one of Didyrnim iridis. Haploid precipitin arc while flavus and niger failed to A. A. miirciysts are gec2rally abodt 5-5 in diameter. show any cross reactivity with A. fumigatul antiserum. The results indicate that species specific antigens Ciant micrccysts are 12.30 21.7 and are very rare iv m;:t ::ICE:-5 zf 3idgmim which have been are to be used for detecting antibodies in the sera 5.3. : n L I,>:,T :77LO.S2-18, theid giarlt of patients. The result: also show that A. fischeri sLruct~~.~;-rs ?,:&I : r,.>i-scom:non and comprise about and A. fennelliae are more closely related to A. 2; f r:,e ;45: ;':Fu stion. These cel Is clay contain fumigatus than the other species studied. 4 nuclei whicn 3ppe3r to be at different ~loidy Icveli. Gicjnt cysts are not associated with the 5' *ELZIE V. LAUBE, Dep't. of Biology, NCCU, diploi~cr plasmodia1 stage; germination of giant Durham, NC. 27707. Muckland Soil Myco- cysts leads to the production of amoebae and not ecology: Climax to One Year After Clearing olasmodia. The effect of clearing and cropping of highly organic muck soils of eastern North Carolina on fungal populations is reported. The occur- 53 JAMES S. LOVETT*, Department of Biological rence and frequency of ascomycetes and hypho- Sciences, Purdue University, West ~afa~ette: mycetes were assayed using soil plates and IN, 47907. Use of Audiotutorial Methods in alcohol pasteurization techniques.Among three Introductory Mycology. sites ( cleared, uncleared, and cleared and The use of audiotutorial (AT) methods as part of a cropped for one year ) there were no signif- general mycology course will be described. The icant changes in the number of species or in three semester credit course, taught in the Depart- species diversity. Vegetational and edaphic ment of Biological Sciences serves as a first changes affected the presence of various mycology course for upper division undergraduates species. Only 22.5% of species occurred at and first year graduate students. The objective of all three sites, and 58.9% were isolated from the course is to introduce students to the "biology" only one site. Ascosporic species of Penicil- of the fungi, including descriptive morphology and lium and various pyrenomycetes were persis- life cycles of representative genera, classifica- tent, appearing with high frequency at all tion, ecology, physiology, growth, reproduction and sites. Species of Mortierella and Chaetomium genetics. The material covered in the AT-lab were most sensitive to changes in habitat. A serves as a "live" textbook and introduces the combination of vegetational and edaphic students to the basic biology of the major groups factors appears to be responsible for the of fungi. Each unit covers a major group or sub- disappearance of some species and the appear- group and includes discussion of the special char- ance of others. acteristics of the fungi using an audio tape, a study guide, and photographs. Students also then jt; JOHN E. MAYFIELD* and HAZEL TAYLOR. Department examine living cultures of representative species of Biology, Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia in the group. The lectures deal with general sub- 30314. - Microsclerotial development in jects such as growth mechanisms and kinetics, Verticillium dahliae. physiology, tropisms, sexual and parasexual The development of microsclerotia (ms) in dahliae, genetics, the cell cycle, spore dormancy, ecology, y. growing in polygalacturonic acid medium (PGAM), was and medical mycology. studied by a combination of phase contrast, fluores- cent, and electron microscopic techniques. There 54 "Grace A. McWhorter and J.W. Kimbrough was a rapid proliferation of conidia which reached Departments of Plant Pathology & Botany a plateau on the fourth day of incubation. After thc University of Florida fifth day there was a rather constant decrease in Gainesville, Florida 32611 the number of conidia in the medium. Microsclerotial initials were not observed in the medium prior to Ontogeny of Asexual Spores in the Choanephoraceae the second day. The initiation of ms development was indicated by an enlargement of conidia with Choanephora cucurbitarum (Ch~ane~horaceace)was bipolar protuberences which gave rise to chain-like first described by Berkeley in 1875 as Rhapalomyces filaments of globose cells. The earliest detectable cucurbitarum from decaying squash in South Carolina. changes in cell structure were the appearance of Since that time opinions have varied regarding the vacuoles and small lipid granules. As development existence of "c3nidia1' or unispored sporangia in this continued the lipid granules increased in size and genus. The genus is characterized by two distinct number while mitochondria exhibited alterations such types of asexual spores, sporangiospores within as the absence of cristae in portions of the ci rcinate sporangia and ''condia" borne in fertile mitochondria. By using 3,3'-diaminobenzidine, heads on ampulla. Recently, S.R. Khan and P.H.B. cytochrome oxidase activity was demonstrated only Talbot demonstrated that Cunninghamella echinulata in mitochondria1 regions with intact cristae. and Mycotypha microspora produced monosporous Nuclei were generally appressed toward the cell sporangiola and not conidia as was previously be- wall while exhibiting membrane discontinuities and lieved. Developing spores of cucurbitarium other structural anomalies. There was also an were fixed and examined with a Hitachi Il-E and SEM. increased occurrence of granular, membrane-bound Observations on spore ontogeny confirm that structures coinciding with the abundance of altered .--Choanephora also possesses unispored sporangia, not mitochondria. Altered mitochondria were observed conidia. in continuity with nuclei. It is suggested that a period of conidiation and conidial enlargement precedes the formaticn of ms in PGAM. The subsequent changes in organellular structure and arrangement are correlated with ms metabolic activities. 55 K.4USER A. MALIK and LEKH R. BATRA*. Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faiselabad, 57 MIELE, W. H.*, A. E. LINKINS. Depar.-cment of Pakistan, and Mycology Laboratory, Plant Protec- Biolom. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State tion Institute, Science Education Administration, Unive~ity. Blacksburg, Virginia 2406;. Extra- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, cellular Soluble and Bound Cellulases involved in Maryland 20705. Cellulolytic Fungi from Saline Growth and Cellulose degradation by Achlya bisex- and Sodic Soils of Pakistan. ualis . In the recent past salinity and sodicity have ren- Achlya bisexualis was grown in chemically defined dered uncultivable vast areas of Pakistan. Micro- media using glucose and cellulose as carbon sources. flora, particularly fungi, play an important role Evaluation of growth and cellulase activity in the in the ecological cycle on such soils, beginning medium by viscometric and reducing sugar generation with the salt-tolerant grass Diplachne fusca (L.) assays suggest that cellulase plays a significant P. Beauv., followed by the legume Sesbania aculeata role in degrading cellulose for uptake and catabolism. (Willd.) Pers. and usual. economic crops (1). Micro- Cellulase in glucose grown cultures exists as a sol- bially decomposed organic matter supplements salt- uble extracellular enzyme complex, while in cellulose affected soils with nutrients, and at the same time cultures much of the enzyme is adsorbed to the cell- lowers the pH. +ergillus spp. were of widespread ulose. Elution of the remaining cellulosic substrate occurrence in t!le salt-affected soil. Of the ten with NaCl fortified buffer releases adsorbed cellulase fungi tested for their cellulase activity, as in- %n a soluble form. Ccmparative electron microscopic fiunced by NaCl concentration, A. terreus Thom had examination of accumulated myceiia grown on elucose the maximum enzyme activity. 1; artificially salin- and cellulose shows decli~ingdry weights in cellulose ized and sterilized soil, Chaetomium globosum Kunze cultures after 96 hours can be attributed to losses ex Fr. was successful as the soil amended with it in cell wall thickness. had high C02 evolution and cellulase activity. Attempts to elucidate differences between soluble Several organic materials to improve saline-sodic and bound proteins have shown increased bound protein soils were tested. Xaximum reduction of exchangeable with greater (3 1-4 exoglucanase activity in cellulose sodium and increase in exchangeable calcium took cultures and'increased levels of soluble protein place with the treatments having organic amendments having greater (3 1-4 endoglucanase activity in glu- in the form of Diplachne grass residues, partially cose cultures. humified by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Curvularia geniculata (Tracey & Earle) Boed. and Drechslera australiens* (Bugnicourt) Subram. & Jain. 1. Sandhu, G. R. and A. K. Malik. 1975. Plant Succession - A Key to the Utilization of Saline Soils. The Nucleus 12:35-38. 58 CHARLES W. MIMS. Dept. of Biology, Stephen F. da treatment of a diploid strain of CR2-25, single Austin State University, Nacoqdoches, Texas 75962 cells were isolated and some of these produced tetra- Ultrastructure of Basidiospores and Basidiospore ploid and others octaploid Lines. Thus far every D. Formation in Pisoli thus tinctorius. iridis isolate we have studied has been sensitive to this drug. Cytological examination of treated cells Peridioles containing basidiospores in various reveals presence of individual winucleate polyploid staqes of development were removed from fresh cells and large multinucleate ones which when washed basidiocarps of P. tinctorius and prepared for stud) free of the drug undergo cytokinesis producing uni- with transmission electron microscopy. Basidio- nucleate cells. spores of P. tinctorius are produced at the tips of short, stout steriqmata. Once the content of the 61 K. E. Papa. Department of Plant Pathology and basidium has moved into the basidiospores the Plant Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, basidium disintegrates. The sterigmata remain Georgia 30602. Genetic analysis of aflatoxin attached to the basidiospores. Young basidio- mutants of Aspergillus flavus. spores contain nurnerous mitochondria, ribosomes and Mutants of Aspergillus flavus impaired in aflatoxin strands of rough ER. The spores appear to be bi- production were induced with nitrosoguanidine and nucleate and are at first highly vacuolate. As analyzed by means of the parasexual cycle. Comple- the spore aqes the vacuoles disappear and a drop- mentation groups were established by determining let thought to be lipid in nature appears within whether or not mutants would complement in diploids the spore. This droplet increases in size until to produce aflatoxin. Complementing strains generally it nearly fills the spore. In the oldest spores produced wild-type levels of aflatoxin. Parasexual examined the spore wall consists of an outer, crosses between aflatoxin mutants and tester strains electron-dense layer which includes the surface led to the assignment of aflatoxin genes to linkage markings and an inner, electron-transparent layer. groups. Linkage to w in linkage group I1 and to leu Basidiospores within the peridioles are embedded in linkage group VII was demonstrated. Other in a fibrillar matrix. This material is thought mutants are under investigation. to result from the disintegration of hyphae with- in the peridiole. Hyphae within the peridiole possess clamp connections and dolipore septa. The 62 BOB R. POHLAD. Department of Plant Pathology, hyphae forming the wall of the peridiole eventually University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602. disintegrate and the basidios~oresare released A Parasite of Ascocarps of Chaetothyriaceous into the frui tinq body. Fungi from Central Florida. A parasite on ascocarps of Treubiomyces pulcherrimus -- was discovered during a study of Chaetothyriaceous 59 HERBERT L. 510NOSO:I* and GLENNA Y. ROGERS, Dept. fungi from a Central Florida citrus grove. Closer of Biology, 1:radley I'niversity, Peoria. IL. observation revealed the hyphomycete &mbostilbella 61625.--Species of Uromyces that infect new world -rosea Zimmermann on ascocarps of the Chaetothyria- Cucurbitaceae. ceous genera ---- Treubiomyces and Chaetothyrium and occasionally on the Capnodiaceous genus Trichomerium. -- -- Seven species of L'romvces are known to infect Light and electron microscopic studies showed hyaline different genera of new world Cucurbitaceae. The hyphae ramifying throughout the centrum of the asco- seven redescribed IJromyces species are -U. carps. A characteristic roseate synnema projected pentastriatus, -1'. rats, ;. poliotelis,-- U. through the ostiole of the ascocarp. Conidiophores gave rise to hyaline biconic to lanceolate conidia. ---novissimus, U. caja~oniae,L'. anguriae, and 2. corallocarpiT iiost plants in the Cucurbitaceae Rhonbostilbella roses ;:as found producing conidia and new world distributions for each taxon have mainly during :at€ winter and early spring on been determined. maturing ascoarps. Observation of developmental stages of Treubiomyces pulcherrimus revealed no internal parasitic hyphae of Rhombostilbella until 60 PERRY MULLEAVY" and O'NZIL RAY COLLINS. Depart- ostiole development and ascus maturation. Synnemata ment of Botany, University of California, Berkeley, often broke off at the outer edge of the ostiole CA 94720. Spontaneous and induced ploidy changes - during slide preparation leaving only the internal in the myxomycete Didymium iridis. hyphae of the parasite. These could be mistaken for The myxamoebal stage of severalheterothallic iso- the sterile strands of fungal tissue typical of the lates of Didymium iridis were analyzed for ploidy centrum of some Loculoascomycetes. level by measuring nuclear DNA content. The Feulger, scanning microspectrophotometric method, using the Cytophotometric Data Conversion (CYDAC) System, was 63 PUSPOSENDJOJO,N.*, STEWART,E.L., and ZEYEN, R.J. used. (we have correlated chromosome counts with Department of Plant Pathology, University of DNA measurements.) Some clones are heterogeneous in Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108. Conidio- their DNA content. For example, one clone, Hon 1-7, genesis in Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. shows bimodal distribution, corresponding to haploid and diploid values, while another clone, CR2-63, A coelomycete identified by us as Botryodiplodia shows a trimodal distribution, with 2N, 4N, and 8N theobromae from Cocas nucifera, Elaeagnus angustifo- values. Subcultured lines from single cells of Hon -lid, and 9 sp. was examined to determine the type 1-7 and CR2-63 have values which are unimodal for N of conidium ontogeny relative to the proposed cate- or 2N, and 2N, 4~,or 8N, respectively. Genetic ex- gories of conidium ontogeny for Coelomycetes as put periments are being conducted to determine whether forth in Volume IVA of "The Fungi" (Ainsworth et al ., these intraclonal subpopulations are stable in suc- 1973). Observations were conducted using transmi tted cessive generations and to determine how their F1 light, phase contrast, Nomarski differential inter- progeny segregate in a series of crosses involviry: a ference contrast, scanning electron microscopy, and variety of ploidy combinations. In addition to iso- transmission electron microscopy. Emphasis was lating spontaneously produced diploid and polyploid placed on the internal wall development and external lines, we have been able to chemically induce ploidy surface morphology of the conidiophore and conidium. shifts in the rnyxamoebal stage using the mitotic poi- Elongated conidiogenous cells were quite distinct son isopropyl-N (3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (cIR). from the pseudoparenchyma forming the pycnidial wal I. Early log phase cultures were flooded with 100 pg/ml Time sequence studies indicated only one conidium CIR in 1'$ dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO). After a 5-7 was formed from a single conidiogenous cel I. Both external and internal walls of the conidiogenous predicting disease severities 30 days in the future. cell contribute to the cell wall formation of the Daily uredospore counts can also be substituted for developing conidium. Once formed, conidia readily disease severity in predicting disease loss without secede from the conidiophores. Therefore, we con- loss of accuracy. Various types of volumetric sam- cluded that conidium ontogeny is solitarily holoblas- plers have also been used to monitor disease increases tic. in diseased plots and fields. But the major use of these traps has been to detect the long distance transport of spores of plant pathogenic fungi and to attempt to establish the source of trapped spores by 64 F. BREKT REEVES * AND THOMAS B. MOORMAN. Botany retracing the movement of the transporting air mass. and Plant Pathology Department, Colorado State Such studies have tkmonstrated the intra- and inter- University, Fort Collins, 80523.--Ecology of VA continental movement of spores of plant pathogens. Mycorrhizal Fungi in a Semi-arid Sage Community. The vertical distribution of spores of plant patho- A comparison of a natural, stable ecosystem, a mid- genic fungi have been studied in less detail, but elevation sage community (MES), with a severely preliminary evidence indicates that the numbers of disturbed area (DS), an old road bed, within this spores normally decrease with altitude; occasionally, community revealed that significant reductions in the however, bands of heavy spore concentration occur at population of the predominant mycorrhizal fungus, very low and at high altitudes. The major use of --Clomus fasciculatus, occurred following disturbance. aeromycological methods in plant pathology is in In the native Irabitat, MES, 99% of the plant cover forecasting disease development and the need for and consisted of VA mycorrhizal species whereas in the timing of fungicidal applications. disturbed habitat, (DS), only 1%of the plant cover was mycorrhizal. A bioassay using corn (Zea mays) as the host plant confirmed the reduction in viable, mycorrhizal fungal propagules. After 30 days growth 67 ROGERS, J. D. Washington State University, Pull- the corn roots were 77% infected when grown in the man, Washington 99164. The Xylariaceae: System- MES soil buL only 2% infected when grown in the DS atic, Biological, and Evolutionary Aspects. Pres- soil. Significant reductions in the mycorrhizal idential Address. fungal populations also were found foLlowing less The systematic and biological significance of the severe disturbances of the soil. There is an following structures and features of xylariaceous extremelv strong correlation between the above- fungi are discussed: ascospores; asci; chromosomes; ground species composition ,ind the population of the perithecial development; stromata; conidial states; below-ground, mycorrhizal fungal co!nponent in sage host relationships. I conclude that Family Xylaria- community soils. In order to reestablish stable, ceae is not closely related to any present pyreno- above-ground ecosystems on disturhed lands in the nycetous group, although it probably has ancestors semi-arid West maintaining or reestablishing the in common with Fami 1ies Diatrypaceae and Sordaria- ~nycorrhizalfungal component is essential. ceae. I hypothesize that xylariaceous fungi were among the earliest associates of woody angiospermous 2lants; the first associations occurred on dry sites. 65 ROBERTSON, LARRY D. and ROBERT D. KOEHN* Subsequent evolution of xylariaceous fungi has taken Department of Biology place under various climatic conditions and types of Southwest Texas State University flora. Many of the most interesting xyla'riaceous San Marcos, Tx. 78666 fungi--particularly species of Xylaria, Camillea, 3nd Entonaema--have evolved under subtropical and Characterization of the cellulase produced by tropical conditions. Although it is likely that the ascomycete, Poronia punctata. tropical rain forests are "museums" for plants, their composition seems to favor diversification in Cellulolytic enzymes are induced when Poronia xylariaceous fungi. unctata is grown on filter paper. Cellulase assays Lth carboxymethylcellulose (cMc) show major peaks of activity at pH 4.8 and 5.6 respectively. When microcrystal line cellulose (MCC) and filter paper 6a AMY Y. ROSSMAN, Plant Pathology Herbarium, (FP) are used as substrates, the pH peaks are Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. reversed; pH 5.5 is the major peak and 4.6 is the Morphological convergence of taxonomically minor peak. A dual enzyme system may exist. diverse species in one niche: some ascomy- Optimal temperature activities for punctata P. cetes parasitic on Meliola. cellulase were found to be 55 C with CMC and 45 C Thc broad, dark hyphae of Meliola on living with MCC and FP as substrates. Assays using FP as leaves represent a specialized habitat that is a substrate do not rise above 1% total conversion frequently exploited by other fungi. One Sroup With MCC, 2.7% is converted and to reducing sugars. of ascomycetcs occurring as parasites of Meliola with CMC 4.7% is converted to reducing sugar. appear superficially similar. All have small, fleshy, transparent ascocarps and hyaline, elon- gate, septate ascospores, arid hyalinc hyphac? 66 A. P. ROELFS, USDA, Cereal Rust Laboratory, Univ. covering the Meliola colony. They belong to of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn. 55108 USA divcrse taxonomic orders: M)-pucreales, Pleo- Applications of Aeromycological Methods and Data sporales, Dothideales and Helot isles, and have to Plant Pathology. often been confused kith each other. In the For over 50 years plant pathologists sampled the air Hypocreales thc Nectrid leucorrhodina-group to determine the numbers and kinds of spores of plant includes species with uniccptnte nnd multisep- pathogenic fungi there. The &)resence of rust uredo- tate ascospores, some of which have been :~lncctl spores in rain water collections has been highly cor- in Calonectria. The only anamorph associatsd related with the initial annual appearance of cereal with any member of the ,qroup is a Cephalospor- rust in areas where the pathogen can not exist through iwlike phialidic state. Another group of out the year. Impaction trap catches of uredospores species appearing superficially similar +o the have correlated with local disease severity of the Nectria leucorrhodina-.group have bitunicate asci cereal rusts. Thus, daily uredospore counts can be and abundant, reticulate pseudoparaphyses. They substituted for biweekly disease severity data in are now placed in Melioliphila, Pleosporales. These closely-related species are differentiated 7l RAYMOND W. SCHEETZ and RODNEY K. NELSON*. Biology primarily on ascocarp ornamentation. Associa- Department, University of Southern Mississippi, ted anamorphic states are holoblastic belonging Hattiesburq, Mississippi 39401. Scanninq to Eriomycopsis and Chionomyces. Although the Electron ~icrosco~~of Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa. asci are bitunicate, species of Hyalocrea in the Dothideales have few, broad, saccate asci per ascocarp and no pseudoparaphyses and have not The development of Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa was as yet been associated with any anamorph. One followed from swarm cell through sporophore develop- helotiaceous discomycete, Calloriopsis gelati- ment by scanning electron microscopy. Motile stages nosa associated with ~riomycopsisminima, ex- were fixed with gl uteraldehyde, dehydrated, criti- ploits hyphae of Meliola and has an appearance cally point dried, and coated with Au Pd. Delicate similar to the above pyrenomycetes. sporophores were vapor fixed with osmium tetraoxide, freeze dried, and coated with Au Pd. Swarm cells were found to be uniflagellate when first formed, with a second fl age11 um becoming plainly visible 69 EMANUEL D. RUDOLPH*and ANITA JOHNSON, Dept. within 13% hours after germination. Fructifications of Botany, The Ohio State University, Columbus, at the prespore stage consisted of several layers OH 43210 and Dept. of Botany, Duke University, of prespore cells underlayed by a fibrous network. Durham, NC 27706. Tree Bark as a Trapping Surface The column proper was found to be hollow. Spore for Air-borne Microfungi. elevation observed by scanning electron microscopy in large, confirms the sequence described by Tree bark was examined as a pote~tiallong-term Famintzin and Woronin. Granules were found at the trapping surface for random air-borne microfungal base of the individual stalked spores. Energy propagules. The genera most commonly isolated from dispersive x-ray spectroscopy indicated the bark surface shavings from trees in discontinuously presence of calcium in these granules. wooded areas of southeastern Ohio included: Alternaria, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium, and Trichoderma, important 72 CAROL A. SHEARER. Department of Botany, Univer- constituents of t1,e aerospora. Examination of bark sity of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801. Leaf Pro- surfaces using scanning electron microscopy, based cessing and Fungal Succession in a Midwestern upon comparison with reference spores and other River. fungal structures, indicates thzt growing microfungi Rates at which maple and sycamore leaves were pro- are usually not sporulating being represented mostly cessed in the Sangamon River, Ill.,were determined by hyphal filaments. Some isolated spores are in two successive years. Per cent ash-free dry visible as well. It is suggested that tree bark- weight remaining, b protein, ? carbohydrate, and ATP isolated microfungi can be good indicators of were measured. Fungal species present were deter- air-borne regional fungi and that they do not mined by examination of leaf discs which nere sub- primarily indicate those that are growing on the merged, incubated in moist chambers, plated on river bark surfaces. water agar and qround for serial dilution and olat- ing on antibiotic PY6 (Cantino's). Leaf discs were also examined with SEY. Processinq rates were in- '/ 0 fluenced significan t!y by leaf type, temperature and DON A. SAKEELSC''.: kpartment of Gotany, oosition i~ths rjv2r and are similar to those mea- University of FI~ridd,Sainesville, Florida sured in other streams. Changes in fungal species 3261 1 ; The Apical !'.upa!-itus of Euqymnohymenial were greatest ddring the first two weeks of submer- Representatives of the Pczizales. sion and when temperatures increased in the spring. With the exception of Filosporell~annelidica, Discosia sp., Polyschema sp. and a number of yeast Morphological developmental and cytochemi cal exam- , species, most of the reqularly occurring species inations were made with light and electron micro- scopy on the apical apparatuses of four eugymno- have been reported from other streams. Succession patterns on leaves held in the stream were different hymenial species Pyronenia do~nesticum, Ascodesmis , from the seasonal succession patterns of a randomly sphaerospora, Coprotus winteri and C. lacteus. -- Ascal tips in all four species were notably thinner- sampled leaf colonizing community. A mapping studv walled than the rest of the ascus. Ultrastructurally, of a single leaf revealed that different s~eciesdid demarcation of the opercula was enhanced after not occur in discrete, exclusive patches, but cg- staining with silver methenamine. Wide zones of existed with a mean number of 5 per 4.2 cm2. dehiscence are formed in the outer layer of A. Mechanisms which might allow coexistence are: dif- sphaerospora and C. winteri. In P. domesticum the ferences in timinq of active metabolic growth and outerlayerof the ~perculumis differentially sporulation; reduced competition through differ- stained from the rest of the ascal wall. Wall ential carbon source utilization; hyphal "snacinq"; and spatial layering. dimensions in the multispored asci of C. winteri are approximately three times greater than those in the eight-spored asci of C. lacteus. The shape of the apical apparatus of C. lacteus is almost identical to that of C. winteri . Morphological and cytochemical similarities of the apical apparatuses in Ascodesmis, Pyronema and Coprotus help demonstrate greater relationship between these taxa and support the belief that these taxa are most closely related to members of the Otideaceae and Aleuriaceae 73 MARTHA A. SHERWOOD inhaled particles. Implication of offendinq fungus Farlow Herbarium, Ilarvard University agents remains difficult due to the complexity and Cambridge, MA 02138 continuous tempo of exposure. For many types, air prevalence data are the only indicator Of exposure Generic limits and evolutionary trends in the intensity. Diagnosis rests on correlations between Rhytismataceae patterns of symptom severity and exposure tempered by Present systems for classifying the genera of the evidence of acquired immunological reactivity from Rhytisrnataceae are founded on a relatively small num- skin or mucous membrane tests and serum antibody data. ber of conifer-inhabiting species. Investigations in Several commorl deuteromycete tdva clearly are sour- the large, pluriverous genus Coccomyces reveal a num- ces of the hay fever-asthma complex; small spherical ber of difficulties. In the present system genera spores (e.g. of certain penicillia and aspergilli) are separated on ascospore shape and hysterothecial can provoke allergic alveolitis. However, optimal versus discoid ascocarps. Ascospore shape, however, care will require a broader insight into the scope forms a continuum both in the hysterothecial forms and distribution of offending mycotic aerosols. Eval- (Hylscdena - Hypoderlne Z Za - Lophodermium) and discoid uation of the sensitizing potential of common fungi forms (Myriophacidiwn - Coccom~ces),and at least two that resist cultivation on familiar artificial media species of Coccomyces produce both hysterothecial and is one priority area for study. The role in allergy discoid ascocarps. It is proposed that co-evolution of many culturable forms is also unclear and immuno- with hosts is the main factor influencing generic dif- logically perceived infrageneric differences deserve ferentiation in the group. The effect of this as- clarification. Fungus exposures and resulting symp- sumption is to retain as distinct the strongly para- toms are often influenced by domestic and occupation- sitic conifer-inhabiting genera of Darker, group the al practices. Research priorities should recognize fol iicolous species of Coccornyces, Hypoderi,na, and this by endorsing fuller study of the air spora asso- Lopi-loder~miwntogether, and separate the corticolous ciated with specific activities and situations. and lignicolous species of ioccomyces from the foli- icolous members of the genus, an arrangement sup- ported to some extent by the microanatomy of the asco- FRFDERTCK W. FPIFSE'L* re-oartrnent of Botany, carps. irniversity of North Carolina, Chapel qill, h'. C. 275a The comarative ultrastnicture of two closely related ~rotostelids 74 Gregory L. Shipley*, Department cjf Biologics? Sciences, University of California, Santa i!ltrastr~ctural features of the tronhic sta~esof Barbara, California 93106. The Effect of Growth Planonrotosteli~maurantium and frotostelium myco- Parameters on Fusion Competence in Didymi um demonstrate that the only way that these two iridis. species may be distinguished is by the universal presence of flagellum-associated structures (basal bodies/centrioles, rootlet microtubules) in the The purpose of this work was to determine and former species and their universal absence in the characterize factors affecting the gaining of fusion latter, non-flagellate species. Examination of competence in heterothall ic amoeba1 clones. Amoebae the mitotic apparatus in each of these s-oecies are fusion competent when they form plasmodia with- confirms the maintainance of this distinction, with in 7-8 hr after mixing with another fusion competent P1.- aiirantium- havine- an o-oen. centric s~indleand mating type. Plasmodium formation was assayed using - 0. rvcopha a an onen, acentric s-oindle. The data a 1iquid assay (Shipley and Ross, Cell Differenti- aernonstrat: how comparison of clos~lyrelated ation, 7121-32, 1978). Using this assay it was found s~eciesmay be used to elucidate the importance of that amoebae newly germinated from microcysts are the mitotic apparatus for maintaining the cellular not immediately fusion competent (12 hr) but must economy of orgmelles other than the chromosomes. grow longer (24-36 hr) before reaching maximal fusion competence. Competence is lost as the amebae become confluent and exhaust the bacterial food supply (48 hr). The gaining of fusion competence is a function of ameba1 density and is not de- 77 STEIN, L. A,*, A. E. LINKINS. Department of Biology pendent on time of growth from microcysts nor the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University number of cellular divisions. Mating fusion com- Blacksburg, Virginia 24061. Changes in Cellulase petent with fusion incompetent amoebae does not give Enzyme Patterns during Induced Lateral Branching in rise to plasmodia as rapidly as when both mating Achlya bisexualis. types are competent. This indicates that both Antheridial branching in Achlya bisexualis is hormon- mating types must be active for fusion to occur. ally regulated. It has been reported that casein hydrolysate in the media mimics this hormonal stimu- lation of branching. Concomitant with this branching 75 an increase in cellulase activity has been reported. WILLIAM R. SOLOMON, M.D. *, University Hospital, Our work has confirmed casein stimulation of branch- Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109. Airborne Fungi in ing in glucose cultures, with new evidence showing Human Allergic Diseases. similar trends for cellulose cultures. During a five Two distinct immunologically mediated patterns of ill- hour period after a 2 mg/ml casein pulse cellulase ness due to inhaled fungus materials are recognized: activity increases peaking an hour prior to maximum 1)hay fever and/or asthmatic responses and 2)allergic branching. Cellulase activity is shown to increase alveolitis involving distal gas-exchanging lung on a mg protein basis both intracellularly and extra- tissue. The former types reflect respiratory tract cellularly. Cellulase associated with this branching inflammation in predisposed persons secondary to appears to be exclusivelyf 1-4 endoglucanase. reactions of tissue fixed antibodies (evoked by pre- vious exposures) with specific environmental agents. Alveolitis causes severe breathing difficulty and "flu-like" systemic symptoms. Its production may in- volve reactions of additional antibody types and/or sensitized lymphoid cells with substances from minute 78 Stewart, E.L.;'; and Trappe, J. M. Department of 80 SHAWN C. TAPLEYc and MARTHA CHRISTENSEN. Dept. Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul of Botany, Univ. of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 55108 and U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Pacific North- Accumulation of trace elements in soil micro- west Forest and Range Experiment Station, fungi . Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon 97331. Austrogaut ieria gen. nov. (~ypogeous as id iomycetes) --In vitro determinations of the responses of three species of microfungi to Cu, Zn, and Cd were made Vittadini (1831) established the genus Gautieria using isolates from soils collected at two sites based on two species collected in Italy: G. morchel- near Anaconda, Montana. One site is approximately --laeformis and G. graveolens. Both have longitudin- 500 m southeast of the Washoe copper smelter and is a1 ly ridged spores and a branched columella, but lack contaminated by smelter emissions (Cu 496 ppm, Zn an intact peridiur. of periclinal hyphae at maturity. 772 ppm, Pb 98 ppm, Cd 22 ppm-DTPA extractable). Dodge and Zel ler (1934) expanded thei r concept of Soils from a control site, approximately 95 km north- the genus to acconimodate species with a persistent west of Anaconda, have much lower Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd peridium of periclinal hyphae. Gautieria types and concentrations, i.e., 3.3, 3.8. 2.5 and 0.3 ppm re- other collections listed as such from Australia spectively. Two high frequency isolates from each resembled Gautieria sensu Zel ler and Dodge (1918) in site were grown in defined liquid media with trace possessinq logitudinally ridged basidiospores but netal additions. After growth for 5-7 days, the otherwise differed in several ways, most obviously nycelium of each culture was harvested, weighed and in spore shape and epispore detail. The Austral- analyzed for metal accumulation. asian species are remarkable in their homogenity and Initial tolerance determinations with Cu, Zn and deserve separation as a new genus. Gautieria sensu Cd have shown thst isolates from the contaminated strict0 have rounded spore ridge margins, with spores site are capable of growth at metal concentrations narrowly ell ipsoid to subglobose. Glebal chambers completely inhibiting the growth of control site are conspicuous with broad tramal plates. Hymenial nicrofungi. There appears to be no correlation, how- eien~ents are prominent. Our newly proposed genus, rver, between the mechanisms of tolerance and accumu- Huitrogautieria is characterized by spores with lation of trace elements. Harvested mycelia of all subacute to acute longitudinal ridges. Spore shape isolates contained Cu, Zn, and Cd at levels of be- is mostly ovate. Glebal chambers are minute with tween 100 and 1000 times higher than medium concen- narrow tramal plates. Hymeriial elemen ts are not trations. These findings suggest that soil micro- prominent. The following taxa are described: Fungi may influence the distribution of toxic trace --A. rodway i and A. macrospora as comb. nov. ; A. ~lementswithin the soil ecosystem. chlorospora sp. no~.and A. clelandi i and A.-costata are validated as sp. nov. 81 JOHN W. TAYLOR, Department of Botany, University 79 MICWFL R. TANSEY*, CARL R. I:LLE&IIZNS, and of California, Davis, California 95616. CLIFFORD R. KERN. Dept. of Riol., Indiana The mitochondrion of Bullera alba University, Bloomington. I$ 4iL01, and E. I. During a study of mitosis in Bullera alba (Lanrd) du rant, Savannah River l.;ih. , Aiken, SC 29801 . - Derx interest was developed ln tne form and the praL.ti(.nl aspects of thc ;icro~yc.ol<>pyoE thermo- process of division of the mitochondrion in growing pllilic and thermotolernnt frlnr,i. cells and in the form and function of the mitochon- Several spei,ies oi thi~~-m(>ptlilicand thermotolerant drion in starved cells. Light microscopy suggests, fungi art3 z~,oj~:~tt~:,;;i~ni<~, touii:tnic, ;indior '11 lergenic. and computer reconstruction of electron micrographs It is therel~,~-~>nf prc~cticnl interfst that hl~hcon- of serially sectioned cells confirms, that a single, centrat ions i,l i,,:l (,;!\. terming units of thcsr. hnrlcful complex, serpentine mitochondrion is present in B. species occur in .fir in thc vicinity of lieated alba. The transectional area of the mitoc!londrion t~nbitats. I4t. s:implcd air at n viirienv ol these varies over its length and suggests that dlvision hahitats, i:lcludiiig boiler ri~inls,dornitory shower prior to cytokinesis 1s by constriction. Starved rooms, steam 1 ine uutlets, liny lofts, chicken coops, cells also possess a single mitochondrion whose barn;, saw(iust piles, compost piles, greenhouses, anatomy is slightly different than that of growing catt Lc fccd !:rain sti~ragt.rooms, and rnanuri, piles. cells. Starved cells do respire, though at only 7.0% Host nf the s[~ccies lound werc ones which ,,ccur at of the rate of growing cells, but shortly after being l~:w roncc,ntrations in normal u~ltdoor air, wit11 supplied with qlucose the rate of respiration rises ...... ,Isi't ry;: . -,L; .. ,T:..~.r..tn predominat ing. :?;.-: :,;' ;I,;,; to 24.0% of the rate of growing cells, a 346.0% in- cr7!I?;;:-: r, Ltie et io~enof avian cipidemic phaeohy- crease. In conclusion, B. + possesses one large, phomycot ic cni.cp11,~li tis, occurred, grew, and branched, serpentine mitochondrion of variable sporulated at the im;:ledinte edge of heated effluents transectional area, which divides prior to cytokine- of nuclear prciduction reactors at the Savannah River sis. The mitochondrion of a starved cell gener- 1'l;int (Aiken. SC), hut not in other nearby habitats. ally resembles the mitochondrion of a growing cell in These data a1 lowed 11s to study aerial dispi.rsa1 of terms of its morphology, anatomy and function. The this thermotolcriint fungus from known point sources. form of the mitochondrion suygests an active, complex Detail cd predic t ive and retrospective meteorological orqanelle whose shape may change by constriction and data were used for selection of sampling sites to separation, growth of "branches" and anastomosis of allow us to follow (or avoid) plumes originating "branches". . , from 2. ,: z . '~.._'.-I growth sites. Air was sampled quantitatively h:., impingement and filtration, and semi-q~~aiititatively by settle plates. 2:;??,7ar,ki - 4 2JCLc;:a7)(i was isolated f rum air. Our results are compa=ed to those of recently published point-sourcr studies of compost piles, and relate to the puulic health significance of man-made heated habitats as sources of harmlul thermophilic and thcrmotolerant fungi. 82 THOMAS P. THARP*, SANTFORD V. OVERTON, and 84~.A. UECKER. Mycology Lab, Plant Protection CHARLES E. BLAND, Department of Biology, East Institute, USDA, Beltsville, MD. 20705. Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834 Development and Cytology of Anixiella endodonta. Fine structure of swimming, encysting, and germi- nating zoospores of the marine fungus, Haliphthoros milfordensis. The variously shaped zoospores of Haliphthoros This study describes development of the ascocarp milfordensis possess two subapically attached flag- and cytology of the ascogenous system of A. &- donta. Ascocarp development begins with the forma- ella (anterior tinsel, posterior whip-lash) . - Internally, although similar to zoospores of other tion of a coiled or looped multinucleate ascogonium. oomycetes, those of g. milfordensis have certain dis- Branches from the parent or neighboring hyphae or tinguishing features. Such features involve primari- both enclose the ascogonium and develop into all the ly internal organelle arrangement and vesicle types. non-ascogenous tissues of the centrum and ascocarp For example, mitochondria of 11. milfordensis are wall. When the ascocarp is about 130um in diameter, grouped anteriorly around the nucleus and the pres- a narrow central cavity appears above the ascogonium. ence of a "scalloped-f ringed" vesicle is noted for Paraphyses arise from pseudoparenchvma cells of the the first time in an oomycetous zoospore. Additional- centrum around the ascogonium and grow up into the ly, zoospores of 11. milfordensis are characterized cavity. The ascogonium gives rise to ascogenous by the anterior positioning of most cell organelles hyphae, from which croziers and asci develop in the and vesicles while the posterior of the zoospore is usual way. Asci grow up among the paraphyses, which filled with large multi-vesicular bodies. During soon disappear. After karyogamy and meiosis, eight encystment, the rounded zoospore looses its flagella, spores are formed in the ascus. Meiosis is typical undergoes a central positioning of most cell organ- and includes a diffuse diplotene state. The large elles (central nucleus surrounded by concentric bands spindle pole bodies in division I11 are shaped like of rough endoplasmic reticulum), and becomes sur- how ties. The haploid chromosome number is six. rounded by a spined, tri-laminate wall. Formation of Except for the lack of an ostiole, the ascocarp is the striatz spines is apparently extra cellular via typical of the Sordariaceae in structure and in a coalescence of vesicle-derived fibrous material. development. Cyst germination is typical and occurs via cracking of the spined wall. 83 LINDA B. TRAVLAND*, Dep't of Botany, U. of Wash. 85 VINOPAL, JOANNE"~, O.K. MILLER', and E.V. KOMARM~ Seattle, Wa. 99195 Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Wall Formation in Resistant Soorangia of Coelomo- Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Va., myces psorophorae 24060. Tall Timbers Research Station, Route 1, Box 160, Tallahassee, Fla., 32303. Tr,e mature resistant sporangium veal! is composed of Effects of pH and Charcoal on the Linear Growth tvo layers - an outer very electron-aense layer hgn- of Higher Fungi Associated with Prescribed Burns. eycombed with acparently empty spaces (3 um thick\, Increases in soil pH occur as a result of prescribed and an inner electron-gray layer (1.9 um thick). burning. All study plots burned in March of 1977, had The first discernible stage of outer wall formation significantly greater mean pH values thn the unburned is the apoearance of a line of electron density im- study plots. The linear growth of selected Basidio - mediately beneath the plasma membrane. There are mycetes and Ascomycetes associated with prescribed nemtrane-bounded irregular strings of material of burns at Tall Timbers Research Station and elsewhere t5.e same electron density throughout the cytoplasm was investigated in relation to differences in pH. v-icn rriorate to t\e periphery and are added to the Ascomycetes and saprophytic Basidiomycetes were grown forming -all. As tne strings of rall material are on a modified Nobles media (2% malt and 2% agar). inserted, cytoplasm becomes trapped betreen strands, Basidomycetes reported to be mycorrhizal grew best on f?rming the alveoli seen in the mature vall. The sec- a media of 1%glucose, 1%malt, and 2% agar. All ondary rall appears to be formed by the contents of cultures were incubated at 25OC. The fungi collected small vesicles, vhose membranes probably are used to at Tall Timbers were grouped according to their form a nev plasma membrane around the sporangial cy- dependence on burned areas for initiation of fruiting toplasm. bodies. These fungi were also grouped according to the The mitochondria of the mycelium have the electron- range of pH values at which they grew and the pH lucent matrices and feu cristae characteristic of value at which optimum growth occurred. The fungi the promitochondria seen in microaerophyllic fungi. which occurred exclusively on prescribed burn areas During outer well formation, the mitochondria degen- tended to have a significantly faster growth rate, a erate further, and are reconstituted during inner wider range of pH values for growth, and a higher pH !.all formation. They look normal at the earliest for optimum growth than those fungi only occasionally stages of cleavage into meiosoores. or never occurring on burned areas. When the outer wail is about half of its final thick- The effects of activated, pine, and hardwood ness, chromatin in the nuclei condenses, 3nd subse- charcoals on the linear growth of the pr~viously quent nuclear events of meiosis correlate with def- mentioned fungi were also investigated. Charcoals inite stages of vall formation. were added to the pH media $0 gi-?e $% by volume. The The results of this study imply that gas relations presence of the charcoals caused changes in the rate may piay a role in development, and that cytoplas- of growth of some species as well as changes in pH mic and nuclear events are closely coordinated vith values for the optimum growth of a species. wall formation. 86 WARNER, G. M.2: and D. W. FRENCH. Department of WEBER, NANCY s.", ALEXANDER H. SMITH, and KENNETH Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. A. HARRISON. Herbarium, The University of Michi- Paul, Minnesota 55108. Fungi on Forest Birds gan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. Spore Development and in Minnesota and Mexico. Speciation in Abstoma G. H. Cunn. (Lycoperdaceae). Three species have been described in Abstoma, another Evidence to imp1 icate birds as agents of long eight, originally placed in other genera, belong to distance dissemination of plant pathogenic fungi is Abstoma. Type studies have been completed on most lacking or circumstantial. The work reported here species; one species originally placed in -, A. was done to determine number and kinds of fungi longii is an Ascomycete and is excluded from Abstoma. present on feathers of free-living birds in two Based on our type studies, we recognize fewer than a wide1 y separated geographical areas along a major half dozen species in the genus. Spore ornamentation bird migration route. Sixty-two species of fungi, of all species studied was examined with a SEM. Two including plant pathogens, were isolated from principal types of ornamentation have been observed. feathers of 676 birds in 63 species sampled in A series of photographs illustrating both types is forested areas of northern Minnesota during 1967- presented. 1971. Fifty-two of the fungi were identified in the Fungi Imperfecti, six in the Ascomycetes and four in the Zygomycetes. The most frequently sampled species of birds carried similar fungi but in different numbers. Twenty-eight species of fungi, including plant pathogens, were isolated from feathers of 75 birds in 36 species sampled in the State of Puebla, Mexico in 1967. Twenty-four of the fungi were identified in the Fungi Imperfecti, two in the Ascomycetes and two in the Zygornycetes. Forty-nine of the birds were cloud forest residents indigenous to Mexico and 26 were northern migrants. Fungi isolated most frequently were found on both resident and migrant birds. Penicill ium pseudo- stromaticum, a new species first found on these birds in 1967 (Mycologia 62: 1106), was relatively common and one of the most frequently isolated species of Penicillium. 87 WARNER, G. W." and STEWART, E. L. Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108. Penicillium Species from Fiberboard and Southern Pine. Species of Penicillium have been isolated from a variety of wood and wood products tiiroughout the world (Stewart, et al., in press). Penicillium spp. are k~lownto be the cause of discolorations of many wood product',, including stain of lap stock, This study was initiated to detemine what species of Penicil l ium were present in exposed piles of fiber- board in Minnesota and from southern pine in test plots in Gulf Port, Mississippi. Surface disinfected and non-sterilized samples were piaced on nutrient media and the Penicillium colonies were isolated into pure culture. The following species have been identified using the standard techniques of Raper and Fennel l (A Manual of the Penici 11 ia, 1949): P. acul ea tun, P. commune, P. decumbens, 1. fel l utanum, -P. frequentans, P. notatum, P. purpurogenum, P. --steckii, P. waksmani. To our knowledge this is the first record of P. aculeatum from wood products. AUTHOR INDEX (Numbers refer to abstract numbers) Allen, E. B. 1 Homola, R.L. 38 Allen, M. F. 1,2 Hooper, G.R. 25 Anastasiou, C. J. 3 Hotinen, U.K. 39 Anderson, J. B. 4 Hsieh, S.I. 16 Antibus, R. K. 5 Huizar, E. 21 Baroni, T. J. 6 Hunter, B.B. 40,41 Barstow, W. E. 7,8 Husin, A.H. bin 44 Bartnicki-Garcia, S. 9 Jaworski, A.J. 42 Batra, L. R. 55 Johnson, A. 69 Betterley, D.A. 18 Johnson, B.E.C. 43 Binder, F. L. 10 Jones, J.P. 44 Bland, C.E. 34,81 Kendra, D. 41 Boise, J.R. 11 Kern, C.R. 79 Buckelew, T.P. 40 Kimbrough, J .W. 54 Burge, H.A. 11,12 Kline, R.A. 45 Butler, E.E. 13 Koehn, R.D. 46,65 Carpenter, S.E. 14 Komarek, E. V. 85 Cavender, J.C. 15 Kramer, C.L. 47,48 Charvat, I. 16 Kurup, V.P. 49 Christensen, M. 2,80 Laube, E.V. 50 Churchland, L.M. 2 Lichtwardt, R.W. 51 Clark, J.D. 17 Ling, H. 52 Collins, O.R. 18,60 Linkins, A. E. 5,39 Collins, T.I. 48 57,77 Cotter, D.A. 19 Lovett, J.S. 53 Crochet, R.A. 45 Lyon, F.L. 47,48 Dahlberg, K.R. 19 McWhort er , G .A. 54 Delay, R.J. 27 Malik, K.A. 55 Ellis E.A. 20 Mayfield, J.E. 56 Ellzey, J.T. 21 Miele, W.H. 57 Emerson. R. 22 Miller, O.K. 5,39,85 ~versmeyer,M.G. 47,48 Mims, C.W. 58 Farr, D.F. 23 Monoson, H.L. 59 Farr, E.R. 23 Moore, D. 52 Feeney, D. 24 Moore, T.S., Jr. 2 Flegler, S.L. 25 Moarman, T.B. 64 Fliermans, C.B. 79 Morgan-Jones, G. 32 French, D.W. Mulleavy, P. 60 Gauriloff, L.P. Nelson, R.K. 71 Gessner, R.V. Norberg, A. 15 Glover, S.U. Overton, S.V. 82 Goos, R.D. Papa, K.E. 61 Gray, D.J. Pohlad, B.R. 62 Haines, J.H. Preston, J.F. 43 Hall, M.T. Pusposendjojo, N. 63 Halling, R.B. Raper, K.B. 15 Harris, J.L. Reeves, F.B. 64 Harrison, K.A. Robertson, L.D. 65 Held, A.A. Roelfs, A.P. 66 Hewings, A.D. Rogers, G.M. 59 Rogers, J.D. 67 Rossman, A.Y. 68 Rudolph, E .D. 69 Samuelson, D.A. 70 Scheetz, R.W. 71 Shearer, C.A. 37,72 Sherwood, M.A. 73 Shipley, G.L. 74 Smith, A.N. 88 Solomon, W.R. 11,75 Spiegel , F. W. 76 Steffins, W.L. 44 Stein, L.A. 77 Stewart, E.L. 63,78,87 Tansey, M.R. 79 Tapley, S.C. 80 Taylor, H. 56 Taylor, J.W. 81 Tharp, T.P. 82 Therrien, C.D. 18 Thornson, K. 42 Trappe, J.M. 78 Travland, L.B. 83 Triemer, R.E. 24 Uecker, F.A. 84 Ullrich, R.C. 4 Vinopal , J. 85 Warner, G. h!. 86 Warner, G.W. 87 Weber, N.S. 88 Wells, K. 13 Williams, G.lV. 12 Winans, S.C. 22 Zeyen, R.J. 63 #6, Wehmeyer, Pyrenomycetous Fungi, $20.00 from Lubrecht & Cramer, RFD 1, Box 227, Monticello, NY 12701 (reg. price $32). #7, M. Barr, Diaporthales of N.A. with emphasis on Gnomonia & its Segregates, in press at Cramer, will be available to MSA members at reduced price. For sale by Darrell -Cox (all in new condition): Overholts, Polyporaceae of U.S., Alaska, & Canada $12.00 CMI Plant Pathologists Pocketbook 5.00 Den Ouden, Manual of Cultivated Conifers 12.50 Guggisberg, Wild cats of the world 10.00 Fink, Lichen Flora of the U.S. 11.50 C. W. Hesseltine wishes to exchange reprints on Mucorales and foods prepared by fermentation using microorganisms. Charles R. Manclark, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bureau of Biologics, Bethesda, MD 20014 is selling unbound volumes 63 through 100 of Journal of Bacteriology. He says to make him an offer. Olaf K. Ribeiro, 380 Highlander Dr., Riverside, CA 92507 offers charts describing the characteristics of Phytoph- thora spp., in two sizes: 8x11 in, 50q each, and 16x18 in., $4.75 each, postpaid. Bryce Kendrick's illustrations of 200 genera of Coelomycetes are availabLe from him, as Fascicles I-X of "Icones Generum Coelomycetum". The set costs $26. --John L. -Maas offers for sale the following: Mycologla, vols. 60 & 63, $5 per vol. vol. 58, #l; vol. 55, #1,5,6; $1 per number Phytopathology, v. 54, #3-12, $1 per number or $5 for all B.A. Rudolph, 1931. Verticillium hadromycosis. Hilgardia 5(9): 197-361, $5. Paul A. Zahl, 1965. Bizarre world of the fungi, Natl. Geog. 128(4), $1. W.R. Hunt, 1926. Uredinales or rusts of Conn. & other New England States. Conn. St. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 36, 198 pp. $5. G.H. Cunningham, 1923. Uredinales of New Zealand, pt. 1, Pucciniaceae, Tribe Puccineae. Trans. New Zeal. Inst. 54: 619-704. S.M. Zel-$e~,1939. Developmental Biology of Alpova. Or. St. Monogr. 2. $3. R. Sprague & A.G. Johnson, Spp. of Selenophoma on N.A. grasses. Or. St. Monogr. 10, 43 pp, $5. H.E. Bloss is selling: Mycologia v. 62-70, $15/vol.; Phytopathology v. 50-68, $15/vol. Nan Sparrow (Mrs. F.K.) wishes to sell some of Prof. Sparrow's reprints and books. A list and prices can be obtained by writing herat1922 Day St., Ann Arbor, MI 48104. * --John H. Haines reports that the NY State Museum still has a quantity of the original State Botanist Reports by C.H. Peck for sale. Contact him. (Haines) * The editor has received a poem entitled "Ode to a fungus" from Jane C. Trolinger, a graduate student at West Virginia University. The editorial board of the News- letter agrees that it is too lengthy to reprint in its entirety. However, we will print the first two lines below as a sample: "0 fungus, o fungus, Art thou among us? Thou who makest mushrooms, puffballs, bird's nests, earthstars and stinkhorns. . . " Anyone wishing the full text of this creation can receive one free of charge by sending the editor a self-addressed, stamped envelope. * Films Department: J.F. Morgan-Jones sent the follolving informaticn about a new film entitled "The Moulds We Lirre With". r-- ; t .ie Dept. of Botany, Univ. of Toronto, hzs just ..- releas,::c! ' ,Tl-.e Youlds We Live With", a 16 min. cr?l;~?u~f llnrt a'nou~; r'li:lzi. and horn they affect our daily live..-. The f i lm has ar! :naginat ivt. approach and in5e1.enz hurr~or.. It details lsoiation techniques and culture maintenance and is appropriate for first, year biology courses. D-i:st~-iSut~;dhy Viking Film: Ltd., 525 Denison, hlarkharn, Ontario, Canada. Phene 416-495-0522. --FRLLOI~SII IPS --AhQ ASS I $STANTSHIPS-- AVAILABLSE a Assist sntship.; ;~reavai lablLe far graduat~students at the !'oilowing inst it~tions: !.iniversitv s)f ?)!sine - contact chairmzn, B~tanyat?d Plant ~ath,'?lo~~Dep t . , Orono @I473 Wayne Statc Ucli~ersit;~- Wm. Tin~berlake,Uepc. of Biology, Det~:oi.t,-. Mich. 48202 Syracuse nniversitg - I?a.vid Griffin, Botliny Dept . , C'oL1, of Eny-. . & Fcresiry, Syracuse, NY 1.3210 Eu~holcitState TJnis.. - David La.rgent, Dept. of Biology, Arcata, CA 95521 Texas Tech University --- Caryl Heintx, Biol. Sciences, Llubbock, TX 79409 Souxhern Illinois Univ. - W.J. Sundberg, Dept. of Bot.any, Carbondale, IL 62901 Wright State Univ. - Harold Reller, Dept. of Mlcrobio!ogy & I~nrnunology, Dayton, OH 45431 * The New York Botanical Garden has available for advanced predoctoral study the Gertrude S. Burlingham Fellowship in Mycology for 1978 and 1979. The stipend is $1000 to 1500. Work may begin at any time after July 1, 1978 and can continue for up to 3 months. Graduate students in mycology who need to use the herbarium, laboratory, and library of the Garden are especially urged to apply for these fellowships. Field work can be combined with studies at the Garden. Send nominations or applications to Clark Rogerson, NY Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458. Two letters of support should ac- company the application. POSITIONS WANTED * The following are seeking mycologically related jobs: David P. Muehleisen - 23-3 Tamaron Dr., Waldwick, NJ 07463. ~ecent-M.S. from Clemson University with Clyde Umphlett. Specific interests in "Phycomycetes" and insect pathogens such as Lagenidium giganteum. * William Jaspers, 111, 1501 East Burnsville Crosstown, Apt. 515A, Burnsville, Minn. 55337 - would like job involving chemical analysis of wild mushrooms for toxins and/or nutritional analysis. Also interested in commercial culture of presently wild species. Prefers * Pramod -K. Gaur - Botany Dept. Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045. Will receive Ph.D. Dec., '78 with Bob Lichtwardt. Interested in postdoctoral, academic, or industrial position Starting date, Jan., '79. Dissertation includes a method for rapid identification and direct isolation of allozymic and other phenotypic variations in nxtllral populations of --His toplasma capsulatum. PERSONALS * Deaths: William -C. Solheim, former MSB western councilor and resear-ch mycologist, teacher, department head, and dean at zhe Univcr-- sity of Wyoming over a span of nearly 50 years, died in 1,aramri.e on May 15, 1978. His personal mycological herbarium containing about 50,000 specimens has been given to the Department of Botany and will be housed in association with the Roclcy Mountain Herbarium. A W .G. Solheim Scholarship Fund established in his memory is currently accepting contri- butions. It will be administered by the University and the Department. He is survived by his wife, Ragnhild. Ruth Marion Horner Arnold died on June 1, 1978 at the Ottawa Civic Hospital. She is survived by her husband, Dr. John Arnold, her mother, Mrs. Hazel Horner of London, Ontario, and brother, Victor H. Horner. Ruth was a keen naturalist and specialized on the life histories and taxonomy of pyreno- mycetes on trees and shrubs. She collaborated in studies of tree diseases, notably birch die-back. She studied with Dr. J.H. Miller at Georgia and with Dr. L.E. Wehmeyer at Michigan, working on taxonomy of Xylariaceae. She had more recently studied collections at Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew. She graduated from University of Western Ontario in 1944, and received her Master's degree in 1948. @he joined the staff of Agriculture Canada in 1946 and, until her death, was a member of the Mycology Section of the Biosystematics Research Institute. Her friends will remember her generous spirit and concern for the welfare of others. * Honors, awards, and promotions: Doug Savile was awarded the D. Sc. (Honoris causa) by McGill University, June 3, 1978. Ollie C. Williamson was appointed chairman of the Department of ~ioro~yat Tuskegee Institute in Alabama in August, 1977. Estelle Levetin was promoted to Associate Professor of Botany at the University of Tulsa. Robert A. Fromtling won the Graduate Dean's Research Prize for the-2nd cons~cutiveyear at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center ~EaduateResearch Day held in March, 1978. His exhibit was titled "Cryptococcus neoformans, a fungus that causes fatal brain disease". Duane LeTourneau, for the second time, received the R.M. Wade award for excellence in teaching in the University of Idaho College of Agriculture. Charles S. Hodges has been named Director of the Institute of ~acifTcIslands Forestry, a field unit of the USDA Forest Service in Honolulu. C.J. Alexopoulos, last February, was elected to Corresponding Membership in the prestigious Academy of Athens. -A. Tsuneda has been awarded a National Research Council of Canada visiting fellowship to work with Dr. Y. Hiratsuka at the Northern Forest Research Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Caryl Heintz was promoted to Associate Professor at Texas Tech University effective Fall, 1978. * Birth Estelle Levetin (Avery) and Allan Avery announce the birth of their daughter Deborah Gail on Dec. 25, 1977. * Retirements -0. Vaartaja has retired from the Canada Department of Agriculture Research Station at Harrow, Ontario. His col- lection of Pythium spp. and other fungi has been transfer- red to the Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa. Leon Kneebone, Professor of Botany and Plant Pathology at the Pennsylvania State University, plans to retire October 1, 1978 after 32 years on the faculty. He will continue to serve as consultant to the commercial mushroom industry. * Papers presented --P.K. Gaur, at the First International Histoplasmosis Con- ference, Atlanta, April.10-12, 1978, presented a paper on "Rapid Detection of Histoplasma infested soils and direct isolation of the fungus for studies of natural populations." Nancy -K. -Hall will give a paper on "Immune monitoring in Blastomycosis" at the XI1 International Microbiology Congress in Munich in September. Lewis B. Lockwood chairedone section of the International ~ermentationsymposium, Mar. 4-6, 1978, in India. -Jim Trappe recently lectured on hypogeous fungi and mycor- rhizae at Erindale College and the Department of Botany, University of Toronto. Harold Keller, as part of the University of Dayton Visiting Speakers Series, spoke there on "Slime l,!olds in the Tree- tops". He also presented a lecture and workshop on "Stalking the Wild Mushroom" on March 31 and April 1 at the Land Institute at Salina, Kansas. * Visits, Travels, Changes in Affiliation I.L. Conners plans to take up residence with his daughter Mrs. Paul Crane in Lafayette, Indiana beginning in Sept. There he plans to continue his compilation of generic names of fungi which has engrossed him for the past fifteen years and which now contains close to 6,000 genera. He has plans to beoome involved in related work which will be useful to Joe Hennen at the Arthur Herbarium at Purdue University there. Gordon Neish will take up duties in June, 1978 at the Biosystematics Research Institute at Ottawa, where he will study the taxonomy of fuugi that produce mycotoxins. John Cooke returns to the University of Connecticut at the end of June after spending 6 months sabbatical leave at the Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, studying Hypho- mycetes with S.J. Hughes. Phyllis Buckridge has returned to teaching at Everett Com- munity College in Washington after a one year sabbatical leave spent as a student in the Dept. of Plant Pathology at Washington State University. Robert Fogel has accepted the Assistant Curator position at the University of Michigan Herbarium. Leslie P. Kish, formerly of the Dept. of Entomology at the ~niversrt~of Florida, is now with the Dept. of Entomology at the University of Idaho. Reginald Haskins was visited by Bridge and Vivian Cooke June 7 & 8 (they were en route to Alaska); he also reports a visit by Dr. V. Vancura, Czechoslovak Academy of sciences, with microbiologists at the Prairie Regional Laboratory and the University of Saskatoon, June 9-14. Charles E. Miller will spend 4 months in the Laboratoire de cecedElogie, Institute de Botanique, Strasbourg, France beginning in July, 1978. S.K. Hasija will visit Hungary for 6 months under the cultural exchange program, on a lecture and study tour. He left January, 1978, and returns in July. -L. Leightley, a Research Fellow in the Dept. of Botany at University of Queensland, Australia, is studying soft rot fungi attacking preservative-treated eucalyptus-transmission poles. ~efore-bkginningthere he worked with E. B. Gareth Jones on the ecology and decay mechanisms of aquatic fungi. Orson Miller will visit Roy Watling in Scotland in September. -J. Page Lindsey is now Assistant Professor of Biology at Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado. David Hosford participated in the first expedition of the Flora Amazonica project in Northern Brazil from Oct . 26 to Dec. 17, 1977. He was recently invited as guest mycologist by the Oregon Mycological Society and addressed them on "Rhizopogon of the Northwest, and Mycological Miscellany of the Amazon Basin." He wasb also selected as Outstanding Educator of America for the third time in 7 years. Kenneth Wells will be spending his sabbatical leave (Sept. 1, 1978 - June 30, 1979) in the laboratory of R.J. Bandoni at University of British Columbia, Vancouver. --Dick Korf will take a 2-month studv leave from Cornell from bug. 10-Oct. 10 to be with Henry ~;~sin~at the Institut for Sporenplanter in Copenhagen. They will collect together in ~okwa~north of the krctic circle, and attend the Nordic Mycological Congress in Finland and the European Mycological Congress in Hungary. W.J. Sundberg will spend September through January collecting Lepiota in the Pacific Coast States. H.E. Bloss recently completed a sabbatical at Waite Institute, South Australia, working with Allen Kerr. Harold Keller will now be part of the Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology and Assistant Director of University Research Services at Wright State Univ. MISCELLANEOUS * Students and colleagues of C.J. Alexopoulos have established a research prize in his honor to be awarded annually by the MSA. The first award will be made at the meeting of the society in Georgia in August. Persons wishing to contribute additional funds can do so by sending checks payable to "Mycological Society of America, Alexopoulos Fund" to H.C. Aldrich, Dept. of Microbiology & Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611. Professor Alexopoulos will be notified of the names of donors. * To honor the late F.K. Sparrow, the University of Michigan has designated a building at the Biological Station to bear his name. In addition, a memorial fund is being raised in his honor. This could provide equipment for the laboratory, a lecture series, or student scholarships in mycology at the Biological Station. Contributions for the F.K. Sparrow Memorial Fund may be sent to Robert A. Paterson, Dept. of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic ~nstituteand State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061 or to Dr. David M. Gates, Director, Biological Station, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104. * The journal McIlvanea, a publication of the North American Mycological Association, issues a call for articles of interest to amateurs. Keys to species are needed as are stories of un- usual collections, techniques in lab and field, etc. For fur- ther information, contact NAMA, 4245 Redinger Rd., Portsmouth, Ohio 45662. * --Kurt R. Dahlberg, winner of the 1977-78 MSA Graduate Fellowship, sends tKe following expression of gratitude: I wish to thank the Mycological Society of America for the 1977-78 LISA Graduate Fellowship awarded to me this past year. This award has assisted nle in attending the Second International Rlycological Congress, the 1978 Am. Soc. forMicrobiology meeting, and will allow me to attend the 1978 MSA/AIBS meeting, where I will present data obtained during the tenure of tlis award. While the financial aspect of this award has allowed me to attend various meetings and obtain the associated educational and social benefits, I am particularly grateful to the Mycological Society for recognizing my research efforts. I appreciate that my work is considered promising, and I hope to continue at a caliber consistent with Mycological Society standards. * Kent McKnight has informed us of the names of the MSA delegates to the Intersociety Color Council. They are as fcllows: Kent H. McKnight, W.I. Illman, Martin Kulik, Orson K. Miller, R.L. Shaf fer and William Cibula. McKnight is delegation chairman, and voting delegates are Kulik and Cibula. * The Brazilian Society of Microbiology announces the availa- bility of the Schering Award in Microbiology, to reward and support financially scientists and technologists dealing with viruses, bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoans. It will be made to students working toward their M.S. or Ph.D. in centers officially recognized by the Brazilian Federal Council of Education. The nature of the award is $300 US, for purchase of scientific literature, to the student; and $2700 for travel expenses for the student's advisor to go for at least 8 weeks to a foreign laboratory for updating or joint project develop- ment. Deadline this year was April 30, and will likely be similar for next year's award. Further information can be obtained from J.S. Furtado, Instituto de Botanica, Caixa Postal 4005, OlOOO Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. * Chester R. Benjamin advises us that as part of the USDA's reorganization, four agencies, the Agricultural Research Service, and the National Agricultural Library have been com- bined into a single unit, the Science and Education Adminis- tration. Under the new organization, the old ARS is now known as the Federal Research portion of SEA, abbreviated as SEA/FR. * We recently received a copy of the Mycena News, published by the Mycological Society of San Francisco, in which Paul Vergeer criticizes a recent Mycologia book review. We reproduce it here without comment, and will of fter space in future issues for reply. COMMENTS ON A MYCOLOGIA BOOK REVIEW The November-December 1977 issue of F,IYCOLOGIA carried a brief review (p. 1256) of Steven H. Pollock's 64 pg. book- let titled MAGIC- F~USHROOM CULTIVATION. It read as follows : "Fifteen gorgeous color plates of psychotropic mushrooms grace this guide to pure mushroom cultivation. It is clear zhat this will be the definitive text for those interested in the recreational use of hallucinogenic fungi." I would like to ask why the Editorial Board of this prestigious journal thinks it necessary to review oneiin a flood of recent publications on the supposed benefits of hallucinogenic mushroom ingestion. Pollock's book is very similar to others of that genre in text, size, format, etc. Perhaps the fact that the author happens to be a physician, as well as a member of the Mycological Society of America, may have given the enthusiastic reviewer the impression that something new and professionally responsible had been written? Dr. Pollock recently left the Department of Pharmacology, Universitv of Texas. to form his own Herbal Medicine Research ~oundation. In MAGIC MUSHROOM CULTIVATION he gives detailed information about Psilocybe culture techniques. The only "new hint" pertains to growing P. cubensis on rice cakes. The color illustrations are good but hardly "gorgeous," and the black and white drawings by Robin Klause are mediocre to poor. 18 The final chapter, entitled "The Magic Mushroom Agape," contains some recipes: we are told how to mix a psychedelic beverage called the "smoothie" using milk, bananas, honey, or chocolate, and, of course, "magic mushrooms. I' Also "straw- berry psilocybin" can be made by mixing the mushrooms with fresh strawberries, ice and perhaps cinnamon, cloves, or nut- meg. \aile all this information might suggest quite an in- triguing treat for the teen-age experimenter, it is question- able review material for MYCOLOGIA, especially in light of the fact that space for reviews is limited and several mvco- logical publications have not yet been reviewed (for instande, the Largent series on HOW TO IDENTIFY MUSHROOMS TO GENUS). Paul Vergeer HUMOR (?) DEPARTMENT * We were frantic about the lack of any contributions for this space, until on the last day at the last moment during absolute final typing of the Newletter, the mail brought this gem: Definition of scatology: Close encounters of the turd kind! Our thanks to --G.F. Orr for bailing us out. THE MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA Application for Membership Name Mailing address - Do you desire to be Regular. Student, or Associate Member? Date on which you wish your membership to begin: January 1. 19.-- Signature of a member endorsing your application Any person Interested in the study of fungi is eligible for membership. Annual dues of Regular Members are $15.00. A special annual rate of $8.00, for a max- imum of 5 years, is provided for a member enrolled as a student. Regular and student members receive MYCOLOGIA and the MSA NEWSLETTER, may part~cipate fully in the annual meeting, may submit papers for publ~cationin MYCOLOGIA, and may vote and hold of:ice in the Society. Annual dues for Associate Members are $5.00. These members recetve the MSA NEWSLE'TTER and may present one paper at the annual meetlng of the Society. They do not receive MYCOLOGIA or have other privileges of membership (!nformat~on about Life Membership may be obtained from the Secretary-Treasurer.) Membership may begin either on January 1 of the current year or on next January 1. Mail th~sapplication along with a check, money order, or bank draft in U.S. Funds covering the first year's dues to: Dr. Harry D. Thiers Dept. of Biology San Francisco State University 1600 Holloway Ave San Francisco, CA 94132 USA