UDC 796 ISSN 1857-7687
ACTIVITIES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT International Journal of Scientific and Professional Issues in Physical Education and Sport
APES Vol. 3 No. 1 pp. 1-160 2013
CONTENTS
Rossitza Tzarova (Preliminary communication) SOMATOTYPES PARTICULARITIES OF THE HIGH STUDENTS FROM PROFILED GROUPS IN SWIMMING...... 4-7 Rade Stefanović and Branimir Mekić (Research note) CONNECTION BETWEEN SUBJECTIVE PERSPECTIVE AND WORKING ABILITY OF WORKERS IN ENGINEERING INDUSTRY...... 8-12 Ekaterina Deliverska (Preliminary communication) SPORTS ANIMATORS’ EDUCATIONAL PROFILE...... 13-15 Milan Stanimirović, Predrag Milenović and Vladimir Mutavdžić (Research note) EFFECTS OF EXPERIMENTAL BODYBUILDING TRAINING PROGRAMME ON TRANSFORMATION OF SOMATOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS IN WOMEN...... 16-19 Hasim Mekić, Emilija Petković and Saša Ilić, Hadžić (Research note) EFFECT OF GYMNASTICS PROGRAM ON MUSCLE STRENGTH TRANSFORMATION...... 20-21 Benin Murić, Izet Kahrović and Oliver Radenković (Research note) MOTOR ABILITIES OF URBAN AND RURAL ENVIRONMENT STUDENTS...... 22-25 Diana Peeva and Marina Nedkova (Preliminary communication) PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT AS FORMING FACTOR FOR CHILDREN GROWTH IN PRESCHOOL AGE...... 26-28 Gordana Vekarić and Gordana Jelić (Preliminary communication) RAISING STUDENTS’ AWARENESS OF THE IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE WRITING SKILLS...... 29-31 Artan R. Kryeziu, Enver Tahiraj and Ardonit Abdullahu (Preliminary communication) APES, (1), 2013 1 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE STATIC VERTICAL JUMP AND LEG APPROACHING JUMP...... 32-34 Saša Đurić, Dejan Ilić, GoranNešić (Research note) THE DETECTION OF THE FOOT STATUS AMONG THE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS OF THE SCHOOL AGE...... 35-40 Oliver Radenković, Izet Kahrović, Benin Murić (Review article) ROLE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF DIABETES...... 41-43 Mimoza Shodra (Preliminary communication) UPDATES ASSESSMENT OF MUSCLE STRENGTH WITH SIX AND SEVEN YEARS BOYS AND GIRLS...... 44-46 Astrit Iseni (Research note) THE INFLUENCE OF SOME MOTOR SKILLS AND ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS IN SUCCESSFUL SPRINT RUNNING AT 200 METERS AT STUDENTS OF 16 YEARS OLD...... 47-50 Tsvetko Tsvetkov (Professional paper) NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MANAGEMENT RELATIONSHIPS IN THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT...... 51-53 Kasum Goran and Gligorov Strašo (Professional paper) IMPORTANCE AND ROLE OF THE TRAINERS IN WRESTLING...... 54-59 Jadranka Kocić, Sladjana Tošić and Dragana Aleksić (Professional paper) THE INFLUENCE OF CONTINUAL RECREATIVE EXERCISES IN RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS ON THE MODEL OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL STATUS EXERCISORS...... 60-65 Tane Dimovski and Daniela Paunova (Professional paper) THE SOCIAL NETWORKS AS A PART OF THE PUBLIC RELATIONS IN THE PROMOTION OF SPORT...... 66-68 Jovan Marković, Milovan Stamatović and Zoran Božović (Professional paper) THE QUALITY OF PE TEACHING IN JUNIOR GRADES OF PRIMARY SCHOOL...... 69-72 Ruždija Kalač (Professional paper) THE STATE OF THE PROFESSIONAL STAFF IN BOXING IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA...... 73-76 Dragana Cicović-Sarajlić, Biljana Pavlović, Branko Popović (Professional paper) DANCING AS AN EXPRESSION OF CHILDREN’S CREATIVTY IN MUSIC CULTURE TEACHING AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION...... 77-78 Valeri Tzvetkov and Nikolay Tsankov (Professional paper) SYSTEMS FOR ORGANIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF FOOTBALL TRAINING AT SCHOOL (DIDACTIC AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS)...... 79-81 Katarina Herodek and Cvetko Simonović (Professional paper) STRENGHT DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN AND YUNG ATHLETES...... 82-84 Dimka Nestorova (Professional paper) PLACE OF AEROBICS IN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA...... 85-88 Branko Gardašević, Slađana Mijatović, Gordana Vekarić and Tamara Ristović (Professional paper) HAZEN IN SERBIA...... 89-91 Dimitar Evgeniev Obreshkov (Professional paper) FITNESS TRAINING FOR WOMEN, DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES WITH MEN’S...... 92-94 APES, (1), 2013 2 Lenče Nasev (Professional paper) INTEGRATING MUSIC AND DANCE INTO SCHOOL CURRICULUM...... 95-97 Izet Kahrović, Oliver Radenković and Benin Murić (Professional paper) PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EDUCATION OF PARENTS IN CHILDREN REHABILITATION WITH LOKOMOTOR DYSFUNCTION...... 98-100 Nina Deneva (Professional paper) PSYCHOLOGICAL, MORPHOFUNCTIONAL AND COORDINATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTOR SKILLS AND THEIR REQUIREMENTS FOR VOLLEYBALL PREPARATION IN WITH STUDENTS FROM 12-13 YEARS...... 101-103 Tane Dimovski and Daniela Paunova (Professional paper) DRAFT MEASURES OF THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES FOR HEALTH IMPROVEMENT OF THE STUDENTS IN THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MLACEDONIA...... 104-106 Jadranka Kocić, Sladjana Tošić and Dragana Aleksić (Professional paper) POSSIBILITIES TO APPLICATE SOME RECREATIVE-SPORTS ACTIVITIES IN PREESCHOOL AGE...... 107-110 Kiril Aladzhov (Professional paper) SPECIALISED GENERAL DEVELOPMENT EXERCISES FROM THE BASIC GYMNASTICS IN THE PREPARATORY PART OF ATHLETS (HOP, STEP AND JUMP)...... 111-113 Danilo Aćimović, Omer Špirtović, Zoran Jonić and Aleksandra Projević (Professional paper) ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RECREATIONAL AND PROFESSIONAL SPORT...... 114-116 Ivan Slavchev (Professional paper) APPROACHES AND MAIN FACTORS FOR IMPROVING THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE SPORT COMPETITIONS...... 117-120 Redžep Škrijelj, Kamala Beganović, Fadilj Škrijelj and Ahmet Međedović (Professional paper) OUTSTANDING PEDAGOGICAL THINKERS ON SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION...... 121-124 Tatjana Dimitrieska and Antonio Antonov (Professional paper) SEVERAL INDICATORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FIELD HOCKEY IN BULGARIA FOR THE PERIOD OF TWENTY YEARS...... 125-128 Ahmet Međedović, Benida Pljakić, Enver Međedović, Edin Hožić and Benin Murić (Professional paper) PHYSICAL EDUCATION IMPROVEMENT IN THE PROCESS OF MODERN ORGANIZATION OF WORK...... 129-131 Silvyia Matikova – Tamburova (Professional paper) METHODOLOGICAL GUIDELINES FOR INITIAL TRANINIG IN TECHNIQUES AND TACTICS OF TENNIS...... 132-134 Nenad Stojiljković, Aleksandar Ignjatović, Zvezdan Savić, Živorad Marković and Sandra Milanović (Professional paper) HISTORY OF RESISTANCE TRAINING...... 135-138 Irena Stanišić (Professional paper) METHODIC INSTRUCTIONS FOR PERFORMING OF THE MORNING PHYSICAL EXERCISE AMONG PRESCHOOL CHILDREN...... 139-142 Abstracts in Macedonian ...... 143-156
APES, (1), 2013 3 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 4 -7
SOMATOTYPES PARTICULARITIES OF THE HIGH STUDENTS FROM PROFILED GROUPS IN SWIMMING
(Preliminary communication)
Rossitza Tzarova National Sports Academy ,,Vassil Levski”, Teacher’s Faculty, Department – Basketball, volley-ball, handball, Sofia, Bulgaria
Abstract The sample of the study are 49 high students listed in the profiled groups of the “sport by choice – swimming” discipline at the Technical University – Sofia. For implementing the objective and the tasks of the study, the following methods of study are applied: survey study and theoretical analysis of specialized literature, anthropometry, calipermetry and the Heath-Carter method (1980). The variational analysis is applied to define the average values and variability of the somatotype components. The analysis shows that, although the non-stability of the somatotype components, the average somatotype for the higher students from the profiled groups in swimming at the higher schools in Bulgaria can be defined as mesomorth- ectomorth. It means that the higher students-swimmers are characterized, as a whole, by low level of the fat tissue development and the inner organs as well as by a satisfactory level of the muscle-skeleton apparatus development and the linear sizes.
Keywords: anthropometric characteristics, adipose tissue; muscle-skeleton apparatus, Heath-Carter method, endomorth somatotype, mesomorth somatotype, ectomorth, somatotype, variational analysis,
INTRODUCTION balanced mesomorth; The development of the body is a rather ectomorthed mesomorth; complicated biological process. The individual genetic mesomorth-ectomorth; potentialities and adaptability of the somatotype mesomorthed ectomorth; symptoms under the impact of various kinds of motive balanced ectomorth; activities are determining factors in that process (Тотева, endomorthed ectomorth; 1991, 1992). endomorth-ectomorth; Studies show that the striving of the scientists ectomorthed endomorth; (Тотева, 1979; Carter, 1981; Farmosi, 1987; Slanchev central. & Toteva, 1984; Тотева, Димитрова & Илинова, 2002; Tzarova, Mavrudieva & Krasteva, 2008 and Църовa, Слънчев (1998) and Църова-Василева (2013) 2013) is directed towards finding a somatotype suitable have more considerably studied the dependence between for each kind of sport which is to cooperate for the good the somatotype and the physical capability. physical capability. Chatziconstantinou & Poulmentis (1987) compare According Toteva (1992), each basic component the separate components of the somatotype of athletes of the somatotype (endomorth, mesomorth, ectomorth) of various qualifications and have established that in considers the individual height of the persons under relation to the endomorthed component, with a few study. These three types are rarely met in pure state exceptions (for the football players and high jumpers), (Петков, Тотева, Мазнев & Димитрова, 2012). Мixed the differences are not substantial. The champions for types are formed in greater part of the cases: all disciplines (with the exception of the long distance balanced endomorth; runners) are distinguished by high mesomorthy. The mesomorth endomorth; ectomorthed component does not differ considerably as mesomorthed endomorth; well, and here football and water polo are the exceptions. endomorthed mesomorth; Studying the somatotype indicators of 19 years
APES, (1), 2013 4 Tzarova old junior women football players, Stefanov, Atanasov, In order to define the somatotype of the high & Maznev (2004) define the average somatotype of the students under study, data are taken by 6 morphological groups as endomorthed mesomorth, which is close to indicators and 4 plicas as follows: the central somatotype; yet the individual results show straight height; great differences between the girls and define the non- weight; homogeneousness of the group. The research like this girdle of the right brachium at maximally contacted have Стефанов, Мазнев & Русимов (2002). m. biceps brachii; The comparison of the various swimming disci- girdle of the right shank; plines proves the above mentioned statement. The so- biepicondyle diameter of os humeri d.; matotype particularities of the swimmers are studied by biepicondyle diameter of os femuris d.; Тотева, Изов & Каменов, (1989), Петков, Тотева, Ко- plicas of: сев, Георгиев, Илинова, Петкова & Пенчева (1989) • triceps brachii d.; and Църова-Василева (2013). • subscapular d.; Researches on the somatotype of grown up • suprailiac d.; athletes carried out Футекова (1990), Тотева (1992) and • os cruris d. Tzarova, Mavrudieva & Krasteva (2008). The three components of the somatotype are Longitudinal somatotype studies of high students defined on the base of the indicated mortho-functional from non-specialized in sport high schools are made by indicators: Тотева (1992), who defines an average somatotype of endomorth, which evaluates the relative develop- the aggregate as mesomorth-endomorth. With the same ment of the adipose tissue; contingent are worked also Ухейши (2005), Štefanková mesomorth, characterizing the relative muscle-skel- & Brtková, 2008, Църова-Василева (2013) and Църова eton development; (2013). ectomorth, characterizing the relative linearity of The objective of the present study is to define the the body. somatotype particularities of high students from profiled The variational analysis is applied to define groups in swimming at the beginning of their teaching at the average values and variability of the somatotype the high school. components.
METHODS RESULTS The study is made during the period September – As it is mentioned in the Methodology, the Heath- November 2011. Carter method (Carter & Health, 1980) is applied to de- Object of the study are the physical education and fine the somatotype of the high students under study. sport lessons at non-specialized in sport high schools in The analysis of the results (table 1) shows that as Bulgaria. a whole, a very weak endomorthy (0,2) is observed for Subject of the study are the components of the the high students from the profiled groups in swimming somatotype of high students from profiled groups in at the beginning of the teaching at the high school. swimming. It results from the lower degree of fat deposits of Contingent of the study are 49 high students the students and their higher height. A proof about that listed in the profiled groups of the “sport by choice – is the fact that in comparison with Тотева’s (1992) study swimming” discipline at the Technical University – where she points out an average height of the students Sofia. at the same age of 175,2 cm, the average height of our For implementing the objective and the tasks of students is 179,47 cm and something more – the average the study, the following methods of study are applied: percentage of the body fat of our group under study, survey study and theoretical analysis of specialized practicing swimming within the obligatory lessons in literature, anthropometry, calipermetry and the Heath- physical culture and sport at the higher school (13,89%), Carter method (1980). is lower than the norm for the population of their age
Table 1. Average values and variability of the somatotype basic components for the high students-swimmers at the beginning of the teaching
№ Indicators \ Parameters n Х S V
1. Endomorthy 49 0,2 0,18 108.78 2. Mesomorthy 49 3,3 3,03 91.86 3. Ectomorthy 49 3,0 1,62 54.79
APES, (1), 2013 5 Tzarova and is a little bit high above the upper limit of the same higher than the critical (50%) and consequently, the ag- indicator for the athletes (according to Петков, Тотевa, gregate under study is not homogeneous as to the symp- Maзнев & Димитрова, 2012). toms mentioned hereinabove. Mesomorthy, as a whole, is also low (0,1) It can also be seen from the table that the although for about 14% of the basketball players , the ectomorthed component is relatively most stable which, mesomorthy coefficient is within the frames of 4,1 and as has been already mentioned, bears information about 6,4 and can be considered as high. According to us, the linear sizes of the body. Greatest are the differences that can to a greater degree be explained by the weakly in relation to the degree of the fat deposits referenced developed muscle mass and to a smaller degree – by the to the height of the students from the profiled groups insufficient massiveness of the skeleton of the persons in swimming, i.e. according to the components of the under study. endomorthy. The third component of the somatotype – ecto- This fact is fully explained having in mind that morthy is as a whole moderate (3,2). For some of the the listing in the profiled groups is pursuant to the wish boys anyhow (9,80%), it is very well manifested and of the students only. Consequently, it can not at all be takes a value within the frames of 5,5 and 6,9 units. The spoken about the availability of specific abilities for comparatively well manifested ectomorth component, practicing swimming and effecting any selection of the as a whole shows considerable values in the relation- students when forming the groups. ship height/³√weight, as well as prolonged segments and proportions of the body of the high students - basketball CONCLUSIONS players under study. 1. Although the non-stability of the somatotype Figure 1 provides good visual picture about the components, the average somatotype for the higher relative shares of the basic somatotypes observed for the students from the profiled groups in swimming at the high students from the aggregate under study. higher schools in R. of Bulgaria can be defined asmeso - It is seen from the figure that for nearly half of morth-ectomorth. the students in the aggregate (48,98%), the ectomorthed 2. The higher students-swimmers are character- mesomorth is the basic, followed by the mesomorthed ized as a whole by low level of the fat tissue develop- ectomorth (20,41%) and the endomorthed ectomorth ment and the inner organs as well as by a satisfactory (16,33%). The other three basic somatotypes observed level of the muscle-skeleton apparatus development and for the swimmers have got much lower relative shares – the linear sizes. between 2,04% and 8,16%. On the base of the basic somatotypes mentioned hereinabove, the average somatotype for the higher stu- REFERENCES dents–swimmers at the non-specialized in sport higher Петков, C., Слънчев, П., Тотева, М., Косев, В., Георгиев, Н., Илинова, Б., Петкова, Ц. & Пенчева, Б. (1989). schools in Bulgaria can be defined as mesomorth-ec- Соматотипна характеристика на елитни плувци tomorth (0,2 - 3,3 – 3,0). That means that the profiled участници в европейското първенство по плуване groups in swimming studied by us as a whole list higher през 1985 г. в София. [Somatotype characteristic of students characterized by low level of the fat tissue de- elite swimmers participants in European Swimming velopment and the inner organs as well as a satisfactory Championships in 1985 in Sofia. In Bulgarian]. Въ level of the muscle-skeleton apparatus development and Сборника Научни трудове на ВИФ, ХХІХ 29(2), the linear sizes. (pp.167-173). Sofia: ВИФ – Печатна база But the analysis of Table 1 shows that the com- Петков, С., Тотева, М., Мазнев, И. & Димитрова, Д. (2012). ponents of the somatotype are not stable. Proof about Практически упражнения по спортна медицина [Practical exercises in sports medicine. In Bulgarian]. that are the coefficient values of variation V, which are София: НСА – ИПБ.
Endomorthed Balanced Слънчев, П. (1998). Спортна медицина [Sports Medicine. ectomorth mesomorth In Bulgarian]. София: Нови знания. (16.33%) (2.04%) Balanced Слънчев, П., Янев, Б., Генов, Ф., Щерев, П., Боев, П., ectomorth (4.08%) Сепетлиев, Д. & Захариев, Б. (1992). Национално изследване на физическото развитие, физическата дееспособност и нервно-психичната реактивност на населението на България 1980-1982 г. [National Survey of physical development, physical fitness
Mesomorthed Ectomorthed and mental workload reactivity of the population of ectomorth mesomorth (20.41%) (48.98%) Bulgaria 1980-1982. In Bulgarian]. София: НСА –
Mosomorth-ectomorth ИПБ. (8.16%) Стефанов, З., Атанасов, Е. & Мазнев, И. (2004). Сома- тотипологически показатели на състезателки по Fig.1. Relative shares of the basic somatotop- футбол от националния отбор девойки до 19 г. Fig. 1.ies Relative observed shares forof the the basic students-swimmer somatotypes observed at for the the students- [Somatotipological performance of soccer players swimmersbegiginning at the of beginning the teaching of the teaching from the national team girls up to 19. In Bulgarian], ІІІ международен научен конгрес “Спорт, стрес,
APES, (1), 2013 6 Tzarova
адаптация” - Олимпийски спорт и спорт за всич- растващи баскетболисти [Study on the somatotype of ки” (pp. 267-269). София: “Тип-топ прес”. adolescent basketball players. In Bulgarian]. Въпроси Стефанов, З., Мазнев, И. & Русимов, В. (2002). Състав на на физическата култура, (6), 37-43. телесната маса и соматотип на състезателки по фут- Църова-Василева, А. (2013). Влияние на заниманията с бол – национален отбор. [Composition of body mass различни видове спорт върху физическото разви- and somatotype of football players – national team. In тие и работоспобността на студенти [Influence Bulgarian]. Въ Сборника: Годишна научна. конфе- of the classes by different types of sport on physical ренция на НСА (pp. 56-59). София: НСА - ИПБ. development and workability of high students. In Bul- Тотева, М. (1979). Проучвания върху физическото разви- garian] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, St. Cyril тие по данни от изследвани студенти по физиче- and Methodius University of Veliko Tarnovo) Велико ска култура. [Study on the physical development by Търново: Великотьрновски Университет „Св. Св. data of researched high physical culture students. In Кирил и Методий“. Bulgarian] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Nation- Църова, Р. (2013). Особености на соматотипа на студенти al Sport Academy “Vassil Levski” of Sofia) София: от профилираните групи по баскетбол [Features Национална спортна академия “Васил Левски”. of the somatotype of high students from specialized Тотева, М. (1991). Соматотипна характеристика на елитни groups in Basketball. In Bulgarian]. Спорт & Наука, български спортисти [Somatotype characteristic of (3), 112-116. Bulgarian elit sportsmen. In Bulgarian], Въпроси на Štefanková, B. & Brtková, M. (2008). Somatotypy študentov физическата култура, (4), 23-26. telesnej výchovy a technického zamerania [Somato- Тотева, М. (1992). Соматотипология в спорта [Somatoti- types of Physical Education Students and Students of pology in the sport. In Bulgarian], София: НСА - ИПБ. Technical Orentation. In Czech]. Proceedings of Ab- Тотева, М., Димитрова, Д. & Илинова, Б. (2002). Сомато- stracts of International Conference “Sport and Quality типологични особености на състезателите по таек- of Life 2008”. (p. 157). уондо [Somatotipological characteristics of athletes Brno: Masarikova univerzita. in taekwondo. In Bulgarian]. Въ Сборника „Спорт, Carter, J. & Health, L. (1980). Carter somatotype method. общество, образование“, 7(pp. 411-416). София: Revised edition. San Diego: State University Syllabus НСА – ИПБ. Service. Тотева, M., Изов, Н. & Каменов, Л. (1989). Соматотипна ха- Chatziconstantinou, S. & Poulmentis, P. (1987). Somatotype рактеристика на подрастващи плувци [Somatotype comparison of different level competitive athletes. characteristic of adolescent swimmers. In Bulgarian], Proceedings, 7-th Balkan congress of sports medicine, Въпроси на физическата култура, (10), 22-25. Proceedings, Volume II, Abstracts (p.73). Athens. Тотева, М., Слънчев, П. & Георгиев, Н. (1987). Соматотип- Farmosi, I. (1987). Somatotype and body composition of box- ни особености на състезателите по спортни игри ers. Hungarian review of Sports medicine, 28(1),112- – баскетбол, в сравнителен аспект [Somatotipical 116. characteristics of the athletes in sport games - Slanchev, P. & Toteva, M. (1984). Comparative somatotype basketball, in comparative terms. In Bulgarian]. Въ characteristics of Sports with weight classes. Въпроси Сборника: Научни трудове на ВИФ, ХХVІІ, (1), на физическата култура, (9), 579-583. (pp.108-114). София: ВИФ. Tzarova, R., Mavrudieva, & R. Krasteva, R. (2008). Somato- Ухейши, Х. (2005). Соматотипологични характеристики на type peculiarities of the best 14-15 years old Bulgar- либийски студентки–волейболистки [Somatotipolo- ian junior men basketball players. Proceedings of Ab- gical characteristics of Libyan high students - volleyball stracts of International Conference “Sport and Quality players. In Bulgarian]. Спорт & Наука, (2), 122-127. of Life 2008” (p.161). Brno: Masarikova univerzita. Футекова, Р. (1990). Изследване върху соматотипа на под-
Correspondence: Rossitza Tzarova National Sports Academy ,,Vassil Levski” Teacher’s Faculty, Department – Basketball, volley-ball, handball Studentski grad, 1700 Sofia, Bulgaria E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 7 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 8-12
CONNECTION BETWEEN SUBJECTIVE PERSPECTIVE AND WORKING ABILITY OF WORKERS IN ENGINEERING INDUSTRY (Research note)
Rade Stefanović and Branimir Mekić University of Priština, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, with temporal base in Leposavić, Kosovo and Metohia, Serbia
Abstract Choice of sample items was made completely randomly. Planned sample was 30% of total number of employees, that is 858 examinees. 813 workers were polled in total and that is 28,6 % of total number of employees in Work organization “Atlatnica” and it represents realization of the plan of 95,34%.Polling was done completely by students of Faculty of Philosophy in Niš, department of physical culture. 8 students trained for poll conducting worked in this research. We can make the following conclusions about connection between subjective assessment of a state of physical and working abilities and health with activities in sports recreation and motivation for participation in sports and recreational activities: Subjective assessment of a state of physical and working abilities and health is better with workers who previously played some sport actively.
Keywords: passive leisure, sports and recreational activities, functional capabilities, Questionnaire, health, χ ²-test
INTRODUCTION represent various contents and forms of activities which Contemporary technology of work as well as mo- are maximally adapted to needs and interests of a hu- notonous work limit movements and thus physiologi- man being, according to a scope or intensity of load as cal movements of a body decrease. Rest after work is well as according to a place and time where and when mostly passive (reading newspapers, watching TV, so- they take place and also to the way of conducting them. cial gathering, passive lying). Consequences of all these With the aim defined in this way, the research are various industrial diseases, reduction of functional had the task to ascertain the following: capacities of organs for moving and early disablement. - Subjective feeling of health discomfort in Professional work demands and obliges workers everyday life, to observe certain norms and tasks which influence psy- Estimation of what can improve health, subjective chical and physical load of their organisms. needs for programmed health preventive holidays: Such style of life and work have permanent con- - Previous active engagement in sports sequences on psychosomatic integrity of a worker. - Assessment of how a way of life influences Tumultuous changes in character, way and health conditions of life and work, inevitably lead to ripen- - Participation in sports and recreational activi- ing of various new needs in physical culture, too. Im- ties, portance of physical culture in contemporary society. - Needs and wishes to do some sports and recre- ational activities in free time The concept of physical ability means abil- General hypothesis is: There is a connection be- ity of human organism to react optimally to various tween subjective perception of physical and working stimuli of the environment. Physical ability represents abilities and health from one side and doing sports and basis for full development of productivity, for active recreational activities and motivation for participation in and complete expression of all abilities of a worker. sports and recreational activities on the other side. Aim of the research Sports and recreational athletic activities actually
APES, (1), 2013 8 Stefanović, and Mekić
METHODS good physical and working abilities (36,09%), slightly Sample of examinees smaller number has very good abilities (23,14%) and Selection of item of choice, work organization the smallest number of workers have weak abilities “Alatnica” EI Niš, was made on the basis of agreement (4,18%). with the recreation organizer in that working collective. Among workers who think their way of life Choice of sample items was made completely is bad for their health, the majority of workers have randomly. Planned sample was 30% of total number of good physical and working abilities (29,87%), slightly employees, that is 858 examinees. smaller number has satisfactory abilities (22,73%), very 813 workers were polled in total and that is 28,6 good (21,43%), whereas the smallest percentage is for % of total number of employees in Work organization excellent and weak abilities (12,99% each). “Alatnica” and it represents realization of the plan of In the group of workers who think their way of life 95,34%. is very bad for their health, the majority of workers have Polling was done completely by students of satisfactory and weak physical and working abilities Faculty of Philosophy in Niš, department of physical ( 27,27% for each group of abilities) and the smallest culture. 8 students trained for poll conducting worked number of workers have very good abilities (0,51%). in this research. Among the workers who cannot decide, the majority of workers have satisfactory physical and RESULTS working abilities (36,71%), slightly smaller number of State of physical and working abilities workers have good (25,32%) and very good (21,52%) abilities, whereas the smallest number of workers have In relation to the influence of the way excellent abilities (5,06%). of life on health (Tables 1.A and 1.B) Data indicate statistically significant differences State of physical and health abilities (on the level of significance 1%) in assessment of the In relation to motivation for participation in sports influence the way of life upto now has on health of and recreational activities (Tables 2.A and 2.B) certain strata of workers, both on the basis of subjective Since a large number of answers was allowed for assessment of physical and working abilities as well as this question, HI-square test was not calculated, but the on the basis of subjective assessment of a state of health. following conclusions can be made on the basis of the According to the workers’ assessment, their table: present way of life in relation to health is: good (57,67% The workers would gladly do the following sports of all examinees), bad (18,90%), very good (11,04%), and recreational activities: sports games (22, 53% of cannot decide (9,69%) and very bad (2,70%). all answers), walking, running, hiking, trim tracks, Among workers who think that their way of life health tracks (16,16%), hunting and fishing (15,33%), is very good for health, the majority of workers have activities in and on water (10,30%) and activities in excellent physical and working abilities (44,44%) , nature (10,30%). slightly smaller number has very good abilities (38,39%) Workers are the least interested in: activities on and the smallest percentage is for those with weak snow (3,93%), exercising on gymnastics apparatus abilities (1,1.1%). (3,69%), amusement games (3,35%) and classes of In the group of workers who think their way of sports and recreation (2,93%). life is good for their health, the majority of workers have It can be seen from the table that sports and
Table 1.A. State of physical and working abilities in relation to the way of life
I think my physical and working abilities are I think my present way of life is … Excellent % Very % Good % Satis- % Week % Answer % for my health good fastory Very good 40 44.44 35 38,39 9 10.00 5 5.56 1 1.11 90 11.14 Good 79 16.77 109 23.14 170 36.8 90 19.11 23 4.88 470 57.67 Bad 20 12.99 33 21.43 46 29.67 35 22.73 20 12.99 154 18.90 Very bad 4 18.28 1 4.55 5 22.73 6 27.27 6 27.27 22 2.70 I cannot decide 4 5.06 17 21.52 20 26.32 29 36.71 9 11.39 9 9.69
147 18.02 195 23.90 250 30.64 165 20.22 59 7.23 815 Total number of incorrect answers 3. X2 = 126 64374, Degree of freedom = 16, P < 0.01, Contingency coefficient = 0.36654
APES, (1), 2013 9 Stefanović, and Mekić
Table 1.B. State of health in relation to the way of life
I think my present I think my health is way of life is … for my health Excellent % Very good % Good % Satisfactory % Weak % Answer % Very good 45 50.00 29 32.22 9 10.00 5 5.56 2 2.22 90 11.04 Good 81 17.23 107 22.77 145 30.85 104 22.13 33 7.02 470 57.67 Bad 10 6.49 36 23.38 39 25.32 41 26.62 28 18.18 154 18.90 Very bad 2 9.09 - 5 22.73 5 22.73 10 45.45 22 2.70 I cannot decide 6 7.59 13 16.46 15 18.99 29 36.71 16 20.25 79 9,69
144 17.67 185 22.70 213 26.13 184 22.58 89 10.92 815 Total number of incorrect answers 3. X2 = 164 49737 Degree of freedom = 16 , P < 0.01, Contingency coefficient = 0.40981
Table 2.A State of physical and working abilities in relation to sports and recreational activities which workers would do in their free time
Sports and recreational I think my physical and working abilities are activities would do in their free time Excellent % Very good % Good % Satisfactory % Weak % Answers %
Morning exercises 9 12.16 12 16.22 32 43.24 12 16.22 9 12.16 74 6.20
Walking, running, hiking, trim tracks 35 18.13 43 22.28 62 32.12 39 20.21 14 7.25 193 16.16 and health tracks
Hunting and fishing 26 14.21 43 23.50 53 28.96 44 24.04 17 9.29 183 16.33
Activities in water (swimming, sailing, 23 18.70 29 23.58 35 28.45 27 21.95 9 7.32 123 10.30 rowing, water skiing)
Classes of sports 6 17.14 10 28.57 9 25.71 8 22.85 2 5.71 35 2.93 recreation
Exercising on gymnastics apparatus 10 22.73 8 18.18 17 38.64 5 11.36 4 9.09 44 3.69
Sports games (mini football, volleyball, basketball, handball) 62 87.06 64 21.38 72 26.77 43 15.99 8 2.97 268 22.53
Other games (tennis, table tennis, badminton) 19 29.69 15 23.44 13 20.31 16 25.00 1 1.56 64 5.36
Amusement games (dancing, folklore dancing, darts, dominoes) 13 32.50 10 25.00 11 37.50 4 10.00 2 5.00 40 3.35
Activities on snow (skiing, ice skating, 13 27.66 14 29.79 12 25.53 7 14.89 1 2.13 47 3.93 sledging, walking)
Activities in nature 19 15.45 24 19.51 33 26.83 36 29.27 11 8.94 123 10.30 (outing, camping) 235 19.67 292 24.44 349 29.21 241 20.17 78 6.53 1194
APES, (1), 2013 10 Stefanović, and Mekić
Table 2.B. State of health in relation to sports and recreational activitie which workers would do in their free time
Sports and recreational I think my physical and working abilities are activities workers would do in their free time Excellent % Very good % Good % Satisfactory % Weak % Answer %
Morning exercises 9 12.16 14 18.92 27 36.49 14 18.92 10 13.51 74 6.20
Walking, running, hiking, trim tracks 33 17.10 43 22.28 51 26.42 45 23.32 21 10.88 193 16.16 and health tracks
Hunting and fishing 29 15.85 36 20.76 38 20.76 51 27.87 27 14.75 183 16.33
Activities in water (swimming, sailing, 21 17.07 28 22.76 32 26.02 31 25.20 11 8.94 123 10.30 rowing, water skiing)
Classes of sports 8 22.86 11 31.42 8 22.86 6 17.14 2 5.71 35 2.93 recreation
Exercising on gymnastics apparatus 11 25.00 9 20.45 15 34.09 6 13.64 3 8.57 44 3.69
Sports games (mini football, volleyball, basketball, handball) 63 23.61 82 30.60 64 23.22 49 18.28 10 3.73 268 22.53
Other games (tennis,table tennis, badminton) 21 32.81 11 17.19 11 17.19 17 26.56 4 6.25 64 5.36
Amusement games (dancing, folklore dancing, darts, dominoes) 8 20.00 10 25.00 11 27.60 5 12.50 6 15.00 40 3.35
Activities on snow (skiing, ice skating, 11 23.40 13 27.66 11 23.40 10 21.28 2 4.26 47 3.93 sledging, walking) Activities in nature 14 11.38 24 19.61 37 30.06 35 28.45 13 10.57 123 10.30 (outing, camping)
228 19.10 283 23.70 305 25.54 269 22.52 109 9.12 119 recreational activities which workers would do in their abilities and health. free time and in this order, are mostly present with Activities in sports recreation are aimed at workers whose physical and working abilities and satisfying basic needs and interests of workers in health are better, that is, workers who assessed them as physical culture regardless of the level of their physical excellent, very good and good. and working abilities. Workers whose physical and working abilities Sports and recreational activities with variety are weak are the most interested in hunting and fishing, of their contents and forms are adapted to all workers walking, running, hiking, trim tracks and health tracks - able and less able, healthy and those whose health is and activities in nature (outing, camping, …) damaged, both according to their range and intensity of load as well as according to place and time and way of CONCLUSION their conducting. Subjective experience of state of physical and These results make basis for acceptance of all working abilities and health is also significant for general hypotheses except the hypothesis that there perceiving objective (real) state of physical and working is connection between needs for programmed health
APES, (1), 2013 11 Stefanović, and Mekić preventive holidays with subjective assessment of the REFERENCES state of physical and working abilities and health. Aćimović, D., Joksimović, A., & Špirtovi, O. (2011). Scien- We can make the following conclusions about tific and echnological achivements and their significance connection between subjective assessment of a state of in sport. Activities in Pysical Eucation and Sport, (2), physical and working abilities and health with activities 247-250. Blagajac, M. (1976). Uticaj nekih deomografskih i socijalnih in sports recreation and motivation for participation in obilježaja na potrebe i interese u području sportske rek- sports and recreational activities: reacije [Blagajac m. Influence of some demographic and 1. The workers mostly have favourable opinion of social features on needs and interests in the area of sports influence of sports and recreational activities on health recreation. In Croatian] (Unpublished doctoral disserta- improvement. The workers who assess their physical tion, Universitiy of Zagreb). Zagreb: Fakultet fizičku and working abilities and health as weaker mostly think kulturu. that rest and sleeping can improve health, whereas those Leskošek, J. (1971). Teorija fizičke culture [Theory of physical who assess them as better think that doing sports and culture. In Serbian.] Beograd: NIPU Partizan. recreational activities can improve health. Наумовски, А. (2001). Основни статистички методи во спортот [Basic statistical methods in sports. In Macedo- 2. Subjective assessment of a state of physical and nian.] Скопје: Факултет за физичка култура. working abilities and health is better with workers who Pržulj, D., & Cicović, B. (2012). The influence of sports rec- previously played some sport actively. reational aerobic exerciseon the adaptive processes of Workers with better physical and working abilities functional abilities. Research Kinesiolgy, 40(2), 177-183. mostly took part in the following activities: sports Ranđeelović , N., & Pantelić, S. (2012). The sytems of health- games, walking, running, hiking, trim tracks and health recreational physical exercise. Activities in Pysical Euca- tracks and activities in nature. tion and Sport, (2), 247-250. Stefanovic, R. (2012). Atletika [Athletics. In Serbian.] Leposavić: Fakultet za sport I fizičko vaspitanje.
Correspodence: Rade Stefanović University in Pristina with temporal base in Leposavić, Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, Str. Dositej Obradović bb, 38218, Leposavić, Kosovo-Metohija,Serbia E-mail:[email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 12 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 13-15
SPORTS ANIMATORS’ EDUCATIONAL PROFILE (Preliminary communication)
Ekaterina Deliverska South-West University „Neofit Rilski”,Faculty of Social Welfare and Sports, Department of Sports and Kinesitherapy, PhD student, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria
Abstract: Training and teaching of individuals who make and provide tourist activities (sports animation in particular), are the main determine factors of the quality of the tourist (sports animation) product. Seeking of opportunities about improving of sports animators’ teaching and training is a target of various surveys made in different scientific fields. Main purpose of this survey is to find out quality of sports animators’. Within the frame of this research the method of surveying has been used. Within the frame of this research the method of surveying has been used. For its purpose 64 animators working in four-star hotels in the resorts. Percentage of people who do not have got professional teaching in the field of the sports animation is quite high – 42,55%.
Keywords: quality sports animation services, professional training, educational and professional preparation, method of survey, education level, percentag
INTRODUCTION only if the teaching is excellent and it is followed by Human factor determines basic features of tour- courses giving additional training for achieving better ist product because it takes part in the whole process qualifications. Having in mind the fact that education of its creation and realization. Thus competitiveness in is permanent process which continues during the whole the tourist activities is very dependent of professionals’ person’s life, a competence approach presented in every education, their teaching and training as well as their educational level successfully has taken place for few personal qualities. G. Thompson predicted 20 years years now. In this way it becomes possible sports ani- ago: „Human resource will become one of the most im- mators’ professional training to be directed from simply portant advantages of the companies, simply because achieving „knowledge for life to master competences all other sources of competitiveness will have already during the whole life” (Цанков Генкова 2009). Thus been disappeared.” (Thompson 1981). Therefore every according to N. Tsankov it is made an attempt for solv- single activity in the tourist business is related to finding, ing problems related to improving quality and effective- teaching and training of highly qualified professionals. ness of modern education, accepted as „directed towards Confirmation of the „animation” phenomenon is mutual practice process”, as an important “economic potential” related to the quality of sports animators’ preparation (Цанков Генкова 2009). This is the way one of the basic (animators are subjects in that activity), and this „affects problems related to tourist professionals’ (sports anima- contents of the tourist product as well as its shape and tors’) teaching to be solved, that is: practical needs do offering. It makes changes in the methods and ways of not have enough effect on education so these profession- its realization, in tourist professionals’ behavior and way als are enabled to participate adequately this practice. of thinking.” (Гърков 2006). This on its part leads to the Quality of sports and animation services depends necessity of permanent achievement of new knowledge on sports animators’ educational profile. Searching of and skills that make shape of the modern competent and ways for its improvement demands study and detailed strategic human resource. analysis of its determinants: educational level, field of Achieving of high quality of animation activity professional training, professional teaching and level of is a long and difficult process and depends mostly on achieved theory and practice preparation. sports animators’ training and competence. It is possible
APES, (1), 2013 13 Deliverska
METHODS specialty „Economics”, i.e. 20,83%, also choose to work Main components of the methodology of this sur- as sports animators. During the process of their study vey are related to its design and realization and follow they get skills and knowledge that give them opportu- researching idea and vision. Main purpose of this sur- nity to occupy this position. People pointed „Pedagogy” vey is to find out quality of sports animators’ training as their major, i.e. 16,67%, have been chosen sports ani- and teaching professional preparation and subject of re- mation as a field of professional realization, where the searching is their educational profile. straight contact with tourists is of essential importance Within the frame of this research the method of of offering the sports and animation product. surveying has been used. For its purpose 64 anima- In order to improve their professional qualifica- tors working in four-star hotels in the resorts „Golden tion 20,82% have invested time and efforts in profes- Sands” and „St. St. Constantine and Elena” were chosen sional courses (Table 3). Other 12,5% have been taught accidentally. and trained in companies dealing with animation activi- ties. 16% have got their professional teaching and train- RESULTS ing in the field of the sports animation at university and Sports animator’s quality of education and pro- 8,18% - at college. fessional training is determining for showing profes- sionalism and adaptation in conditions of a real work Table 3. You have got professional teaching environment. Results of the survey give us the following and training in “sport animation” information: 12,5% respond that they have graduated secondary-school while 25% - professional secondary Profesional Percentages school (Table 1). Percentages of those who have „Bach- training elor” and „Master” university degree are respectively Professional 20.82 37,5% and 25%. Having in mind these results it can be course concluded that teaching and traing of animators in the College 8.13 Bulgarian educational system is partially presented in various specialties but does not exist as a separate sub- Uneven 16.00 ject or major. Provided by your 12.50 Employer Table 1. Education I do not have 42.55 Education Percentages
Secondary 12.50 Percentage of people who do not have got pro- School fessional teaching in the field of the sports animation is Professional 25.50 quite high – 42,55%. Conclusion of all is that apart from secondary school the big variety of schools in which the respondents say Higher education 37.50 (Bachelor) they have got their professional preparation, emphasis should be put on the issue about seeking opportunities High education 25.00 (Master) for writing and integrating multi-level educational pro- grams for teaching and training of sports animators. Answer of the question about specialties gives Theoretical and methodological preparation of more detailed information about educational profile of students is a guarantee of their full valued and adequate the sports animators taken part in the survey (Table 2). realization. Interviewed sports animators assess their theoretical and methodological preparation as excellent Table 2. Specialities – 23% and very good – 48% which shows a high level of satisfaction. Apart from the high level of the self-as- Specealities Percentages sessment of the preparation, the question about its cor- respondence and correlation with European educational Tourism 50.00 and professional teaching and training standards is still Economics 20.83 open. Innovation and fast development are distinctive Pedagogy 16.67 features of sports animation – features which put high criteria for teaching and professional preparation of N/A 12.50 specialists. Getting precise information after regular studying of sports animators’ educational profile as Data based on this index show that the most are well as the level of their professional preparation is people graduated with specialty „Tourism”, i.e. 50%, determining for regular projecting, organizing and where tourist animation is taught. Those graduated with realization of education in all degrees and levels.
APES, (1), 2013 14 Deliverska
REFERENCES London: Institute of Personel Management. Гърков, В. (2006). Туризъм и спортна анимация в туризма Цанков Н., & Генкова, Л. (2009). Компетентностният под- [Tourism and sports tourism animation. In Bulgarian]. ход в образоването [Competence approach in education. София: НСА „Васил Левски”. In Bulgarian]. Благоевград: УИ „Неофит Рилски”. Thomason, G. (1981). A Text book of Personel Management.
Correspondence: Ekaterina Deliverska, PhD student South-West University „Neofit Rilski” Faculty of Social Welfare and Sports Department of Sports and Kinesitherapy 66 Ivan Mihailov Str., 2007 Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 15 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp.16-19
EFFECTS OF EXPERIMENTAL BODYBUILDING TRAINING PROGRAMME ON TRANSFORMATION OF SOMATOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS IN WOMEN (Research note)
Milan Stanimirović, Predrag Milenović and Vladimir Mutavdžić University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia
Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the effects of four-month implementation of the experimental programme of bodybuilding training on transformation of somatometric characteristics in women, and was conducted on a sample of 26 selected trainees of chronological age 19-29 years (± 6 months). The results of applied discriminative analysis indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in the studied somatometric area with subjects between the initial and final measurements, so one can conclude that, generally speaking, the experimental programme of bodybuilding training did not affect the transformation, i.e. positive changes in the entire somatometric area within the studied sample of women. Individually the largest contribution to discrimination, had variables of body mass and skin fold of the back. Viewed separately, these data can only indicatively point out to the trend and disposition of the effect of bodybuilding programme to reduction of body mass and subcutaneous fatty tissue in women. It can be assumed that greater and more important effects of such programme could be achieved by adjusting the applied programme, and in such way to make future possible researches by training increased scope, intensity and duration time.
Keywords: body height, legs length, upper arm and chest size, body mass, triceps and stomach skin wrinkle, discriminative canonical analysis
INTRODUCTION tives and tasks: It has been presumed within this present study as H1 experimental programme of bodybuilding training well, that the implementation of bodybuilding training has statistically significant effects on improvement of programme could result by positive transformational ef- somatometric characteristics in women. fects on somatometric characteristics in women. With modern living and working conditions of METHODS people, lack of leisure time and consequence of an in- The research was carried out on the sample of 26 creasingly present hypokinesia, the basis of recreational selected bodybuilding trainees of chronological age 19 exercises in the gym derives primarily for health rea- – 29 (+ 6 months). Selected trainees were chosen from sons. When women are motivated and concerned about the „Club of strength sports“ from Leskovac – „Body- their body fit, the aesthetic motives could be also the ba- fitness“ 1 and 2, as well as the „Club of weight-lifters“ sic starter for the programmed physical activity with the (KDT) „Miodrag Perović“, from Leskovac too. Among use of different apparatuses, equipment and weights, and the anthropometric variables, the following were meas- all with the aim of decreasing the circular dimensional- ured: body height in cm (AVIST), length of legs in cm ity and subcutaneous fatty tissue. (ADUNO), length of arms in cm (ADURU), chest size The objective of this research referred to determi- in cm (AOGKS), size of upper arm in stretched state in nation of the effects of the experimental bodybuilding cm (AONAD), thigh size in cm (AOBUT), body mass training programme on transformation of somatometric in gr (AMAST), thickness of skin wrinkle in the part characteristics in women. of triceps of the upper arm in mm (AKNNA), thickness We suggested the hypothesis based on given sub- of skin wrinkle in the part of back in mm (AKNLE), ject and the research problem, and the defined objec- thickness of skin wrinkle in the part of stomach in mm APES, (1), 2013 16 Stanimirović, Milenović, and Mutavdžić
(AKNTR) and the total fat, expressed as percentage able, the values of arithmetic mean are given (Mean), (UKUPM). All anthropometrical measurements were minimum (Min) and maximum (Max) result, standard realized by standard instruments, following the meth- deviation (Std. Dev.), standard error (Standard Error) odology recommended by International biological pro- Skewness and Kurtosis. gramme (Weiner & Lourie, 1968.). Table 1. shows the results of subjects at the initial For the purpose of calculation of subcutaneous measuring. Obtained values of the results indicate that fatty tissue, an instrument for the estimation of body there are not any significant deviations from normal dis- fat volume, of the brand »OMRON«, type BF 300, was tribution, taking into consideration that the values of the used, within the laboratory of the Centre for multidis- coefficient of curvature do not exceed 1.00, except with ciplinary research work of the »Faculty of Sport and the variables length of the legs (ADUNO = 1.20), size Physical Education“, University of Niš. of the upper arm (AONAD = 1.31) and skin wrinkle of Obtained data were processed by statistical pack- upper arm (AKNNA = 1.97), which more significantly age for data processing SPSS 12.0. Determination of deviate from the normal distribution. the effects of experimental bodybuilding training pro- Values of the coefficient of roundness range be- gramme on transformation of somatometric character- low normal values of distribution 2.75, which makes istics with researched sample was realized by methodo- the distribution platykurtic or rambling, except with the logical procedure of discriminative canonical analysis. variable: skin wrinkle of upper arm (AKNNA = 4.71), pointing out to increased concentration of results around RESULTS WITH DICUSSION arithmetic mean (decreased discrimination). Basic statistical parameters of the exercisers were Table 2. shows the results of the subjects at the shown for each variable on the Table 1. For each vari- final measuring. Obtained values of the results point
Table 1. Basic statistical indicators of somatometric characteristics of the exercisers at initial measuring
Std Stand. Variables Mean Min Max Range Skew Kurt Dev. Error 1.AVIST 166.12 155.00 182.00 27.00 7.41 1.45 0.86 -0.18 2.ADUNO 88.73 80.00 105.00 25.00 6.49 1.27 1.20 1.38 3.ADURU 74.88 69.00 79.00 10.00 2.97 0.58 -0.77 -0.30 4.AOGKS 85.63 69.00 103.00 34.00 8.11 1.59 -0.47 0.31 5.AONAD 25.77 21.00 37.00 16.00 3.61 0.71 1.31 2.45 6.AOBUT 54.75 49.00 62.00 13.00 3.78 0.74 0.42 -0.94 7.AMAST 61.92 49.50 83.50 34.00 8.25 1.62 0.76 0.56 8.AKNNA 12.98 7.00 31.00 24.00 5.31 1.04 1.97 4.71 9.AKNLE 13.64 7.90 19.00 11.10 2.95 0.58 0.00 -0.71 10.AKNTR 16.34 8.80 23.00 14.20 3.45 0.68 -0.26 -0.07 11.UKUPM 19.12 11.90 29.20 17.30 4.67 0.92 0.42 -0.63
Table 2. Basic statistical indicators of somatometric characteristics of the exercisers at final measuring
Std. Std Variables Mean Min Max Range Skew Kurt Dev. Error
1.AVIST 166.50 155.00 182.00 27.00 7.48 1.47 0.83 -0.13 2.ADUNO 88.73 80.00 105.00 25.00 6.49 1.27 1.20 1.38 3.ADURU 74.96 69.00 79.00 10.00 3.00 0.59 -0.82 -0.31 4.AOGKS 84.88 69.00 102.00 33.00 8.01 1.57 -0.41 -0.04 5.AONAD 25.42 20.00 31.50 11.50 2.67 0.52 0.50 0.63 6.AOBUT 54.19 50.00 61.00 11.00 3.31 0.65 0.79 -0.22 7.AMAST 60.33 50.00 80.00 30.00 7.54 1.48 0.91 0.74 8.AKNNA 12.49 7.10 30.00 22.90 5.00 0.98 2.10 5.40 9.AKNLE 12.99 7.00 18.70 11.70 2.96 0.58 0.13 -0.54 10.AKNTR 15.48 7.60 23.00 15.40 3.19 0.63 -0.20 1.01 11.UKUPM 17.72 10.00 27.20 17.20 4.29 0.84 0.29 -0.27
APES, (1), 2013 17 Stanimirović, Milenović, and Mutavdžić
Table 3. Discriminative analysis of somatometric characteristcs between initial and final measurements
Eigen- Canonicl Wilks‘ Chi-Sqr. Df p-level Value R Lambda 0 .10 .31 .90 4.58 10.00 .91 out that there are not any significant deviations from the normal distribution, taking into consideration that Table 4. Projections of variables on isolated the values of the coefficient of curvature do not exceed discriminative function 1.00, except with the variables: length of leg (ADUNO = 1.20), and skin wrinkle of upper arm (AKNNA = 2.10), Varijable Function 1 which more significantly deviate from the normal dis- 1.AVIST -1.23 tribution. 2.ADUNO .14 Values of the coefficient of roundness ranges be- 3.ADURU .52 low the normal values of distribution 2.75, which makes 4.AOGKS -10 the distribution platykurtic or rambling, except with the 5.AONAD .05 variable skin wrinkle of upper arm (AKNNA = 5.40). 6.AOBUT .63 A discriminative analysis has been applied for 7.AMAST 1.08 determination of quantitative differences between the 8.AKNNA -.81 initial and final measuring with subjects toward mani- 9.AKNLE 1.07 festing the space of somatometric variables. Both values 10.AKNTR .37 of the coefficient of discrimination and the coefficient 11.UKUPM .78 of canonical correlation were calculated. Discriminative vigour of the applied system of variables was determined by Wilks’ lambda, and the significance of discrimina- 2 tive vigour was tested by Bartlett x test. The probability Table 5. Centroid of Groups of error was calculated, on eliminating the hypothesis that the function has not been significant (p) with cor- Measure Function responding number of the degrees of freedom (df). 1 Table 3. shows one isolated function from which it can be seen that in the entire system of the applied var- 1 .32 iables, between the initial and final measuring with sub- 2 -.32 jects, there is no any statistically significant difference (p = .91), pointing out that the experimental programme had no influence on changes of anthropometrical meas- CONCLUSION ures. Isolated discriminative function had no statistical According to the results of research, which was significance. Thus, it can be stated that there were no carried out on the sample of 26 selected trainees of more significant quantitative differences found between chronological age 19 – 29 (+ 6 months), members of the initial and final measurements of the applied vari- the „Club of strength sports“ from Leskovac – „Body- ables with the subjects. fitness“ 1 and 2 and „Club of weight-lifters“ (KDT) Table 4 shows a factor structure of the isolated „Miodrag Perović“, from Leskovac as well, a conclu- discriminative function of investigated anthropometri- sion could be made that with the subjects within investi- cal variables of the subjects. According to both the posi- gated functional space there were not found any statisti- tion of centroid groups and coordinates of variables on cally significant differences between initial and the final discriminative function, we can state that the obtained measurements. function was primarily determined by better values of Based on the results of canonical discriminative body mass measures, as well as skin wrinkles of the analysis, it can be concluded that with the subjects in the back (Tables 4. and 5.). experimental group within the investigated somatomet- Table 5. shows the centroid of groups that repre- ric characteristics, there were no any statistically signifi- sent arithmetic mean at initial and final measurements cant differences between the initial and final measure- with the subjects of the control group. Results point out ments. that the discrimination was not that high and significant, Although in the entire system of somatometric since it ranges from -.32 to .32. Separated values charac- variables there were not found any significant differenc- terize the results between initial and final measurements, es, and thereby it can be, generally, concluded that the without pointing out that their discrimination was sig- experimental programme of bodybuilding training did nificant. not affect the transformation, i.e. changes in the overall
APES, (1), 2013 18 Stanimirović, Milenović, and Mutavdžić somathometric area with the tested sample of women, funkcionalnih sposobnosti plesača i bodibildera [Struc- while individually the largest contribution to the dis- ture of the morphological characteristics and functional crimination hierarchically, had variables of body mass bodybuilders. In Serbian] (Unbublished Master-thesis, (AMAST) and skin fold back (AKNLE), and thus, such University of Niš) Niš: Fakultet fizičke kulture. data can only indicatively point out to the trend and the Milenović, P., & Mutavdžić, V. (2007). Faktorska struktura disposition of the effects of bodybuilding programmme funkcionalnih sposobnosti bodibildera [Factor structure to reduce body mass and subcutaneous fatty tissue in of the functional abilities of bodybuilder. In Montene- women. This statement refers to the fact that the larger grin]. Sport Mont, (12,13,14), 267-272. and more significant effects of such a programme could Milojević, M. (1986). Biološke osnove fizičke culture [Bio- be expected together with its correction, in terms of in- logical bases of pyisical education. In Serbian]. Novi Sad: creasing its duration and estimated volume and intensity. Fakultet fizičke kulture. Mišigoj-Duraković, M., Hajmer, S, & Matković, B. (1998). REFERENCES Morphological and functional characteristics of the stu- Dikić N., Ostojić S., Živanić S., & Mazić S. (2004). Sport- dent population at the University of Zagreb. Kinesiology, skomedicinski pregled-metodologija i preporuke [Sports 30(2), 31-37. medical examination - methodology and recommenda- Mutavdžić, V., Đurašković., R., & Ranđelović, J. (2005). So- tion. In Serbian]. Beograd: Udruženje za medicinu sporta matometijske karakteristike i funkcionalne sposobnosti Srbije. rukometaša i plesača narodnih plesova [Somatometric Gubiani, G.L., & Pires.Neto, C.S. (1990). Effects of a step characteristics and functional capabilities of handball training program on anthropometric and bodycomposition players and folk dancers. In Serbian]. Program i zbornik variables of female college students. Revista Brasileria de rezimea, XLIV Kongres antropološkog društva Jugo- Cinantropometria & Desempenho Humano, 1(1), 89-95. slavije sa međunarodnim učešćem (str. 63). Novi Sad: Krsmanović, C., & Krsmanović, R. (1997). Povezanost funkc- Antropološko društvo Jugoslavije. ionalnih sposobnosti sa antropometrijskim karakteristika- Mutavdžić, V., & Milenović, P. (2007). Differences in functio- ma studentkinja [Correlation of functional abilities with nal abilities between dancers and bodybuilder. Fizi~ka anthropometric characteristics of female students. In Ser- kultura 35(2), 217-220. bian]. U Zbodniku radova’’Sport i zdravlje stanovnika Živanić S., Životić-Vanović M., Mijić R., & Dragojević R. 11’’ (99-105). Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture. (1999). Aerobna sposobnost [Aerobic abilities. In Ser- Kukolj, M., Jovanović, A., & Ropret, R. (1988). Struktura i bian]. Beograd: Udruženje za medicinu sporta Srbije. razvoj morfoloških i motoričkih dimenzija [Structure and Živanić S. (2004). Procena aerobne sposobnosti Astrandovim development of morphological amd motor dimensions. In testom opterećenja na ergociklu [Assessement of aero- Serbian]. Beograd: Institut za naučna istraživanja fakulte- bic fitness Astrand test loads ergo cycle. In Serbian]. U ta fizičke kulture. Sportskomedicinski pregled-metodologija i preporuke Mićigoj-Duraković M., Heimer S., & Matkvić B. (1998). (str. 52-64). Beograd: Udruženje za medicinu sporta Sr- Morphological and functional characteristics of the stu- bije. dent population at the University of Zagreb. Kinesiology, Weiner J., & Lourie J. (1969). Human Biology, A Guide to 30(2), 31-37. Field Metods. International Biological Programme. Ox- Milenović, P. (2006). Struktura morfoloških karakteristika i ford-Edinburgh: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Correspondence: Vladimir Mutavdžić University of Niš Faculty of Sport and Physical Education Čarnojevićeva 10 A, 18000 Niš, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 19 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 20-21
EFFECT OF GYMNASTICS PROGRAM ON MUSCLE STRENGTH TRANSFORMATION (Research note)
Hasim Mekić1, Emilija Petković2 and Saša Ilić, Hadžić3
1State University of Novi Pazar, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Novi Pazar, Serbia 2University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia 3University of Priština, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education,, Leposavić, Kosovo in Metohia
Abstract This research includes investigations in 132 respondents aged 11 from Novi Pazar. On this occasion, we present the results of respondents who are involved in the training process in karate clubs. The experimental treatment was applied upon the completion of the initial check, and it covered the basic program functions of Artistic gymnastics for 48 hours, with two sessions per week for six months. Upon completion of the final measurement was performed and the results applied to the program Gymfitschool on participants involved in karate sections have shown that there is a positive influence and transform the power-motor skills. Based on the results of our basic program functions Artistic gymnastic for 48 hours, with two sessions per week for six months can be recommended and other sports that have a section like this.
Keywords: students, experimental training process, program Gym fit school,initial measurements, final measurements, karate clubs, t-test
INTRODUCTION factors skeletal muscle tissues and joints of each indi- Every scientific field or discipline has its own es- vidual (Radovanović & Ignjatović, 2009). Efficiency of tablished methods and procedures used in conducting re- the training process is usually estimated on the basis of search. Sport and its area with the character of scientific the effects of transformational and change certain fea- fields, located between two large groups of social and tures of psycho-somatic status at specific time intervals. natural sciences, in most scientific researches is a nec- It is known that the transformational changes psycho- essary interdisciplinary approach. “Artistic Gymnastics somatic status are influenced by various factors. Some is now that sport competition reaches with the highest of these factors may be more or less directed and con- level of artistic achievement. Trend of development in trolled, and certain products of natural growth, which professional sports in general, and artistic gymnastics, may not be significantly affected. the most serious confirms the unpredictability of- hu The subject of this research is motor skill- strength man possibilities. As a rule, the proof thet oppose limits of youth karate players, 11 years old, involved in the in sport are new, a number of varies exercises that in- training process and competition. Problem of this study ventors shows in gymnastics competitions”.(Petković, is how to determine the impact of the program artistic Sportski trening, 21). gymnastics as a basic function of the level of strength Motor ability is only one part of the overall men- in athletes. The aim of the research is to determine the tal and physical abilities that are related to the level of influence of basic facilities of Artistic gymnastics in the development of the latent dimensions of basic human transformation of strength in young athletes. On the ba- motion, which condition the successful execution of sis of the defined problem, objects and research goals, movement, regardless of whether they acquired skills the following hypothesis can be formulated as: training or not. Strength can be defined as the ability to H: It is expected to identify significant differences overcome external loads with muscle strain (Zatsiorsky in motor skill -strength after the application of experi- & Kraemer, 2009). The expression of muscle strength is mental treatment. largely determined by morphological and physiological
APES, (1), 2013 20 Mekić, Petković, Ilić-Hadžić
METHODS variables in the field of strength show statistical The experimental treatment was applied at significance. The program offered is even greater 132 boys who attended the club sections of karate if contents more varied basic functions of Artistic in Novi Pazar. The experimental treatment contains gymnastics. This program had offered content that The Program of basic functions of Artistic gymnas- karate players practiced agility through a variety of tics. The Program is consisting of “A” program (agil- polygons, jumping on trampolines and learn specific ity polygon), “B” program (small trampoline) and “C exercises on the Floor. This program is a specific “ program (gymnastics all- around competition). The program Gymfitschool „ gymnastics for non-athletes.“ program of basic function Artistic gymnastics - Gym- Based on the results wich offered gymnastics fitschool (Mekić, 2009) was realized for a period of program called „Gymfitschool“ wich was intended for 48 hours, with two sessions per week for six months. non-athletes positively and significantly transformed the Attending this program of experimental treat- strength in athletes, and in this way is recommended for ment, which was realized as an additional content at use with all other athletes, not just karate experts. the beginning of karate training, we expected a posi- tive influence on motor skill strength, wich was- cov REFERENCES ered by the following research variables: the endur- Hmjelovjec, I., Halid, R. & Hmjelovjec, D. (2004). Sportska ance in overhand grip pulls up (MSIZ), lifting the gimnastika za osnovnu školu [Gymnastics in elementary trunk on the Swedish bench (MSDT) and raise upper school. In Bosnian]. Sarajevo: Fakultet za sport. body (MSIT). To determine the differences between Kurelić, N., Momirović, K., Marković, M., & Šturm, J. (1979). the initial and final measurements will be applied t- Struktura motoričkih sposobnosti i njihove relacije sa os- test for small dependent samples (Petković, 2001). talim dimenzijama ličnosti [Structure of motor abilities and their relationships with other personality dimensions. RESULTS In Croatian]. Kineziologija, 9(1-2), 5-20. The results contained in Table 1 indicate that the Mekić, H. (2009). Uticaj programa bazične funkcije sportske two variables in the field of strength show statistical si- gimnastike na transformaciju motoričkih sposobnosti gnificance to the endurance in overhand grip pulls up- sportista [The impact of the program basic functions MSIZ (p = 0.000) and lifting the trunk on the Swedish gymnastics on the transformation of motor abilities of bench- MSDT (p = 0.005), confirming the positive effect athletes. In Serbian] (Unbublished doctoral dissertation, of the experimental treatment significance of 100%. For University of Niš) Niš: Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspi- variable raise upper body- MSIT (p = 0.0743), the re- tanja. sults indicate that there was no statistically significant Petković, D. (2008). Sportski trening [Sports training. In Ser- change after the experimental treatment. bian]. Niš: Fakultet fizičke kulture. Petković, D. (2001). Metodologija naučno-istraživačkog rada Table 1. The significance of the difference of the u Fizičkoj kulturi [The methodology of scientific research initial and final measurementskarate players in physical education. In Serbian]. Niš: Fakultet fizičke kulture. Variables In/Fi N Mean SD t-value p Petković, D., Petković, E & Veličković, S. (2007). Gimnastika u školi „Gimfit-school“ [Gym in School “Gimfit-school”. Inic. 132 15.11 5.828 -5.749 0.000 In Serbia]. Niš: Fakultet fizičke kulture. MSIZ Fin. 132 19.18 5.668 Petković, D., Veličković, S., Petković, E., Ilić, H.S., & Mekić, Inic. 132 10.54 3.498 -2.828 0.005 H. (2010). Sportska gimnastika I. [Gymnastics I.In Ser- MSDT Fin. 132 11.63 2.722 bian]. Niš: Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja. Inic. 132 39.64 7.044 -1.792 0.074 Radovanović, D. & Ignjatović, A. (2009). Fiziološke os- MSIT Fin. 132 41.13 6.405 nove treninga sile i snage. [Physiological basis force
and strength training. In Serbia]. Niš: Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja. CONCLUSIONS Zatsiorsky, M. V. & Kraemer, Ј. W. (2009). Nauka i praksa u In intended research was determined the effect treningu snage [Science and practice of strength training. of the basic content of Artistic gymnastics on the In Serbian] Beograd: Data Status. transformation of strength in karate players and two
Correspondence: Hasim Mekić State University of Novi Pazar Department of Biomedical Sciences Vuka Karadzica bb, 36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 21 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 22-25
MOTOR ABILITIES OF URBAN AND RURAL ENVIRONMENT STUDENTS (Research note)
Benin Murić, Izet Kahrović and Oliver Radenković State University of Novi Pazar, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Study program of Sports and Physical Education, Novi Pazar, Serbia
Abstract The research is conducted in order to determine the difference in motor skills among students in urban and rural areas, who attend classes in a variety of material conditions. The population from which we derived a sample of respondents can be defined as a final year student population, i.e. the eighth grade of primary school, aged 15±6 months from the territory of Novi Pazar. Total sample of 200 male subjects, divided into two groups of 100, a city group and a village group. For the assessment of motor skills we applied seven measuring instruments. In the mobility area, the results of multivariate analysis of variance show that these two groups significantly differ in the system variables applied to the required level of significance (p = .05). Analysis of differences of means between these two groups shows that these two groups significantly differ in the speed of alternative movements (MTAP), repetitive strength of the abdomen and hip flexors (MD60), and so that students from the city showed better results than students from rural areas.
Keywords: human motor tests, muscle elasticity, static muscular strength, explosive muscle power, human motor speed, body coordination, multivariate analysis of variance
INTRODUCTION ensure the basic assumptions for the process of program- One of the most important areas of anthropologi- ming exercises. We should also add the warning men- cal status are the motor skills, because the daily life of tioned by Mraković (1997.) “that none of these factors humans depends on the operations of motor space, which and their most ideal combination means nothing if you means the performance of motor activities is important do not exercise, in a specific way, and not in any other to achieve the daily necessities of life. “Motor skills, for way.” which often are used other terms (including physical, The scope and the purpose of the research psychomotor ability, psychological and physical charac- The scope of the research is motoric abilities of teristics, etc..), represents one side of the motion abilities urban and rural areas students. or personality dimensions that participates in solving the The purpose of the research is to determine the motor tasks” (Krsmanović & Berković, 1999.). effectiveness of physical education in schools depend- Since physical education classes in this case took ing on the equipment and material standard of teaching. place during the eight years of schooling in two different Based on this defined goal, research is managed with the environments, the rural and the urban, in different mate- following operational tasks: rial conditions, as the gym, and optimal conditions in ur- - determine the level of motor skills of the stu- ban schools as opposed to conditions where there was no dents’ final grade gym. We started the study in order to see whether such - determine the level of differences in motor skills, work conditions have contributed to some differences in as well as the significance of the differences. the development of motor skills. Based on the previous consideration of the entire METHODS scientific and theoretical assumptions, we can logically The population from which we derived a sample conclude that a fundamental knowledge of limitations of respondents can be defined as population of the- fi factor is the first step, or first stage of the planning to nal year students, i.e. eighth grade of primary school
APES, (1), 2013 22 Murić, Kahrović, and Radenković students, aged 15±6 months from the territory of Novi ing between seven and 11 seconds, tapping (MTAP) Pazar. between 24 and 37, sustention in the knuckle (MVIS) The total sample consisted of 200 subjects, male, values are between 12 and 120 seconds. As for the test divided into two groups of 100 respondents, a city group results to evaluate repetitive strength of abdominal and a village group. and hip flexor (MD60) results ranged between 15 and For the assessment of motor skills we applied 52.Regardless of individual differences and the great the following measuring instruments: polygon back- heterogeneity of subjects in the static strength (MVIS), wards (MPN), hand tapping (MTAP), a deep forward the results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (KS p) indicate bend on the bench (MDP), standing long jump (MDM), that the data distribution did not differ significantly from sustention in the knuckle (MVIS), sit-ups for 60 sec- normal distribution. onds (MD60), running 60 meters (M60), as directed by Motor parameters of city students Kurelić et al. (1975.). The analysis results in Table 2. show that this is a relatively homogeneous group of subjects, because their RESULTS coefficients of variation ranges up to 20%, which is con- Motor parameters of village students sidered high homogeneity, except for the test of assess- From analysis of the central and dispersion pa- ment the power of arms and shoulders (MVIS), where rameters of motor variables shown in Table 1., it is evi- coefficient of variation was high (65%). dent that this is a group of students with very similar If we take a look at the spread between the best indices, and also a solid homogeneous group, where the and the weakest results, it can notice that the values for values of coefficients of variation are ranging up to 20%, the evaluation of coordination (MPN) are in the range except from variables for the evaluation of the strength between 6 and 12 seconds. When it comes to test for as- of arms and shoulders, where the coefficient of variation sessing segment speed, it also can be seen that the results exceeds the value of 45%. drastically differs from each others. For these reasons, There are some individual differences between the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test shows that the distribu- the subjects, as suggested by the results of minimum and tion of the results in variables for assessing frequency of maximum data, which is particularly evident in the test movement (MTAP) is statistically significantly different for the assessment of flexibility (MDP), where the best from the normal distribution. For the test to assess the result is 65 centimeters, and the lowest is 11 centimeters. speed, the results are concentrated between 7 and 11 sec- The best result in standing long jump places (MDM) is onds. However, when it comes to test for explosive leg 240 centimeters, and the least 144 centimeters. The re- strength (MDM), where this ability is genetically very sults of the evaluation of coordination (MPN) are rang-
Table 1. Basic statistical indicators of village students mobility variables
Variables Means St.dev. Min Max Kv KS p
MPN 8.92 0.81 7.20 11.90 9.08 1000 MTAP 28.89 3.14 24.00 37.00 10.88 .392 MDP 48.85 5.55 11.00 65.00 11.37 .213 MDM 191.79 23.57 146.00 240.00 12.29 1000 MVIS 52.63 23.71 12.00 120.00 45.05 1000 MD60 37.04 7.72 15.00 52.00 20.85 1000 M60 9.25 .86 7.60 11.80 9.26 .153
Table 2. Basic statistical indicators of student mobility variables
Variables Means St.dev. Min Max Kv% KS p
MPN 8.97 1.43 6.80 12:00 15.98 .621 MTAP 32.17 7.04 20.00 85.00 21.87 .046 MDP 50.33 6.18 19.00 64.00 12.29 .635 MDM 188.23 20.55 150.00 241.00 10.92 .999 MVIS 47.22 30.72 11.00 275.00 65.06 .221 MD60 39.29 6.82 15.00 55.00 17.36 1000 M60 9.09 .79 7.60 11:20 8.65 .629
APES, (1), 2013 23 Murić, Kahrović, and Radenković
Table 3. Results of multivariate analysis of variance and discriminan analysis of students from village and town in the motor variables
F P 4978 .000
Variables Means Means F P Village City MPN 8.92 8.97 .078 .772 MTAP 28.89 32.17 18 120 .000 MDP1 48.85 50.33 3170 .073 MDM 191.79 188.23 1296 .255 MVIS 52.63 47.22 1943 .161 MD60 37.04 39.29 4769 .029 M60 9:25 9:09 1894 .166 much determined, we observed a wide range of results The aim of the research based on motor param- from 150 centimeters to 241 centimeters. eters, was to determine whether there are significant When we compare the average results from the differences between students which physical education group of students in the city and group of students from classes are carried out in different conditions. Our re- the countryside, we can see that, numerically speaking, sults show that: students in the city do better than the students from rural - In the mobility area, the results of multivariate areas regarding the speed evaluation variables (MTAP, analysis of variance and the discriminant analysis M60), flexibility (MDP) and repetitive strength (Md60), show that these two groups significantly differ in similar in the coordination (MPN), and weaker in ex- the system variables applied to the required level plosive strength (MDM) and the force of arms and the of significance values (p = .05 and .01), and H01 shoulders (MVIS). However we should emphasize that is rejected. this is only a numerical difference of average values, and - Analysis of differences of means between these testing the significance of these differences will be made two groups show that these two groups differ in the next chapter. significantly in speed or alternative movements (MTAP), repetitive strength of the abdomen and Differences between students from the hip flexors (MD60) and so that children from the city and the village in motor parameters city showed better results than a group of students In the analysis of basic statistical parameters of from rural areas. motor variables, numerical differences were observed The discriminant analysis showed that, based on between the village and the town students in the in- this battery of tests, it is possible to determine differenc- dividual indicators. However, in addition to the claim es between the groups. Four of the seven variables con- that these groups are similar and have different average tributed toward discrimination of the applied group. The values of means, we still could not talk about the real largest contribution to the differences obtained in the differences. The results of multivariate analysis Table system variables are certainly applied to estimate the 3. show that these two groups significantly differ in the speed tests, specifically alternative movements -(dis system of applied variables, on the required level of sig- crimination coefficient, KD = .10) that was statistically nificance (p = .05). However, analysis of differences of significant, and run at 60 meters (KD = .04), where the means between these two groups shows us that these students from the city did better than students from rural two groups significantly differ in the speed of alternative areas, but not statistically significant. movements (MTAP) and repetitive strength of the abdo- men and hip flexors (MD60), and so that children from REFERENCE the city showed better results than the group of students Kurelić, N., Momirović, K. Stojanović, M. Šturm, J. Radoje- from rural areas. vić, Đ. & Viskić-Štalec N. (1975). Struktura antropo- metrijskih i motoričkih dimenzija omladine [Structure of CONCLUSION anthropometric and motor dimensions of youth, In Ser- The central focus of this research was on the ef- bian]. Institut za naučna istraživanja. Beograd: Fakultet fectiveness of the physical education, especially in terms za fizičko vaspitanje. of its dependence on the material equipment of schools Malacko, J. & Popović, D. (1997). Metodologija kineziološko and teaching standards, which in its broadest sense can antropoliških istraživanja [Methodology Kinesiologi- be taken as a case study. cal and anthropological research. In Serbian]. Priština:
APES, (1), 2013 24 Murić, Kahrović, and Radenković
Fakultet za fizičku kulturu. Mraković, M. (1997). Uvod u sistematsku kineziologiju [Intro- Krsmanović, B.& Berković, L. (1999). Teorija i metodika duction to Systematic Kinesiology. In Croatian]. Zagreb: fizičkog vaspitanja [Theory and methodology of physical Fakultet za fizičku kulturu. education. In Serbian]. Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture.
Correspondence: Benin Murić Department of Biomedical Sciences Study program Sport and Physical Education, Str. Vuka Karadzica bb, 36300, Novi Pazar, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 25 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 26-28
PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT AS FORMING FACTOR FOR CHILDREN GROWTH IN PRESCHOOL AGE (Preliminary communication)
Diana Peeva1 and Marina Nedkova2 1College of Transport “Todor Kableshkov”, Sofia, Bulgaria 2National Sports Academy “Vasil Levski”, Sofia, Department of Theory of Physical Education, PhD student, Sofia, Bulgaria
Abstract The aim of this research is examination of the levels of physical skills in children at preschool. Tar- gets of the research are 58 children, 37 boys and 21 girls both age 6. This paper presents data from a study of tests of physical abilities. These tests were modified in view of the age of the test participants. Conclusions of the research aimed at improving physical development and physical developments of prospective students.
Keywords: physical education, physical abilities, motor tests, kindergartens, activities outside of class, sports teachers, physical education programs, mean, coefficient of variability.
The physical education in the continuous educa- authors find specific periods with different intensity of tional system is meant to ensure unity and wholeness in growth in motor skills – periods with raised growth in development of the singularity and uniqueness of physi- every indicator and vice versa, periods with zero growth. cal and psychological organization of human being, of For example males have highest growth in the ages 4, the intellectual and physical potential which define the 6, 8 and 13, less growth in 5, 8 and 16 years of age, and originality of each individual. It creates prerequisite for practically zero growth in the ages of 3, 7, 12 and 17. harmonic development, helps for showing of high level The situation among females is slightly different: high- of social activity. Physical education as specific activity est gain in 4, 6, 9 and 10 years, less growth – 8, 11, 12, for people provides their cultural – social status and au- and 13 and with minimal – 3, 5, 7, 14-17 (Rachev, 1984). tonomy in the system of external links and public com- By this age analysis we prove that age of 6 is exception- munications, forming of valuable personal system of ally important for both genders by means of dynamics thoughts about the world and value orientation. of physical skills and from there the physical education Physical education in one or another form takes of children. part of the early stages in our educational system – kin- The aim of this research is examination of the lev- dergartens. Up to three hours of physical education are els of physical skills in children at preschool age and included in the studying program in unevenly distrib- their preparation for elementary school. Targets of the uted by means of type of lessons. Music lessons can research are 58 children, 37 boys and 21 girls both age 6 be attached to physical education lessons conditionally from 34th kindergarten in city of Sofia, held in May and where children’s basic education and physical activity June 2012 indoors and outdoors. are intertwined. In many kindergartens physical educa- The participants in the research are divided in tion is fulfilled by outclass activities such as football, two groups – control and experimental, the last consists swimming, martial arts etc. which lessons are lead by of children who participate in higher physical outclass sport educators. activities. Following the development in time and sex is Examined indicators are literature approved from special value in research of physical skills. This physical skills as speed, strength, endurance, agility and fact is related to many publications which reveal growth flexibility. There are many types of tests and groups of or loss in development pace of different skills. Some tests for physical skills level determination but they are
APES, (1), 2013 26 Peeva and Nedkova not applicable for preschool age. In our research they are classified as comparatively equal. modified considering the age features of the participants. Endurance in this age was determined by number of Speed is determined by measuring speed skills of chil- knee bends (squats) for 20 sec. This test determines dren in relay game in which the distance is 2x10m. The force endurance (Table 3). measurement is realized by chronometer. The statistics The test proofs equal capabilities of children from results are shown in table 1. both groups, but in this test also like the strength one the The speed in the experimental group is high- variations are big which determine directions for teach- er but the variation coefficient is also higher. The data ers to work with lagging children. proofs that there is no significant difference in the level Agility of children at preschool age was deter- of development of speed skill among children who visit mined by successful play actions – ball passing and re- extra outclass lessons of physical activity and children ceiving accuracy – limited to one minute and distance of whom physical development and capability are related 50 m executed outdoors. During the test there is forward to physical education lessons only. action of the child which also increases the difficulty of Hand dynamometry is used for strength establishment. the test. Table 4 describes the results. Results are represented in groups without gender differ- Agility is complicated physical skill which re- entiation in table 2. quires good coordination in time and space and other The development of strength capabilities (static developed physical skills. Children at preschool age, no force) in children continuously grow and the peak is by matter from which group, show equal results which cor- the age of 16. At ages 6-7 it is bigger in the experimen- responds to good work done by the teachers and coaches tal group which is expected because bigger part of the in their work with the participants in the test. group is attending martial arts classes. The variation For flexibility we used forward bending with in both groups is high. Despite that both groups can be which we wanted to determine the abilities of the
Table 1. Speed
Group X S mx As Ex V Max Min R CG 6,56 1,23 0,12 -0,12 0,45 8 6,28 7,01 0,73 EG 6,39 2,12 0,33 0,15 0,22 12 6,12 6,97 0,85
Table 2. Strength
Group X S mx As Ex V Max Min R CG 8,9 2,72 0,32 0,13 -0,67 30,2 14 4 10 EG 9,9 2,62 0,29 -0,4 -0,5 22,6 15 4 11
Table 3. Endurance
Group X S mx As Ex V Max Min R CG 13 1,98 0,22 -0,16 0,33 21 16 9 7 EG 14 2,21 0,26 0,15 0,22 15 17 11 6
Table 4. Agility
Group X S mx As Ex V Max Min R CG 6,7 2,12 0,23 -0,45 0,12 22 8 4 4 EG 6,9 2,25 0,45 0,12 0,55 11 7 5 2
Table 5. Flexibility
Group X S mx As Ex V Max Min R CG 2,3 2,78 0,23 -0,26 0,21 22 4 -0,5 4,5 EG 2,5 2,52 0,25 0,23 0,45 18 5 -1,2 6,2
APES, (1), 2013 27 Peeva and Nedkova children to withstand physical effort caused by external REFERENCES influence during movement with weight on the back. Bala, G., & Popović, B. (2007). Motoričke sposobnopsti The results are shown in table 5. predđkolske dece [Motor abilities of preschool children. The results of this test are pretty equal. They In Serbian.] U G. Bala (Ur.), Antropolške karakteristike i sposobnosti predškolske dece [Anthropolgical charac- show that children at the age of 6 don’t make difference teristics and abilities of preschool children (str. 101-151). between extra and regular lessons of physical education Novi Sad: Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Fakultet sporta i and sport at kindergartens. fizičkog vaspitanja. The research results build the foundation for Брогли, Я. (1988). Статистически методи в спорта [Sta- developing standard tables for physical development tistical method in sport. In Bulgarian.] София: Медицина and capability of children at preschool age. These results и физкултура. compared with the results from examination of physical Đorđić, V. (2007). Fiyička aktivnost predškolske dece [Physical capability of first grade students are higher than reached activiti of preschool children. In Serbian.] U G. Bala (Ur.), levels of physical capability of first grade students. Antropolške karakteristike i sposobnosti predškolske dece [Anthropolgical characteristics and abilities of preschool According to research from teachers’ opinion for the real children (str. 333-363). Novi Sad: Univerzitet u Novom physical preparation of first grade students (Bazelkov Sadu, Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja. 2008) more than 2/3 of them share the opinion that Jandrić, E., Međedović, A., Međedović, B., Kalač, S., & these children are not prepared for the requirements of Međedović, A. (2012). Recreative activities of pre-school elementary and secondary school. children. Activities in physical education and sport, 2(2), After short analysis of children achievements at 93-97. preschool age the following conclusions were made: Ленерт, Г., & Лахман, И. (1983). Спорт и игри за най-мал- 1. Physical education and sport lessons at kindergar- ките [Sport and games for the youngest.In Bulgarian.] tens are not enough for the approval of physical София: Медицина и физкултура. Međedović, E. (2006). Interaktivni pristup nastavi u prirpodi culture as one of the fundamental movement force kao savremenoj pedagoškoj inicijativi [Interactive access for harmonic development of the person education nature as modern pedagogical initiative. In Ser- 2. The results of the experiments proof the signifi- bian.] Beograd: Učiteljski fakultet. cance of classes developed and represented to Петкова, Л., & Квартирникова, М. (1985). Тестове за оце- children by specialists who have the proper quali- няване на физическата дееспособност [Physical capa- fication. bilities evaluation tests.In Bulgarian.] София: Медицина 3. Need for further research of physical capability и физкултура. of children at preschool age with view for fore- Рачев, К. (1970). Възрастова динамика и методика за раз- casting of the individual differences and in per- виване на основните физически качества [Age dynam- ics and methodology for basic physical skills develop- spective – participants in different teams in different ment. In Bulgarian.] София: ПДЮШ. discipline.
Correspondence: Diana Peeva College of Transport “Todor Kableshkov” 158 Geo Milev Str., 1574 Sofia, Bulgaria E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 28 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 29-31
RAISING STUDENTS’ AWARENESS OF THE IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE WRITING SKILLS (Preliminary communication)
Gordana Vekarić1 and Gordana Jelić2 1University of Belgrade, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Belgrade, Serbia 2CT College of Vocational Studies, Belgrade, Serbia
Abstract The aim of this paper is twofold. Firstly, to highlight the importance of writing abilities which should be incorporated into the syllabi of English courses at all levels for university students. Secondly, to increase both the interest and motivation of students for the class activities developing writing skills. Due to the complexity of writing itself it is rarely taught as a separate course at non-philological faculties in Serbia. However, graduate students of all fields of science are often faced with writing requirements in English language at the very beginning of their professional careers. As English is considered to be lingua franca of the modern technological age, our students should be equipped with those tools that would enable them both to profound their own knowledge and to present their own ideas and findings to other members of their discourse community worldwide. We suggest a discipline-sensitive and discourse-based approach in the development of materials to be used in English writing classes. In this way students would be encouraged to write as this was the activity mostly neglected and avoided by both students and teachers. In our opinion, an ESP (English for specific purposes) course at university level should inevitably include teaching general academic writing skills at the same time. Competence in writing would provide our students with necessary prerequisites that would facilitate their promotion in highly competitive scientific and professional world of their respective disciplines.
Keywords: academic writing, motivation, Questionnaire, students of sport, language courses, teaching plans
INTRODUCTION Possession of effective writing skills is considered population, we want to gather as much information as it to be vital for university students who want to make is possible about their specific needs. Here, our aid was successful careers in nowadays highly competitive con- the educational technology known as needs analysis, temporary world. Upon completion of their studies, our which is used widely in corporate training and aid de- students should be equipped with those tools that would velopment programs worldwide as a basis for securing enable them both to profound their own knowledge and funding and credibility by linking proposals to genuine to present their own ideas and findings to other members needs (Pratt, 1980.). However, needs are not always easy of their discourse community worldwide. Moreover, the to determine representing a mixture of students’ actual appropriate presentation of scientific achievements and skills, their interests, their future goals as well as the re- knowledge can very often play an essential role in re- quirements imposed by the context of their educational ceiving of economic support for further research. There- environment. fore, the ability to communicate ideas and information According to Dudley-Evans and St. John (1998.), effectively through the relevant scientific community we make a distinction between present situation analy- strongly depends on good writing skills. sis and target situation analysis. The former refers to Being aware that learning how to write in English students’ present abilities, background knowledge and as a second language is one of the most challenging as- language proficiency, in general, and to their familiarity pects of ELT, we try to find some answers to a lengthy with writing processes and written genres, in particu- set of questions regarding the design of an effective writ- lar. The letter concerns the target contexts of language ing course. Since we are primarily focused on students’ use, requirements of writing skills in future professional
APES, (1), 2013 29 Vekarić and Jelić work and identification of target genres. The method we written forms such as E-mails and SMSs while only a employ to collect the required information is a question- small number of them write longer written genres such naire, which comprises both types of analyses in order as essays or even letters, as shown in Table 1. This con- to collect data on the various needs. The questionnaire firms our belief that so far they have not been required to covers the following question areas: why students are perform more complex writing tasks. taking the writing course, how students write, what as- When it comes to their writing in English lan- pects of writing students find most/least difficult, why guage it has been shown that the ICT students use Eng- students need to write, what genres and content areas lish language to communicate daily on the Internet far will be used, where the students will use writing, etc. more often (20 – 76.92 %) than the FSFV students (9 – 34.61 %). The reason for this may be found in the nature METHODS of their professions. The research was conducted in summer term of However, the majority of students in both groups the school year 2011/2012. The sample consisted of (41 – 78.84 %) expect to use diverse forms of writing in two groups of the second year students. The first group English language in their future career. They identified were students of the Faculty of sport and physical edu- the following written genres: business and application cation of the University of Belgrade (N=26) while the letters, CV and reports and only 8 ICT (30.76 %) and 5 second group were the students of the ICT college of FSFV (19.23 %) students relate their future job respon- vocational studies (N=26). Among wide range of differ- sibilities to scientific forms of writing. ent sources and techniques for collecting data, we chose One question in the questionnaire referred to writ- a questionnaire as, according to Hyland (2002.), it is ing techniques and strategies they currently employ. The the most widely used means of eliciting information on results in Table 2. showed that out of six given strategies students’ personal goals, interests and backgrounds. The only computer-based writing is used by all subjects. The questionnaire included 10 questions related to students’ worst results were obtained related to pre-writing stage. attitudes towards writing. Seven questions were focused Only 7 FSFV (26.92 %) and 8 ICT students (30.76%) on the analysis of present situation i.e., students’ current make any notes prior to writing. Similar to this, the edit- writing habits while the remaining three dealt with their ing stage is also neglected as only 13 and 8 students of readiness to employ these skills in the future. Such ratio the FSFV and the ICT (50 % and 30.76 %) respectively was chosen because our students have never been taught revise pieces of writing. Relatively small number of stu- writing skills separately from general English courses. dents use dictionary (22 – 84.61 %). However, a good strategy of writing directly in English is confirmed with RESULTS majority of students with only 16 (61.53 %) of the entire The result indicated that both FSFV and ICT stu- sample writing their texts first in Serbian and then trans- dents regularly write in their native language only short lating them into English, which ultimately helps them
Table 1. The current use of writing forms in native language
Groups Respondents Short writing forms Long writing forms Students Percentage Students Percentage FSFV 26 21 80.76% 9 34.61 ICT 26 24 92.30 % 7 26.92 Overall 52 45 86.53% 16 30.76%
Table 2. Presence of different writing strategies among the two groups of students
Strategies FSFV ICT Overall Students Percentage Student Percentage Students Percents (26–total) (26–total) (52–total) Pencil&paper use 25 96.15 16 61.53 41 78.84 Making notes 7 26.92 8 30.76 15 28.84 Computer based writing 26 100 26 100 52 100 Editing 13 50 8 30.76 22 42.30 Dictionary use 13 50 9 34.61 20 36.46 Translation from L1 7 26.92 8
APES, (1), 2013 30 Vekarić and Jelić avoid negative transfer from their mother tongue. students with the opportunity to attend a writing course Since the questionnaire was carried out at the very in English, which would definitely help them in their beginning of the term, the items focused more on the professional careers. To sum up, in the field of ELT, the analysis of students writing habits. Only two items in- teaching of writing holds considerable potential for both vestigated how they expect to employ writing skills in theoretical description and practical exploration within the future. applied linguistics. By and large, students from both Faculty of Sport and Physical Education and ICT College of Vocational REFERENCES Studies proved to be highly motivated as all of them Dudley-Evans, T., & St John, M.-J. (1998). Developments in gave positive answers to the question about the impor- English for Specific Purposes. Cambridge: Cambridge tance of learning writing skills and conventions for their University Press. professional career since only two students expressed Haliday, M.A.K. (1977). Explorations in the functions of lan- doubts about that. guage. London: Edward Arnold. Hyland, K. (1998). Persuasion and context: The pragmatics of CONCLUSION academic metadiscourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 30(4), Our study was conducted within a general Eng- 437-455. lish course with the ultimate aim of indicating the im- Hyland, K. (2002). Teaching and Researching Writing. Essex: portance of being a skilled L2 writer. The results of this Pearson Education Limited. small scale research proved that our students need to be Jelić, G., (2010), Razvijanje veštine akademskog pisanja u offered opportunities to approach writing in a more sys- nastavi engleskog jezika za tehničke nauke [Development tematic way. of Academic Writing Skills in Teaching English for Tech- Since both the motivation and interest are present nical Sciences. In Serbian] (Unbublished master’s, Uni- among the students-respondents, there is a strong urge to versity of Belgrade) Beograd: Filološki fakultet. implement a separate course of English language writing Piršl, D., Piršl, T., & Kesić, D. (2011). Vještina pisanja na uni- skills in two higher education institutions. The creation verzitetskom nivou [Writting Skills at University Level. of particular teaching methods and techniques as well as In Serbian], SportLogia, 7(1), 69-72. the preparation of the syllabus and teaching materials is Pratt, D., (1980). Curriculum design and development. New another issue. York: Harcourt Brace. We hope that these research findings have shed Swales, J. (1990). Genre Analysis: English in academic and re- a little more light on the importance of providing our search settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Correspondence: Gordana Vekarić University of Belgrade, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Blagoja Parovića 156, 11030, Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 31 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 32-34
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE STATIC VERTICAL JUMP AND LEG APPROACHING JUMP (Preliminary communication)
Artan R. Kryeziu1, Enver Tahiraj2 and Ardonit Abdullahu3 1Lower Secondary School “Pjeter Bogdani”, & Scity of Teaxhers of Physical Culture and School Sports, Prishtina, Kosovo. 2Ministry of Culture, Youth And Sport, Departament of Sport Prishtina, Kosovo 3 Sate University of Tetovo, Faculty of Physical Education, Tetovo, Macedonia
Abstract The aim of this paper is to establish differences between the static vertical jump (sergeant) and the leg approaching jump. This paper treated 60 male respondents aged 16-17 years. The data was processed by using the T-test method, and the systematic differences between these two variables were confirmed. This analysis has also proved that the approach jump variable has better values in comparison with the static vertical jump, which is to be expected.
Keywords: basketball players, adolescents, Sergeant jump, one foot jump, t-test
INTRODUCTION consists of 60 male basketball players aged 16-17 years. Basketball is considered among the attractive These are active basketball players and systematically sports which contain features of movement structure and train in different basketball schools in the city of Pris- different situations, related to many dynamic-explosive tina and Gjilan. All these young people train in their re- actions. Young people who deal with the game of bas- spective schools with an average of 2 years, 3 times per ketball should be very careful, in particular with the co- week, 1 hour and 15 minutes. ordination skills that are directly related to their morpho- The sample of movement variables (motor): logical structure. Namely, basketball is more complex in SAR1- Static vertical jump; SAR2 - Approach jump. comparison with other sports. Data processing was performed by statistical soft- A basketball player must always be prepared for ware SPSS for Windows version 17.0, comparison of different game situations. At any point in the game, he the values was done through basic statistical analysis us- should be prepared to catch balls under the basket with ing the statistical methods of the minimum value (Min), a static vertical jump, steps and vigour. For basketball maximum value (Max), arithmetic mean (Mean), stan- players, the jump is one of the key specific skills, espe- dard deviation (Std. Dev.), variance asymmetry of the cially during a game under the basket. A good basketball distribution curve (Skewness), and the acuteness of the player should show a better performance as possible, distribution curve (Kurtosis). While the T-test method which he should consistently preserve (foster) with sys- was applied for the changes (differences) presented be- tematic exercises. While the static vertical jump and the tween the two variables. approach jump, in any situation of the basketball game, there is a need for especially tall players playing in the RESULTS centre, and basketball players singled out for throwing Table 1 reflects basic statistical parameters and during a jump. The aim of this study-experiment is to shows the distribution of values for both variables sepa- prove the presented differences, respectively the chang- rately. Based on the statistical methods of the arithmetic es introduced between the static vertical jump and the mean (Mean), the sample of this experiment, respective- approach jump. ly, this study has proved to be homogeneous between these variables. If we compare these data with the ex- METHODS periments, namely the studies of other researchers we The sample of respondents treated in this research observe that the data shows approximately the same results. APES, (1), 2013 32 Kryeziu, Tahiraj, and Abdullahu
Table 1. Basic statistical parameters in motor space
N Min. Max. Mean Std.Dev. Skewness Kurtosis
SAR1 60 20.00 63.00 48.15 8.78 -.847 .684
SAR2 60 20.00 66.00 50.48 8.78 -.916 1.327
Tabela 2. T-Test for determining the differences
Mean N Std. Dev. Std. Error Mean
Pair 1 SAR1 48.1593 60 8.92722 1.21484 SAR2 50.4815 60 8.78724 1.19579
N Correlation Sig.
Pair 1 SAR1 & SAR2 60 .955 .000 Paired Std. Sig. Differences Dev. t df (2-tailed) Mean
Pair 1 SAR1 & SAR2 -2.3222 2.64865 -6.443 60 .000
Based on the results presented in table number 2, can serve for more practical results and values. we observed that between the variables of static vertical jump and the approach differ in the level of reliability in REFERENCES the value of 0.000 (Sig.). Dizdar, D. (2006). Multiviajante metode (Kvantativne metode) While the distinction between these groups will [Multivariate methods (Quantitative methods). In Croa- be compared through the arithmetic average (mean), tian]. Zagreb: Kinezioloski fakultet. which in this case the value differs only by 2.32 cm. Erculj, F. (2004). Correlation between height and duration of These parameters are explained in such way stating that take-off in various jamps of young basketball players. the approach jump has better values than the static high Acta Universitatis Carolinae Kinanthropologica, 40-47. jump variable. Fattorini, I. (2005). Body composition and vertical jamp per- formance in junior players. FIBA Assist Magazine. (15), CONCLUSIONS 58. The aim of this paper is reached, where through Ferragut, C., Rodriguez, N. & Vila, H. (2011). Force genera- the difference between the static vertical jump and the tion in male basketball players. Journal of Sport Sciences- approach jump we presented the systematic values of Portuguese, (11), 81-84. these two parameters. During the measurements of these Maffiuletti, N. (2000). The Effects of Electromyostimulation two parameters, we noticed that some basketball play- Training and Basketball Practice on Muscle Strength and ers have achieved better result using the approach jump Jumping. Ability Int. J. Sports Med., (21), 437-443 while others have done the opposite. However, in most Stauffer, K. (2005). The comparison of the max jones quad- cases while playing basketball the approach jump, es- rathlon with the vertical jump and Wingate cycle tests as pecially in situational terms is required in the very be- a metod to assess anaerobic power in femal division of the ginning of the game. Meanwhile, this jump affects the college basketball player (Unpublished doctoral disserta- centre position players as well, during their realized tion, University of Pittsburgh) Pittsburgh: University of shots, which is at the same time related to the accurate Pittsburgh. and furious shots, requiring that the basketball player Salihu, H. (2007). Utvrđivanje kvantitativnih promjena nekih should raise his arms over the head as soon as possible, pokazatelja mladih košarkaša pod utjecajem kinezioloških because basketball is one of the most dynamic-explosive operatora [Identification of quantity changes of some in- sports, characterized by these two jumps. For having a dicators with young basketball players under influence of greater success in numerous jumps in the game, it most- kinesiology operators. In Croatian) Acta kinesiologica, ly depends on the performance of the basketball play- 1(1), 26-29. ers during the meeting. The results obtained from this Yuan, Sh. (2010). Development of vertical jump performance study indisputably confirm the importance of the high among 4-20 year-old male and Female Students. College approach jump during the game of basketball, which you of sports & Recreation, 333-338.
APES, (1), 2013 33 Kryeziu, Tahiraj, and Abdullahu
Wang, L. (2004). Age effect on dumping techniques and lower Research in Medicine Taylor & Francis Inc, (12), 209-219. limb stiffness during vertical jump.
Correspondence: Artan Kryeziu Lower Secondary School “Pjeter Bogdani” Agim Ramadani 38, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo E-mail: artankryeziu88hotmail.com
APES, (1), 2013 34 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 35-40
THE DETECTION OF THE FOOT STATUS AMONG THE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS OF THE SCHOOL AGE (Research note)
Saša Đurić, Dejan Ilić, GoranNešić University of Belgrade, Faculty of sport and physical education, Belgrade, Serbia
Abstract The aim of the research was to detect the presence of the suspended arch of the foot among the students of the volleyball club “Dif” from Belgrade. The sample included 35 students of the school age. The results of the research show a very high degree of the foot deformity among the students. This research included the variable of the longitudinal arch of the foot, which is determined by the method of plantography. Тhe plantograms were studied and the data were found using two methods- Thomsen’s method and The method of the Russian authors After processing and analyzing the data, we have come to the following conclusions: the results of the research show that large number of the students have deformed arch of the foot, even 88,58%. Considering the left foot: 8 students have normal feet, 21 posses the first degree, 2 second degree and 4 students posses the third degree of the suspended foot (according to Thomsen’s method); 10 students have normal arch of the foot, 19 posses the first degree, 2 second degree, and 4 students posses the third degree of the suspended foot (according to the Method of the Russian authors). In view of the right foot, the situation was similar.
Keywords: normal foot, flat fооt hypokinesia, flat foot prevention, correction of flat foot, Thompson’s plantogram method, plantogram method of Russian authors
INTRODUCTION about the foot deformities, which are partly genetically The modern way of life - a lot of sitting and little determined, it is certain that already mentioned modern moving, is one of the leading causes of the numerous way of life has direct influence upon the proper diseases, such as cardio-vascular, respiratory, metabolic, development of the foot. To diagnose the foot status on endocrinal, neurological and neuropsychiatry diseases, time is the first priority task, in order to undertake the and even bad body posture and body deformities. This necessary actions and remove the possible deformities. way of life has alienated the man from the natural, The evolution of the foot development is in the casual biological needs of the organism. relationship with the age. Since the formation of the arch One can say that the movement, the basic motor of the foot lasts until the age of 4, and it is relevant that measure of the moving, is written in a man’s genes, as an the possible deformity can be determined afterwards inevitable part of the life. However, man has gradually (Mihajlović, Solaja and Petrović, 2010). reached the point in which, mostly because of the The presence of the flat foot becomes more and standard and the way of life, most of his everyday duties more frequent along with the development of the modern are performed in the sitting position, which threatens to civilization. One of the main reasons is hypokinesia destroy his own body, developed through the evolution which affects mostly children who are living at the precisely through specific movements. (Ugarković, cities, because they are mostly walking over the hard, 2001) flat surface. Inadequate footwear restricts and constrains The urban conditions, spatial surrounding and the activity of the lower leg and the foot muscles, the sedentary way of life have bad influence upon the while the long-lasting load causes the insufficiency and development of children, especially upon the postural weakening of the muscles in the lower legs and feet. status, and the foot deformities within. When we speak Volleyball can be used as very effective method for
APES, (1), 2013 35 Đurić, Ilić, and Nešić achieving both preventive and corrective influence. By (pesplanus). This deformity is the most common among specific movements which abound the game, altogether the school children. It is certain that the modern way of with the arm movements, the multiple influences on the life causes, or at least contributes to the development of locomotor apparatus is achieved. By insisting on taking this deformity. Excessive use of the different means of the proper volleyball stand, the commitment of the spine transport leads to reduced activity of the foot muscles, extensors and the adductor scapula are achieved, which which is within the process of development among the prevents the appearance of the kyphosis and other spine children (Koturović and Jericević, 1996). deformities. By performing the leaps, jumps, shifting During the long-lasting load, the back end of body weight to the front part of the foot and prancing the foot, especially the calcaneus, twists toward the on the toes, as well as great engagement of the lower inner side, performs a pronation which leads to the limbs, especially the lower leg and foot muscles, are disappearance of the arches and the foot becomes flat very important toward achieving and keeping the good (pesplanus). (Bosković, 2005) status of the foot. There are more and more children with a flat foot. METHODS The flat foot can be congenital and acquired. Congenital The sample presented in the following chart flat foot is very rare and represents a very serious consists of 35 students of the volleyball club “Dif” from deformity, because it occurs as the consequence of a Belgrade, aged from 8 to 15. changed position of the talus bone, which occupies the This research includes the variable of the vertical position. longitudinal arch of the foot, which is determined by The presence of the flat foot becomes more the method of plantography. Plantograms were studied frequent with the development of the civilization, and the data were found using two methods - Thomsen’s because its purpose for catching things has completely method and a method of the Russian authors. vanished and its only present purpose is to be leaned The most reliable method toward checking on. Another reason is the hypokinesia which affects the presence of the suspended arch of the foot is the mostly of the children who live in the cities, because plantography method. For this method we need a metal they usually walk across hard and flat surface. In other or a plastic pot with multi-layered gauze, previously words, the long-lasting load causes the insufficiency and soaked in paint on its bottom. We normally use ink or weakening of the muscles in the lower legs and feet. a signet solution mixed with water. Behind the pot we Inadequate footwear which restricts and constrains the put two A4 sheets of paper. The examined person, after activity of the lower leg and the foot muscles has bad stepping into the pot with both legs, steps out, leaving influence upon the foot development. The presence of the sole print on the middle of the paper. (Ilić, 2012) this deformity is not that often phenomenon among the The Thomsen’s method (Picture 1.) consists of children who live in the rural environment and walk drawing a line on the footprint - from the centre of the barefoot across the uneven surface. (Radisavljević, heel to the lateral edge of the third finger. If the print 2001) doesn’t cross over the medial edge of the foot, the foot The proper shape and function of the foot are is normal. However, if the print crosses the Mayer’s line, directly dependable on the properly built bone structure the tangent line, which connects the most exposed medial and the good balance of the muscles which are included parts of the heel with the print of the front part of the during the standing and walking. The suspended arch of foot in the height of the metatarsus bone, is drawn. The the foot occurs as the consequence of the disruption of next step is to draw a line which connects the Mayer’s this balance. line with the nearest part of the footprint, under the right The foot, despite being a very small organ, angle (segment A) Starting with the same point, we presents an integral part of the human body. Considering draw another line (segment B) which is perpendicular its anatomy, it consists of 26 bones. The bones, which to the tangent line. The index of the percentage of the are more or less mobile, are sorted in the way which suspended foot is gained when quotient (presented in gives the foot a shape of the bifurcated arched lever. The mm) of A and B times 100 (A/B x 100). The percentage physiological posture of the foot provides the balance reached this way shows the percentage of the suspended between the actions of the body weight on one, and the arch of the foot (Ilić, 2012). muscle tonus on the other side. Numerous joints are providing special mobility and flexibility. A child is born with seemingly flat feet, which is a consequence of the presence of so called “fat pillow” which fills the plantum of the foot. Under the influence of the functional stimulation during the standing and walking it gradually disappears, so the longitudinal and transversal arches completely develop only after the age of two. (Radisavljević, 2001) Picture 1. Discussing the plantogram using The most common foot deformity is the flat foot the Thomsen’s method
APES, (1), 2013 36 Đurić, Ilić, and Nešić
• 1-30% = I degree of the lowered related to the degree of the suspended right foot. The data arch of the foot, show that 7 students have normal right foot, 22 posses • 31- 60% = I degree, the first degree (1-30%), 2 posses the second degree (31- • over 61% = I degree. 60%), while 4 of them posses the third degree of the The disadvantage of this method is leaving the suspended foot (over 61%). people with normal feet without the index-their index is zero, which makes the statistical data processing more Results found by using the difficult. method of the Russian authors The method of the Russian authors (Picture 2.) The data presented in the Table 5. show that 10 is the simplest one. According to this method, both the students have normal foot, 19 of them posses the first plantogram, in the frontal foot in the height of the first degree, 2 of them the second degree and 4 of them the and the fifth metatarsus bone, and the heel print are third degree of the suspended right foot. divided into five equal parts. If the footprint, watching In the Table 6. the degree of the suspended right foot is presented. The data show that 7 students have the normal foot, 22 have the first degree, 3 have the second degree and 3 have the third degree of the suspended right foot. The foot carries most of the load during most of the activities man does, especially in volleyball, which requires a lot of jumps and vertical movements. During the landing, the foot suffers much bigger load than while standing, because of the inertia force. The foot deformities, especially the flat foot, can be a big problem during the everyday activities. For Picture 2. Discussing the plantogram by using the this reason, it is very important to work on the very method of the Russian authors prevention. The easiest therapy for treating the flat feet is walking barefoot, especially across the uneven surface, from the outer to the inner side, does not cross two out such as grass, gravel, sand etc. Walking across this kind of the five fields, it is considered to be a good foot. If the of surface encourages various mechanical stimulations foot print occupies three out of five fields, it is the first which lead toward activation of the foot muscles, degree; four out of five means the second degree, while especially those on the plantar side, which has the five out of five means the third degree of the suspended positive effect upon the proper foot development. The foot. proper choice of the socks and the footwear is also a • 3/5 of the plantogram= I degree kind of prevention. of the lowered arch of the foot It is determined that 88,58% have deformed • 4/5 of the plantogram= II degree arch of the foot, which demands certain corrective • 5/5of the plantogram= III degree treatment. The aim is to prevent and stop any further The results shown in the text are reached by foot deformities. discussing the plantogram using the two methods - the The exercise can be applied by using numerous Thomsen’s method (Picture 1.) and the method of the starting positions, but it is certain that the sitting, Russian authors (Picture 2.). Both data were separately followed by the standing on, or next to the ripstol, or discussed. walking, are the most convenient during the first phase. The data show that 4 students have normal feet, The standing position can be used preventively, that is which is 11.42% of the total number of the students from in case when the changes are not exposed that much, the volleyball school “Dif” (Table 2) that the standing or load could affect them negatively (Koturović and Jericević, 1996). RESULTS After analyzing the results, we have come to Results found by using the the conclusion that there is only a slight difference Thomsen’s method between the results reached using the Thomsen’s and The data are further analyzed in the Table 3., the ones reached by using the method of the Russian which shows the number of the examinees related to the authors. The difference is reflected in the fact that the degree of the suspended left foot. They are show that 8 method of the Russian authors is presented as “more of the examinees have the normal foot, 21 posses the permissive”, because, according to Russian authors, two first degree (1-30%), 2 posses the second degree (31- more students have a normal foot, two students less have 60%) and 4 posses the third degree of the suspended foot the first degree of deformity of the left foot, andone deformity (over 61%). student less has the third degree of the suspended right Table 4., shows the number of the examinees foot (comparing to the Thomsen’s method).
APES, (1), 2013 37 Đurić, Ilić, and Nešić
Table1. The sample of the examinees
Ordinal Sex Date of birth Gaming Dominant Body Body height number experience arm weight (kg) (cm) 1. F 24.9.2000. 2 years Right 49.7 154.9 2. M 21.12.2000. 2 months Right 52.9 151.8 3. F 1.8.1998. 4 years Left 47.2 167.6 4. F 17.8.2001. 4 years Right 23.5 135 5. F 20.9.1999. 2 years Right 57.2 157.3 6. F 5.3.1999. 1 year Right 44.1 160.1 7. F 19.9.2001. 9 months Right 54 156.8 8. F 26.3.2001. 4 years Right 49.5 155.5 9. M 1.1.2001. 8 months Left 59.9 157.4 10. F 22.7.2002. 7 months Right 40.9 139 11. F 22.4.1997. 3 months Right 52 163.4 12. F 13.7.2001. 2 months Right 47 141.5 13. F 7.11.2001. 8 months Right 44.4 148.8 14. F 22.3.2003. 3 months Right 43.9 148.5 15. F 28.3.1999. 9 months Right 69.4 167.6 16. F 22.6.1997. 8 months Right 54.4 165.2 17. F 7.11.1999. 9 months Right 48.2 157.6 18. F 14.5.1999. 8 months Right 54.6 165.5 19. M 25.10.2001. 8 months Right 36.8 145 20. F 7.11.2000. 8 months Right 57.6 156.1 21. F 29.7.2003. 8 months Right 52.6 143.1 22. F 15.9.2000. 3 years Right 46.2 162 23. M 25.5.1999. 5 years Right 41.5 156 24. M 17.4.2000. 9 months Right 62.6 163.2 25. M 11.5.1999. 6 months Right 65.3 151.4 26. M 9.6.2003. 7 months Right 38.8 139.2 27. F 12.5.1997. 5 months Right 56.4 171.4 28. F 12.5.1997. 6months Right 59.4 176.5 29. F 18.9.2002. 9 months Right 37.5 145.5 30. M 22.2.2000. 8 months Right 73.4 173.9 31. F 25.7.2002. 9 months Right 40.3 147.3 32. F 18.2.2001. 5 months Right 59.7 156 33. F 2.4.1998. 9 months Right 56.5 163 34. F 10.11.2001. 9 months Right 40.3 141.9 35. M 17.3.2004 9months Right 32.7 130
Table 2. Number of the ehaminees with the flaat foot
Sample Number Percentage Number 35 100 Normal foot 4 11,42 Flat foot 31 88,58
Table 3. Number of the examinees related to the suspended left foot degree
Foot status Normal I degree II degree III degree foot (1-30%) (31-60%) (over 61%) Number of the 8 21 2 4 examinees
APES, (1), 2013 38 Đurić, Ilić, and Nešić
Table 4. Number of the examinees related to the suspended right foot degree
Foot status Normal I degree II degree III degree foot (1-30%) (31-60%) (over 61%) Number of the 7 22 2 4 examinees
Table 5. Number of the examinees related to the suspended left foot degree
Foot status Normal I degree II degree III degree foot Number of the 10 19 2 3 examinees
Table 6. Number of the ehaminees related to the suspended right foot degree
Foot status Normal I degree II degree III degree foot Number of the 7 22 3 3 examinees
However, the results show that it is necessary to and corrective treatments as often as possible. These carry out all the preventive measures necessary, in order treatments include application of the movement for both to stop further progression of deforming the arch of the preventive and corrective purpose. foot, and volleyball is a sports game appropriate for If we want the movement to have both preventive conducting the therapeutic influence. and corrective effect, it has to be studied in detail, The volleyball outplaying belongs to the efforts applied properly and dosed according to the current of the submaximal intensity, with the characteristics of condition of the physical and functional abilities of an the short serial demonstrations which are rarely repeated individual. (Radisavljević, 2001). in succession, but in the time intervals of 40 minutes to more than 3 hours, although in modern practice, games CONCLUSION usually last about 90 to 120 minutes (Tomić and Nemeć, After processing and analyzing the data, we have 2002). come to the following conclusions: The specific movements which abound the game The results of the research show that large number (moving forwards, backwards, laterally, leaps, jumps), of the students have deformed arch of the foot, even altogether with the arm movements (service, smash, 88,58%. block), have the multiple influence on the locomotor Considering left foot: apparatus and cardio-vascular and respiratory system. • 8 students have normal feet, 21 posses the first By performing the leaps, jumps, shifting body degree, 2 second degree и 4 students posses the third weight to the front part of the foot and prancing on the degree of the suspended foot (according to Thomsen’s toes, represents a great engagement of the lower limbs, method) especially the lower leg and foot muscles are important • 10 students have normal arch of the foot, 19 for keeping the good status of the foot, are achieved. The posses the first degree, 2 second degree, а 4 students muscles of the hand, forearm, upper arm and especially posses the third degree of the suspended foot (according musculature of the shoulder and scapula are especially to the method of the Russian authors) engaged while performing large number of elements. Considering right foot: Volleyball can affect the preservation of the proper body • 7 students have the normal arch of the foot, 22 posture. By insisting on taking the proper volleyball posses the first degree, 2 second degree and 4 students stand, the commitment of the spine extensors and the posses the third degree of the suspended foot (according adductor scapula are achieved, which prevents the to Thomsen’s method) appearance of the kyphosis (Radisavljević, 2001). • 7 students have the normal arch of the foot, It is necessary to carry out both foot inspection 22 posses the first degree, 3 second degree and 3
APES, (1), 2013 39 Đurić, Ilić, and Nešić studentsposses the third degree of the suspended foot Milenković, S., Bubanj, S., Živković, M., Živković, D., Buba- (according to the method of the Russian authors) nj, R., Ćirić-Mladenović, I., & Stojiljković, S. (2013). A Comparative analysis of postural statusin two elite ath- REFERENCES letes: a preliminary study. Research in Kinesiology, 41(1), Bosković, M. (2005). Анатомија човека [Anatomy of man. In 44-54. Serbian.] Beograd: Naučna KMD Radisavljević, М. (2001.) Korektivna gimnastika sa osnovama Ilić, D. (2012). Korektivna gimnastika. [Corrective gymnas- kinezterapije [Corrective gymnastics with the basics Ki- tics. In Serbian.] Beograd: Fkultet za sport i fizičkog nesitherapy. In Serbian.] Beograd: Viša škola za sportske vaspitanja. trenere. Kocić, J, Jonić, Z., & Petrović, M. (2012). Transformation Tomić, & Nemec, P. (2002). Odbojka u teoriji i praksi [Vol- flat foot level by higher recreative exercises preeschool leyball in theory and practice. In Serbian.] Beograd: SIA. office ,,Pčelica” in Niš. Research in Kinesiology, 40(1), Ugarković, D. (1996). Biologija razvoja čoveka sa osnovama 107-112. sportske medicine [Biology of human development with Koturović, Lj., & Jericević, D. (1996.) Korektivna gimnastika the basics of sports medicine. In Serbian.] Beograd: [Corrective gymnastics. In Serbian.] Beograd: IGP “MIS Fakultet fizicke kulture. SPORT”. Ugarković, D. (2001.) Osnovi sportske medicine [Foundations Mihajlović, I., & Solaja, M., & Petrović, М. (2010). Deformi- of Sports Medicine (fourth revised and revised edition. In teti stopala kod predškolske dece u odnosu na pol i uzras- Serbian.] Beograd: Viša košarkaška škola. nu dob [Foot deformity in preschool children in relation to sex and age distribution of age. In Serbian.] Glasnik antropološkog drustva Srbije, 45, 475-481.
Correspondence: Saša Đurić University of Belgrade Faculty of Sports and Physical Education Str. Blagija Parovića 156, 11030, Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 40 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 41-43
ROLE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF DIABETES (Review article)
Oliver Radenković, Izet Kahrović, Benin Murić, State University of Novi Pazar, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Study program Sport and Physical Education, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Novi Pazar, Serbia
Abstract This research is a systematic review and analysis of the previous studies about the role of physical activity in preventing and treating diabetes that have been published over the past fifteen year. Descriptive and historical methods have been used and different data sources such as electronic articles on the relevant topic, as well as printed literature. The research includes a sample of respondents aged 17 to 75, both sexes and different levels of physical fitness. Dealing with some aspect of physical activity, even of a moderate intensity, has a major impact on diabetes prevention and treatment.
Keywords: physical activity, stress, obesity, blood glucose, cardiovascular disease, correlation of physical activity with diabetes, subcutaneous fat, visceral fat, demographic factors, health factors
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study is collection of papers dealing Diabetes is a disease of modern times, which with this issue and analysis of the results and conclusions takes epidemic proportions and is a significant mortal- obtained by authors in the reviewed scientific papers. ity factor in modern man. Stress, obesity and physical inactivity are the leading factors that lead to its creation. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION The endocrine part of pancreas secretes the hormones OF THE ISSUE glucagon and insulin whose role is the regulation of The method of work carbohydrate metabolism. In the case of diabetes, in- Collecting the previous studies via the Internet sulin secretion is reduced or it is a consequence of cell browsers “Kobson” and “Google scholar” and available membrane tolerance to its effects. As a consequence, scientific journals in the field of sports were used (Jor- there are increased blood glucose levels. Hyperglyce- nal Sports Med Phys Fitness, J Sport Med, International mia is the main symptom of this disease. Exercise is a Journal Management of Stress, etc.). search keyword: specific form of physical activity that is conducted in physical activity, diabetes, prevention, treatment, wom- order to raise the level of physical fitness, whose main en and men. The collected data presented in this paper component is called cardiovascular fitness and it is di- will be presented in relation to the age distribution of rectly related to primary prevention of diabetes. Its most respondents by a special sub-groups, and includes sub- important determinant, in addition to the age, gender, jects of both sexes aged 17 - 75 years. Data processing health status and genetic components is the usual level methods is descriptive. of physical activity. Sedentary lifestyle and low cardio respiratory fitness are directly associated with the pro- The role of physical activity in gression of normal glucose metabolism in diabetes and preventing and treating diabetes it is also an important cause of premature mortality of Type Two Diabetes is increasing, primarily due patients. Therefore, it is important to emphasize the pre- to overall sitting lifestyle and obesity. 522 overweight vention of this disease through promotion of moderate- people (172 men and 350 women) average age 55 years, intensity physical activity by a doctor as well as raising BMI 31 divided into two groups, experimental and con- awareness of patients to improve their quality of life. trol. They were subjected to individual counseling to The issue of the research is a review of pub- reduce total weight excluding fat from the meals, espe- lished scientific research papers in the last fifteen cially certain fats and increasing fiber intake and physi- years that examine the effects of exercise on the pre- cal activity increase. Glucose tolerance test was con- vention and improvement in patients with diabetes. ducted on an annual basis, a diagnosis of diabetes was
APES, (1), 2013 41 Radenković, Kahrović, and Murić confirmed at the second (consecutive) test. The total du- Watching TV, sitting principal activity in Amer- ration was 3.2 years. Subjects are annually losing about ica is associated with obesity. The hypothesis was that 4.2 ± 5 kg. in the experimental group and 0.8 ± 3.7 kg in prolonged TV watching may increase risk of type two the control group. The cumulative incidence of diabetes diabetes in the study (Frank, Michael, Leitzmann, Meir, creation was about 11% of the experimental and 23% Stampfer, Colditz, & Willett, (2001). Physical Activ- of the control group. During the experiment, the risk of ity and Television Watching in Relation to Risk for diabetes was reduced 58% in the experimental group, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Men. Arch. Intern. Med., which is directly linked to lifestyle changes. 161, 1542-1548.). 1986, 37 918 men age 40-75 years Gang, Lindström, MSc, Valle, Eriksson, Jousi- without diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer lahti, Silventoinen, Qiao, Tuomilehto, (2004) examined completed a detailed questionnaire on physical activ- how sedentary lifestyle, obesity and decreased glucose ity. Since 1988, respondents reported average time per regulation are associated with any risks for diabetes week spent watching TV. 1058 cases of diabetes were two. .2017 men and 2352 women in Finland aged be- diagnosed exactly ten years ago. Increase physical activ- tween 45 and 64 years without diabetes. Cox model ity reduces the risk of developing diabetes, while sitting was used to individually and jointly confirm effect that lifestyle that includes leisure spent in front of the TV is physical activity, BMI and blood glucose have. Study directly related to risk. The results show the importance lasted 9.4 years, 120 cases were reported diabetes. After of reducing sitting lifestyle for prevention of type two the evaluation of contributing factors the conclusion was diabetes. that physical activity was inversely associated with risk Examination of comparative significance and of diabetes. The relationship was found in patients with association with BMI, physical activity on the devel- obesity and the lowered regulation of glucose or at least opment of type two diabetes was the aim of the study one of these two factors and also BMI. Increased physi- Amy, Weinstein, Sesso, Nancy, JoAnn, Julie, & Gaziano cal activity can reduce risk of diabetes. Physical activ- (2004). Relationship of Physical Activity vs Body Mass ity and weight control are critical factors in preventing Index With Type 2 Diabetes in Women. The study lasted diabetes in patients with normal and reduced glucose 6.9 years. In 1361 there was diabetes. BMI and physi- regulation. cal activity were significant factors diabetes. BMI and Ali, Barbara, Bowman, Ford, James, & Marks, physical inactivity are independent risk factors for type (2001) investigated the presence of obesity, diabetes and two diabetes, their joint action is far more important. weight control strategy use among adults in the United This indicates that their relationship is a significant de- States in 2000 year. Telephone survey was conducted terminant of diabetes. during 2000 in 184 450 adults older then 18. Obesity Christensen, Friis, Mwaniki, Kilonzo, Tetens, was found in 19.8% and diabetes in 7, 3%, combined Boit, Omondi, Kaduka, & Borch-Johnsen, (2009) ques- 2.9%. 27% do not engage in any physical activity and tioned the glucose intolerance of people in rural and 28.2% aren’t regularly active. 42.8% of the addressed to urban areas of Kenya as well as among different ethic professionals to lose weight. Obesity and diabetes con- groups. We also examined the association of risk fac- tinues to increase among adults in America. It is nec- tors in relation to the lifestyle of glucose intolerance. essary to intervene in the sense of improving physical The sample consisted of three African tribes and ethnic activity and diet nutrition for the entire nation. groups in mixed urban and rural parts of Kenya. Diabe- To examine the association between sports activ- tes was diagnosed using OGIT test (oral glucose toler- ity and the risk of diabetes among the Chinese popu- ance test), BMI. Subcutaneous adipose tissue, as well lation, was the goal of the study conducted byChien, as physical activity and fitness were measured. The Chen, Hsu, Su, & Lee, (2009). The level of physical questionnaire resulted in diagnosis of diabetes. Family activity has been tested by a questionnaire. The study history of diabetes, smoking habits and alcohol con- lasted nine years from 1936 participants 312 developed sumption. 1459 respondents, the average age 38.6 years diabetes. Participants with increased physical activity (17-68 years).. Members of the Luo tribe had the high- had a significantly lower risk of obesity. Participants est prevalence of glucose intolerance by all members of who were obese and inactive were under far greater risk rural communities. High BMI, abdominal, and subcuta- than healthy, normal weight and physicaly active. Sport neous thickness of adipose tissue, low levels of physical acctivities are very significant in terms of reducing the activity, alcohol consumption, and life in urban places risk of diabetes in middle-aged Chinese population. are associated with glucose intolerance. Prevention of Frank, Ronald, Janet, Rich-Edwards, Graham, diabetes in different populations of people in Kenya is in Colditz, Solomon, Willett, JoAnn, (1999) pointed to the the middle range and is the highest among members of role of medium intensity physical activity such as walk- the Luo tribe. The role of lifestyle and ethnicity among ing in terms of reducing the risk of type two diabetes. African populations require further study. Use the effects of intense exercise and walking as factors Plotnikoff, Ronald C, Taylor, Lorian M, Wilson, for the reduction of type two diabetes. 70 102 women Philip M, Courneya, Kerry S, Sigal, Ronald J, Birkett, aged 40 years to 65 without diabetes, cardiovascular Nicholas, Raine, Kim, Svenson, Lawrence W. (2006). disease and cancer. During the eight years 1419 cases fortified the key demographic and health factors associ- of diabetes were registered. Increased physical activity ated with physical activity in adults with diabetes type reduces risk of diabetes in which it is particularly sig- one and two. The sample were adults over 18 years from nificant moderate intensity, but its duration is also im- the province of Alberta in Canada, which was previ- portant. APES, (1), 2013 42 Radenković, Kahrović, and Murić ously diagnosed with type one diabetes (697) and two Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, 5(1), 13-17. (1614). Recommended physical activity is not practiced Christensen, D.L., Friis, H., Mwaniki, D.L., Kilonzo, B., by 63.7% of patients with one type, and 71.9% of type Tetens, I., Boit, M.K, Omondi, B., Kaduka, L., & Borch- two. In patients with diabetes type one, a higher level Johnsen, K. (2009). Prevalence of glucose intolerance and physical activity was associated with young age, single associated risk factors in rural and urban populations of lifestyle avoiding cigarettes, while in patients with type different ethnic groups in Kenya. Ann Hum Biol. 35(2), two is associated with younger age, male gender higher 232-249. education, lower BMI values. A significant negative Chien, K.L., Chen, M.F., Hsu, H.C., Su, T.C., & Lee, Y.T. relationship was found between the BMI and physical (2009). Sports activity and risk of type 2 diabetes in Chi- activity. Promoting physical activity in a population of nese. JAMA, 292(10),1188-1194. patients with type two diabetes, and one must take into Frank, B., Ronald, J., Janet, W., Rich-Edwards, INICIJAL NA account the specific demographic and health factors as- IMETO Graham, A. Colditz, G., Solomon, C., Willett, sociated with it. E., JoAnn, E. (1999). Walking Compared With Vigorous Physical Activity and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women. CONCLUSION JAMA, 282,1433-1439. Diabetes is one of the major diseases of our Frank, B., Michael, F., Leitzmann, Meir, J., Stampfer, A., time, from both the personal and social, and eco- Colditz, C., & Willett, B.R, (2001). Physical Activity and nomic aspect. Besides the genetic component that is Television Watching in Relation to Risk for Type 2 Diabe- an important factor in its creation, it must be borne in tes Mellitus in Men. Arch. Intern. Med., 161, 1542-1548. mind the correlation between genetic and environ- Frank, B., Meir, J., Stampfer, Caren S. Simin L, Graham A. mental components in the etiology of this disease. Colditz, Frank E. Speizer, Walter C, Willett, JoAnn E. Epidemiological studies show that physically ac- Manson. (2001). Physical Activity and Risk for Cardio- tive people have 30-50% less likely to develop diabetes vascular Events in Diabetic Women , 134 (2), 96-105 type two of which also goes inactive and coronary heart Gang H, Lindström J, MSc; Valle T, Eriksson J, Jousilahti P, disease. 30 minutes of medium intensity activity a day is Silventoinen K, Qiao Q, Tuomilehto J. (2004). Physical enough to reduce risk. Activity, Body Mass Index, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Prevention mechanisms of physical activity also in Patients With Normal or Impaired Glucose Regulation. include body weight regulation, insulin resistance, hy- Arch Intern Med. 164, 892-896. pertension, glycemic control, fibrous endothelial func- Krause, Maressa P, Goss, Fredric L, Robertson, Robert , tion. daSilva, Sergio G.(2007). Analysis of the Association of It is recommended to include physical activity Adiposity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Habitual Physi- in the middle range to improve metabolic and cardio- cal Activity with Type II Diabetes Risk Factors in Elderly vascular health in a broad population of inactive people. Brazilian Women. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exer- (Caspersen, , 2005). cise. 39(5) str. he extraordinary, though under-emphasized, is the LaMonte, MJ., Blair, SN. & Church, TS. (2005). Physical ac- importance of the strategies of public health services tivity and diabetes prevention. J Appl Physiol 99, 1205- and promotion of healthy lifestyles of patients and also 1213 healthy people. In particular, if we consider that obesity, Plotnikoff, Ronald C, Taylor, Lorian M, Wilson, Philip M, leisure time spent without physical activity and stressful, Courneya, Kerry S, Sigal, Ronald J, Birkett, Nicholas, fast way of life is our reality. Raine, Kim, Svenson, Lawrence W. (2006). Factors As- sociated with Physical Activity in Canadian Adults with REFERENCE Diabetes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. Ali, H., Barbara, A., Bowman, S., Ford, F., James, S., & Marks, 38(8),1526-1534 P. (2001). The Continuing Epidemics of Obesity and Dia- Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson J, Valle T, Hamalainen betes in the United States. JAMA. 286, 1195-1200. H, Parikka P ,Kiukaanniemi S, Laakso M, Louheranta A, Amy, R., Weinstein, D., Sesso, L., Nancy, R., JoAnn, E., Julie, Rastas M, SalminenV, Aunola S, Cepaitis Z, Moltchanov E., & Gaziano M. (2004). Relationship of Physical Activ- V, Hakumaki M, Mannelin M, Martikkala V, Sundvall J, ity vs Body Mass Index With Type 2 Diabetes in Women. Uusitupa M.(2001). Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Mel- JAMA. 292,1188-1194. litus by Changes in Lifestyle among Subjects with Im- Caspersen, C., & Gregg, E. (2005). Physical disability and the paired Glucose Tolerance. The New England Journal of cumulative impact of diabetes in older adults. The British Medicine. 344, 1343-1350
Correspondence: Oliver Radenković State University of Novi Pazar, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Study program Sport and Physical Education, Str. Vuka Karadzica bb, 36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia E-mail: [email protected] APES, (1), 2013 43 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 44-46
UPDATES ASSESSMENT OF MUSCLE STRENGTH WITH SIX AND SEVEN YEARS BOYS AND GIRLS (Preliminary communication)
Mimoza Shodra University of Prishtina, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Kosovo
Abstract The research has been conducted on 120 male and female pupils (4 groups) aged six and seven. They have been tested with three motor tests of estimating different types of strength. The aim of the research is to determine the basic criteria for estimating the muscle strength of the entities at the age in question. According to the obtained numerical values, the conclusion is that both the male and female pupils at the age of 6 and 7 have similar strength characteristics. And yet, within most combinations arithmetic means of the achieved results have statistically significant differences.
Keywords: motor tests, muscle strength, criterion variable, education evaluation, Student’s t-test
INTRODUCTION and to remain and upgrade what’s valuable. However, to The evaluation represents an appreciation of get the objective, a relevant or a clear picture of the situ- the achievement of a completed work. Within the edu- ation in the educational system, specifically in sport and cation system, evaluation defines knowledge measuring, physical education in neighboring countries, it is neces- more precise, getting more accurate data on the student’s sary for us to perform some research in that area, which achievements and results. is basically the goal of our considerations. The assessment in education, which is wanted Any isolated view that is beyond objectivity of to assess the level of specific knowledge among the stu- the functioning of the education system, can only cause dents, and thus the assessment of success in implemen- more problems in the already incomplete defined sys- tation of program’s planning and programs that teacher tem. Topic knowledge appreciation and achievement or want to realize. On the other hand, they indirectly pro- assessment in education for now is the hardest area that vide information to parents on the progress and develop- is not fully defined and the same must be approached ment of the children (Majerič, 2004; Milošević, 2010). with utmost seriousness by all aspects (Džibrić, Pojskić, Knowledge of pupils that is taken as an object of & Huremović). measurement, as one but not the only effect of the edu- The evaluation is an integrated process for deter- cational process, is not something that can be observed mining the nature and extent of learning and develop- directly, or it can not be directly measured and valued. ment of the student. Also it would be most effective if It can only be measured indirectly through certain reac- they were taken into account with the following prin- tions of the students as they are manifesting on a giv- ciples: en tests or test situations, which are created during the - Clearly specifies that what is needed to evaluate as training process through various forms of examination. well as the priority in the evaluation process. According to the previous experience with us, - Assessment process should be chosen because there are widely recognized several forms of assessment of its relevance to the characteristics or for the in the teaching: summarize, formative and combined. It achievements to be measured. means that the formative and ongoing assessment is ful- - A different procedures are required toward a com- ly abandoned, toward that the emphasis has been placed prehensive assessment. on evaluating and summarizing the creativity and prog- - A proper use of assessment procedures requires ress of the students. knowledge of their limitations. The experience from neighboring countries can be - The assessment is related towards the goals, it is one of the indicators how to overcome making mistakes, not a self defined goal.
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We need an objective assessment. There are scores skewness (Skew) and kurtozis (Kurt). The percentile of 1 to 5, for the gradation of the knowledge. There is no values were calculated as for 5, 25, 75 and 95 percen- justice if the teacher is acting well and 70 percent of the tile. The differences between the arithmetic means in all students are awarded with highest grades (grade 5). So combinations between the two groups and different ages the real wrong elements in this case are the excellent were tested by t-test for small independent samples. The students. Destroyed is the strongest motive - to be first significance of the difference between the arithmetic in class, first on the list, towards the top. Let’s reward the means was determined at the level of probability p=0,05. labour (Majerič, 2004). This research was carried out with the basic RESULTS aim to establish the basic criteria for assessing muscle Table 1. shows the results of the basic statistical strength at children of male and female sex, 6 and 7 parameters for the four groups of respondents by age years of age. and sex. According to the results of the basic statistical pa- METHODS rameters of the applied motor tests was noted that they The research was carried out with 120 respon- were placed between the real possibilities of the achieve- dents at age 6 and 7 years (first and second grade). The ments of the treated subjects according to their age and sample was 60 students from the first grade, 30 male and sex. Similar results were also determined with Bala 30 female and 60 respondents from the second grade, also (1981). One can note that at the same age the male re- 30 male and 30 female students. Toward all the students spondents achieved better results than the female respon- motor tests were applied: standing long jump (SLJ), run- dents. For us it was important, that applied tests did not ning at 10 m (R10) and push-ups (PUP) for assessing the represent a difficulty to perform the motor task taken into overall muscle strength (Bala, 1981). The pupils were consideration the age of the respondents. That fact was from the Primary school “Bari Kuchi” - Village Shtruer, confirmed in this study. The tests were successfully per- Vushtria (Kosovo). An transversely research was made formed by all respondents who participated in the survey. and data obtained for each group was selected by age and Table 2. shows the values of t-tests for the differ- sex, where the results were treated with basic statistical ence between the arithmetic mean by the combinations procedures: arithmetic mean (Mean), standard devia- between groups of respondents. Noted that in most of the tion (SD), minimum (min) and maximum (max) result, combinations between the groups and the tests were sta-
Table 1. Basic statistic parameters with six and seven years old boys (M) and girls (F)
Mean SD Min Max Skew Kurt 88,77 16,697 52 120 -,123 -,533 6F 101,50 16,994 70 140 ,490 -,105 SLJ 6M 105,60 18,380 70 145 ,298 -,407 7F 111,03 18,779 63 146 -,541 ,264 7M 6F 2,8037 ,60124 1,90 4,11 ,463 -,636 R10 6M 2,3993 ,31062 1,96 3,06 ,614 -,415 7F 2,4920 ,51346 1,90 4,03 ,972 1,038 7M 2,2060 ,18303 2,00 2,77 1,264 2,004 6F 12,23 4,500 2 20 -,072 -,162 PUP 6M 14,40 5,494 3 25 -,109 -,485 7F 15,17 8,321 3 36 1,108 ,649 7M 15,17 5,279 7 26 ,222 -,854
Table 2. Student’s t-test
Groups SLJ R10 PUP t-test P (,05) t-test P (,05) t-test P (,05) 6F-6M -2,927 ,005 3,272 ,002 -1,671 ,100 6F-7F -3,713 ,000 2,159 ,035 -1,698 ,095 6F-7M -4,853 ,000 5,209 ,000 -2,316 ,024 6M-7F -,897 ,373 -,846 ,401 -,421 ,675 6M-7M -2,062 ,044 2,937 ,005 -,551 ,584 7F-7M -1,133 ,262 2,874 ,006 ,000 1,000
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Table 3. Estimation with six and seven years old boys (M) and girls (F)
Motor Marks tests 1 2 3 4 5 SLJ Up to From-to From-to From-to More 6F 58,05 58,05-77,25 77,25-101,25 101,25-117,25 117,25 6M 72,75 72,75-90,00 90,00-110,00 110,00-134,50 134,50 7F 75,50 75,50-90,00 90,00-120,00 120,00-140,05 140,05 7M 72,35 72,35-98,75 98,75-125,00 125,00-142,70 142,70 R10 Up to From-to From-to From-to More 6F 1,95 1,95-2,32 2,32-3,23 3,23-4,06 4,06 6M 1,98 1,98-2,16 2,16-2,61 2,61-3,03 3,03 7F 1,90 1,90-2,00 2,00-2,90 2,90-3,60 3,60 7M 2,00 2,00-2,10 2,10-2,30 2,30-2,68 2,68 PUP Up to From-to From-to From-to More 6F 3,65 3,65-9,75 9,75-15,25 15,25-20,00 20,00 6M 3,55 3,55-10,00 10,00-18,50 18,50-23,90 23,90 7F 4,10 4,10-9,75 9,75-18,25 18,25-33,80 33,80 7M 7,00 7,00-10,75 10,75-19,25 19,25-25,45 25,45 tistically significant differences at the level 5% (p=0,05). Bala, G. (1981). Struktura i razvoj morfoloških i moto-ričkih Table 3. shows the basic assessment norms for dimenzija dece SAP Vojvodine. [The structure and deve- 5, 25, 75 and 95 percentiles. They are shown for each lopment of morphological and motor dimensions of child- group separately and by age and by gender for each ren SAP Vojvodina. In Serbian]. Novi Sad: OOUR Institut of the three motor tests to assess the muscle strength. fizičke kulture. Special practical contribution of this docume- Dzibrić, Dz., Pojskić, H., & Huremović, T. (2009). Sposobnost nt was trying to establish the basic norms of this učenika VII razreda pod uticajem programskim sadrzaja methodological approach. This way of making the nastave tjelesnog i zdravstvenog odgoja [Ability seventh standards can be applied in the methodology of asse- grade under the influence of the program content of the ssment of motor abilities of children and students. physical and health education. In Montenegrin]. Sport Mont, 6(18,19,20), 153-158. CONCLUSIONS Majerič, М. (2004). Analiza modelov ocenivanja sportnih According to the results we could adopt the fol- znanj pri sportni vzgoji [Analysis of the model estimation lowing concluding observations and recommendations: sports knowlwdge in Physical education. In Slovenian] 1. Established criteria for evaluation to be verified (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Ljublja- and with respondents of the same ages and both sexes na) Ljubljana: Univerza v Ljubljani, Fakulteta za sport. from the urban environment. Milošević, D. (2010). Model ocenjivanja vaspitno-socijaliza- 2. To develop criteria for evaluation (percentile cijskih karakteristika učenika u fizičkom vaspitanju [Mo- scales) and other motor tests to monitor the motor devel- del evaluation upbringing and socialization characteristics opment of the children in the state. of the students in physical education. In Montenegrin]. 3. In most relations between the age and gender of Sport Mont, 7(21-22), 41-46. respondents, boys achieved better results than the girls. Ministarstvo za šolstvo, znanost in sport, Zavod RS za šolstvo. Nacionalni kurikularni svet, Področna kuriku- REFERENCES larna komisija za osnovno šolo, predmetna kurikularna Bala, G. (1990). Logičke osnove metoda za analizu podataka komisija za sportno vzgojo. (2001). Učni nacrt, program iz istraživanja u fizičkoj kulturi [Logical basis of methods osnovnošolskega izobraževanja – Športna vzgoja [Cur- for the analysis of data from research in physical educa- riculum program of primary school education. In Slove- tion. In Serbian]. Novi Sad: Edition of the autor. nian]. Ljubljana: Tiskarna Ljubljana, R. Slovenija.
Correspondence: Mimoza Shodra University of Prishtina, Faculty of Sport Sciences Mother Theresa Str. 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo E-mail: mimi_sh2002@hotmail
APES, (1), 2013 46 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp.47-50
THE INFLUENCE OF SOME MOTOR SKILLS AND ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS IN SUCCESSFUL SPRINT RUNNING AT 200 METERS AT STUDENTS OF 16 YEARS OLD (Research note) Astrit Iseni State Unuversity of Tetovo, Faculty of Physical Education-Tetovo, Mаcedonia
Abstract In this paperwork, a research have made on the effect of motor skills and anthropometric characteristics in successful sprint running at 200 meters. The aim of this paper was to prove the linkage between the motor skills and anthropometric characteristics as a predictor system with effectiveness and results in running discipline at 200 meters as situational-motor variables of criteria system. The research is made by testing 130 sample 16 years old male, high school students ±6 months, of the gymnasium “Sami Frasheri”- Kumanovo. There have been used 26 variables in this research. 12 of them are used to evaluate motor skills, 13 for evaluating anthropometric characteristics and 1 of them to evaluate the situational-motor skills. By proving the individual influence of motor skills and anthropometric characteristics in successful sprint running at 200 meters, the results bring a conclusion that: motor variables and those anthropometric used as predictor variables in this paper, have significant statistical impact in criteria variables on 200m running (MTP200m). More affinity showed the variable longwise jumping from the point (MCDM) which expresses the explosive force and correlates more with 200 meters running, from what we can suggest to pedagogues and trainers who train sprint running, to add more exercises that develop sprint running as well as plyometric exercises. Whereas, from the anthropometric variables, a bigger affinity have shown variables like the perimeter of the forearm (AOп) and the variable the perimeter of arm (AOP) which in positive way correlates with the running on 200 meters, which means that in sprint running, a person needs clear muscular mass of upper and low extremities, as it is known that when the muscle is more hypertrophied, shows more force, in our case an explosive force, to have better results in professional aspect.
Keywords: motor tests, anthropometric measurements, predictor variables criteria variable, physical education, explosive muscle strength, regression analysis
INTRODUCTION As been seen from the structural analyze, sprint Athletics is one of basic sports and an essential running is divided into four phases, such as: start, branch of the Physical Education, as well as running, starting acceleration, distance running and finish. All notably as racing discipline, which dates back from old phases are connected with each other toward gaining games, respectively the first Olympic games of 776 more effective results. To reach better results in sprint B.C., where running in one period (129 meters), was running, the runner needs to have an explosive force and the only run racing discipline. It is known as the Queen an excellent psychomotor coordination. of sports because there are several branches and motile For this to be realized, it is needed the use of disciplines within it. Running, notably in short paths, studying methodology for enforcement of the structure is part of some studies and investigations because they of anthropologic dimensions, their directions and have a specific variety, notably running in 200 meters development characteristics as well as the approach as typical sprint running, which is the studying object of the use of methods and tools for body exercises in this research. The specific thing here is that runners for reaching an optimal development of children and do not run in straight track, because there is a turn teenagers. Except this, it is important to determine the immediately at the beginning of the track, so the sprinter value of motor tests and anthropometric measures to should have additional technical skills for a good start follow the situation and changes of latent dimensions and be explosive at the turn and take the turn with a which will be realized with tools of body exercises in maximum speed. Physical Education.
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In accordance with this, the information for system), we have used regressive analysis as a method the relation of anthropometric characteristics and motor for analyzing the effect and the direction which belongs skills with successful sprint running, are very important to multi option analysis. for the theory and the practice of Physical Education. In the following charts we have shown results This problem will be realized in this paperwork, with from the regressive analysis of the variable criteria high school students of the gymnasium “Sami Frasheri” running in 200 meters (MTP200 m). from Kumanovo. In Table 1., we can see that multiple correlation between criteria variable running in 200 meters METHODS (MVR200 m) and all other free variables (predictor) have The object of this research are sport skills of stu- statistic importance R= ((0,666), respectively explains dents which form on regular classes during the exercises the common variability for about 44,3% (R2 =0,443), in Physical Education, formed like the model of athlet- when the other percentage 55,7% of the description ics discipline, running in 200 meters. Besides, the sub- of common variable of criteria variable (MTP200 m) jects of the research are anthropometric (morphological) belongs to other anthropometric characteristics which characteristics and motor skills of students at the age of are not been researched yet (as other anthropometric, 16. motor, cognitive, and functional variables). From this, The main problem of the research is to determine we can comment on the results about the effect of the value level and characteristics of the relation of sports predictor index on criteria index running in 200 meters success of high school students at running in 200 meters (MTP200 m). with anthropometric characteristics and anthropometric In Table 2., we have described the variance skills in regular physical education training. analyze of multiple regression. It is seen in the chart that According with the subject and the research the value of variability between the groups (regression) problem, the general aim of the research is to confirm is smaller than the value of the variability within the the relation between anthropometric characteristics and group (residual). The value of F test is 3,308, while motor skills (as a predictor system) with an efficient the credibility level p=0,000 shows that the variability result in athletic running discipline in 200 meters at value between the group and within it at the variance high school students (criteria system). Within this of multiple regression has a difference with statistic general aim, the specific aim is to confirm the level of significance. cooperation of anthropometric and motor span with the In Table 3., we can see that the impact of predic- result of running in 200 meters. tor variables on criteria variables running in 200 meters The sample of the research is taken from high (MTP200 m) is calculated according to the beta stan- school students of gymnasium “Sami Frasheri” from dardized coefficient value. Of more statistic significance Kumanovo. There are 130 testers, male students. is the variable jumping in length from the point (MCДM) There have been 26 variables in this research: with a negative value of beta standardized coefficient 12 variables to evaluate motor skills, 13 variables to -0,342 and credibility level 0,004, and variable of hand evaluate anthropometric characteristics and 1 variable to perimeter (AOп) with a value of - 0,380 and a credibil- evaluate situational-motor skills. ity level 0. 054, both with negative signs, which mean that the impact of these variables on the value of run- RESULTS ning in 200 meters is negative. Also the variable of the To demonstrate the relation between motor arm (AOP) with value 0.434 and statistic significance variables and the anthropometric variables (as a predictor of credibility level 0,018, has a statistic importance but
Тable 1. Regression of variable МТР200m
Model summary Adjusted R Std. Error of R R Square Square the Estimate ,666(a) ,443 ,309 3,89978
Тable 2. Values of the parameters of the analysis of variance –МТР200м ANOVA(b)
Sum of Mean Squares Df Square F Sig. Regression 1257,898 25 50,316 3,308 ,000 Residual 1581,662 104 15,208 Total 2839,560 129
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Таble 3. Regression analysis of variable MTP200m
Unstandardized Standardized Coefficients Coefficients T Sig. B Std.error Beta (Constant) 74,095 19,427 3,814 ,000 AVIS ,007 ,144 ,010 ,052 ,959 ASVIS -,005 ,107 -,004 -,044 ,965 AND ,075 ,156 ,082 ,481 ,631 AsP -,157 ,269 -,071 -,583 ,561 AsK -,086 ,169 -,055 -,511 ,610 Asp ,148 ,296 ,059 ,499 ,619 ATEZ ,035 ,092 ,097 ,374 ,709 AOGK -,077 ,132 -,131 -,583 ,561 AOP ,621 ,258 ,434 2,404 ,018 Aop -,803 ,411 -,380 -1,953 ,054 AKDR ,157 ,171 ,111 ,920 ,360 AKDG ,314 ,223 ,208 1,410 ,162 AKDS -,147 ,166 -,138 -,889 ,376 MRp -,245 ,299 -,078 -,819 ,415 MTN -,255 ,177 -,146 -1,439 ,153 MTR -,028 ,107 -,025 -,266 ,791 MDp ,043 ,056 ,068 ,764 ,446 MS -,037 ,034 -,101 -1,078 ,283 MpB -,023 ,042 -,046 -,551 ,583 MTM -,006 ,011 -,065 -,517 ,607 MpM -,003 ,007 -,049 -,381 ,704 MSDM -,074 ,025 -,342 -2,945 ,004 MIZ -,008 ,020 -,038 -,398 ,691 MGM -,158 ,174 -,087 -,907 ,367 MMp -,027 ,076 -,032 -,357 ,722 with a positive sign. The value of this parameter shows the explosive force and the speed, notably polymeric us a positive impact of the arm perimeter on the value of exercises. Whereas variables like hand perimeter (AOp) the time of realization of the test running in 200 meters, and variable arm perimeter (AOP) from anthropometric which means that if students have fat upper extremities, variables have shown bigger relation, which correlate they run slowly in the given distance, while if they have positively with running in 200 meter, what means that clear muscular mass of upper and lower extremities, in sprint running it is needed a clear muscular mass of they will realize running in 200 meters faster. Other beta upper and lower extremities as it is known that if the standardized coefficient values are not of much statistic muscle is more hypertrophied, it shows bigger force, importance and we will not stop to comment about them. in our case an explosive force, for better results in professional aspect. CONCLUSION Based on the results and analysis, we can come REFERENCES to a conclusion that: Аслани, И. (2006). Влијанието на некои биомоторни спо- Motor variables and those anthropometric used as собности врз трчањето на средни патеки кај уче- predictor variables in this paperwork, have a significant ниците од средните училишта. The impact of some impact on criteria variable running in 200 meters biomotorni abilities on middle distance running in high school students. In Macedonian.] Fizi~ka kultura (MTP200 m). The variable jumping in length from the (Skopje), 34(1), 109-111. point (MCDM) has shown bigger interest from motor Аслани, И., & Висар, Г. (2007). Влијанието на неки variables, which expresses explosive force and correlates морфолошки карактеристики врз трчањето на 400 more with running in 200 meters. Therefore, we can метри кај учениците од средните училишта [Influence suggest professors and trainers, who are engaged with of some morphological characteristics of running 400 me- sprint running, to use more exercises, which develop ters in high school students. In Macedonian.] Fizi~ka
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kultura (Skopje), 35(2), 233-239. Moćkata, K., Michalski, R. & Čoh, M. (2010). Assymmetry of Висар, Г., & Аслани, И. (2006). Влијанието на неки мо- Step Length in Relationship to Leg Strength in 200 meters рфолошки карактеристики врз експлозивната сила кај Sprint of different Performance Levels. Journal of Hu- учениците од 15-16 годична возраст [Impact of some man Kinetics, 25, 101-108. morphological characteristics on the explosive force Наумовски, А. (2005). Relijabilnost i validnost na of students from age 15-16. In Macedonian.] Fizi~ka nekoi testovi kaj ispitanici so na-tprose~ni kultura (Skopje), (Skopje), 34(2), 229-232. sposobnosti. [Reliability and va-lidity of some tests Аслани, И., & Висар, Г. (2008). Релации на неки морфо- in subjects with above average motor skills. Reliability лошки карактеристики и трчањето на средни патеки and validity of some tests in subjects with above aver- кај учениците од средните училишта [Relationship age motor skills. In Macedonian.] Скопје: Федерација на of some morphological characteristics and middle dis- спортските педагози на Република Македонија. tance running in high school students. In Macedonian.] Šnajder, V. (1997). Dinamika brzine i dužine koraka u trčanju Fizi~ka kultura (Skopje), 36(2), 26-28. 100m učenica 8. razreda osnovne škole [Dynamics of Hrodek, K., Joksimović, A., Nejić, D., Raković, A., Marko- speed and step length in 100m run of girls in 8th class of vić, K., & Stanković, D. (2011). Plyometric training and the school. In Croatian.] Proceedings of 1st International it’s effects on quickness. Research in Kinesiology, 39(1), Scientific Con-ference on „Kinesiolgy - The Present and 171-176. Future“ (pp. 76-77). Dubrovnik: Fakultet za fizičku kul- Malacko, J & Popović, D. (2001). Metodologija kine-ziološko turu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. antropoloških istraživanja [Methodology of kinesiology Živković, M., & Lazarević, V. (2011). Influence of the flexi- and anthropological research. In Serbian.] Leposavić: bility and explosive power on the results in sprint disci- Univerzitet u Prištini, Fakultet za fizičku kulturu. olines. Activities in Physical Education and Sport, 1(2), 123-127.
Corresspondence: Astrit Iseni State University of Tetovo Faculty of Physical Education Str. Ilinden nn, 12000 Tetovo, Macedonia E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 50 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 51-53
NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MANAGEMENT RELATIONSHIPS IN THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT (Professional paper)
Tsvetko Tsvetkov National Sports Academy “Vasil Levski” , Sofia Deptment “Management of sports” Sofia, Bulgaria
Abstract The author analyses the principles of financing in sport in the European Union. He compares the state of financing average for the EU with the state in Bulgaria. The findings give the author the possibility to recommend certain actions to be taken for improving the financing of sports, and to link those recommendations with certain EU discussion that are being held.
Keywords: professionalism in sport, amateurism in sport, types of sports, sports funding, market economy, sports law, sports services
Introduction 1. Human resource – from the athlete to the manager With the development of the society two at public level processes are observed. On the one hand the relative 2. Financial resource for all types of sport and all portion of the relationships in the physical education stages of the sports activity. and sport is growing, and on the other hand – their 3. Sports infrastructure, providing conditions for professionalization too is growing. This determines the sports in the free time and professional sports. decrease of the spontaneous settlement on the account 4. System of events and forms for realization of the of fast increase in regulation through contemporary sport product. management methods. The main criteria for dividing The main goal that we have in the current research the sport relationships in different types and genres are is to analyze the financial resource and the problem firstly: the subject, nature of the relationship, as a goal with financing in sports. It is defined by the common and result, and secondly – the method and the way they conditions in the European Union, imposed by the are regulated, resource backed and fulfilled. free market economy. It requires sport to be examined According to the subject the sport relationships are as a product that has social and economic value, as an corresponding to the main types of sport: professional, investment process and its rate of return. amateur, academic and sports in the free time, which on its part is being organized and unorganized. Exposition The methods that are used in the settlement of The financial means are spent for the realization the sport relationships are the imperative, characteristic of the following principles, around which the countries at first place for the public authorities, as a method of of the EU are united: the inequality, of the authoritarian government, and the 1. Supplying as wide as possible access to sport method of equality, of the self-governance, characteristic activities with the aim to promote social rapprochement to the civil subjects. and the maintaining of the public health. In the practice of the countries in the European 2. Effective management, performed by the sport Union the two methods are in relation and are organizations for access of high level in sports and a complementing each other. The consolidation between dignifying national representation. them is showed in the contents of the structure securing 3. Interrelation and solidarity between the amateur sport as a phenomenon. This structure is consisting of and the professional sports the following elements: 4. Government finance to be examined as a
APES, (1), 2013 51 Tsvetkov common wealth and the ministers of sports to take on the the physical education and sport responsibility to define priorities and secure the balance The second source in its relative shares is the in the sports system. local government. Their share is around 23.3% of the In 2008 the Council of Europe has conducted total amount. The means are aimed mainly to the amateur a study among its members toward financing of sport competitive sport through clubs and federations – 25% regarding its structures. The study has encompassed 27 of the finances on average. In the federal countries with countries and is a base for discussion and debating. high relative share of the local government, the means that they provide for sport is 23.2 times higher than I. Macro-economic effect of sports those, provided by the national government. In Bulgaria In the EU the macro-economic effect of sports is the process is inversed, and the local governments measured by the following indices: are financing with 0.004 according to the government 1. Sport creates added value of about 400-450 finances. billions of Euro per year, which represents 3.7 – 4% of the GDP of the union. IV. Contribution of the trade subjects for 2. It creates jobs for 15 million people, which is financing the physical education and sport about 5.4-5.5% of the workforce. The contribution of these subjects is 14.1% of the 3. In the meantime the financing of sport is taking total. This source is the most hard to track. In it the part up to 1.76% of the GDP. of media, buying TV rights of a certain sport product, is constantly growing. The companies are paying mainly II. Government contribution to the financing of for the elite sports. In Bulgaria there is regulative basis physical education and sport for this process and the first contracts are already made. The financing of sport by the government is The law states that the TV can broadcast up to 3 minutes carried out through the ministry or another agency that is for free. responsible for sport, as well as from the other ministries that have sport programs. V. Financial means from the citizens for the 1. Direct financing. On average in EU the share physical education and sports. of the country in financing sports is 11.9% of the total The financial means for sports given from the financing or around €2 900 million Euro per year, which citizens (households) are main source of financing in is around 6 euros per citizen. Where are we? Bulgaria sports. They are 49.7% of the total financing or 177 is among the countries with the highest government Euro per citizen of the EU. This index is a result of contribution in sports, around 36%. In this index the a consistent policy mainly that sport is a basic right income of bets and lotteries is included. They represent of the citizen of the EU and he is the subject that has around 30% of the public financing. The government the resources, securing this right. The citizens spend pays special attention to the sports infrastructure. resources mainly for sport goods and services, and also Its share is on average 66% of the finances for its for benefits for sport in the free time and sport as a form development, as 22% are from the national government of entertainment. In the countries with high standards and 44% are from the local government. This way the the private financing is around 70% of the total amount. public nature of the built facility is ensured. The rest To this financing the volunteer work should be added as of the means are income from the sport organizations a value. It is not developed in Bulgaria and there is no and trade subjects. Solutions for including the citizens system for motivation for it. in this process are looked for. According to the sport organization the government finances are steered mainly Main findings to the federations that develop elite sports, as the relative From the completed analysis the following share is around 41% of the finances. In Bulgaria there are findings can be defined: 8 euros per person for sports, and 6 out of them are from 1. The different types of sport, professional, the government. Where is the difference? With 6 Euro amateur and sport in the free time are independent and on average per person for the EU, in France the added use different financial sources. finances from the municipalities and the other sources 2. The differences in the financing of the types of this sum represents 192 Euro. We can easily conclude sports are increasing and this requires redistribution. that we are behind in the process of consolidation of the 3. The access of the separate person to quality separate sources for financing sports and we rely mainly sport activity depends on its financial abilities and the on the government support. conditions in the public sector. 2. Indirect financing. These are schemes for 4. The abilities of the government to support fi- relieving taxes and lowering fees for sport activity. nancially sports are decreasing in the conditions of the Such are regulated in 21 of the countries in the EU, and new priorities, as a sustainable, without crisis, develop- Bulgaria is one of them. The problem is that they are not ment and environmental protection. The government used by the sport organizations and there is no account will be more and more in the role of a regulator, defining for its application. the conditions and performing redistribution. III. Local government as a source of financing APES, (1), 2013 52 Tsvetkov
Conclusion 6. To develop indices and factors for monitoring In the end we will take the liberty to make the the structure of financing the sport on national and following recommendations for providing finances in European level. sports: 1. The relative share of sport financing from the REFERENCES citizens to be increased. This is the way to insure the Банков, П. (2007). Управлени на спорта в цвободното sport as a basic constitutional right and to define the време [Management of sport in free time. In Bulgarian.] citizen as a main, primary, determinant subject. The София: БУЛИНС Bozhkova, A. (2011). Management of physical education and right to choose where and how he will perform sports sports of students in the Republic of Bulgaria. Activities should be his. in Physical Education and Sport, 39(1), 83-87. Actions discussed in the EU: Cuningham, G.B., Fink, J.S., & Sages, M. (2005). Extensions - Tax preferences. I.e. the sport services of sport and Further Examination of the Job Embeddedness Con- organizations with non-commercial purpose are free of struct. Journal of Sports Management, 19(3), 319-355. VAT. Greenwood, P.B., Kanters, M.A., & Casper, J.M. (2006). Sport - The government to make redistribution as a fan Team Identification Formation in Mid-Level Profes- given part from excises and taxes, including local taxes, sional Sport. European Sport Management Quarterly, to be determined for purposeful financing in sports. 6(3), 253-265. Национална стратегия и Национална програма за - To reduce the tax for citizens and households развитието на физическото възпитани и спорта в that support sports. република България за периода 2005-2008. [National 2. Sport to develop own sources of financing. Strategi and National Program for development of physi- The sport product to be valued also as an intellectual cal education in the Republic of Bulgaria in the period property. A legislative regulation is required in analogy 2005-2008. In Bulgarian.] София: Министрество за to other social relationships. младежта и спорта. Actions, discussed in the EU: Nešić, M., Fratrić, F., & Ilić, D. (2011). Education of sports - Motivations of sport organizations that can find managers in the context og the Bologna process. Research own financial sources. in Kinesiology, 39(1), 221-226. Smith, A., & Steward, B. (1999). Sport Management. A guide - Provision of sport facilities with preference and to professional practice. St. Leonards: Allen & Uniwin in facilitated conditions for sport organizations. This is Pty Ltd. realized in Bulgaria with the new changes of the law for Цветанов, К. (2006). Анализ на управлението в спорта в physical education and sports. СУ ,,Св. Климент Охридски [Analysis of management - Defining standards and indicators for the sport of the sport in Sofia. In Bulgarian.] Спорт и наука, (4), services. 6-10. 3. To develop the internal solidarity through Цветков, Ц., & Цолов, Б. (2002). Рьководство за семинарни federations and the redistribution performed by the упражнения по управление на спорта [Guide seminar public authorities between the “basic” and “upgraded” exercises in sports management. In Bulgarian.] София: sports. ЕТ Вотомами. 4. To increase the relative share of the financing with resources from the local governments. 5. To find a way to keep the income from sporting bets and lotteries.
Correspondence: Tsvetko Tsvetkov National Sports Academy “Vasil Levski” Deptment “Management of sports” Sofia, Bulgaria Studentski grad, 1700 Sofia, Bulgaria
APES, (1), 2013 53 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 54-59
IMPORTANCE AND ROLE OF THE TRAINERS IN WRESTLING
(Professional paper)
Kasum Goran1 and Gligorov Strašo2 1University of Belgrade, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Belgrade, Serbia 2Miniostry of Interior, Training Center, Skopje, Macedonia
Abstract Often the case in wrestling sport that the experience gained by the coach through his coaching and competitive career is predominantly valued above the knowledge gained through the educational institutions. Every coach has to be trained to achieve high quality work skills with each category of a wrestler, yet each new level of competence is only provided by further improvement. Working with the pioneers is related to developing well-balanced personality and creating a significant capacity for intellectual and physical work, and it is incongruously to talk about the sports scores. In work with cadet wrestlers one should always has in mind that they have yet to become real competitors, still it does not mean that the significance of the competition should be ignored. Sometimes wrestlers build their fighting style on the model of a wrestler - trainer when he was a competitor, which does not mean that the model best suited them. Therefore, no correlation between the dominant technique of the top wrestlers and wrestling techniques that are usually used in clubs of these wrestlers are noticed. If a wrestler is expected to gain important sports achievements, the whole training process must be subordinated to the creation of preconditions for being fully expressed and maximal achieved. The attitude of the wrestler achievements should be reviewed, but not necessarily changed when it seems that the assessment was wrong.
Keywords: wrestling matches, training process, sports education, wrestling licenses, sports score, competency coaching
PREREQUISTES FOR THE TOP tional Association, the National Olympic Committee, RESULTS IN SPORT and the National Sport Council. Macro level of sport In order to properly clarify the role and impor- system involves the political system, economic stability tance of trainers in wrestling, we need to indentify and of society, population size, the government and the rel- understand the sports systems functioning in most coun- evant ministry. It is often claimed that the top results in tries. Basically, the micro structure of the sport system sports are resulting of the macro level approach, which includes: athletes by themselves, coaches (trainers), depends on the wealth of the society, are showing that training process and the athletes close surroundings. At the results achieved by athletes from small countries are micro level of the sport system it is possible to identify suggesting that the top sports success depends on mezzo the individual factors of an athlete (genetic potential, and micro level of the sport system. The international psychological attributes, technique, physical condi- success in any sport, as well as in wrestling, predomi- tion...), as well as its environment (coaches, programs nantly depends on four groups of factors: parents, school, friends, fans, etc). • the top athletes position (investing in athletes, Some of these factors, such as the training pro- support, social status and esteem, career prospects, etc) grams and training quality, sport – medical care or train- • the status of top coaches (investing in a coach, ers competence can be controlled, while, we cannot recruiting and training top coaches, other support...) make influence on the genetic factors. Mezzo level of • identification and talent development system sport system includes its organization and management; (talented trainers, adjusting trainings with educational in this case those are the Wrestling Club, Wrestling Na- level and the residential place, identification, program
APES, (1), 2013 54 Kasum and Gligorov and the talented training requests). girls, some to work with a young wrestlers and others to • professionalization of relations in the sports work with some talented athletes and all due to develop organization (professional engagement, top training postulate for achieving top results. Every coach has to be facilities, engagement of former top athletes...) trained to achieve high quality work with each category In addition, it is generally accepted that the ultimate of a wrestler, yet each new level of competence is only results are made due to creating four spaces (Bergsgard, provided by further improvement. Competence of the Houlihan, Mangset, Nodland, & Rommetvedt, (2007.): trainer is part of a strategy to achieve sports results by 1. Excellent training facilities, integrating theory, practice and performance: 2. Full athletes’ commitment, 1. Theory - Experience + Education = Knowledge 3. A competent coach and training technologies 2. Practice - Knowledge + Applying = Competence application, as well as the sports science and sports 3. Effect - Competence + Coach Talent = Result medicine, Constant developing of a trainer encourages the 4. Participation in competitions in which it is professional and scientific curiosity, connects and apply possible to achieve the top results. the acquired knowledge, analyze and develop the prac- tice, and the facts are handled in an optimal, meaning- IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION OF THE ful and scientific way (Jevtić, Radojević, Juhas, Ropret, WRESTLING TRAINERS 2005). The European professional associations and the Every coach has a certain level of knowledge employers associations formed a convention that defines achieved by relevant experience and education. Unfor- the European quality model of a trainer and the work of tunately, often the case in wrestling sport that the ex- the wrestling coach as continuation of the home, school perience is gained by the coach through his coaching and society education process. This work is related to and competitive career is predominantly valued above the development of high moral standards of a wrestler knowledge gained through the educational institutions. by improving his physical development and working It is undisputed that the coach can learn a lot by working capacity in a harmonious way, improving the theoreti- and observing other’s wrestling work out. However, the cal, technical and tactical knowledge and psychological knowledge gained only through the experience leaves efficiency, strengthening the health and by developing a huge understatement: coach only determines if done the sports hygiene habits. Also, coaches are trained to gave good result or not. The coach is not able to answer prevent the injuries, to organize and administrate the why something is good or is bad, or to get an outcome sport, to continuously evaluate the training process, and analysis, to explain and to make a correction within a to make self-evaluation. similar situation. The ancient Greeks were very aware of the place and role of the coach, and Socrates believed TRAINER IN WRESTLING that the coaches should have the “understanding and Most of the countries pay considerable attention knowledge” (Ioannidis, Stefanović, Kariotu, Siljakand on working with the top-quality wrestlers. The signifi- & Mijatović, 2008). He said that “athletes who train for cance of this work is undoubted, and usually it finds a the Olympic Games should work and exercise, eat and way to engage a competent trainer who will work with drink according to the advice of his instructors who pos- these wrestlers. However, the problem arises in work- sess an expert knowledge, and not the opinion of rest ing with beginners, who are often not adequately evalu- of the world” (De Boton, 2002). Philstratus, (1992), ated. The role of the trainer is to motivate the students, to first wrote the book “The Training Science” in which, form the training group, to encourage their interests and among the other things, says that the trainer, whom he develop their wrestling affinity. Although the trainer of called “gymnastics”, knows the theory and practice of the beginners has a different approach and goals of the training the athletes, while Aristotle believes that the trainers whose work is oriented toward the sports scores, trainer has the specialized knowledge for the prepara- every competent trainer must be qualified for high qual- tion of athletes. Even the ancient Greeks were including ity work with the both groups (Radojevic & Jevtic, in sport training the special trainers and experts for sport 2003). The sport results of the wrestlers are the measure medicine (Stefanovic, Ioanidis & Kariotu, 2008), so it of competence and quality of training due to the set goal is logical that, today, the trainers must have appropriate and objective levels posed to the wrestlers. Placement of education and sports license toward operating properly. a young wrestler, without great international experience, The trainer increases his competence by application of among top ten in the World Challenge Cup could be a his knowledge in working with various categories of success. However, such a rank of a wrestler in full force, wrestlers. In educational terms, often there is no formal which has already won medals at major world competi- difference between the coaches who have trained men tions, it can hardly be considered as a success. That is or women, young or old wrestler, even if they train the how is valued the work of trainers whose aims are to Greco-Roman or freestyle wrestlers, but the competence achieve sports results and those are the trainers of senior of the trainers predominantly depends on whom they wrestler and an older junior. Still when we talk about ca- work with: some are better qualified for the work with det wresters trainers the situation is somewhat changed.
APES, (1), 2013 55 Kasum and Gligorov
That’s the age when the result should not represent a their obligations they perceive as their own. The coach foreground task. Sometimes the young wrestlers, in or- needs to know that the family life of their competitors, der to achieve results in the cadet age, are exposed to ex- their behavior off the training, leisure time activities, tremely high intensity, so they simply “burn out” before success in school should help the wrestlers, but also, they reached their biological maximum. Of course, such it is very important for wrestlers to be aware of their rigorous torture may lead to realization of more signifi- responsibilities and be engaged in their solutions. This cant result at that age, but usually these wrestlers quickly way we achieved a properly educated wrestler from disappear from the wrestling scene. In work with cadet the young age due to form a healthy and responsible wrestlers one always has in mind that they have yet to personality, who is able to control and orient by him. become real competitors, still that does not mean that From an early age one should strive for perfection, and the significance of the competition should be ignored. insist to bring up a maximum in all they work. Competitions in this age group are actually directed to- The trainer must insist on the educational require- ward situation model that will be repeated many times in ments, to point out and correct the mistakes, still the ap- the future career, to allow routine and gaining precious proach must be individual. The access depends on the experience, but also to serve as an evaluation the cur- type of the mistake, toward the nature of a wrestler, but rent quality and encouragement to work. Sports results also on the competence of the trainers. From the earliest should be a yield and acknowledgement of quality work, days it is necessary to fight against the mediocrity, and not a result of a torture and pressures inappropriate to the the other negative phenomena. It is necessary to notice biological age. and oppose of many negative phenomena, such as simu- Working with the pioneers is related to developing lation, profanity, cheating, jealousy, bad behavior, lazi- well-balanced personality and creating a significant ness in training, whim of “a star”, the negative impact of capacity for intellectual and physical work, and it is famous athletes, stubbornness, greed for money, indo- incongruously to talk about the sports scores at that age. lent approach to work and studies, biases, fatalism... The A good and successful trainer is the one who manages to training process must have its own continuity, regardless create a good ground for further work, engrafts the love of the eventual change of the trainer. This does not mean and develops work habits within the young wrestlers, that the new trainer has to work similarly toward the pre- and not the one whose athletes in this age group won vious one, but he certainly has to accept what the previ- the most medals. Each work with young wrestlers begins ous trainer has done so far and link his own work toward with a physical training, continuing with the technical, the previous one. Changing the trainers and working tactical and psychological preparation. In the short term, methods can be quite useful for a wrestler, because every too much specific wrestling training in this age provides trainer has its own characteristics by which he is particu- noticeable results and those wrestlers usually rebound larly good. Of course, each trainer must be fully quali- to their generation. However, even in the junior age, fied to work with all ages, classes and types of wrestler, these wrestlers usually start to lose a step, and all the but, then, most of the coaches are very good in a certain training gaps from the past come on the surface. Serious aspects of work. Sometimes wrestlers build their fight- competitive careers of these wrestlers usually end up ing style on the model of a wrestler - trainer when he was quickly, since other wrestlers who have developed a high a competitor, which does not mean that the model best capacity for work in the recent years will come in the suited them (Kasum, 2007). Besides that, the change of first plan. Only then can we speak about the impact of the working method requires adjustment of the wrestler, the pioneer’s trainers and a good and competent trainer while that going through that process of adaptation will whose wrestlers become quality senior athletes. A coach represent a kind of a base for his further development. that within the pioneer category has a very prominent It is therefore recommended that a wrestler may change individual, of whom later, no one has made a significant more trainers, as well as different approaches which will wrestler’s career, he made a mistake somewhere. The make him more complete and universal, without chang- pioneer age should be used for general preparation of a ing his dominant wrestling style characteristics. Though wrestler, while the specific preparation should begin in it seems there is a very high correlation between the about the fifteen years, and the top results are expected trainer’s dominant throwing techniques as former top after the 19. (Bompa, 2009). wrestlers and the wrestling techniques they use to coach Building of the personal and professional codex (Kasum, 2007.). This correlation is related only to train- should be an integral part of trainer’s education. The ers who have worked out with them at the time when the work of the trainer must be tailored toward the individual wrestlers start forming their fighting style. However, the characteristics of a wrestler, but the main goal should change of a trainer or a wrestler’s changing the club, did be toward developing a high ethics, commitment and not affect the change in their “specialties”. Therefore, willingness, and readiness to bear with the psychological there is no correlation between the dominant technique efforts. A good wrestling trainer insists on independent of the top wrestlers and the wrestling techniques that are and conscious overcoming of the obstacles they come usually used in clubs of these wrestlers (Kasum, 2005.). across. The trainers often are too tied toward the It is therefore extremely important that the coach, de- wrestlers who show a remarkable quality, while all of spite the individual characteristics of each wrestler and
APES, (1), 2013 56 Kasum and Gligorov their development, is guided towards the improvement which should lead toward eliminating or reducing the of the wrestler’s dominant characteristics. That is why, it effect of something negative. The punishment can be in is very important for the trainer to notice the individual forms of a reproach, warning, disqualification from the characteristics of each wrestler due to guide the wrestler match, expulsion from the preparation, banned competi- toward developing and improving his dominant charac- tion, but also a deprivation of certain privileges which teristics. Still, early specializing and grinding techniques are essential to a wrestler. You do not punish the indi- or a group of dominant techniques, due to make faster vidual, but the behavior and there is a need to offer an progress of their competitors, is often mistake made by alternative behavior. The punishment also may be the the trainers. Well improved “specialty” of a young wres- trainer’s criticism and dissatisfaction, but effective pun- tler usually provides better results in this age, but its de- ishment usually means expulsion of the athlete. Many velopment usually leads toward improvement neglect- things that young wrestlers do well should be rewarded, ing of other aggressive and defense techniques. Trainers most of the bad things should be ignored, punishments who work with young wrestlers must be patient and have should be used rarely and only if some behavior must be maximum extended repertoire of techniques that their stopped immediately. wrestlers should develop. It is said that the best period From the wrestler should be requested to ex- for building up and improving “specialty” are ages be- plore and discover new grasps and variations and vari- tween the 15 and 17 years, while still trainer should not ous combinations. The trainer supervises, corrects, puts go with it before a wrestler completely master all wres- the issue, and criticizes the poor imitation, new fangled tling techniques. To give a quality respond to all of these and throws out the stereotypes. This way the training requests, trainers must constantly improve themselves becomes intellectual, and the wrestler is developing a and be maximally cooperative and open to correlate and critical and constructive thinking. A wrestler needs to exchange experiences. develop the friendship spirit, the unity, self-criticism, In the process of creating a wrestler, the personal mutual assistance, order, discipline and sport model of example of the trainer has a very important role. Some- life. The trainer has to know the nature of his wrestlers, times it happens that the trainers talks one and behave in their characters, power of will, life attitudes and prefer- a completely different way. Such behavior is not favor- ences, behavior and habits. The work should be based able because it leads to confusion and mistrust among on the positive characteristics of a wrestler and therefore wrestler and erosion of trainer’s reputation. Young wres- avoiding futile critics and reproaches. Form of work al- tlers usually accept far more what they see than what ways needs to be fresh and interesting, age-appropriate they are have been told to, and rational and appropriate and culturally-leveled toward wrestlers, their attitudes, trainer behavior leaves a far more positive mark on a the nature and type of errors that occur. Coach educate wrestler than hours of lecturing. Many psychologists be- not only with their words but also with their behavior, lieve that behavior is conditioned by the consequences tone of voice, gestures and mimicry, smile and humor... caused by this behavior. This means that the certain be- Wrestling trainers, apart of operationally, have havior or performing of certain skills will be strength- to plan and anticipate the long-term development, the ened if is rewarded, and weakened or eliminated if it’s range and capabilities of competitors. It is not rare case been sanctioned. Awards in wrestling are medals, diplo- that the trainers, due to some casual and less important mas, cups, applause, praise and attention of the train- goals, significantly threaten the possibility of achieving ers, still the specific prize presents only a successful far more important goals. Careers of promising wrestlers execution of the throw, or a feeling of satisfaction of are seriously disturbed by the pressure of the club’s in- successfully executed project. The lack of critics itself terests and pushed to perform in the weight category that sometimes stimulates a wrestler who is often exposed does not match the weight of their bodies. These wres- to critics. Each new successfully performed grasp or ex- tlers become collectors of valuable points for the club, ercise should be praised, and the best effect is achieved but on the international scene, fail to achieve any notable when the praise is received immediately after a good success. Actually, they do not have time to undergo seri- performance. Also the effort that leads to the desired ous trainings as they are constantly in the body weight goal should be praised, as well as an experienced trainer regulation process or recovering of this process. If a should motivate the behavior of a wrestler, not just the wrestler is expected to gain important sports achieve- results of the efforts. This is especially important in the ments, the whole training process must be subordinated period of crisis or stagnation in progress, but also to a to creation of preconditions for it to be fully express wrestler who completely automates movement should and achieve the maximum. The attitude of the wrestler be occasionally praised and that way show him that he achievements should be reviewed, but not necessarily works well. In the initial stages of training to good per- changed when it seems that the assessment was wrong. forming should be “rewarded” more often, and when a Frequently changing of wrestlers in which we believe wrestler accepts the procedure or exercise only occa- is not good solution, and if it really must be done then sionally. The trainer needs to know that kind of praise there has to be very good reason for doing it. To create and rewards have the best effect on a wrestler. Praise has a superior wrestler is a long process, so it is much bet- to establish a certain behavior, a sense of punishment ter to spend more time in the training process and with
APES, (1), 2013 57 Kasum and Gligorov less quality wrestlers, than to eliminate really promis- Глигоров, С. (2008). Prediktivna vrednost na ing athletes. Good choice of wrestlers will be confirmed nekoi bazi~ni motorni testovi analizirana later with good results and the good wrestler’s results so razli~ni metodolo{ko-statisti~ki are raising the ratings of their trainers. By constant ob- postapkivrz uspehot na situacionite motorni serving and assessment, the trainers develop the abil- testovi kaj ispitanici so natpros~ni motorni sposobnosti ity to notice the details, which sharpens his senses, im- [Predictive value of some basic motor tests analysed by different methodological-statistical proves and becomes a better trainers and they have more of the situation motor tests with tested individuals with time to work better with the wrestlers. The trainer also above average motor capabilities. In Macedonian.] (Un- must continuously take precautions to prevent or mini- published doctoral dissertation, St. Cyril and Methodius mize the number and severity of injuries. This implied University of Skopje) . Скопје: Факултет за физичка a clean, tight awning, removing items that can cause a култура. risk of injury, to well organize the training, to provide Глигоров, С., Наумовски, А., & Касум, Г. (2010). Основни proper equipment and more. It is important to constantly согледувања при дефинирањето на ситуационо мо- educate the young wrestlers, indicate the standards of торните фактори кај борачите во слободен стил [Basic responsible behavior, caring out about others and about considerations in the definition of situational factors in motor wrestlers in freestyle. In Macedonian.] Fiz~ka themselves. Some typical injuries, such as the impact on kultura (Skopje), 37(1), 13-19 De Boton, A. (2002). the skin, subcutaneous tissue and muscles, and wrestling Filozofske utehe [Philosophical consolation. In Serbian.] ear (Bojović, 1978.) can hardly be totally avoided, but Beograd: DN Centar. Filostratos (1992). Gimnastigos – still it is necessary to take measures that the number and Epistole. Atina: Kaktoz. severity of these injuries to be as small as possible. Ioannidis, T., Stefanović, Đ., Kariotu, M., Šiljak, V. & Mijatović, S. (2008). Uloga i značaj gimnazije u pripremi CONCLUSION mladih za takmičenje na olimpijskim igrama u Antičkoj Wrestling is sport in which trainer’s work is Grčkoj [The role and importance of high school to prepare often not adequately evaluated. For the trainers who young people to compete in the Olympic Games in an- cient Greece. In Serbian.] Fizička kultura, 62(1-2), 66-74. work with the top wrestlers there can be usually found Jevtić, B. (2009). Izazovi Novog olimpijskog ciklusa [The a solid solution, however, specific problem is present of challenges of the new Olympic cycle. In Serbian.] U: A. improvised unprofessional work with the youth. Young Sanader i N. Manojlović (Ur.) „Prvi nacionalni seminar wrestlers are often trained by trainers who do not have za sportske trenere RS: Izazovi novog olimpijskog ciklusa“ any sport education and their work is only based on – Zbornik predavanja (str.7-22). Beograd: Republički za- personal experience and sense. Therefore it happens that vod za sport. a large number of young competitive wrestlers finishes Jevtić, B. Radojević, J., Juhas, I. i Ropret, R. (2005). Sport career at a time when they actually need to enter the dece i omladine i aktuelni društveni procesi [Children and most productive period, and the wrestlers who continue youth sports, and current social processes. In Serbian.]U: B. Jevtić, J. Radojević, I. Juhas i R. Ropret (Ur.), Dečiji to compete in senior ages often are not prepared to sport od prakse do akademske oblasti (str. 17-30). Beo- adequately deal with the psychological and emotional grad: FSFV Univerziteta u Beogradu. pressure and to keep up with trainings and the competitive Kasum, G. (2005). Prediktori značajni za izbor preferentne efforts. A significant step due to solve this problem tehnike bacanja vrhunskih rvača [Significant predictors should represent as engagement of the sport qualified for the selection of the preferred throwing techniques of trainers, as well as the continuing education and training top wrestlers. In Serbian.] (Unpablished doctoral disserta- of trainers who are already working in wrestling. Doing tion, University of Belgrade). Beograd: Fakultet sporta i so will significantly improve the professional work and fizičkog vaspitanja. provide high level of the competition results. Kasum, G. (2007). Uticaj trenera na izbor glavne poentirajuće tehnike vrhunskih rvača [Coach influence the choice of the main scoring techniques of top wrestlers. In Serbian.] U REFERENCES Zborniku, III Međunarodna konferencija “Menadžment u Bačanac, Lj. (2011). Psihološko - pedagoški aspekti rada sa sportu” (pp. 263-268). Beograd: Fakultet za menadžment decom u sportu [Psychological - pedagogical aspects of u sportu Univerzitet “Braća Karić”. working with children in sport In Serbian.] U: B. Jevtić, Lulzim, I. (2012). Influence of anthropometric characteristics J. Radojević, I. Juhas i R. Ropret (Ur.), Dečiji sport od in manifestation of situational exercises at wrestlers. Ac- prakse do akademske oblasti (121-152). Beograd: FSFV tivities in Physical Education and Sport, 2(2), 152-156. Univerziteta u Beogradu Petrov, R. (1977). Principles of free-style wrestling for chil- Bergsgard, A.N., Houlihan, B., Mangset, P., Nodland, I.S., & dren and adolescents. Spain: Santa Marta. Rommetvedt, H. (2007). Sport Policy: a comparative Muratidi, I. (1992). Ιστορια φυσικησ αγωγησ (με στοιχεια analysis of stability and change. Singapore: Elsevier. φιλοσοφιασ [History of physical education with elements Bompa, T. (2009). Periodizacija: Teorija i metodologija of philosophy. In Greek]. Θεσσαλονίκη: ΕΚΔΟΣΕΙΣ Κ. treninga [Periodization: Theory and methodology of ΧΡΙΣΤΟΔΟΥΛΙΔΗ. training. In Croatian.] Zagreb: Gopal. Petru, K,.Froberg, K., Madela, A., &Tokarski, W. (2008). Bojović, S. (1978). Rvanje grčko - rimskim stilom [Wrestling Higher Education in Sport in Europe. UK, Oxford: Meyer Greco - Roman style. In Serbian.] Beograd: Sportska & Meyer Sport. Knjiga.
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Naumovski, A. (2012). Strategic orientations for sports and Stefanović, Đ., Ioanidis, T., & Kariotu, M. (2008). Syncretism physical education development. Activities in Physical of coaching science in Ancient Greece and modern times. Education and Sport, 2(2), 150-151. Serbian Journal of Sports Sciences, 2(1-4), 111-121. Petrov, R. (1977). Principles of free-style wrestling for chil- dren and adolescents. Spain: Santa Marta. AUTHORS’ NOTES Petru, K,.Froberg, K., Madela, A., &Tokarski, W. (2008). The work was carried out under the project Higher Education in Sport in Europe. UK, Oxford: Meyer “Effects of applied physical activity on loco-motor, & Meyer Sport Radojević, J., & Jevtić, B. (2003). Edukacija za rad sa decom metabolic, psycho-social and educational status of the i omladinom u reformisanom nastavnom planu Fakulteta Serbian population”, No. III47015, which is part of sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja [Education for work with chil- subproject „Effects of applied physical activity on loco- dren and youth in the reformed curriculum of the Faculty motor, metabolic, psycho-social and educational status of Sport and Physical Education. In Serbian.] Godišnjak of the Serbian elite athletes”. Project is funded by the (11), 57-74. Beograd: Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspi- Ministry of Science and Technology of Republic of tanja. Serbia - The cycle of scientific projects2011-2014.
Correspondence: Kasum Goran University of Belgrad Faculty of Sport and Physical Education Str, Blagoja Parovića 156, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 59 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 60-65
THE INFLUENCE OF CONTINUAL RECREATIVE EXERCISES IN RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS ON THE MODEL OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL STATUS EXERCISORS (Professional paper)
Jadranka Kocić1, Sladjana Tošić2 and Dragana Aleksić1 1University of Priština, Fakulty of Sport and Physical Education Leposavić, Kosovo and Metohia, Serbia 2University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Education, Jagodina, Serbia
Abstract Establishing the condition of athletes is very important for planning of training and sport selection process. Designing of the model should take into account all factors that have impact on the results in rhytmic gymnastics. Such factors are: 1) Morphological characteristics 2) Motor abilities 3) Psychological characteristics 4) Social status, 5) Technique 6) Tactics as well as 7) Musical abilities, which are of great importance in RG. Girls start training rhytmic gymnastics in thpre-school period and achieve best results at the age about 17. Rhytmic gymnasts have average height, but reduced “ideal weight” for 15-20 % on the account of fat tissue and bone morphological type. The Body Fat is 12 % of Body Mass. To achieve good competition results gymnasts have to have values of oxygen consumption above 50 ml/min/kg. In the field of strength, they have less than average of the absolute muscle strength, but average of the relative strength as well as the average of the legs explosive strength. To prevent side effects highly professional trainer work is needed, it is necessary to have cooperation with physicians, nutritionists, orthopaedists, psychologists, as well as education of coaches, exercisers and parents.
Keywords: training, body height, body weight, adipose tissue, motor abilities, psychological charasteristics, musical abilities
INTRODUCTION It is “Art in Sport and Sport in Art” because “the Developing Tendencies in Rhythmics Gymnastics creation of logical entity of complex movements, grad- Quite accelerated development of sports activities ual increase of their amplitude and tempo of perform- started from the second half of the 20th Century. When ing, introduction of more difficult and more original ele- looking at the Rhythmics Gymnastics, development ments, contrast alternation of fast and slow, sharp and tendencies in almost all segments of anthropology area flown motions, alliance of motion and music, expression can be noticed. Rhythmics Gymnastics belongs to acy- of individuality and passing powerful emotions to the clic polystructural sport branches, exclusively intended audience, until reaching an effective, complex and origi- for female population, where competition results are nal culmination up to perfection, means playing a kind achieved by performing compositions, which are judged of drama and achieving sports and artistic piece of art by adjudicating panel. Competitive compositions are in one. limited by space and time, performed with musical ac- It should be mentioned that there are big chang- companiment, in complex combination of movements of es in the performance of group exercises, which made some body parts and handling with the specific props rhytmiccs gymnastics even more attractive. In Japan, such as rope, hoop, ball, clubs and ribbon. The esthetic rhythmics gymnastics for men became also popular. We component is significant and sometimes the key compo- can assume that it will be soon spread to the other parts nent in composition performance. of the world. Exercises which are supposed to be per-
APES, (1), 2013 60 Kocić, Tošić and Aleksić formed in pairs, even mixed ones, like in sports aerobic technical and 6) tactical. In rhythmics gymnastics, mu- gymnastics, could be particularly interesting. sical abilities also influence the result, so they must be Intensive development of this sport branch, re- established and followed. flected in the mentioned trends, led to significant quali- Indicators that define the model of a sportsman tative changes in anthropological status of female gym- condition are called model characteristics. Knowing nasts. It was proved that practicing rhythmics gymnas- the model characteristics of top athletes is an important tics causes other effects on anthropological status than link in the chain in some stages of modeling the selec- it did a few decades ago. Consequently, in accordance tion of athletes. with these changes, the requests regarding the selection In our country there are just a few studies related of competitors on all levels also changed. This could be to the model characteristics of the competitors in rhyth- assumed on the basis of the fact that requests regard- mic gymnastics. Motor and morphological characteris- ing complexity and hardness of technical elements level tics were examined the most. The most extensive and the continue to increase. It can be even visually assessed most comprehensive researches of model characteristics that modern gymnasts, compared to those of three de- were done by Popovic (1986), in which she established cades ago, are slimmer, more graceful, and more motile a significant theoretical basis for studying this sport and perform much more complex exercises in terms of branch. This study was performed with an aim to estab- coordination. lish “The importance of Morphological Characteristics, Motor Dimensions, Musicality and Some Conative Per- Review of the model of anthropological sonal Characteristics for the Success in Rhythmic Sport- status of sports players ive Gymnastics”. The study specimen included 62 fe- Management and Modeling During Training male gymnasts (senior, junior and younger junior ones) For training management, an example of cyber- who were participating at the State Championship in RG netics is very important, which is a science of an op- in 1981. Unlike these researches of transversal charac- timal management in complex dynamics systems. The ter, Kocic J. (1966) applied an experimental program of application of cybernetics enabled the development of rhythmic gymnastics, on the specimen of 40 girls aged exercise management theory that represents an open 6-9. She examined the influence of morphological and and very complex dynamic system. In the process of motor characteristics on the success in RG. a system management, a change of the system condi- tion is made, i.e. the change of its elements from the Morphological Characteristics existing to wanted and aimed condition. This process The initial researches of the morphology status of understands a detailed introduction to the system, i.e. female gymnasts in our country were related to mani- its elements and characteristics, as well as to the rela- fested morphological characteristics. First of all, the tion of the elements within certain systems. Further- aim of the researches was to establish the way rhyth- more, the aim and desired condition must be defined, mic gymnastics, as a mean of physical education, influ- ways and methods for it achievement must be found ences certain morphologic characteristics. In one of such and the success of the process must be envisaged. longitudinal researches, it was proved that students, after one year of practicing the experimental program Analyses of exercises emphasize that the ef- of rhythmic gymnastics, were having significantly -de ficiency is the subject of management while the aim creased subcutaneous fat tissue (thickness of skin fold), of exercising is an increase in efficiency. Efficiency, as those who were included only in the regular study in any sports activity, depends on the five basic -fac program of physical education. tors: 1) the correctness of motion performance (sports Furthermore, it was interesting to establish the technique), 2) energetic abilities, 3) contractile char- relationship between the anthropometric characteristics acteristics of muscles, 4) joint mobility and 5) tactics. and the specific motor abilities, i.e. technique. The re- sults of the research show that, for the success in exer- Model of Anthropological Status cise with the ribbon, the highest statistical importance The basic subject in exercise management is a lies in the length of hand, width of shoulders and skin sportsman, an exerciser. Sportsman represents a com- fold of the armpit. This was explained by the specific- plex dynamic and organizational integral system. It con- ity of this prop. Specificity of the technique of work sists of several sub-systems with very compound mu- with this prop is that the ribbon has to be kept in the air tual relationships. That is why a multimedia approach to during the exercise of all specific elements. Performing studying a personality of a sportsman is used, in order to shapes, spirals and snakes is more successful when the learn about the status of its individual segments. hand lever is longer. Gymnasts with long limbs, grace- In designing the model of a sportsman condition, ful musculature and less quantity of fat tissue, are able the most important factors should be taken into account, to cope more efficiently with the specific motor tasks in which significantly affect the result and represent the rhythmic gymnastics, in terms of achieving the rational following segments of anthropologic area, such as: 1) technique and performing movement in space. (Kocic, morphological, 2) motor, 3) psychological, 4) social, 5) J. 1996).
APES, (1), 2013 61 Kocić, Tošić and Aleksić
The most extensive and the most comprehensive mobility and agility (coordination, preciseness and bal- research of the morphological characteristics of gymnasts ance). was made by Popovic, R. (1986), who gave a significant theoretical basis for this sport branch. In morphological Motor Characteristics of Female Gymnasts space, 17 anthropometric measures were applied, which Based on the characteristics of a competition pro- covered all four dimensions. In the analysis of factors, a gram and process, as well as, on the quotations in the three-dimensional structure was established: 1) volume available studies and books, for the success in rhythmic and body mass, 2) factor of longitudinal dimensionality gymnastics, the following motor abilities are important: and 3) factor of transversal dimensionality. A sufficient- mobility, balance, strength (static, repetitive and explo- ly high correlation between the manifest morphological sive), speed, coordination and endurance. The first infor- characteristics and success in RG has not been estab- mation about the motor abilities of female gymnasts was lished. On the contrary, the latent dimensions (volume gathered with an aim to establish sports fitness and for and body mass, as well as, longitudinal measures) had the need of selection. Krakova (according to Popovic, the biggest influence on the success in RG. For the trans- 1986) conducted a research with an aim to estimate the versal dimensionality, a negative but not statistically im- level of multipurpose physical preparation of competi- portant participation has been established. tors in relation to sports achievements in RG. As it can be concluded from observing and ana- In our country, this problem was thoroughly re- lyzing the free compositions (competitive compositions) searched by Popović (1986), who has established “the in RG from various periods, and also by comparing the influence of segments of psycho-somatic status of gym- test results of various generations, it can be established nasts on the success in RG.” She determined the link that morphological characteristics of gymnasts have between success in RG and motor abilities. Coefficient changed in the last several decades. By following the of multiple correlations was surprisingly high (0.98), model characteristics of gymnasts, in the Republic In- which explains the mutual variability between the latent stitute for Sport (in the period 1976-1995), it has been motor dimension and success in RG with even 96%. established that gymnasts in the early age begin to prac- In the research, the 18 manifesting tests were applied, tice and achieve the best individual results and, thereby, which covered the latent structure of motor area: 1) have longer and longer sport experience. The height of structuring of movement, 2) tonus and synergy adjust- body was increasing, but the body mass, the index of ment, 3) excitation intensity adjustment and 4) excita- obesity and the fat component of body composition (in tion duration adjustment. The analysis of the achieved absolute and relative values) were decreasing. A statisti- results established the existence of five components. It cally significant difference in these indices has not been was concluded that in the basis of all elementary motor established, but it was recorded in the mutual relation- abilities lie mechanisms that are responsible for their real ship, i.e. index of obesity. Also, the values of the body existence and manifestation, as well as that, the success mass component have been decreased. in RG depends on the coherent action of all mechanisms Growth of body height in senior gymnasts, of 3.5 responsible for expressing balance, mobility, speed, co- cm in the period 1976-1995 is in accordance with the ordination and explosive strength. appearance of the accelerated physical growth, i.e. ac- celeration. Mobility Opposite to this, the body mass of senior gymnasts Mobility is a motor ability for which various terms did not follow the general tendencies of growth and their are being used: pliability, elasticity, pliancy and flexibil- values even moved towards the opposite direction. ity. This term implies the ability to perform movements of great amplitude. Motor Characteristics Mobility has always been an important character- A scientific field, which examines -the hu istic of female gymnasts and has always taken a special man movement, is called anthropomotors. Elementary place. However, since rhythmic gymnastisc has been abilities of man, which are responsible for realization included into the competition program of the Olympic of movements in the broadest sense, including a static Games, even higher mobility has been demanded from strain, are called anthropomotor or motor abilities, not- the gymnasts. First of all, the pliancy of body trunk has ing that not knowing the technique of movement is not been maximally increased. Then, the gymnasts per- a limiting factor. They are in less or more extent geneti- formed bigger and bigger amplitudes of legs opening in cally conditioned and they can be partially acquired. lateral plane. In the beginning, the amplitudes went just The structure of motor abilities is complex and a bit over 180° and then they went more and more. Dur- belongs to a latent (hidden) area of motors, which is de- ing the last several years, the mobility of hips in the fron- fined through manifesting area that is visible and can be tal plane has been increasing. The amplitudes performed identified with the technique of performance through in jumps, turns and particularly in balances, significantly movement or motion. Many authors have established increase the angle of 180°, in all planes. Extreme mobil- the structure of motor abilities, and the majority of them ity requires certain characteristics of body constitution emphasize factors such as: strength, speed, endurance, and composition. First of all, it refers to bone and joint
APES, (1), 2013 62 Kocić, Tošić and Aleksić and muscle systems. Then, it refers to fat tissue, which gymnasts. Training of jumping ability, in top gymnasts can limit the maximum amplitudes. In order to fulfill the of the USA, has significantly contributed to the increase demands of mobility, a systematic and long-term work is of the jump height (for 16.2%), to the decrease of the needed within the scope of physical preparation. Gym- reaction time (for 50%) and the increase of the explosive nasts with gentic predisposition have the advantage here. strength (for 220%). It is necessary that gymnasts have an exceptional mobility of all body parts, of active (dynamic and stat- Endurance ic), as well as, of passive character. The movements of Endurance, as a motor ability, is the ability of man spinal column, shoulders and pelvic girdles are related. to longer perform any movement without decrease in ef- Most often they are performed simultaneously, or flown ficiency, i.e. to perform activities with unabated intensi- together, by the whole body. In the spinal column, shoul- ty, for longer time. Energy is needed for doing any work. ders joints and hips, the performance of the maximum Energy for the work of muscles is achieved in aerobic amplitude of movements in all planes is demanded. and anaerobic conditions, depending on biochemical Mobility in distal joints also plays an important and physiological processes. In expressing this ability, role in rhythmic gymnastics. Mobility in feet joints (dor- motivation i.e. the ability to bear very heavy feeling of sal and plantar) is necessary. Mobility in the joints of tiredness and continue to work, plays an important role. hands is characteristic for rhythmic gymnastics, because The central nervous system, which is very impor- handling with props is, almost always, done with hands. tant in work that is characteristic for rhythmic gymnas- The movements are made in all planes, for example tics, (expression of coordination, balance) is sensitive to when practicing with clubs, so called “mills“are per- the lack of oxygen. In rhythmic gymnastics, the smallest formed with one or both hands, which can be unilateral mistake in estimation during throwing of a prop, or a and scalene. In exercises with the ribbon in a complete shorter endurance in balance, can imperil the placement. sequence, the so called “snakes” and “spirals” are done And finally, aerobic ability influences the gymnasts’ -re flown together. covery process. It speeds it up and facilitates it. In rhythmic gymnastics, the endurance has never Strength been the primary motor ability, but its significance was Strength is a motor ability which is reflected in increased at the beginning of the nineties. In respect of overcoming or countering the resistance, primarily using the fact that endurance has just recently gained an im- the muscle strain. Depending on the strength of the re- portant place in the model characteristics of gymnasts, sistance and the speed of movement, maximum, explo- as well as that it has its specificities in this sport branch, sive and speed strength stand out. In sport a division is it is necessary for it to become more treated both in the- important, between absolute strength (maximal muscle ory (research) and practice (training) of rhythmic gym- force that man can express) and relative strength (quan- nastics. tity of maximal strength per kilo of the body mass), ac- cording to the criteria of the relation between force and Balance body mass. There are different opinions about balance as a By analyzing exercises in rhythmic gymnastics, it motor ability. Most authors do not speak about balance can be immediately noticed that they are characterized as a special motor ability. Some of them go against its by a large number of various jumps. Out of all motor existence because it is difficult to determine it, so they abilities, the explosive strength of legs and the repeti- classify it in the part dealing with agility, together with tive strength of body trunk have the biggest correlation coordination and preciseness. It tests interaction between with judging the specific level of well trained features in the managing system, i.e. central nervous system and the gymnasts. This has been established by Kocic. (1996) in system that is managed, i.e. locomotor apparatus. an experimental research within her final examination, In rhythmic gymnastics, balances belong to the made during three months at a sample of girls aged 6 – 9 elements of technique. They belong to the fundamental years. group of body elements. In each exercise, with or with- Similar results have been obtained in the research out props, a gymnast must show the ability to manage of Popović. and Bogdanovic G. (1996) at the sample of keeping the complex balances as characteristic struc- school girls, aged 7–8 years, after six-month experimen- tural group. Furthermore, the ability of keeping balance tal program in rhythmic gymnastics. appears as an important factor in the technique of per- The proper performance and the number of jumps forming other movements, which do not belong to the have a significant influence on success. A value grade in balances in the narrow sense, such as turns or similar. rhythmic gymnastics correlates the most with a group of Composition must necessarily have balances, which are far and high jumps, for which the explosive strength is visibly kept on the reduced surface of support, with high necessary. legs openning, (over 180°). Turns of 720°, performed In rhythmic gymnastics, it is necessary to work on as triple turns in pass (180°) require fantastic ability to the development of the specific strength of legs of the keep the balanced position of a gymnast.
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CONCLUSION which has been established in the research of model ones, Rhythmic gymnastics has a very positive influ- and this is the asymmetry in mobility of pelvic girdle. ence on the anthropological status of organism, if the It is supposed that there is uneven abductor strength of process of activities is programmed and performed on a the left and right part of body in some gymnasts, which highly professional level. However, the negative influ- should be followed and examined. This asymmetry can ence of sport is an increasingly verified fact, and it did lead to the disbalance of pelvis and total or compensa- not evade rhythmic gymnastics. Certain model charac- tory scoliosis in the lumbal part of spine. teristics can lead to a health risk for gymnasts. First of “High-level sport has no price”. But, let us re- all, it refers to the body mass and the quantity of fat tis- mind once more that, in order to achieve the highest re- sue. The experts, who deal with these issues, emphasize sults, rhythmic gymnasts must start training very early, the problem of strict demands for reduction of fat tissue in the pre-school period. They are immediately sub- in gymnasts in relation to those who do not train sport mitted to the demands of hyperextension and reduced and to other sport branches. body mass and fat tissue. Consequences which can hap- The experts agree that, for men, the quantity of pen due to improper diet and improper training can be fat tissue must not be less than 5%, because certain fats disastrous for their health and life. The girls have not are necessary for normal physiological functions. As far enough information about these problems, so it is not as women are concerned, the situation is more complex. their responsibility for possible sacrifice for the sake of That is why the risk of stress fractures and early osteo- competition success. Training in the initial stages has porosis is higher. Everything is even more complicated to be adjusted to the age characteristics and to support by a fact that sport amenorrhea is not only related to fat the overall development of organism. It is possible to tissue and body mass but also to factors such as irregular achieve that by and adequate representation of general menarche, improper diet, intensity and volume of train- preparation during exercises, as a counterweight to pre- ing and mental stress. It has been noticed that gymnasts mature specialization. use unsafe diets for the body mass reduction, or they Beside the highly professional work, in this sense, have improper diet in their intention to reduce the body it is necessary to have serious and constant cooperation mass and fat tissue, risking getting “female triad”: diet with the doctors, nutritionists, orthopedists, psycholo- disorder, amenorrhea and early osteoporosis. gists, as well as the education of trainers, gymnasts and Rhythmic gymnastics can be classified into sport parents. It is essential to emphasize the importance of branches with a high risk of bone and muscle system good habits in gymnasts’ diet, strict adherence to the injuring. Rigorous diets, typical for rhythmic gymnasts, given diet and parents intermediation. The risks in RG are counter productive for expressing requests in body were increased by the change of model characteristics composition of gymnasts. Furthermore, calories restric- (body composition, mobility). In relation to this, many tions and great deficiency of energy can, among other questions have been imposed. Whether those changes, things, provoke the negative effects on the competitive which enabled performing of heavy and complex ex- abilities. ercises, withheld the beauty in rhythmic gymnastics? Health risk for gymnasts exists also in the motor Whether extreme mobility and bone morphotype, satisfy area. This is an extreme mobility, especially of the spine the esthetic criteria on which this “female sport”, excep- column and pelvic girdle. Hyperextension of the spine tionally useful and above all appealing, has been based. column, as well as, hyperextension and hyper abduction Probably the stated phenomena were some of in the hipbone joint, bear risks of injuries that arise due the reasons for the reduction of large membership in to individual motions or, which is even more often, due rhythmic gymnastics and for finding new gymnastic and to micro trauma or extensive repetition of certain mo- similar female sport disciplines: aerobic gymnastics, fit- tions and positions. Many authors speak about it, make ness etc. where esthetic and musical qualities are being researches and give warnings. cherished and in which the natural forms of movement Gymnasts of the American national team often are modified. In this respect, these disciplines are closer complain about the pain in the back, says the orthope- to and more accessible to wider female population and dist. Most often, this is a consequence of a great volume finally, as its goal, have forming of a healthy and happy of work and it is related to hyperextension. He noticed individual. that these complaints come after certain motions and po- sitions especially when they are performed in hyperex- REFERENCES tension. Kocić, J. (1986). Značaj morfoloških karakteristika i moto- In relation with this, there is a problem of spondi- ričkih sposobnosti za selekciju dece u ritmičko-sportskoj losis. It has been discovered that 11% of gymnasts has gimnastici [The Importance of Morphological Character- spondylosis, which is four times more than in people istics & Motor Abilities for Selection Children in Rhyth- who are not athletes. Even higher percentage was found mic Sportive Gymnastics. In Serbian]. (Examination Work, University of Niš) Niš: Filozofski fakultet OOUR in ballet dancers. The percentage of ballet dancers who Fizičko vaspitanje. suffer from spondylosis is 15%-20%. Kocić, J. (1996). Uticaj eksperimentalnog programa ritmičko- There is another problem related to mobility, sportske gimnastike na opšte fizičke sposobnosti [The
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Correspondence: Jadranka Kocić University of Pristina Fakulty of Sport and Physical Education Dositej Obradović bb, 38218 Leposavić Kosovo and Metohia, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 65 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 66-68
THE SOCIAL NETWORKS AS A PART OF THE PUBLIC RELATIONS IN THE PROMOTION OF SPORT (Professional paper)
Tane Dimovski1 and Daniela Paunova2 1Agency of Youth and Sport – Government of the Republic of Macedonia, Skopje, Macedonia 2State Commission for Protection from Discrimination, Republic of Macedonia, Skopje, Macedonia
Abstract The social networks as a communication tool of the public relations contribute to the promotion of the sport among the citizens. The activities on the social networks related to the sport are getting people closer together, people who have different characters, professions, age, religions, nationalities and they give the possibility for communication and exchange of experiences, cultures, meeting friends, and most important, they promote healthy life-styles. The social networks as a factor in the society give contribution to the process of mutual respect for the values of the sport and they promote the values of the sport as the asset for social cohesion. The use of the social networks has a big significance in the maintenance of the relation and information sharing between the citizens and this brings us to the final conclusion that the social networks present an excellent tool for the public relations in the communication activities for promotion of the sport.
Keywords: values of sport, media, interact with the public, social information, clubs, handball clubs, basketball clubs, sports fans, sports organizations, Facebook, Twitter, Google
The public relations present an essential element in the past 6 years and they represent a communication in the management of any organization. With their tool of the new era in which we live. The social networks implementation in the work, a positive reputation is such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn and Google+ are gained and the image of any organization is built. The the leaders who constantly introduce changes in order to permanent two-way communication with the citizens meet the clients’ needs for information. and the media represents an obligation and a challenge One of the main elements of the social networks for any organization whose task is to timely, truly and is the community or the unity and it is related to the idea openly inform the citizens about their work, and thus that the social media enable continuous cooperation enabling the gain of their trust and support. Thanks to the regarding an idea that lasts for a longer period and to public relations and their use in the informing process, be performed from different locations. It is well known the citizens take an active participation in the process of that the unity or the community should have a part of creation of policies in the society. members who are strongly related to each other and have According to Public Relations News (PR mag- frequent communication. The community that lacks azine published for 67 years) the definition for practic- these features is not as good as the previously mentioned ing the public relations represents a managerial function one. The impact of the social networks can be identified that impacts the public behavior, identifies the policies through Harold Lasswell’s scheme. According to and procedures of the individual or the organization with Lasswell (1948) the communication is a transmission of a public interests and executive programs with action at a message from one subject to another respectively from the public understanding and acceptance. The social net- the source to the receiver and the more we communicate works as a part of the public relations have become a the more we are reaching bigger efficiency. very powerful informative and communication channel His communication scheme is made to answer the APES, (1), 2013 66 Dimovski and Paunova
WHO? WHAT DID YOU SAY? WHAT IS THE CHANNEL? WHOM TO? WHAT EFFECT?
* ! 5
THE SOURCE SENDS THROUGH TO THE RECEIVER AN EFFECT A MESSAGE A MEDIUM IS PRODUCED
Picture 1. Harold Lasswell’s scheme (1948) following questions. Among the social networks in the Republic of According to Comscore.com, one of the leading Macedonia, Facebook is the one used the most with technological media companies, a global leader in the 936.000 users. This ranks the Republic of Macedonia on processing of the digital world towards the end of 2011, the 81st place in a range of 213 countries. The youth aging most of the users and a leader in the social networks was 18-24 are the biggest users with a registered number of Facebook, the social network with almost 1, 5 billions 299.616 users (32%). This statistics paves the way for of users. the possibility to influence the youth towards the right direction using the social networks. The analysis of the supporters of the Macedonian sport at the social network Facebook shows that there is a large interest among the citizens who support the Macedonian sport. The Macedonian football brand FC Vardar has the support of 3.686 Facebook fans, FC Rabotnicki has 8.207 members, the basketball club MZT Skopje has 14.459 fans, the basketball club Rabotnicki has 5.019 fans, the handball club Metalurg has 3.641 members, the national football team of Macedonia has 17.310 members, the basketball national team has 15.319, the handball national team – 4.082 members, the biggest Picture 2: Users of social networks according to multi-functional sports arena “Boris Trajkovski” has Comscore.com 9.125 members and the state institution responsible for sport and care of youth in the Republic of Macedonia In the sports part, the social media have enormous – The Agency for Youth and sport has 2.576 members. impact in the promotion of the sport. According to The analysis separately conducted at the above- the official statistic that is maintained on the internet stated social pages on Facebook network in the area of website Social bakers, one of the most famous football sport in the Macedonia shows that the biggest number clubs in world frames FC Barcelona from Spain has of users at the above-state pages on the social network 29.023.383 registered supporters on Facebook. FC Facebook is aging 18 to 24 years. This concludes Real Madrid from Spain at its Facebook fun page has that there is a need of this type of promotion of the 26.420.948 supporters; FC Manchester United from sport, especially among the youth in the Republic of England has 23.844.898 supporters whereas the NBA Macedonia. has 12.594.182 registered Facebook supporters. In view The numbers registered on the social networks of the sportspeople the most popular on Facebook is the shows that the impact of the social networks in the footballer Christiano Ronaldo from FC Real Madrid promotion of the Macedonian sport is very big. The who has 42.222.087 supporters, David Becham has advantages can be felt on both sides: the citizens and 17.408.664 supporters and the legend of the world the fans on one hand, and the sports organizations and basketball Michael Jordan has 17.417.008 supporters. the sportspeople, on the other. The supporters and the fans receive timely information for the activities and the
APES, (1), 2013 67 Dimovski and Paunova events in the sport organization, whereas the other side communication across platforms for on-line socialization. has a bigger number of fans and supporters of the sports In Macedonian].Скопје: Институт за демократија и organization. Македонски иниститут за медиуми Ultimately, we can conclude that the impact of the Бенклер Ј., (2009). Богатство од Mрежи: како општестве- social networks in the promotion of the world sport is ното производство го трансформира пазарот и enormous, and by constant development of the internet, слободата. [The wealth of networks: how social produc- this influence of the social networks will increase in the tion transforms markets and freedom. In Macedonian]. promotion of the Macedonian sport. Скопје: Арс ламина Web page with information about media literacy, accessed REFERENCES 10.02.2012 from website: http://mediumskapismenost. Ace K., (2000). Successful Marketing Communications: A edu.mk practical guide to planning and implementation. Oxford: Global leader in measuring the digital world and the preferred Butterworth-Heinemann source of digital marketing intelligence, made available Baran, J.S., (2002). Introduction to mass communication: on 09.02.2012. From the page: www.comscore.com media literacy and culture. New York: McGraw-Hill Global social media and digital analytics company, made Bronzan, R.T., (1977). Public Relations, Promotions and available on 09.02.2012. From the page: www. Funding Raising for Athletic and Physical Education. socialbakers.com New York: Wile Social networking service and website, made available on Ристевски, Б., (2011). Идејата за комуницирање преку пла- 09.02.2012. From the page: www.facebook.com тформите за социјализирање на интернет. [The idea of
Correspondence: Tane Dimovski Agency of Youth and Sports – Government of the Republic of Macedonia 34 Franklin Roosevelt Str. 1000 Skopje, Macedonia E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 68 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 69-72
THE QUALITY OF PE TEACHING IN JUNIOR GRADES OF PRIMARY SCHOOL (Professional paper)
Jovan Marković1, Milovan Stamatović2 and Zoran Božović3 1Association of Physical Education Teachers of Užice, Serbia 2Teacher Training Faculty in Užice, Serbia 3Technical School in Užice, Serbia
Abstract In this work the authors focus the attention on the quality of PE teaching in junior grades of primary school. They point to some weaknesses of the classes and as long as the possibilities to overcome the existing problems. The first part is devoted to the importance of PE classes and its role in the mental and physical development of a child. The second part deals with the organization and the quality of PE teaching in junior grades of primary school referring to a large number of studies in this field. The third section covers the subject indicating the various possibilities for improving the process of physical education teaching at this age.
Keywords: motor skills, sports and technical education, physical and mental development teacher, physical exercise, motor education, lesson plans, curricula, methodology of physical education,
Theoretical approach to the topic The contribution of PE teaching to mental and PE teaching in junior grades of primary school has a Physical development of the children of this age role to enable the children meaningful and controlled ba- Physical education in junior grades of primary sic – biological - need for mobility, thus affecting to their school and its contribution to the versatile and harmoni- adaptive abilities, health prevention and promotion, prop- ous development as a topic is still under research, analysis er growth and development, developing the motor skills, and debate, not only in the professional circles and direct sports and technical education, to implement the educa- carriers of such activity, but also in the wider social public. tion tasks, altogether aiming to provide proper and com- plete mental and physical development of the children. A large number of national and international scien- The provided concept of PE enables the free- tists and experts have been engaged in research and analy- dom and expression of the teacher’s creativity in the sis in this area since long time. Among the best known are: class designing. Based on the scheduled themes for re- a) the situation of physical education in junior pri- alization (orientation annual curriculum), the teachers mary school. themselves, according to their professional evaluation b) research on the overall activity in the clasroom select the themes, taking into account the age charac- Lučić (1975). teristics of the children and the current performing c) research related to the intensification of physi- conditions that are available. The teacher approaches cal education - Višnjić, (1979); Spasov, (1980); Rodić, to teaching and classes planning regarding all the meth- Berković, & Ivanović, (1981); Berković, Malacko, & odological requirements that characterize the PE class. Bala, (1982); Stamatović, (2006). In addition to regular classes, that are accom- plished through the lessons, the teacher is required to im- The results of these studies and analyses generally plement a large number of extracurricular activities in the suggest that PE in junior grades of primary school is not course of PE. Theoretical and practical knowledge nec- efficient enough and, in general terms, underdeveloped. essary to realize PE classes in the classroom, the teacher Also, there is opinion that this inefficiency reflects very acquires studying at the Teacher Training College, or negatively on all aspects of physical education and func- at the Teaching Academy former. Whether it is quite tioning of the system as a whole. enough or not, the work results will indicate hereinafter.
APES, (1), 2013 69 Marković, Stamatović and Božović
As it is well known, junior school age is very con- jects the teachers willfully replace the PE classes with venient for the children to develop an understanding and some other classes. Instead the children likes towards sense for physical education and to create permanent the physical exercise used as an incentive measure, the habits for engaging in it. All this could be realized only teachers act just the opposite. through a concrete and various motor activity that would All the above mentioned statements clearly indi- ensure the children basic motor education and reveal the cate that teachers must be prepared sufficiently for pro- most important values of physical exercise. If this time fessional work in this teaching field, so in the prepara- is missed, which often happens, the pupil is brought tion of the curriculum at the teacher training faculties into the situation to start with necessary basics just in should be paid special attention to. In the curricula of the following age period, ie. in the senior grades of pri- these faculties, the activities and contents that would en- mary school. Since in that time, due to some difficulties able the students more comprehensively for this field of and changes that occur during puberty, the processes of education are given very little space to. Hence, the large motor exercise are rather slower, especially in girls, the number of young teachers entering into the profession shortage occurred in the former period is usually not trained superficially in motor education and relatively made it up in full, but it is carried over the next older modest fund of methodological information. All of this school age. So as the pupil completes the school time as is a potential source of their de-motivation and their par- very often does not acquire the necessary motor educa- tial or complete alienation from physical education. tion and habits, causing the activity in physical culture Lack of training for the teachers is certainly not mostly stops after the school time ends. the only reason for PE classes in junior grades of pri- The reasons for such state are numerous. It seems mary schools do not achieve satisfactory performance. that the deciding one is the relationship between school Many analyses have shown that a significant part of the and this teaching field, as well as low quality of teaching, reasons should be tracked in the conditions of work, relating to the effectiveness of physical education. The i.e. in the financial position and the overall treatment of school still does not understand the true meaning and es- these classes. sence of physical education. Hence, the overall concern It is known, for example, that the PE classes in on the physical development of pupils and their physical junior grades are often treated as secondary and less sig- education is left to the teacher. The current training of nificant, compared to the same classes in senior grades. the teachers for these classes is at such a level that some Almost in all primary schools the PE classes in senior larger effects could not be expected. grades have absolute priority, both in the terms of us- Most teachers traditionally favor recreational ex- ing the PE hall and other facilities for practice, so in the ercises. The content of their work is mainly based on terms of equipment and the use of teaching aids. More- the children games that are usually not complied with over, it is noted, that the pupils in junior grades are pre- the core objectives and tasks to be solved in the vari- sented in much smaller number in the extracurricular ous stages of this age. In this mode of work, the role of activities and sports sections. All that significantly limits teacher is mostly managed to direct or control the chil- their overall activity in physical culture and reduces the dren, instead of being more focused on conduct or man- space for their opportune and continuous involvement age the process of exercises. in it. Using the positive emotions and natural tendency Furthermore, the reasons of the current situation of children to a game, the teachers are able to activate should be sought in the insufficient number of the PE them, more or less keeping their attention and expecta- classes. It is certain that 2-3 classes per week (even pro- tions, but rarely manage to complete this activity align vided that they are regularly implemented) could not with their essential needs and interests. Such an ap- achieve the results that are expected from PE teaching, proach, in fact, provides some sort of usually superficial especially in the age of children when daily physical ac- and incomplete motor education, but very little contrib- tivity is exceptionally necessary. utes to the development, creative expression and self- Therefore, taken as a whole, the current state of affirmation in motor, functional and other potentials, physical education of junior school children are caused abilities and features. by entire set of circumstances. Each of them, of course, The insufficient training for work is often accom- requires a separate analysis, the specific approach and panied by lack of motivation expressing in a superficial the methods to analyze completely and thoroughly. approach and the pronounced tendency towards impro- The fact is that, according to the current applicable visation. In our schools, for example, you can rarely regulations, physical education classes in junior grades meet the teacher in proper sportswear during the PE (third and fourth) can be delegated to the teachers of PE. classes. In such circumstances the teacher is consider- Although this option does not significantly disturb the ably limited in motor activity, and thus the possibility principle of personal conception, or in any other way either to involve in work more directly or to encourage threatens the status of teacher, it has never been used and direct the activities of children by himself. completely and even in wider range. Moreover, it hap- Moreover, it often happens that due to some pened to the schools, which had already determined to omissions or failures of the children in some other sub- engage a PE teacher in the PE classes in junior grades,
APES, (1), 2013 70 Marković, Stamatović and Božović after a while returned it to the class teacher. pose of self-education and self-initiative in the process In such circumstances, of course, the problem of of planning, selection on the contents and the methods of work, as well as monitoring and evaluation of the pupils teacher’s professional profile could not be resolved, but progress; it is even more actualized now. • to introduce them to the methodological at- Solving the problem is not done always in the titudes regarding the application on the different con- right way. It is obvious that the core of the problem is tents, ie. to qualify them for the specific use of the order not who teaches physical education – a class teacher or exercises, the body shaping exercises, the natural and a PE teacher - but how it is taught, then how it could be constructed forms of movement, the elementary games, reached a higher level of implementation in the classes, the relay games, the sports and other games, a variety of provided that both profiles are educated enough in this activities in water and snow, the acrobatic exercises, the teaching field. balance exercises, the exercises with sports equipment, Therefore, it is evident that the problem of the the children folklore and dance, and other physical ac- effect of PE classes in junior grades of primary school tivities; • to make them known with the possibilities of is far deeper and more complex, so the question of the correlation between the PE contents and other subjects, teacher profiles could not be considered solely from all especially in terms of their application in other classes as other issues related to this problem, more less it could be a form of active rest (during the prolonged static strain, solved by one-sided choice for this or that profile. sitting, writing and alike) The significant role in improving the quality of • and getting them involved in various aspects PE classes in junior grades of primary school should be of practical work qualify for independently planning, played by the teacher training faculties. implementation and evaluation of work at the PE classes of the pupils from the first to fourth grade of primary The teacher training faculties and their school (Milanović, & Stamatović, 2004). role in raising the quality of PE classes In order physical education and the teaching meth- in junior grades of primary school ods of PE teacher achieve its aim at the teacher training The teacher training faculty students, among oth- faculties, it is necessary to work on the improvement and ers, through the teaching methods in physical education coordination of the curricula in the field of physical edu- acquire the necessary knowledge for PE teaching and cation and the teaching methods of physical education at classes in junior grades of primary school. The aim of the teacher training faculties. the lectures of PE teaching methods in the teacher train- It is evident that the students enrolling in the ing faculties is to contribute in acquiring the knowledge teacher training faculties come with a modest knowledge and beliefs that allow the adequate expert (professional) in the field of physical education (about 20% of students attitude of the students towards physical education in are not able to swim, and of skiing better not to mention general, which will assure complete understanding of its to). To enable them to successfully attend the lectures role and importance, and to enable them to realize the of Methodology of PE teaching, it is necessary to intro- aim and the objectives of PE teaching from the first to duce the PE lectures in I, II, III and IV semester with 2 fourth grade, using the most appropriate methods, pro- hours a week to complete the knowledge in the field of cedures, forms and contents of work in accordance with physical education and to prepare them for professional the needs of the pupils in the present circumstances. participation in the teaching. It is necessary to introduce The objectives of the Methodology of PE teaching at least one compulsory course of swimming and skiing are to make the students familiar with: for all the students of the teacher training faculty, and at • general, theoretical, medical-biological, socio- the same time educate and prepare them for PE teach- historical, pedagogic and psychological basics of physi- ing in the school in countryside. One cross-country and cal culture, relevant for understanding the overall issues hiking for all the students of faculty are needed to be of physical education of the children from the first to realized once a year, and also provide the conditions for fourth grade in primary school, and also the knowledge necessary to form the expert (professional) attitude to- functioning of the sports sections within the extracur- wards their own role in realization of its aim and objec- ricular activities. tives; It is necessary to adopt uniform criteria for testing • basic bio-psycho-social characteristics of the the physical abilities on the admission exam, along with children from the first to fourth grades and their age (and an obligatory medical certificate on ability of the student mobile) needs; to actively participate in PE teaching. • the goals, objectives and contents, and the or- We consider such a curriculum, regarding the PE ganization forms of work in PE teaching the pupils from teaching and the teaching methods in PE, would con- the first to fourth grade of primary school, and to train tribute greatly to a better and more professional training them in implementing it properly use appropriate meth- of future teachers for managing the PE classes in junior ods, procedures, forms and contents of work, as in a grades of primary school, and thus successfully meets classical ones, so in the mixed classes; • to enable the students to use independently the requirements of education. and correctly professional-methodical sources: books, Regarding the teachers who are employed (it is manuals, guides, collections, spellers, etc.., for the pur- well known that for more than 20 years in certain munic-
APES, (1), 2013 71 Marković, Stamatović and Božović ipalities and districts there were no seminars or any other Beograd: Fakultet za fizičku kulturu. form of professional development and specialized train- Крсмановић, Б. (1985). Ефикасност наставе физичког ing of the teachers in the area of physical education), it васпитања у зависности од модела наставних про is necessary to organize the seminars, professional and грама [Effectiveness of PE teaching depending on the model of curriculum. In Serbian]. (Unpublished doctoral scientific meetings which they would attended to. The dissertation, University of Novi Sad) Novi Sad: Fakultet topics of the role and importance of physical education fizičke culture. in the mental and physical development of children, and Милановић, Љ., & Стаматовић, М. (2004).Метдикa на- the themes of practical work in the classes and in the ставе физичког васпитања, за студенте учитељског extracurricular activities have to dominate at these meet- факултета [Methods of the PE teaching for the students ings. of teacher training faculty. In Serbian]. Ужице: Учитељ These meetings should be held at least every ски факултет. other year at the teacher training faculties, in particu- Родић, Р., Берковић, Л., & Ивановић, Ј. (1981). Физичко lar schools within a specific city, municipality, district. васпитање деце и омладине у новом васпитно-обра зовном систему [Physical education of the children and The presence would be obligatory for all the teachers youth in the new educational system. In Serbian]. Нови employed. Сад: Факултет физичке културе. It is necessary affecting the Ministry of Education Спасов, Ѓ. (1980). Интензификација наставе физичког and the relevant authorities in the state to improve the васпитања путем рада са хомогеним групама [Inten- material conditions for realization of the PE classes in sification of the PE teaching through the work with homo- the schools for the children from the first to fourth grade geneous groups. In Serbian] (Unpublished docroral dis- of primary school. sertation, University of Niš) Niš: Fakultet fizičke culture. Стаматовић, М. (2001). Испитивање ефикасности наста ве физичког васпитања у четвртом разреду основне REFERENCES школе у зависности да ли се организује као предметна Берковић, Л., Малацко, Ј., & Бала, Г. (1982). Ефикасност или разредна настава [Examination on the effectiveness наставе физичког васпитања у зави сности од нивоа of the PE teaching in the fourth grade of primary school стручне оспособљено сти наставни ка [Effectiveness depending on whether it is organized as a subject or class of PE teaching depending on the level of teacher profes- teaching. In Serbian]. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, sional qualification. In Serbian]. Нови Сад: Факултет University of Belgrade) Beograd: Fakultet za fizičku kul- физичке културе. turu. Вишњић, Д. (1979). Образовне вредности наставе физич Стаматовић, М. (2006). Настава физичког васпитања у ког васпитања у основној школи организоване кру функцији развоја ученика [PE teaching in the function жним тренин гом и радом са станицама [Educational of the pupils development PE teaching in the function of values of PE teaching in primary school organized by the the pupils development. In Serbian]. Ужице: Учитељски circle training and work with the stations. In Serbian]. факултет. (Unpublished Master’s thesis, University of Belgrade)
Correspondence: Milovan Stamatović, Unuversity of Kragujevac Teacher Training Faculty 36 Trg Sveti Sava str. 31000 Užice, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 72 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 73-76
THE STATE OF THE PROFESSIONAL STAFF IN BOXING IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA (Professional paper)
Ruždija Kalač Ss.,,Cyril and Methodius” University in Skopje, Skopje Faculty of Physical Education, Physical Education Centre, Skopje, Macedonia
Abstract A coach is a teacher who organizes and systematically leads the process of learning and training. In this process, the coach provides his athletes with optimal energy and a multitude of information with the received knowledge and information Boxers adopt best, most economical and most rational way. The coach becomes a leader, educator and teacher of young people. Central figure in the boxing club is the coach. Over the past period of a decade, the work in the club has been carried out mostly on the basis of professional experience, intuition and enthusiasm of a great number of boxing experts. On the basis of the survey that was conducted by the author, the Table 1. will list the basic knowledge as staff coaches has Boxer Federation of Macedonia.
Keywords: coaches questionnaire, Boxing Federation of Macedonia, boxing clubs, boxing competitors, boxing licenses, sporting form,
INTRODUCTION educational and professional knowledge, altogether. He Coaches come into this sport from different complements the role of the club doctor, because in the occupations, students, workers. Increasing number of absence of a doctor situations sometimes require it, will young people (coaches), achieve great results the way first observed injury preventive and act immediately. it is in Europe and the world. Sport was practices in the Among coaches, as well as among all other people, per- past by a limited number of individuals, but nowadays sonal characteristics are different, as well as the style it is more available to all people. Sport in the society be- and manner of training. comes an important sociological factor, with deep popu- The boxers see their coach as the central figure in lar character. the club. Field coaching activities is extremely wide and Coach is a teacher who leads the process of turns the function of the teacher. A good coach is not sat- learning and training in organized and systematic way. isfied only with a good knowledge of boxing as a sport, Through this process the coach provides his athletes it should be addressed in the knowledge of the elements with optimal energy and a multitude of information, of psychology, sociology and medicine. where boxers receive knowledge and information in To achieve higher top results of national com- most economical and most rational way. He has the role petitions, European, World, Olympic games, there is a of a psychologist, the most important thing is to use the need for greater theoretical and practical knowledge of knowledge and ability (experience in boxing and pro- coaching. Consistently, only on big competitions with fessional education). Nature of work often leads to solv- the maximum stress, the boxers builds best sports form ing many personal problems of the Boxers. He should be and experience that follows. Such challenges require able to recognize, understand and adequately interpret coaches to devote particular attention to the changing a particular phenomenon and to react so that whit his functional-structural and psychological- stress activi- relationship with the boxer will solve his problems for ties for the full restoration of the functional capabilities better. of the Boxers. Reaching sports form is a direct result The coach becomes a leader, a teacher and educa- of an athlete’s maximum adjustment to different types tor of young people, thanks, among other things his rich of training where the coach should, of course, things
APES, (1), 2013 73 Kalač
“need” to be educated in that specialty, educated with a Lately, it can be observed a significant lag in ed- great many years of experience in practice can be hoped ucation, vocational education and improvement of the major sports results. coaching staff (common exceptions), and thus falling In this period of a decade, the work takes place behind in achieving results at the international level. mostly on the basis of professional experience, intuition, enthusiasm many boxing “experts”. On the basis of the DISCUSSION survey that was conducted by the author, Table 1. will Of 14 registered clubs, we have clubs where they list the basic knowledge as staff coaches has Boxer Fed- applied for one, two or three coaches. In this survey in eration of Macedonia. 2012 has a total of 22 coaches.
Table 1. Basic knowledge of boxing staff (coaches) on the basis of level of education, engaging expertise in all registered boxing clubs of R. Macedonia.
Boxing club Name of Active in Have you Where is Occupation Education Vocational the coach boxing been a employed Education from boxer BK. Cindy H. F.. 1994. Yes Interior Ministry Chief of police Construction Ranking 1 Struga Faculty with star BK. J. Dž. Yes Yes Unemployment High school High school Yes Ternipe Skopje N. O. 1972 . Yes Security Primary School License from G.T.C. BFM
E. Š. 1976 . Yes Professor. Professor. in Prof. in Albanian No BK. Skendija Albanian Tetovo. A.R. 2010. No Professor. Prof. of Prof. of Physical No Physical Education Education
BK. S. G. 1988. Yes Interior Ministry Policeman Bachelor of law No Defender Bitola V.C 1988. Yes Macedonian Post Postman Traffic Technician No BK Universal Skopje 2002. No Pensioner Pensioner Prof. of Physical No V.V. Education BK Cair E.S 1979 . Yes Unemployment Unemployment High school License by Skopje BFM M.R. 1968 . Yes OKTA Electrician High school License by BSJ BK Aperkat O. S 1990. Yes Interior Ministry Policeman High school No Skopje alfa team M.H 1998. Yes Unemployment Mechanical High school No technician BK AC Č.G 2002. No Unemployment Mechanical Mechanical Coaching first Prilep technician technician class Č. P. 1971. Yes Municipality Econom Higher school Ranging 2 stars BK Bargala coaching Stip D.S. 1972. Yes Bargala Police security High school No M.I 1999. Yes Unemployment Electrician High school No
Z.K. 2005. No High school Prof. of Prof. No BK Pelbit Physical Bitola Education Z.M. 1980. Yes Unemployment Worker Primary School No
BK Skopje K.R. 1970. Yes Faculty of Faculty of Dr. of Science in Ranking 3 stars Physical Physical kinesiology Education Education BK. Shkup H.N. 1995. Yes Owner of coffe bar High school High school No BK. Ohrid М.М. Yes Police security High school High school No
BK. Fighter E.S. 1970. Yes Unemployment High school High school No out-Hilaire Kumanovo APES, (1), 2013 74 Kalač
Activity in the pits all coaches is evident. First, Boxing experts - coaches, using knowledge like boxers-athletes for their clubs and their careers gained through practice, dealing personally with boxing range from two, eight, ten and twenty years of boxing in his youth or through the experience of their coaches, experience, depending on the age of the coaches. Of 22 less successfully make the selection of young boxers, coaches, 17 were active competitors or have dealt with plan and implement training, trying to achieve the sports boxing as a sport. form of Boxers, but noticed that despite difference tech- Occupation boxing coaches in normal life, what nique on all grounds is different from club to club, in we exist or are professionally involved with different terms of European and world trends. professions. Interior Ministry chief officers, caterers, In all these procedures, their work is based on the electricians, mail provider, machine technician, work- subjective assessments of the present and future. The ers, economic, unemployment, providing an Albanian writer well acquainted with the situation in the work, language, professors of physical culture . particularly in what has been created in many years of Employment boxing trainers in MVR, City Shop- work in the boxing sport, concluded that the inclusion ping Center, Macedonian Posts, municipality, OKTA, of general and vocational education, seminars, scien- shoe factory Bargala, catering facilities, schools and un- tific knowledge and objective instruments would greatly employed. rationalized procedures and could lead to better results In education boxing coaches have completed: internationally. Faculty of Civil Engineering, bachelor of law, second- Coaches often are studying short seminars in one ary and primary schools, an Albanian language faculty, day, go carrying a confused knowledge, which can be Professor of Physical Education. very harmful to the future of young boxers who work. Level of vocational education, from 22 coaches, A striking example is the large number of people 16 coaches have no vocational education. Boxer licenses with no qualifications in the field of sport, to organize of the Boxng Federation of Macedonia have four coach- and conduct sports activities in these clubs. es. They should give explanation about these licenses. These examples are unusual and illegal, if we For obtaining a license is necessary to go to seminars know that the law for sport does not allow this practice, organized by BFM in one day to hear certain topics. Ob- because it takes at least post-secondary education in the taining a license is a possibility for the coaches to work field of sport for performing any sports activity, with the with their boxers at home. The license is renewed every engagement of qualified experts in the implementation year and it don’t have a character gaining a degree in of sports programs activities in sports clubs and organi- certain education. The license allows for that year the zations is a matter related to the professional supervi- coaches may work with the boxers at Home ring. How- sion. ever, a license issued in BFM has no importance for in- Boxing Federation is committed to conducting ternational competitions. License in one or two coaches professional supervision of their work by the competent are issued by the former Yugoslavia. Also limited to the institutions. Coaches need permanent and professional verification of these licenses each year. development and consumption of scientific knowledge We have a coach with finished over Upper school that will apply in practice. coaching at the Faculty of Sport Culture. Faculty of Sport Education should provide guid- We have a long-time coach with a doctorate in ance to suggest that may be a coach with a minimum of the field of kineziologi who worked the theme of boxing Upper school coaching at FFK educated in three year sport. If during the survey, all the coaches were correct university education. What opportunities has the can- and all these questions they answered with photocopies didate for improving education in the areas pedagogy, of education or photocopy of vocational education, then physiology, psychology, and in cooperation with the I think (the author), the results would have been even Agency for Youth and Sports, legally regulate the status more dire (worse). of coaches in clubs. Will always appear persons completed the Faculty CONCLUSION of Sport Culture, clubs will report fictitious as mentors. Essential question is whether in this part of the The same person will not work in the club friendly as coaching staff after boxing in the Republic of Macedo- necessary the club will be held. But such people, which nia their educational, professional, professional commit- is the case here, not have dealt with the pit, not famil- ment to the club, even as a profession, their occupation iar with the matter said. The law says Mentoring Club in their private lives if they have any common ground (completed FFK), but in practice this has not proved with the sport Boxing. Is it enough to exist only desire, successful. enthusiasm, engaging with coaching vocation of satis- faction and their personal needs. Can we all expect qual- REFERENCES ity creating athletes-boxers who aspire to participate in Kalač, R. (2012). Work commitment in relation to the status international competitions and achieved significant -re og coaches in the proces of acheving top sport results. sults. Activities in Physical Education and Sport, 2(2), 237-240.
APES, (1), 2013 75 Kalač
Kahrović, I., Murić, B., Mujanović, R., & Špirtović, O. (2012). Наумовски, А. (1998). Натамошните реформи на физичкото Sociological aspects of boxing in the working environ- образование, спортот и здравствената заштита на ment. Research in Kinesiology, 40(2), 221-224. учениците [Further reform of physical education, sport Murić, B., Kahrović, I., & Mujanović, R. (2012). Conative ch- and health care of students. In Macedonian.] Физичка aracteristics structure of promising boxers. Research in култура, 26(1-2),10-14. Kinesiology, 40(2), 155-159. Џамбазоски, А. & Старделова, Џ., М. (2010). Хуманизација Tomić, D. (1987). Intelektualne nizbrdice u fizickom vaspitan- на фудбалот и етиката во спортот [Humanization of ju [Intellectual descent in physical education. In Serbian.] football and ethics in sport. In Macedonian.] Физичка Fizicka kultura, 4(41), 276-280. култура, 38(1), 33-36. Савиќ, М. (1996). Психосоматки статус боксера и развој Stefanović, R. (2010). Teoretic bases for developing the sport моторичких способности [Psychological life of a boxer condition among athletes. Физичка култура, 38(1), and the development of motor skills. In Serbian.] Нови 122-123. Сад: Факултет за физичку културу, Нови Сад
Correspondence: Ss. ,,Cyril and Methodius” University in Skopje, Faculty of Physical Education, Physical Education Centre, Želeynička nn, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 76 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 77-78
DANCING AS AN EXPRESSION OF CHILDREN’S CREATIVTY IN MUSIC CULTURE TEACHING AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION (Professional paper)
Dragana Cicović-Sarajlić1, Biljana Pavlović2, Branko Popović3 1University of Pristina - Kosovska Mitrovica, Faculty of Arts of Pristina – Zvečan, Kosovo and Metohia 2University of Pristina - Kosovska Mitrovica, Teacher Training Faculty in Prizren - Leposavić, Kosovo i Metohia 3University of Kragujevac Teacher Training Faculty in Uzice, Serbia
Abstract This paper discusses the possibility of combining teaching of music culture and physical education through creative dance and improvised movement to music. The aim is to encourage and develop the creative potential of elementary school students through dancing. Use of dance in teaching of both subjects not only contributes to the development of creative capacity, musicality and motor abilities of students, but also of initiative, imagination, originality, constructiveness, self-esteem and self-confidence. In particular, it focuses on examples of dance that are suitable for the development of students’ creativity, which is an important goal of educational work in the elementary school. Emphasized is the significance of an integrated approach to the class content, which is supported in the requirements of the curriculum and the need to modernize and innovate teaching practices.
Keywords: elementary schools, dances, musical games, motor skills, educational work, teaching correlation, methodical procedures
1. music represents the simplest form of child creativity. This paper discusses the possibility of combining It is exactly this form of child creativity that is analogue teaching of music culture and physical education to combining of music culture and physical education through creative dance and improvised movement to programs in elementary school. music, with the aim of encouraging and developing the creative potential of elementary school students through 2. dancing. Use of dance in teaching of both subjects not Correlation in teaching programs, as a methodical only contributes to the development of creative capacity procedure in the implementation of course curriculum, but also musicality and motor abilities of students, as presumes reciprocity and mutual dependence between well as improved aesthetic and emotional experience, different school subjects, in relation to which certain socialization and overall psychophysical development topics and content can be complemented and integrated. of character. A high degree of connection between musical ability and Child creativity has been for many years a subject intellectual, verbal, aesthetic and motor skills indicates of interest and research for a large group of domestic and significant opportunities of correlation in teaching foreign scholars. Today, when developing the creativity programs. The basis for the permeation of music into the of students represents an important goal of modern contents of other school subjects is musical perception education, when it is insisted on greater involvement and musical experience, which is a precondition for the of students in search of innovation and emphasis is subjects’ thematic and structural correlation (Đorđevic, placed on the development of productive instead of 2011). The basis for the integration of music and reproductive skills, the question of children’s creativity physical education can be found in rhythm or in acoustic becomes especially relevant. Creating movement to and visual perception of the music that the students APES, (1), 2013 77 Cicović-Sarajlić, Pavlović, and Popović will express through movement - dance. In this sense, ements follow the musical thought, which requires a this paper’s attention is focused on the performance of certain maturity and musical experience that builds movement along with singing and listening to music. gradually and systematically. Movements performed „The term musical dance can be defined as a to instrumental music can be very simple, but also type of dance where the musical thought is the instigator more complex, depending on the composition and and bearer of all actions that take place during the dance” psychophysical capabilities of children. Listening to (Đurković-Pantelić, 1998: 139). For the moves to be instrumental forms (Serbian folk dance, waltz, tango, suitable and in accordance with music they are performed modern dance) and getting to know their structure during to, it is necessary for students to previously thoroughly a music culture class, will later considerably facilitate study the chosen song or instrumental composition. In the learning of the dance steps meant for teaching during the curriculum of physical education, folk dances are a physical education class. It is necessary to introduce represented in all elementary school grades, from first these dances to students in a wider social and historical to eighth. In the analysis of the curriculum, it was noted context: discussion of the origin, occasions for the that all the recommended folk dances in the physical performance, the performers and the costumes, in order education curriculum are on the list of recommended to stimulate students’ interest in learning the steps and songs and dances in the teaching of music culture. Such other movements the dance entails. harmonization provides the opportunity to study folk dances (either by singing or listening) during music 3. culture class and then perform the movement during Musical dance is a collective game where personal the physical education class, particularly in lower interests are subordinate to the interests of the game, and grade classrooms where the teacher has access to the this makes students learn discipline, respect and adapt contents of all subjects, but also in the upper grades rules. Whether it’s the beauty of the music, the beauty in through coordination of the teachers of the two subjects. the uniformity of the movement of dancing performers When the students grasp the basic elements of a song or beauty of costumes and traditional wear, aesthetics are (lyrics, rhythm, melody) and through listening learn an inseparable companion of dancing. Finally, dancing the specified instrumental composition (it’s character, also has representative purpose. Numerous celebrations tempo, dynamic, form), the students are given the and events throughout the school year provide an opportunity to express their personal impression of the opportunity to do as much, and the ceremony itself will music through self-created movements. In addition to gain in dynamism, cheerfulness and spontaneity. developing a sense of rhythm, precision, coordination of movement in space and time, grace and expressiveness REFERENCES in performing movement to music, dance improvisation Đorđević, B. (2011). Muzika i korelacija u razrednoj nastavi, contributes to the freedom and creativity of students. It Norma (XVI) [Music and correlation in class teaching. In is important to note that the results achieved through Serbian]. Sombor: Pedagoški fakultet. this activity „should be evaluated according to the Đurković-Pantelić, M. (1998). Metodika muzičkog vaspitanja dece predškolskog uzrasta [Methodology of the musical creative engagement of students and not the quality education of preschool children. In Serbian] Šabac: Viša of work created, since even the most modest musical škola za obrazovanje vaspitača u Šapcu i Art studio u improvisation is pedagogically justifiable” (Rule Book, Šapcu. 2007). Pravilnik, (2007). Pravilnik o nastavnom planu za drugi ciklus Folk songs, where the content of the lyrics osnovnog obrazovanja i vaspitanja i nastavnom programu provides a clear description and an impetus for dancing za peti razred osnovnog obrazovanja i vaspitanja [Regu- are very suitable for movement improvisation. These lations for the curriculum for the second cycle of primary movements are, firstly, the basic ones that students education and curriculum for the fifth grade of primary have mastered in previous physical education classes education. In Serbian] Prosvetni glasnik (2) Belgrade: Prosveta. (walking, running, leaping, body and hand gestures, Vukomanović, N. (1989). Muzičko stvaralaštvo u dečijem clapping, patting, turning, etc.) and are used to express vrtiću. [Musical creativity in the kindergarten. In Serbian]. the concepts in a song. Belgrade: Republička zajednica dečje zaštite SR Srbije. Dances to instrumental music are based on the character and form of the composition. Children’s mov-
Correspondence: Dragana Cicović-Sarajlić University of Priština - Kosovska Mitrovica, Faculty of arts of Pristina – Zvečan, Kosovo i Metohia Kralja Petra Prvog 117, 38227 Zvečan, Serbia E- mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 78 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 79-81
SYSTEMS FOR ORGANIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF FOOTBALL TRAINING AT SCHOOL (DIDACTIC AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS) (Professional paper)
Valeri Tzvetkov and Nikolay Tsankov South-West University “Neofit Rilski” Faculty of Education, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria
Abstract The presented paper is an attempt to deal with some new possibilities for improvement of school education quality, in particular the quality of physical education and sports practice at school, on the basis of integration and didactic interpretation of the potential of different systems for the organization and implementation of football training. The authors offer a new conceptual model for school practice, taking in consideration teachers’ opinion and experience.
Keywords: training systems, differentiation and individualization of training, physical abilities, group training system, combined training system , teacher, student
Physical education and sports training is an mentation of football training at schools are basically integrated part of the curriculum in the frame of modern based on different training techniques and methods for school education in all different stages and levels. It initial sports training of young players involved in an an- provides knowledge, skills and attitudes that create the nual football training program. This fact brings forward individual physical and sports culture as an important the need of a new concept of football training at schools component of students’ general knowledge and culture. which on one hand is developed according to the modern On the other hand it develops and supports their trends in educational sciences and good practice guide- physical abilities and activity, introduces healthy tips lines for organization and implementation of school edu- and stimulates individuals for active sports training in cation, and on the other hand takes in consideration the lifelong terms. individual and age characteristics of the students. One of the most distinctive features of the modern The systems for the organization and implemen- physical education paradigm is the increasing role not tation of the training are a construct which refers to the only of the sports performance but of the educational real complex and the whole integrity of related to train- goals as an important part in students’ physical develop- ing and functionaly coordinated elements and results. ment and culture (Russev & Ivanov, 1993). Theoretical They operate the educational environment and imple- and methodological support of physical education and ment the trining process (Radev, 2005). sports training at school needs to reconsider the new The educational systems are presented as a way educational goals and tasks, the physical education con- of organization of education which has general charac- tent, the organization and implementation of the educa- teristics i.e. it refers to a long-term period, involves a tional process (Ivanov, 2012). It requires affording new big number of participants and repeating educational opportunities, optimizing the existing systems for the or- activities (Guviiska & Tsankov, 2009). There are dif- ganization and implementation of training and integrat- ferent approaches to present the main classifications of ing new educational strategies on the basis of the good the educational systems. They can be summarized in the practice guidelines. following concepts: according to Andreev (1987) there Football training at school is a part of the physical are two main groups of systems based on the individual education and sports curriculum in most European and collective approaches; Petrov (1992) divides them countries. In some countries, Great Britain and Australia into three groups namely – individual, group and mass for example, there are special extra-curricular training organized systems; Milkov and Kolev (1994) define the forms and special football schools. educational systems as individual, group and collective The existing systems for organization and imple- systems; Radev (2005) distinguishes individual, intrap- APES, (1), 2013 79 Tzvetkov and Tsankov ersonal, group and mixed types of systems. Pueblo educational strategy (a mixed educational The different types of systems for organization system) named after the town Pueblo in the USA. The and implementation of the educational process, closely plan was developed and implemented in 1888-1893 by related to the historical development and modern trends an american educator (according: Radev, 2005). The of football training, are the following: main concept of the system presents the educational Individual training system – the students perform content (for example particular knowledge about the different football exercises and activities on their own. football game and specific technical and tactical skills) There is a varity of options to choose in terms of goals, as taught to all students but at the same time each stu- contents, sports techniques, rate, measuring, evaluation dent aquieries this content at a different rate and in a and achievement of the results of the technical skills. different manner according to the individual potential, A version of the individual system is the open i.e the student is given a choise to choose a level of training (after III – VI grades). It provides open space difficulty. The teacher checks and keeps track - ofstu for the student and free choice of activities. Students dents’ progress and the development of their technical can observe, learn, act, relax or work within a hetero- and tactical skills. More important in evaluation process geneous group or indilidualy. The process is based on is not the quantity but the quality of students’ perfor- students goodwill and emotions (Radev, 2005). mance (satisfactory or unsatisfactory). For the more ad- Interpersonal, group based and mixed training vanced students the strategy provides additional content systems presented gradually by a number of specific tasks and Interpersonal educational systems depend on activities. Some elements of this system can be success- the relation teacher – student and in some cases on the fully applied in initial football training at school, they relation student-student. In modern education interper- have the potential to support the development not only sonal educational systems are applicable to different ap- of football skills but of some social skills, too. proaches of inner differentiation and individualization Santa Barbara educational strategy (a group edu- of educational process at all kinds of public, integrated cational system), named after the American town Santa or special schools. It best answers the challenges of the Barbara and developed by F. Burke in 1898. In this sports training too (Radev, 2005). The competence of type of organizational structure students are devided the teachers (trainers) is essential for the interpersonal into 3 groups on the basis of their abilities. The diffi- organization of football training because of their main culty and complexity of the educational content varies role of a model in technical and tactical football perfor- in each group. The students are transferred within the mance. Another option for organization in this snese is groups depending on their achievements and this trans- to use the presentation skills of some of the more ex- fer is not limited into time (Radev, 2005) This strategy perienced and trained students as models and examples is suitable for the organization and implementation of to be followed. It enables interpersonal interactions be- initial football training because it provides different tween students and the development of technical and levels of differentiation of the sports techniques and tactical skills in less proficient students. skills through flexible grouping. Students may shift to Group educational systems are systems that pro- different groups depending on their specific need and vide education for students in different formal or infor- according to their personal level and the quality of their mal, homogenous or heterogeneous groups, created on performance. This type of organization is appropriate the basis of different indicators and time periods but for the opening stage of the selection and distribution of subordinate to common goals, educational content and the specific positions and roles within the football team activities. Main features of the group educational sys- (for example goalkeepers, defenders, forwards). tems are the processes of integration and diferentiation, North Denver educational strategy (a mixed edu- spontaneity, mobility and originality of the group mem- cational system) named after the town North Denver in bers’ development (Radev, 2005). the USA, developed in 1898 by J. Van Siclen. The sys- Applying group educational systems in football tem claims for minimum requirements for all students training is effective and useful educational strategy es- and after they are able to meet these requirements they pecially for acquiring different technical and tactical are given more complicated tasks and are stimulated to team and individual skills depending on the given posi- achieve higher results and to cover more educational tions of the players in the game, (for example goalkeep- content (Radev, 2005). In football trining at school in ers, defenders, forwards). particular, this type of organizational system is suitable The mixed systems in the context of football for developing and improving the ball handling skills. training include different aspects of individual, interper- In the low level beginners training the most important sonal and group approaches appropriate for any given skill for the students is to learn how to hold, pass and educational situation and environment. control the ball with the outer top part of their foot. Af- The educational systems often exist in different ter they acquire this basic skill as a minimum necessary versions and combinations. Some of them can be briefly requirement they can continue with more complicated described here with an accent on football training as fol- exercises involving hurdles and higher speed. lowing: An adequate integration of different aspects of
APES, (1), 2013 80 Tzvetkov and Tsankov the above-mentioned systems for the organization and and the subject „Physical Education“ in high school. In implementation of education in the context of football Bulgarian]. Спорт & Наука, (3), (101-110). training at school is of a great importance for the quality Милков, Л., & Колев, Г. (1994). Обща педагогика (Дидакти- of the expected results related to the knowledge acquisi- ка) [General pedagogy (Didactics). In Bulgarian]. Шумен: tion and football technical and tactical skills develop- Шумен полиграф – ЕООД. ment. Петров, П. (1992). Дидактика [Didactics. In Bulgarian]. София: Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“. REFERENCES Радев, Пл. (2005). Обща училищна дидактика [General sc- Андреев, М. (1987). Дидактика [Didactics. In Bulgarian]. София: hool didactics. In Bulgarian]. Пловдив: Университетско Народна Просвета. издателство „Паисий Хилендарски”. Гювийска, В., & Цанков, Н. (2009). Как да направим идеи- Русев, Р., & Ст. Иванов. (1993). Относно необходимост- те си ясни в обучението [How to make your ideas clear та от преустройство на образователната система в in training. In Bulgarian]. Благоевград: Университетско областта на физическото възпитание [On the need издателство „Неофит Рилски“. for restructuring of the education system in the field of Иванов, Ст. (2012). Културнообразователната област „Фи- physical education. In Bulgarian]. Въ Сборника, Меж- зическа култура” и учебния предмет „Физическо въз- дународна научна конференция “Хуманизиране на питание и спорт” в средното общообразователно учи- педагогическия процес” (стр. 222-225). Благоевград: лище [Cultural and educational area „Physical Culture“ Университетско издателство „Неофит Рилски“.
Correspondence: Valeri Tsvetkov South-West University “Neofit Rilski” Faculty of Education St. Ivan Michailov 66, 2700 Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 81 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 82- 84
STRENGHT DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN AND YUNG ATHLETES (Professional paper)
Katarina Herodek1 and Cvetko Simonović2 1University of Niš, Faculty of sport and physical education, Niš, Serbia 2Economic and trade school, Vranje, Serbia
Abstract It is believed that coaches working with children have to be highly qualified for their job. They have to know all about specificity of the different age groups they are working with in order to achieve the desired objectives. The purpose is the strength development as a necessary part of every physical and sports activities for children. The issue of this paper is the attempt to work through the theoretical approach to perform the possibilities of strength developing during the process of physical preparation as well as its role and importance in physical and sports development, not only for children who are not in the training process, but also for those who are actively involved in sports. The strength intensifies competitive success during the performance of sport skills. Early onset of force development is important for motor and physical development. Strength training in childhood is one of the conditions of good posture and injury prevention and is an important element of optimal fitness and conditioning preparation that is needed for the later development of the sport.
Keywords: training, sports activities for children, physical preparation, sports development, physical development, motor abilities, anthropological characteristics, functional abilities, exercises with the load
INTRODUCTION portant determinant of these activities is their intensity There are a lot of coaches working with children which has to be between 50 and 70% of maximum heart or young athletes in different sport clubs. It is believed rate and duration has to be longer than 15 minutes. This that coaches have to be highly qualified for their job. is called aerobic zone, where the cells take the energy at They have to know all about specificity of the different the expense of oxygen, without producing the lactic acid age groups they are working with in order to achieve and, after a certain time from the beginning of activity, the desired objectives. In the mean time, they should activates the metabolism of fat. not negatively affect on the children’s health, growth The most suitable activities for the musculoskel- and development. The coaches who are working with etal system are the exercises with the load or weight, children should not treat them as reduce adult athletes and flexibility exercises. Exercise with the load could be as that could lead to large errors in training. Children practiced at the gym, using weights or their own body have different capacities and the different adaptation to weight. The relative increase of muscle mass is useful the exercises; they differently respond to various train- for several reasons. A larger quantity of muscle could in- ing stimuli and kinesiology operators. It is possible to crease the consumption of calories during the activity or see a major difference in anthropological characteristics, the rest time. During the work out with the load, coaches body morphology, motor skills and functional abilities have to be careful while implementing corrective exer- due to the different speed of biological development for cise in order to strengthen weak regions of the body. the same age children. The most suitable activities for the development Purpose, problem, aim and task of the article of cardiovascular system are cyclic activities, or activi- The purpose and the problem of this article are de- ties with a closed structure of movement, which is con- fined at the sphere on work out for strength developing tinually repeated. Examples of such activities include for children and adolescents involved in sports. walking, running, swimming, aerobics, cycling, hiking The purpose is the strength development as a nec- etc. It is necessary to train at least 3 times a week. An im- essary part of every physical and sports activities for
APES, (1), 2013 82 Herodek and Simonović children. The problem is the attempt to work through attached to the bones, joints and ligaments. the theoretical approach to perform the possibilities of Anatomical adaptation refers to the strength de- strength developing during the process of physical prep- velopment of tendons and ligaments. Any strength train- aration as well as its role and importance in physical and ing, without the proper anatomical of tendons and liga- sports development, not only for children who are not in ments, could cause injury. Anatomical adaptation must the training process, but also for those who are actively precede all other forms of work in gym. It has to be the involved in sports. main connection between training and preventing inju- The aim is identifying and analyzing opportuni- ries and that’s why the adaptation is always performed ties that chosen ways of motor skills development could during the preparation period for athletes of all subse- be offered in a younger age. Also, it could indicate the quent age groups. Such training courses are the base of importance of systematic selection and execution of spe- any fitness training and they are followed by develop- cific exercises in such type of training with children who ment of the other motor skills. are not active physically and active athletes. The special emphasis is placed on the muscle The task of this paper is to introduce the basic strength development to the spine fixator of the lower guidelines for this type of training development and to back muscles, abdominal and pelvic muscles and they indicate the benefits and contraindications which should form a „bridge” between the lower and upper body. If be kept in mind duting the training process. In this pa- they are not strong it often leads to various kind of pain per the descriptive method was used for a detailed view in lower back and spine damage. physical and fitness development principles such as power develoment as one of the basic motor skills. Examples of the periodization Age category should be determined first, i.e. the Motor skills development level of sports development of a child such as character- While children grow and build up more muscles, istics and goals for that period of life. Pedemonte (1983) their motor skills are, also, improved. Coaches should be points out that the training periodization for children aware that children will grow whether they are trained and young athletes should be viewed through the social or not. Therefore, it is necessary to develop skills which and physiological and methodical approach. Faigen- would be, in future, priority for the athlete child. The baum (1993) recommended four parts in strength devel- consistent improvement for both boys and girls is obvi- opment for children. The first part lasts four weeks and ous at the age of 6. to 18. years. During the period of it’s aim is to introduce an athlete child with exercises and puberty, higher values for the results in test for the upper safety conditions. It would be better if there is exercises body are shown for boys. A differences between boys equipment made for children, but if there is not such and girls in test of speed (50 m sprint) and explosive equipment, the weights and exercises with your own power (long jump from place) and endurance (running body could be used. It is usually performed by a series on 1,5km) also exist after the puberty. of specific exercises, with 10-15 repetitions. Training is carried out 2-3 times a week for 20-30 minutes. The Strength development loads are light. The second part takes 4-8 weeks and it Progressively increasing the volume of training increases the load, but the number of repetitions remains and competitions, year after year, all muscle groups are 10-15. The duration of training increases, and takes 25- more exposed to different micro-traumas, not only acute 35 minutes. The third section introduces new exercises but also chronic injuries. The reason is the wrong ap- with free weights and those exercises are performed in 3 proach to the training process. In the first instant, injuries sets of 8-12 repetitions, 3 times a week. The fourth part could be prevented with strength training and flexibil- could be initiated only by children who have perfected ity exercises and with proper performing of sport tech- the techniques of performance of certain exercises and niques. The last task is for the sport coaches while the followed the directions and safety conditions at runtime. strength and flexibility training conditioning coaches Exercises are performed in 3 sets of 6-10 repetitions and have to care. also have to introduce more advanced training exercises For people who are included in sports, the power such as classic weight training and specific exercises for causes more confusion and misunderstandings than any each sport. other motor skill. Younger age groups are trained how to Woloham and Micheli (1990) provide guidance perform various exercises with their own weight, light for strength development for children through the dif- dumbbells, medicine ball, elastic band etc. With these ferent ages. Bompa (2005) distinguished the children’s exercises, at the age of 14-15 years, children can go on initial period for training (initiation) from 6 to 10 years, with gym work with trainers and weights. shaping athletes from 11 to 14 years, from15 to 18 years In the beginning, they start working with mini- is the period of specialization and superior performance mal loads and higher repetitions, with proper selection from 19 years and older. In accordance with this divi- of exercises, the emphasis is on technically proper form sions Bompa provided a model for long term periodiza- exercise and anatomical adaptation of musculosceletal tion of strength training. system. This system is consisted of muscles and tendons Strength training with 8.-10. years children
APES, (1), 2013 83 Herodek and Simonović
The research shows that children of pre-puberty school is obviously not able to solve this problem today age can achieve significant improvement in strength due (chronic lack of exercise and the related force deficit). to neuromuscular changes rather than muscle hypertro- Lack of power is not present only in muscle but also phy (Fleck and Kramer, 1993). A lot of controversy re- in the hull of the entire musculature. According to the lates to the possibility of damages in the area of epyphi- American College of Sports Medicine (1993), 50% of sys growth zone. Such injuries comes as a results of poor injuries occuring in children can be prevented in large lifting techniques, lifting weights and lifting the maxi- part through well-designed strength training. Strength mum external load without professional supervision. training showed improvement in bone development. According to Kramer and Fleck (1993) strength In a studz lasting 10 months with girls ages 9-10 who training has greatest potential of any other action to pre- performed aerobics and strength training have increased vent injuries. Another misconception is that strength bone mineral density by 6,2%, compared with 1,4% of training is only for body builders and weightlifters. those girls who did not perform strength training (Mor- As evidence in a last twenty years, a large num- ris, 1997). Strength is important for several reasons. In ber of athletes improved their techniques using strength young athletes strength training is used for prophylax- training but that only perform the selected sport skills. is posture. Due to the lack of movement and sitting in Strength training is an integral part of training for many school, young athletes are susceptible to poor posture, athletes: football players, runners, tennis players and so because the strength training is necessary to influence on. This philosophy has changed now, so some people the strengthening of the hull. Early onset of force de- believe that no one can be fast before he gets strength, velopment is important for motor and physical develop- that no one can increase height of jump without strength ment. One study showed over 40% increase in strength training and as well as no one can throw or kick without in boys and girls from 10 to 11 years after 9 weeks of strong hands. training (Sewall and Micheli, 1986, Drabik, 1996). It Also, strength training has some medical benefits. is proven that the injury can be reduced with well-de- The direct result of strength training is that bone min- signed strength training, by increasing bone mass, creat- eral ingredients increase their functionality in later life ing a greater ability to absorb stress. Strength training in as a preventive measure against osteoporosis. Therefore childhood is one of the conditions of good posture and it should be part of physical education and training pro- injury prevention and is important element of optimal grams for young girls (The Committee for Sports De- fitness and conditioning preparation that is needed for velopment Council of Europe, 1982, in Bompa, 2000). the later development of the sport.
The importance of strength training REFERENCES for children Bompa, T. 1993. Periodization of strength: The new wave in The strength intensifies competitive success dur- strength training. Toronto: Veritas. ing the performance of sports skills. All movements in Bompa, T. 1993. Power in training for sport: Plyometrics for sport games must be performed to overcome the re- maximum power development. sistance to gravity (running, jumping) or the opponent Oakville, New York, London: Mosaic press. and everything what will improve the strength will be Bompa, T. 1999. Periodization training for sports. Cham- of great benefit. paign, IL: Human Kinetics. Strength training is integrated into the game and is Bompa, T. 2005. Total training for young champions. Zagreb: important at this age as an additional training. Obtained Gopal. in various studies that 50%-60% of children of school Herodek, K. 2006. Opšta antropomotorika [General anthropo- age have an error in posture (Weineck, 1998). The motorics. In Serbian]. Niš: SIA.
Correspondence: Katarina Herodek University of Niš Faculty of Sport and Physical Education Čarnojevića 10a, 18000 Niš, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 84 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 85-88
PLACE OF AEROBICS IN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA (Professional paper)
Dimka Nestorova University of food technologies, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Abstract Physical education in organized form is included in all established pedagogical systems and in the theories of the most famous and renowned thinkers, philosophers, representatives of pedagogique thought in the world. In Bulgaria physical education appeared first in the time of the National revival. Since 1879 physical education “the Gymnastics” (as this subject was called then) was always present in all curricula. Development of curricula passed gradually through several stages. It is well-known that aerobics enables development and maintenance of the physical capability of the trainees and their preparation for systematic sports training and healthy way of living, which are also some of the objectives in the cultural-and-educational area “Physical Culture and Sports”, as in this connection we set ourselves the objective to elaborate on the place of aerobics in the educational system of the Republic of Bulgaria.
Keywords: physical education, lesson plans, curricula, physical skills, healthy lifestyles, sport specific training, teacher, parents, bibliographical method
INTRODUCTION meet the requirements of the Bulgarian education. Physical education in organized form is included Third stage 1965 – 1992. Physical education dur- in all established pedagogical systems and in the the- ing Socialism. ories of the most famous and renowned thinkers, phi- A stage of establishing Bulgarian specialists and losophers, representatives of pedagogique thought in researchers, who raise the profile of physical education the world. In Bulgaria physical education appeared first at higher level, and sports at world top level. Bulgarian in the time of the National revival. Since 1879 physical books and methodical tools in Physical education were education “the Gymnastics” (as this subject was called developed for all degrees of education. Curricula in then) was always present in all curricula. Development Physical education were enriched with new mandatory of curricula passed gradually through several stages: types of sports: rhythmic gymnastics, wrestling, skiing, First stage 1885 – 1944. swimming, football. In the first stage of development of physical edu- Fourth stage 1992 - 2000. Physical education cation in Bulgaria there was no whole and completed during Democracy system of work. Experience from abroad was made use A stage characterised by a number of changes in of, as in 1894 9 Swiss teachers were invited. Thus, the the educational system, in particular in Physical educa- Bulgarian school introduced the systems of the German tion. An attempt to make education more democratic was and Swedish gymnastics, which were of health and rec- carried out by introducing a section “Sports by choice” reational character. for all stages and degrees of the Secondary school of Second stage 1944 – 1965. Physical education in General education. the transition period. Fifth stage 2000 – 2007. On the road to accession After 1944 an experiment was made to introduce of Bulgaria to the European Union. curricula in Physical education which were translated Our country’s policy for accession to the Euro- from the Soviet curricula. Training was carried out in pean Community brought about the necessity of Bulgar- three basic types of sports: gymnastics, track-and-field ian experts harmonising our national requirements in the athletics, and sports plays. There began a step-by-step area of education with those of the leading European and improvement of sports facilities and training of teachers world nations. Worldwide tendencies in the organization in Physical education and research workers, who were to of education require availability of State educational
APES, (1), 2013 85 Nestorova standards as a basis for development of Curricula (Cur- ern varieties of motor activity, such as: sports, rhythmic ricula Part…, 2003). gymnastics and their related types of sports and health With regard to worldwide tendencies, as well as activities have their origin in the four “Ds”. This is de- in demand by the socio-economic changes in modern coded as the initial letters of the family names of the four society, a reform in the educational system became nec- founders of the music-and-rhythmic branch of gymnas- essary to be implemented. By adoption of a number of tics: George Demeni, Francois Delsart, Isadora Duncan, governmental documents (State educational…, 2000); Jack Dalcroze. Act of Physical…, 1996), a framework of the standards has been set up reflecting the trends in the development Origin of Aerobics of education. Initiated in the late 1970’s aerobics has spread 1. Enhance physical and mental growth of the with unprecedented speed in response to the needs of students aiming at their successful orientation, adapta- people for motion. It is subject to the laws of both busi- tion and realization in society; ness and advertising with all subsequent consequences 2. Create conditions for shaping value orien- for itself and the people practising it. The aerobic indus- tations related to a feeling of Bulgarian identity, respect try evidenced the presence of not only sports experts, for the others, committment and civil responsibility; but also famous actresses like Jane Fonda, Sydnie Rom, 3. Create conditions for development of Lara Saint Paul, with whose help aerobic gymnastics be- needs, adjustments to learning, education and long-life came popular all over the world. self-perfection. Long-year researches of Bulgarian specialists On the basis of State educational requirements contributed to creating a Bulgarian model of aerobic (SER) developed and adopted in 2000. Physical activities. As a result of intensive creative, instructor’s education must provide opportunities through sports and scientific activity, the foundations of the Bulgarian learning to achieve: experience in the area of aerobics were laid down (Mi- - initial sports literacy and physical capability at the neva, 2001). The pursuit of promoting aerobics amongst primary degree I – IV grade; different layers of population and introduction of this - all-sports awareness and general physical training type of motor activity as widely accessible, applicable at the junior high school level and effective form of popular and systematic practising of the primary degree V – VII grade; of physical exercises has been supported by governmen- - sports awareness and special sports training at the tal organizations even till present. Regulated forms of high school level of the aerobic activities are carried out in various gym clubs, secondary degree VIII – XII grade. secondary and higher schools. Introduction of Aerobics in the Bulgarian School Objective, tasks and methods In the late 1980’s and the early 1990’s aerobic It is well-known that aerobics enables develop- gymnastics was only present in the methodical books for ment and maintenance of the physical capability of the training in Physical education at the secondary degree. trainees and their preparation for systematic sports train- Authors describe it as composed of rhythmic exercises, ing and healthy way of living, which are also some of the steps and runnings. Included in the section of Rhythmic objectives in the cultural-and-educational area “Physical gymnastics it was assumed as a supporting type of sports Culture and Sports”, as in this connection we set our- and means to develop motor qualities mainly with girls, selves the objective to elaborate on the place of aerobics what gave an untrue idea for this type of activity. in the educational system of the Republic of Bulgaria. By adoption of new curricula in the period 1992 To achieve this objective it was necessary to solve - 2000 aerobics has been given the opportunity to be the following tasks: practised at all degrees of education with the newly in- 1. To trace back the appearance and develop- troduced section „Sports by choice“. ment of aerobics in Bulgaria. In the beginning of 21th c. through the outline 2. To determine the basic factors for introduc- of new tendencies and requirements to the educational tion of aerobics at school. process aerobics is once again searching for a place at 3. To reveal the place of aerobics in the system school. By adoption of State educational standards and of the secondary education in Bulgaria. development of new curricula (Curricula Part…, 2003), To solve our tasks we used the bibliographic ap- the world trends in the reform of the educational system proach. We subject to study Bulgarian references, as have been met by: well as official school documents, which formed the cur- 1. making it a gymnastic subject in the core riculum of education at every stage of its development. of “Gymnastics”; 2. a fitness subject in the supplementary RESULTS group of “Fitness and Bodybuilding”; Roots of gymnastics with a musical accompani- 3. a module training – “Gymnastics and ment were discovered in one of the varieties of the Greek Dances”. gymnastics, or „orchestrics”. Specialists note that mod- So far, curricula for the secondary degree of gen-
APES, (1), 2013 86 Nestorova
OBJECTIVE SUBJECTIVE FACTORS FACTORS
Legal basis Premises and Motivation to practise aerobics facilities
Teachers Students Parents
1.Knowledge - impact Positive attitude of: Positive attitude of aerobics. teachers; from: Acquisition of knowledge and 2.Level of parents; own experience skills in Aerobics qualification. classmates. mass media training at NSA; 3.Interest of students special courses and seminars; and parents specialized literature.
Scheme 1. Factors for en masse inclusion of aerobics in the academic content of Physical Scheme 1. Factors for en masse inclusion of aerobics in the academic content of Physical
eral education 8 – 12 grade have been prepared, as well agogic occupation. Culture, value orientations in family as methodical books for teachning and training of Aero- invariably affect the quality of living of the grown-ups. bics. It is well-known that aerobics has a complex in its character impact on human body. It simultaneously Factors for Implementation of Training develops the physical and motor capacity, balances the Process in Aerobics psycho-emotional background, and reduces the negative The prerequisites for en masse introduction of tension in the organism by neural-and-humoral regula- aerobics in the secondary and higher schools can be al- tion as a result of practising aerobics. Use of a musi- lotted and reviewed in two main groups: objective and cal accompaniment further contributes to education of subjective factors (Scheme 1). rhythmic and aesthetic values in trainees. These features The objective factors include the legal basis and stimulate a successful introduction of Aerobics in the the available sports facilities and premises, which ensure secondary and higher school. the conduct of the academic process in Physical educa- tion. CONCLUSION Subjective factor is the motivation of all people, 1. Aerobics is well-known and popular subject in whose part for inclusion of this type of gymnastics in the Republic of Bulgaria since 1970’s. school is crucial, that is teachers, students and their par- 2. The legislation of the Republic of Bulgaria has ents. We consider this factor as crucial for achievement secured all necessary prerequisites for an effective train- of greater efficiency in the academic process of Physical ing in Physical education and aerobics sessions in con- education. formity with the European requirements in the area of Teacher - The basic factor for his/her motivation academic education. to teach aerobics is found in the confidence of positive 3. Curricula in Aerobics for the secondary degree results in solving the tasks of physical education, level of general education (9-12 grade) have been developed, of qualification, specific knowledge related to applica- as well as methodical books for teachning and trainin. tion of specific means and methods. The teacher is stim- 4. Development of scientifically reasoned -cur ulated for self-perfection through additional acquisition ricula for the primary and junior high school degree is of qualification, attendance at courses, seminars, etc. forthcoming. This will lead to introduction of Aerobics Students - Another reason for this type of gym- in all levels of general education. nastics to be included in the curriculum is found in the students’ interest. REFERENCES Parents - Undeniable is the parental impact on the Артамонов, П.Н. (1965). К въпросу определения допости- grown-ups, which is to be taken into account in the ped- мых нагрузак в занятиях обштей физичедской подго-
APES, (1), 2013 87 Nestorova
товка с лицами пожилого возраста [Into the question de Bras. Reserch in Kinesiology, 40(2), 209-2013. of determining the allowable load on the lesons of gen- Mинева, М. (2001). Аеробиката в училище. СД “Физиче- eral physical preparation with elderly people. In Russian.] ско възпитание и спорт в образователната систе- Москва: Физкультура и спорт. ма“ [Aerobics at School.] Въ Сборника „Физическото Cottonq, R., & Goldstain, R. (1993). Aerobics Instructor Man- възпитание и спорта в образователната система“ (157- ual. San Dirgo: American Council on Exercise. 160). Благоевград: Министерство за образование и Димитрова, Ж. (1989). Аеробна гимнстика [Aerobics. In науката, Югозападен Университет „Неофит Рилски“. Bulgarian.] София: Медицина и физкултура.Държав- Obreshkov, D. (2013). Teaching foreign stdents - participants ни образователни изисквания за учебно съдържание. in profiled fitness groups. Rsearchin Kinesiolgy, 41(1), Културно - образователна област “Физическа кул- 117-120.Учебни програми VII част за задължител- тура и спорт”. (2000). [State educational requirements на и профилирана подготовка на IX, X, XI, XII клас for academic content. Cultural-and-educational area Културно образователна област: Физическа култура “Physical culture and sports”.In Bulgarian]. София: Обн., и спорт. (2003). [Curricula Part VII for mandatory and ДВ, бр. 48, 2000 . Закон за физическото възпитание и profiled training of IX, X, XI, XII grade Cultural-and- спорта. (1996). [Act of Physical Education and Sports . educational area: Physical Culture and Sports. In Bulgar- In Bulgarian]. София: Обн., ДВ, бр. 58 от 9 юли 1996. ian]. София: Министерство за образование и науката. Ignatova, T., & Bazelkov, S. (2012). A view oh the effective- ness of cardio-aerobics , fitball aerobics, dance and Port
Correspondence: Dimka Nestorova University of food technologies 26 Maritsa Blvd, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 88 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 89-91
HAZEN IN SERBIA (Professional paper)
Branko Gardašević1, Slađana Mijatović1, Gordana Vekarić1 and Tamara Ristović2 1University of Belgrade, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Belgrade, Serbia 2PS “14th October “, Belgrade, Serbia
Abstract Sports ball games are the dominant sport activity in Serbia, and handball is one of the most successful ones. Handball teams from Serbia were the five-time champions of Europe, in both categories, and female and male players and coaches, as members of the national team of the former Yugoslavia, won 20 medals at major international competitions. Female and male handball players rank first on the list of holders of national recognition for their achievements in sport. At the same time, it is not well-known that, before the advent of today’s handball on the territory of Serbia, there were similar sports games which can be regarded as its predecessors. One of these is HAZEN.This sports game that originates in the Czech Republic, was highly developed in Serbia in the first half of the twentieth century, more precisely, in the period between the two world wars. Hazen was mostly women sport, although there were exceptions. Hazen’s basic rules were very similar to today’s handball. The team consisted of six players and a goalkeeper, and the very structure of the game was not significantly different from the modern handball. Due to its simplicity and attractiveness, during this period, Hazen spread very much among female youth of Serbia, so that teams were established in a number of cities, which is evidenced by numerous saved documents. From a large number of Hazen teams from Serbia, the team with most success was “BSK” Belgrade, which in 1925 became the champion of Yugoslavia. The attempt to renew Hazen in Serbia after World War II failed. However, many Hazen players became successful handball players, which contributed greatly to women’s handball, with 9 medals at the Olympics and World Championships, becoming our most successful women’s sports game.
Keywords: the emergence and development of Hazen, handball, female, Hazen teams
Hazen is a sports game with a ball which, to a size changed, so that the length was 45-51 meters, and great extent, can be considered the forerunner of to- the width 25-34 meters. According to the claims of some day’s handball. It originates from the Czech Republic, experts, the ideal size of the court for playing Hazen was and was first documented in the late nineteenth century, 48mX32m. The Czech Olympic Committee acknowl- more precisely in 1892. Rules of the new game were cre- edged Hazen as a sport in 1911. ated based on the game called ilova. At this stage, it was Rules of the game evolved over time so that the popularized thanks to sports pedagogues Anton Kristof Czech Jaro Trantina 1918 issued the revised rules for and Vaclav Karas . Anton Kristof organized the first Ha- Hazen. This dynamic and very interesting game experi- zen team in the Strahov Academy in 1907, and after this enced extreme expansion in the number of countries in more and more teams appeared. The printed rules of the the period between the two world wars. game, called Hazen (cilova), appeared in 1908. Surely, The team consisted of seven players, one of which the author was Christoph Anton. It is worth mention- was a goalkeeper. The ball used was weighing 300-350 ing that one (original) copy of these rules is kept in the grams, with a circumference of 62-68 cm was (accord- Library of the Department of Sports Games, Faculty of ing to some authors: 68-71 cm.). Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade. The goal dimensions are interesting. They were On `Svesokolski rally`, held in 1912, the Hazen 2.40 meters high (according to some sources: 2.44 and match was played, before a record of 70,000 spectators! 2.60), and 2 meters wide. Tripod cross-section was 8-10 After this, the interest for this game extremely increased. cm. As in today’s handball, the ball in play could be car- All the time being, Hazen was played mostly by ried 3 steps maximum and kept no longer than 3 sec- women, although there were exceptions. Playing court onds. It was not allowed that the ball touched the play-
APES, (1), 2013 89 Gardašević, Mijatović, Vekarić and Ristović er’s lower leg. ly, later began to get political background as well. The playing court was divided into three parts, of According to the most extensive (available) writ- which the middle was the longest. The rules did not al- ten document, in the period 1921-1930, the following low all the players to enter every part of the court, so that Hazen teams existed in Serbia: the technical-tactical preparation of the team had to be 1921 - „Banat“ (Pančevo), „BSK“ (Beograd), „HA- subordinated to this. KOAH“ (Zemun), „Yugoslavia“ (Beograd). Goal area was initially rectangular sized 6mx12m, 1922 - „Viktorija“ (Novi Sad), „Juda Makabi“ (Novi Sad), and later received a circular shape with a 6- meter radius. „NAK“ (Novi Sad). 1923 - „Soko“ (Beograd), „Subotički telov SK“ (Suotica), In the former (first) Yugoslavia Hazen “arrived” „Somborski SK“ (Sombor), „Sand“ (Subotica). thanks to students who stayed in Prague and had the 1924 - „Vitez“ (Zemun), „Vojvodina“ (Pančevo), „Vit- opportunity to get acquainted with it. In the period be- rija“ (Požarevac), „Zlatokosić“ (Knjaževac), „Jdinstvo“ tween the two world wars Hazen got affirmed among (Knjaževac), „Jedinstvo“ (Beograd), „Kokordia“ (Knjaževac), very young women in many regions of the country. Very „Obilić“ (Veliki Bečkerek), „PSK“ (Pančevo), „Car Lazar“ quickly, a lot of teams were formed, and most of them (Kruševac), „Čehoslovački SK“ (Beograd), „Šumadija“ (Kra- were in Serbia. Mass interest positively influenced the gujevac). improving quality, so that, on the fourth Women’s sports 1925 - „Amater“ (Sombor), „ZAŠK“ (Zemun), „Konkor- games, which were organized in 1934 in London, the dia“ (Inđija), „Zlatibor“ (Užice), „Sinđelić“ (Niš). 1926 - „Bosanac“ (Šabac), „Građanski“ (Sremska Mitro- national team of Yugoslavia won - the first place. This vica), „Jedinstvo“ (Novi Bečej), „Mačva“ (Šabac), „Hajduk“ result is even more valuable since in the finals they de- (Sremska Mitrovica), „Čukarički SK“ (Belgrade), „Timok“ feated the national team of Czechoslovakia (6:4), the (Zaječar). homeland of this sport. 1927 - „Balkan“ (Ruma), „VSK“ (Valjevo), „Đ. Smedere- Yugoslavia Hazen national team played its first vac“ (Smederevo), „Soko“ (Vršac), „Sremac“ (Ruma), „Spar- official match against the selection of Czechoslovakia ta“ (Zemun), „Trgovački AS“ (Vršac) in 1924. On that occasion, the Czech girls beat 8-3. The 1928 - „Braničevo“ (Požarevac), „Viktorija“ (Vršac), last game played by the Yugoslavia Hazen national team „Vardar“ (Valjevo), „Grafičar“ (Niš), „Momčilo“ (Leskovac), was in 1935. „Pobeda“ (Leskovac), „Pobeda“ (Niš) On photo 2.10 are Ha- zen players of „Pobeda“, „Radnički“ (Vršac), „Hajduk Veljko“ State championships in Hazen, intermittently, (Negotin), „Radnički“ (Niš). were held in the period 1925-1938. The team “Concor- 1929 - „Biser“ (Vršac), „Brđan“ (Beograd), „Kosovo“ dia” Zagreb won the highest number of championship ti- (V. Kikinda), „Radnički“ (Stari Bečej), „Slavija“ (Požarevac), tles, and among teams from Serbia only the team “BSK” „Srbija“ (V. Kikinda), „Radnički“ (Bela Crkva). Belgrade managed to win a state championship. 1930 - „Botić“ (Novi Sad), „Budućnost“ (V. Gradište), According to available sources, Hazen in Serbia „Ibar“ (Kraljevo), „Radnički“ (Novi Sad), „Soko“ (Stari appeared (around) in 1920. That year, according to Jo- Bečej), „Slovački ŠK“ (Bački Petrovac). van Ružić, matches between Hazen teams of “BSK” and Hence, in the first decade of Hazen existence in “Yugoslavia” were already played. Serbia, there were more than 60 clubs in nearly 30 cit- At the same time, the team “Birčanin” was found- ies. Hazen was also affirmed in other parts of the former ed in Valjevo, however no data have been saved about Yugoslavia, particularly in Croatia and Slovenia, but the it which. When talking about this town, reliable traces fact is undeniable that it was most spread in Serbia. Bel- were found a few years later. In the “Voice of Valjevo,” grade, being the largest city of the former state, quickly from 1928 there was an announcement of a Hazen match became one of the most stable Hazen centers in terms of between Belgrade’s “Falcon” and domestic “Vardar”, organization. which supposed to take place at 6 pm, on the “Cave”. One of the problems Hazen had to face at an This information, as well as a photo of teams par- early stage of development in Serbia were the referees. ticipating, is kept in the archive of Valjevo. There were very few of them, or they were insufficiently Upon his arrival in Belgrade, in 1921, Czech trained. Therefore, it often happened that, during the Stanjek gathered a large number of girls and boys, match, a conflict erupted between the players and even and formed a mixed Hazen team after the teams of his they had to voluntarily leave the court. However, the ba- homeland. Since they had no their own playground, the sic problem, which later led to closure of a large number “BSK” management offered them hospitality and so Ha- of Hazen clubs, were not referees but the lack of young zen players become part of this, already affirmed, sports people, which was not given much taught. club. In the fall of 1921 was played in Zemun, and a Hazen Championships were organized within video recording of this match was preserved. three main sub-associations: Ljubljana, Zagreb, Bel- After this, the rapid popularization of Hazen con- grade. In the area of Belgrade sub-associations (BHP) tinued, so the same year (1921) another club - “Yugosla- two teams dominated by quality, “BSK” and “Yugosla- via” appeared in Belgrade. via”. In 1922, the Belgrade “BSK” played in Zagreb Besides the already-mentioned rules of the game and played a match against the local “HAŠK”, and that and although very similar to today’s handball, Hazen was the base of a big future rivalry, which, unfortunate- differed from it. When taking a free throw, the opposing
APES, (1), 2013 90 Gardašević, Mijatović, Vekarić and Ristović players had to be 4 meters away, and the ball was not CONCLUSION allowed to hit the ground (dribbling) more than 2 times. Hazen is a sports ball game, very similar to to- Additionally, the ball could not be passed to an- day’s handball (rules, techniques, etc.), and therefore other player in a distance of less than 2 meters. Penalty must be considered as one of its predecessors. was performed in front of the line outside the goal area, Between the two World wars Hazen was wide- i.e. from a distance of 6 meters. spread and the most popular sports game for women in The ball technique, basically, was the same as Serbia, which is a relatively little known. in today’s handball and a goal scored as, the so called Attempts to restore Hazen in Serbia after the “Shrauba”, was considered a special attraction. World War II have failed. Tactics, as in all other sports games, was limited Hazen in Serbia after the Second World War, was to: rules of the game, the players and the technical train- first replaced by big handball, and then by small (mod- ing of players and their physical condition. ern) handball. In the period from 1930 until the Second World Although, the existence of Hazen in the territory War, Hazen in Serbia continued to be affirmed, so new of Serbia lasted for a relatively short time (two decades), centers appeared as wečč. For example, in 1931 in Ja- it significantly contributed to later, highly successful, godina the first Hazen match was played between two development of particularly female handball in this ter- already affirmed teams Belgrade “BSK” - and the host ritory. team “Sokolka. The guests beat 8-3 and it is interesting that the REFERENCES goalkeeper of the host team was from Belgrade! It was Cuvaj, B. Flander M. (1975). Hazena. In M. Flander (Ed.), En- the first match between female teams which was played ciklopedija fizičke kulture, 1 A-O [Encyclopedia of physi- in Jagodina and more than 300 spectators were present. cal culture, 1 A-O. In Croatian] (pp. 317-319). Zagreb: As many times before, Hazen Jagodina “come to life”, Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod. thanks to a Czech named - Jozef Bekerusu, the director Gardašević, B. (1992). Od raffballa do rukometa [From raff- of the local brewery and the senior officer of the Falcon ball to handball. In Serbian], Godišnjak (3), 168-172. Beograd: Fakultet za fizičku kulturu. Society. Gardašević, B. (2012). Razvoj rukometa u Srbiji [The de- For better understanding of the situation in female velopment of handball in Serbia. In Serbian]. Beograd: sport in Serbia at the time, especially in the countryside, Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja. it should be noted that Jagodina hazen players, in the Ilić, M. (2000). Rukomet 1949-1999, Rukometni klub „Jugo- period from 1931 to 1939 had played only 13 matches! petrol Železničar“ [Handball 1949-1999, Handball Club Among problems the Hazen was faced with, were “Jugopetrol Železniča”. In Serbian]. Niš: Rukometni the reactions of a part of the population of that time, klub „Jugopetrol Železničar“. which considered as “unethical to run around the field in Kovač, M. (1974). Almanah rukometa Vojvodine 1949-1974 skirts above knees.” [Vojvodina handball Almanac 1949-1974. In Serbian]. Novi Sad: Rukometni savez Vojvodine. After World War II, Hazen in Serbia, as well Krstić, Ž. (1998) Hazena i rukomet u Jagodini [Hazen and as at the entire Yugoslav territory, “lived” a relatively handball in Jagodina. In Sebian]. Jagodina: Opštinski ru- short time. On the territory of modern Serbia Hazena kometni savez. was (partially) restored, during a short period of time, Milošević, B., & Obradović, G. (2011). Rukomet u Obrenovcu primarily in Vojvodina. During that time, firstly, there - ljudi i vreme [Handball in Obrenovac people, and time. were mass promotions (youth work actions), and then In Serbian]. Obrenovac: SIA. the rapid expansion of big handball. However, Hazen Popović, S. (2005). Vreme rukometa u Zaječeru 1949-2005. players, without problems, became – Handball players! [Time of handball in Zaječar 1949-2005. In Serbian]. This can be proved by the fact that the first women’s Zaječar: DP za izdavačku delatnost „Timok“. Šoškočanin, V. (1954). Razvoj naše hazene (do 1930 god.) championship of Yugoslavia, in small handball, played [The development of our hazen (to 1930). In Serbian]. in 1953, was won by a team from Nova Gradiska, con- Fizička kultura, (5-6), 263-272. sisted entirely of former Hazen players! Šoškočanin, V. (1954). Razvoj naše hazene (do 1930 god.) [The development of our hazen (to 1930). In Serbian]. Fizička kultura, (7-8), 362-372.
Correspondence: Branko Gardašević University of Belgrade Faculty of Sport and Physical Education 156 Blagoja Parovića Str. , 11000 Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 91 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 92-94
FITNESS TRAINING FOR WOMEN, DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES WITH MEN’S (Proffesional paper)
Dimitar Evgeniev Obreshkov “Angel Kanchev” University of Ruse, Faculty of Public Health, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Ruse, Bulgaria
Abstract In this article we make an attempt to explain the objective differences between women’s and men’s fitness training. On the basis of the facts included in the available specialized sports books, we also study the way in which such arduous exercises influence women’s body. Women’s and men’s training sessions are almost the same but the aims are different. What women wish is to lose weight and to shape their bodies, whereas men wish to accumulate the muscular mass. Women’s training sessions aim at improving the muscular tenacity at the expenses of their massiveness. Strenuous exercises for women should be in accordance with their strong and week muscular groups.
Keywords: physical exercise, resistance training, exercises with weights, increased cardio training, body weight, body fat, aerobic training, anaerobic training, muscular hypertrophy
INTRODUCTION a harmoniously developed and beautiful figure. Many of Nowadays most women prefer to include, in one them avoid strenuous exercises because they are afraid way or the other, arduous exercises during their training of losing their femininity. These women are not aware hours. On the other hand, women’s nervous-muscular of the fact that it is through these exercises that they can system and its abilities, as well as its adaptability to reduce the weight and fat, taking into consideration that strenuous exercises, have not been studied thoroughly their overtaxing is rightly evaluated and their technique yet. is precise. Today, more than ever, women experience great From a methodological point of view strenuous joy in modeling their bodies with the help of strenuous training sessions are more or less the same. But the aims exercises. It is the woman, who decides what exactly her are different. Women’s wish is to lose weight and to appearance and the body should be look like. Today’s model their bodies, while men want to accumulate the aesthetics allows her to change the general idea of wom- muscular mass. It is considered to be quite natural for en’s beauty by including various active qualities; she women to increase their body mass on the account of has the right to well-trained muscles; she is absolutely losing the fat tissue. It must be noted that the best strenu- against the fat invasion, ever. ous training sessions for both women and men, are those that give the best results. EXPOSITION A number of sports specialist are of the opinion Women’s desire to do strenuous exercises has that if a young woman goes to the gym regularly and been developed during the years. In the beginning they observes a healthy diet, she is a lot more physically pre- did not have the right to and they started struggling for pared to fulfill her natural generative function. equal status with the men. Later they began to share According to some specialists training with free men’s equipment and imitate their exercises. Today the weights has more advantages to using gym equipment. aim of the best training for women is to reduce both – On the other hand, going to the gym is more useful for weight and the fat. This effect can be achieved by a very women, because it’s safer. precise dose of aerobic and non-aerobic training ses- Investigations show that women, unlike men, sions, combined with a healthy diet and daily routine. more rarely suffer from hypertrophy of the muscles of Millions of women all over the world strive after their genitals. If a woman has a higher level of testoster- APES, (1), 2013 92 Obreshkov one, then the least thing, she should worry about, is her due to the bigger size of their hearts, the higher level of massive muscles. It takes women to develop their mus- their hemoglobin and the greater amount of oxygen they cles two times less the time than it takes a man. If the consume; exercises are not difficult and are repeated many times, • women are more flexible than men; the desired results will not be achieved. • women’s will limit is usually higher than According to Brant (Брант & Мак, 2003; Mari- men’s; nova, 2008) the training sessions for women should be • women are more disciplined than men; different from men’s. Women’s training sessions should • men are relatively stronger with respect to include basic exercises, developing and overtaxing more the upper part of their body; muscular groups. If the main aim is to achieve hypertro- • women are relatively stronger with respect phy of the muscles, then the optimum weights, ranging to the lower part of their body. from 70 – 80 % of women’s abilities Boyanov (Боянов, Men’s and women’s muscular cells respond 1994) should be used. Ordinary, strength-developing equally to an adequate overtaxing. That’s why those training sessions should be very intensive and they also women, who aspire after an attractive and perfect body, should precede by cardio training sessions. If women re- have to train very hard in order to achieve the desired peat many times an easy exercise with extremely light effects. With the gained training experience and interest, weights, the desired effect will be hindered. Each ex- all that women need is to repeat the next exercise, the ercise should be repeated between 8 – 14 times. The next series or training session. adding of additional weights should lead to giving up (Gutin, Costill, & Henig, 1978). The training of women CONCLUSIONS requires two basic principles – gradual overtaxing and 1. Women’s and men’s training sessions are al- individual approach. most the same but the aims are different. What women According to Boyanov (Боянов), 1994, investiga- wish is to lose weight and to shape their bodies, whereas tions show that strenuous exercises of gradual overtax- men wish to accumulate muscular mass. ing have a positive effect on women’s bodies and are by 2. Generally speaking women and men perform no means less effective than the men’s training sessions, the same exercises but still there are some differences: without going to extremes, of course. It is a general be- • women perform fewer series of exer- lief that there is nothing feminine-like in extremely thin cises for a given group of muscles but they repeat each women Boyanov (Боянов & Jankova (Янкова), 2006). series more times than men do; Some authors Marinova (Маринова), 2002, rec- • greater attention is paid to the problem ommend that women should have intensive cardio-train- zones of the women’s body – the hip, thighs and the up- ing sessions because they help reduce greater amount of per limbs. fat. 3. Women’s training sessions aim at improving Chris Sander (Сейндър), 2008, recommend uni- the muscular tenacity at the expenses of their massive- lateral training sessions - i. e. each part of the limbs and ness; body to be trained individually. She thinks that in this 4. Strenuous exercises for women should be in way the muscular strength and symmetry can be rapidly accordance with their strong and week muscular groups. improved. This also helps to check the muscular balance as well as to avoid the traumas. When we concentrate on REFERENCES the training of every single muscle separately, the weaker Боянов, В. Б. (1994). Културизъм, сила, хармония, симе- muscle develops faster. At the same time more muscular трия [Bodybuilding, strength, harmony, symmetry. In fibers of the stabilizing muscles are involved, compared Bulgarian]. София: РДА „Дикта” АД. to ordinary fitness training sessions. The shock which Боянов, В., & Янкова, Н. (2006). Опит за оптимизиране на the women’s body experiences not only strengthens the индивидуалната подготовка на тежкоатлетките – жени [Trying to optimize individual training weightlifter – participating muscles but it also reduces more fat. The women. In Bulgarian]. Proceedings, 4 International Sci- unilateral training is a shock for one’s consciousness as entific Congress “Sport Stres Adaptation” Национална well. It improves the consciousness – muscles connec- спортна адаптация Baсил Левски” (pp.18-22). София: tion and reinforces the nerve-muscular coordination. Национална спортна академия. This means that one is aware of the position and the Брант, М., & Мак, Л. (2003). Проблемните зони [Problem movements of his body. This improves the balance and areas. In Bulgarian]. Олимп, (8), 36. decreases the risk of traumas. Маринова, М. (2002). Особености на женската трениров- According to Wader (according to Boyanov (Бо- ка [Characteristics of female workout. In Bulgarian]. янов), 1994), the differences between men and women Олимп, (11), 28. Маринова, М. (2008). Ден за клек с Ралица [Day squat with who do strenuous exercises with weights can be defined Ralitza. In Bulgarian]. Олимп, (3) ,50-51. as follows: Сейндър, К. (2008). Перфектния баланс [Perfect Balance. In • men are more volumetric and stronger than Bulgarian]. Олимп, (12), 52-53. women; Gutin, B., Costill, D., & Henig, R. (1978). Morphological and • men are more tenacious; probably this is
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physiological factors related to endurance performanse of Lacour, J.R., Kostka, T., & Bonnefoy, M. (2002). Physical 11-12 year old girls. Research Quarterly for Exercise and activity to delay the effects of aging on mobility. Presse Sport, 5(1), 32-37. Med. , 25, 1185-1192.
Correspondence: Dimitar Evgeniev Obreshkov “Angel Kanchev” University of Ruse Faculty of Public Health Department of Physical Education and Sport Str. Studentska 8, 7017 Ruse, Bulgaria E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 94 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 95-97
INTEGRATING MUSIC AND DANCE INTO SCHOOL CURRICULUM (Professional paper)
Lenče Nasev Goce Delčev University of Štip, Faculty of music, Štip, Macedonia
Abstract Dance, as well as the music, occupies a special place among the arts. It is performed in a certain space and time and in it the man is both the artist and the instrument. In the past, dance had a ritual and a social function. In modern societies of today these functions are gradually forgotten, they disappear or change their function. The need for conservation and scenic presentation of dance as an original, authentic structure within the school curriculum stems from the fact that it is an inseparable part of the spiritual culture of a community in which it is created and applied. The paper shows the presence of integrating music and dance into the frames of school curriculum.
Keywords: music education, physical education, folk dances, motor development, types of dances, elective curricula subjects
INTRODUCTION dances physical and motor development in children are Dance as well as the music is a temporal art. It encouraged, love and desire are developed toward danc- is performed in a kind of space. With the cessation of ing and for one’s own musical heritage as well as for the artist’s performance, the art itself stops too. Dance is dance arts of other nations. associated with the processes of thinking and remember- Within the program for educational work with ing. Remembering the precise movements, the musical preschool children in public kindergartens in the Repub- composition, choreography, aligning with a partner or a lic of Macedonia, dance is realized as part of music and group – all of this activates the process of thinking. This physical education (Bureau for Development of Educa- activation helps the movement to be performed exactly tion, 2006). at a certain time and in a certain space. The movement In the nine-year primary education in the Repub- must be aligned with the actual music. Given that ev- lic of Macedonia dance as a teaching content is also an ery piece of music has its own structure; dancers must integral part of the curricula for the subject’s music and constantly listen to music and thus get familiar with the physical education. Its application in the course of learn- language of music. ing the planned content of these subjects allows students Dance is an integral part of the spiritual culture to understand and learn the concepts of rhythm, pace, of the people. The need of studying it in modern society dynamics, space, and simple folk dances with singing appears as a social phenomenon. It is the carrier of cul- and stylized dances more easily. Beside the fact that it tural symbols through which the unity of a community is develops the creativeness, it also has an educational and expressed and perpetuated. an aesthetic function (Bureau for Development of Edu- Dance as an art may be divided and studied as cation 2007). national, social, artistic, amateur (recreational) art and Within the school curriculum with the Concept of pantomime (Kostić, 1991). nine-year education in the Republic of Macedonia (Bu- Unlike in the past, when dance had ritual and so- reau for Development of Education 2007), besides the cial functions in traditional cultures, in modern societies regular subjects planned to be studied there are elective today these functions are gradually forgotten, they are subjects as well. Through a survey the school provides disappearing or changing their function. For this reason, information about which elective subjects will become a need for their study, conservation and stage presenta- part of school obligatory program subjects. Among these tion in their original and authentic structure within the is the subject of the musical art area “Dance and folk school curriculum appears. By studying and learning dances” (Bureau for Development of Education 2008).
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It is planned in the third period of primary school - from formance of modern dance. The movements described grade VII to IX, with 2 hours per week. The curriculum are performed to the music by the popular singer Sting for the subject “Dance and folk dances” as normative - Desert Rose. staff proposes that classes be realized by a person who The course of the activity: the teacher selects graduated on the music academy. 8-10 girls and 8-10 boys. The female student who has The main goal of this subject is specifically that the best dancing skills stands in central position. Around students learn about the traditional music in the Repub- her the other girls distant from each other form a circle. lic of Macedonia, to learn a number of folk dances as The boys are seated on the ground behind each of the well as the classical and modern dances. Through this girls and they also form a circle. subject they will gradually be involve into understand- The role of the central female student: her initial ing traditional dances and folk dances, they will learn to position is kneeling. With the gradation of the musical appreciate, perform and develop the performing skills tempo and by moving her hips and hands she stands up, of rhythmic body movements synchronized with music; goes out of the circle and dances in front of a few se- they will become familiar with the performance of ar- lected boys using a prop - a headscarf. At the end of the tistic and folk dances; they will be encouraged to play dance she returns to the starting position. individually, in pairs and in groups; to gain confidence The role of other girls: from one place they grad- in performance (orientation in space, synchronization ually start to dance around the girl, turning in a circle and coordination of movements, learning and changing around her, and then they turn to boys and dance toward the sequence of movements and execution of a com- them. By grading the pace they use scarves (props), pass plete psycho-motor activity); to experience the beauty between boys and turn a circle around them holding of traditional dances; they will be encouraged to freely each other’s scarves. Finally, they return the girl into the express themselves in dancing and release of stress and middle and kneel around her covering her with scarves. psycho- emotional tension; and to develop interest and The role of boys: their starting position is sit- love toward the traditional dances. ting. In a playful phase they stand up and holding each The curriculum includes the following subjects: 1. other by the shoulder with big steps and raised knees Dances (10 hours), 2. Classification of folk dances (10 they dance around the central girl, they let go and again hours), 3. Ritual dances (16 hours), 4. Dance areas (36 with clapping hands and dancing on the spot they watch hours). Program objectives are realized through practi- the girls. Finally, they spread the circle and with hands cal and theoretical instruction, individual, collective and raised high they end the dance. group work, individual and group exercises done by the students. CONCLUSION During the implementation and demonstration of From this we can see and conclude that the inte- dances the following methods are used: the method of gration between music and dance is not represented only demonstration by explaining the steps, patterns, dance in the curricula of the subjects music and physical edu- elements, dance technique, stylistic features, etc.; meth- cation. It occupies a central and significant place within od of conversation which induces a dialogue between the elective subject “Dance and folk dances” which is an the teacher and the student through questions and an- integral part of the school curriculum in the Republic of swers; and the method of oral presentation used in the Macedonia. methodological analyses of dances in order to describe The study of this subject encourages the affection and explain them. for traditions, nurturing modern dance for personal ex- The need for the study of modern dances as an pression, positive emotions, creativity, and aesthetic ex- educational content within the teaching topic Dances pression in individual and team work in students. More- occurs as a result of the young population’s need. Mod- over, this subject is of great importance for proper physi- ern artistic dance appeared in the first half of the 20th cal development of students, for boosting their body, for century as a result of the modern and dynamic lifestyle, the development and improvement of motor skills, and perception and action. Its essence is created by the free- the development of the need for physical activity. dom in emotional expression and the freedom of dance symbols merged into stylistic and thematic choreograph- REFERENCES ic solution aligned with the unity of form and content Биро за развој на образованието [Bureau for Development of music. The American dancer of Irish origin Isadora of Education]. (2007). Наставни програми, основно Duncan (1878-1927) is considered the founder of the образование. [Curricula, primary education. In Macedo- modern dance. Her work is based on the re-analyses and nian] Скопје: Биро за развој на образованието. setting of the classic ancient dance based on the rules of Јаневски, В. Илиќ, Б. & Витанова, А. (2008). Прирачник free elastic and introduction of elements of pantomime. за наставата по изборниот предмет Танци и народни ора. [Manual for teaching the elective subject Dances and She is an opponent of classical ballet technique, the fin- Folk Dances. In Macedonian]. Скопје: Биро за развој на gers dancing and of costumes (Kostić, 1991). образованието. This paper gives a brief description of an idea Kostić, R. (1991). Ples. [Dance. In Serbian]. Niš: Filozofski for choreography of the teaching content for the per- fakultet.
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Биро за развој на образованието [Bureau for Development of но основно образоваие и воспитание. [Concept of nine- Education]. (2006). Основи на програмата за воспит- year primary education. In Macedonian]. Скопје: Биро за но – образовната работа со деца од предучилишна развој на образованието. возраст во јавните детски градинки. [Fundamentals of Биро за развој на образованието [Bureau for Development the program for educational work with preschool children of Education]. (2008). Наставна програма Танци и in public kindergartens. In Macedonian]. Скопје: Биро за народни ора, изборен предмет основно образование. развој на образованието. [Curriculum for Dances and folk dances, elective subject Биро за развој на образованието [Bureau for Development in primary education. In Macedonian]. Скопје: Биро за of Education]. (2007). КОНЦЕПЦИЈА за деветгодиш- развој на образованието.
Correspondence: Lenče Nasev Goce Delčev University of Štip, Faculty of music, Štip, Macedonia “Krste Misirkov” b.b., 2000, Štip, Macedonia Е-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 97 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 98-100
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EDUCATION OF PARENTS IN CHILDREN REHABILITATION WITH LOKOMOTOR DYSFUNCTION
(Professional paper)
Izet Kahrović, Oliver Radenković and Benin Murić University of Novi Pazar, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Study program Sport and Physical Education, Novi Pazar, Serbia
Abstract Today, in the age of information, parents, more than ever, want to know how their child should progress, what the normal value is and what’s not. Most parents know that certain events represent a risk to the child’s normal development, such as difficulties in pregnancy, premature birth, complicated and difficult childbirth. That is why early diagnosis is very important, both in medical as well as educational and rehabilitation practice. In children who have a lack of moving abilities we have a reduction of adjustment opportunities to the environment that surrounds it. This situation leads toward changes in organs, organ systems and organism as a whole in the further growth and development. Evidence of their moving capabilities we obtained on the basis of a questionnaire which has been filled by their parents. Education of parents is the most important obstacle which they must overcome to be able to help as needed in the child’s development, which is especially important in the early years of the child’s life. It is a very complex problem because it doesn’t implement only parent’s education, but education of the whole family. Rehabilitator goes to the family, and explains to mother, step by step what to do and why. The family is the primary environment, and parents are experts for their child and they are caring a great responsibility.
Keywords: childbirth, family system, physical activity, psychomotor development, motor skills evaluation, Bobath therapy, child’s play, questionnaire
Introduction the obstacles and difficulties could be avoided. That is Today, in the age of information, parents, more why early diagnosis is very important, both in medical than ever, want to know how their child should progress, as well as educational and rehabilitation practice, and it what’s normal and what’s not. They are reading books, is necessary to keep records and control of all children surfing on the internet, discussing in the forums. born with risk factors, and everything with the purpose Awareness is very good, especially when the matter is of timely action on child development. about their children. Although the doctors’ duty is to ascertain whether the child deviates from the normal Physical activity in the rehabilitation development parameters or not, while an informed The normal development of children from parent can be very helpful, because he is the one who birth to adulthood requires more physical activities, is spending the most of the day with the child and the primarily, more movement. From the moment it start details can be better observed by the parent than by the holding the head still, sitting, crawling, as the child’s doctor. Today, most of the parents know that certain expanding the capability of knowing the environment. events are a risk to the child’s normal development, such The possibility of this knowledge is expanding with as difficulties in pregnancy, premature birth, complicated mastering of walking, running, climbing and jumping. and difficult childbirth. Medical advancement, premature All this leads to the satisfaction of a child and makes birth, trauma during the delivery, are just some of the him happier. Unfortunately, children in whom there causes of the increasing number of children in whom had been a violation of the locomotor function haven’t are in the earliest months of life visible smaller or larger a sense of satisfaction but moody, apathetic and often differences in the psychomotor development, in which, irritable. In children who have a lack of moving abilities if the treatment start on time, may seem that the most of we have a reduction of adjustment opportunities to the
APES, (1), 2013 98 Kahrović, Radenković and Murić environment that surrounds it. This, in the further growth rehabilitator goes to the family, and explains to mother, and the development, the locomotor function is leading step by step what to do and why. Education is imple- toward changes in organs, organ systems and organism menting continuously, considering the child’s stage of as a whole. Locomotor abilities violation is manifested development. As the child is growing and acquiring new by reduction of the muscle tone, which ultimately can skills, so parents need education. It is of great impor- lead to disruption of the mutual relations of bones in the tance that parents demonstrate a willingness and desire joint system leading to a weakening or deterioration of to learn to themselves in order to educate so that will lead contractile force of muscles, leading to a reduction of toward more successful application. It is important to general motor abilities. Limited moving leads toward educate the parent to work independently with the child, the development of severe pelvic organ dysfunction, especially with those “exercises” and positions that can so that these children become dependent of unaided. be implemented occasionally performing everyday ac- It is necessary to assess the complexity and nature of tivities such as bathing, eating, playing, and dressing the disease and in that sense to apply the appropriate (Horvat, 2002). Today, for the parents a vast of informa- system of the rehabilitation program with the inclusion tion are available about different techniques, i.e. ways in of physical exercise, especially in a vertical position. children’s physical therapy, so that everywhere we can Rehabilitation of children with disturbed locomo- read about the treatment by Bobath, Vojta, Pheto tech- tor function must begin in relation with the grade of their nique, hyppotherapy etc. In global practice is somewhat initial capabilities. This includes evaluation of the ini- more widespread the Bobath therapy, by which children tial state of moving possibilities that the child has mas- are responding excellently, as well as the Vojta therapy. tered in the everyday life. Toward assessing the current Maybe their parents will be in dilemma to combine or capabilities of the child’s movement, we can elaborate not the exercises with children consisted on several tech- a rehabilitation program using exercises and means of niques, and there is often a question of parents “What is sport, recreation and physical education. Evidence of the better technique”? The best technique does not exist, their moving capabilities we obtained on the basis of a or every child in different approaches reacts differently. questionnaire filled by their parents. With time and the first results, parents will know which Findings based on previous researches are indi- technique best suits to their child. They might decide to cating that children with locomotor dysfunction are the go with children to Vojta technique, on the therapeutic most complicated to learn and adopt its own sitting, riding, exercising at the pool, and maybe they will ‘’only standing alone and independent movement. Adoption be practiced at home’’. In that decision it is necessary of movement implies knowledge of crawling on stom- to be guided only by the reactions of the child, and it is ach and walking on all fours. For this reason, within the always available to request advice of physiotherapists. children with moving disabilities, the attention should Most of the authors believe that it is necessary to start be focused on mastering with these forms of moving. early with the treatment of the children, which means that the treatment that is performed during the first year Education of parents in the rehabilitation of life, or in the early stages of development, until differ- Education of parents is the most important obsta- entiation and functional organization of the brain is not cle that they must overcome to be able to help as much in yet complete. In particular, timely rehabilitation is one the child’s development, which is especially important in which the treatment begins in the first nine months of in the early years of the child’s life. Education of parents life. As is known, the majority of children without dis- in the family is a very complex issue because it doesn’t abilities in the development are playing alone without implement only the parent’s education, but the educa- the help of parents. The game is free, spontaneous chil- tion of the whole family or the household. The educator dren’s activity in which the child expresses his thoughts, should possess at least a basic knowledge in medicine, feelings, needs and difficulties. The game is a tool for pedagogy, psychology, rehabilitation, and good commu- developing of conscious development of the child and nication ability, with a child, as well as with their parents. may look and act on his emotional, social and physical For mother is inherent to care for their child (instinctive- development. The child learns the most quantity of in- ly), but if a child is born with problems, there comes to formation during the game. Through play, it is develop- disruption of these relationships and parent needs help. ing different abilities and is acquiring work habits. For a It is necessary to point out to him what and how to work child who has difficulties in psychomotor development, with their child (Horvat, 2002). Treatment should not be the game takes a special place, because that child has, if considered as a separate daily activity for 30 minutes, treatment is applied, strictly assigned day toward feed- but must be adapted to direct the activities of the day ing, exercising, sleeping, and game often gets forgotten. (Finnie, 1998). Mother must understand why she must Parents often underestimate the importance of the game certain the things and why mustn’t make others, or why and their child, regardless of their difficulties and limita- certain locations are good for the child and the rest are tions, have a need to play and that, it is like any other contra induced. She need to understand their child and to child is ready and able to learn through game as the most know what it could achieve if he is properly assist in the natural way of learning. Mothers often help their healthy certain stage of development. These is achieved when child in the game, but with a child who has difficulty in
APES, (1), 2013 99 Kahrović, Radenković and Murić psychomotor development, that doesn’t work. The first requires more physical activities, and above all, more problem that arises is how to help the child in game, movements. The family is the primary environment, and because if a child has problems with balance, eye and parents are experts for their child and they are carrying hand coordination and visual disturbances, it won’t be a great responsibility. They are the ones who know how able to just play. to communicate with a child with special needs, which A child will not be able to come up alone to the help them to initiate, encourage learning and are well toy, if it is not closer to, or will have trouble with seeing know what is right for their child. With this work we the toys. His injury prevents him to learn through play have attempted to make closer term and understanding, in a natural way and he needs a help. Parents should be through what all children with locomotor dysfunction referred to a child with such difficulties to bring the toys and their parents are going, as well as how much is im- of more intense color, preferably sound. It is very impor- portant physical activity and parent education in the re- tant for parents to interest a child for a particular toy and habilitation of these children. that he encourages him in his effort. References Conclusion Đurašković, R. & Zivkovic, D. (2009). Sports of people The development of early education and reha- with special needs. Niš: Faculty of sport and physical bilitation of children with locomotor dysfunction and education. the development child potential with the relaxation of Finnie, R.N. (1998). Handling the Young Child Cerebro Palsied at Home (Procedure for the cerebral paralyzed the current develop disorders, should be the goal of the child at home). London: Your Amazon.co.uk. entire social community. Toward the children, the par- Horvat, D. (2002). Edukacija Roditelja dece sa usporenim ents should devote more attention to development of the psihomotornim razvojem [Education of children’s parents basic functions of the organism, all organ systems and with delayed psychomotor development. In Croatian]. above all locomotor, because the normal development Zagreb: “Goljak” Centre for breeding and education.
Correspondence: Izet Kahrović Department of Biomedical Sciences Study program Sport and Physical Education, Str. Vuka Karadzica bb, 36300, Novi Pazar, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 100 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 101-103
PSYCHOLOGICAL, MORPHOFUNCTIONAL AND COORDINATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTOR SKILLS AND THEIR REQUIREMENTS FOR VOLLEYBALL PREPARATION IN WITH STUDENTS FROM 12-13 YEARS
(Professional paper)
Nina Deneva University of Rousse ,,Angel Kanchev”, Rousse, Bulgaria
Abstract The dynamics of changes in the body structure of adolescents (11-14 years) directly affects the physical skills, while they in return affect the physical fitness. The growth of individual mobility skills, i.e. sensitive periods, has different intensities during the development of children. This means that different qualities reach their maximum development at different age or heterochronicity. Volleyball is characterized by increased demands on speed capabilities - the ability to perform at high speed technical details and ways of keeping the game; certain actions or movements on playing field for a minimum time. Volleyball is characterized by increased demands on speed capabilities - the ability to perform at high speed technical details and ways of keeping the game; certain actions or movements on playing field for a minimum of time.
Keywords: motor abilities, motor coordination, physical endurance, muscular force, motor adaptation, volleyball
“A modern education system must emphasize on quency impulses externally expressed through impulsiv- the issue of physical activity of students” (V Hristova, ity and sharpness of movement. In connection with this 2001). features, their speed - power capabilities have relatively The volleyball game is characterized by a com- high values. Work process for developing of motor skills plex of motor skills in a special way as fast and jerky should be primarily aimed at developing speed by fre- movements of short distances with frequent change of quency; of spring by impulse; of throwing ability by direction and explosive power spikes. Directly, they are rapidness of movement” (Bahchevanov and Zhelyaz- related to controlled use of the technical skills. Milenska kov, 1991). (1991) examined the embodiment of motor the habits in The development of motor skills in adolescents parallel with the development of motor skills. Scientific must be consistent with changes occurring in their work on the issue have yet the authors Doncheva (2007) body and their potential opportunities (Alipieva, 1986; and Dimitrova (1992). A crucial problem in the theory Rachev,1983; Doncheva, 2007; Dimitrova, 1992; Ma- of physical education is the examining of motor skills in vrudieva, 2009; Milenska, 1991). dependence of human’s age. The growth of individual mobility skills, i.e. sen- The dynamics of changes in the body structure of sitive periods have different intensities during the devel- adolescents (11-14 years) directly affects the physical opment of children. This means that different qualities skills, and they in turn affects the physical fitness. What reach their maximum development at the different age and how to use the power of puberty has been studied - heterochronicity. by Bahchevanov and Zh. Zhelyazkov (1991). “Children In the age period that we are studying, (11-14 have soft plastic joints, suitable for stretching and de- years), it reaches a maximum frequency of movements, veloping of flexibility. According to them, because of while in the same time development opportunities for imperfection of the body’s functions, the children have coordination ends (Rachev, 1983). During the puberty low threshold of tiredness, low endurance, especially period the endurance capabilities continuously increas- occuring in monotonous activities. By contrast, the re- es, but the muscle strength reaches its maximum of the covery does take place very quickly.” A characteristic capacity. “Periods of rapid development of motor skills feature of neural activity is increased liability and fre- continue during throughout almost all junior high school APES, (1), 2013 101 Deneva stage of primary school education” (Hristova, 2001). • For girls around age of 14-15 years; But it is in this age of puberty when the foundations of •For boys around age of 11-12 years. the physical fitness by parallel improvement of all sys- The main task of the sports teacher is to direct tems of the body are developed. the work of force, i.e. to apply the exercises for those The sports teachers knowing the peculiarities of muscle groups that take most of the load. Exercise with the young developing organism, they should help and adolescents should have an emotional character and va- positively affect the optimization of physical training of riety. Studies of Rachev (1983) show that dynamic ex- the students (Rachev, 1983). ercises are more effective for increasing the strength in Rapidity is the ability and skill of the human to adolescents. conduct movements with the highest speed or the short- Endurance is the ability, quality of human to est time. There are several forms: conduct and to drive durable physical activity without • Latent time for motor response; reducing of its effectiveness, i.e. without decreased per- • Speed of movement unit; formance. Resilience is the ability to resist the fatigue. • Maximum frequency of movements; Endurance can be general and specific, speed, • Ability to rapid start of movement. power and speed – power endurance. It depends mostly The speed depends on the mobility of nerve pro- on the functional condition of the cardiovascular system cesses, the functional status of analysts, strength and and the respiratory health of individuals, on the perfor- elasticity of muscles.Age development of the speed mance of the movements, the motivation, the attitude reaches the highest values at the tenth year, then drec- and the emotional stability. Endurance of teenagers is reases and after 15-16 year there is again a minor in- growing by 15-17 years, after which growth decreased crease. “Obviously the age period from 9 to 12 years in boys and girls by smaller ranges (Rachev, 1983.). is most favorable for the development of the speed” The age dynamics of endurance is a continuous and (Rachev, 1983). comparatively steady process. Volleyball is characterized by increased demands Volleyball is a game that brings high demands on speed capabilities - the ability to perform at high toward the endurance, especially toward endurance of speed technical details and ways of keeping the game; jumping (Dimitrova, 1992), as most movements are per- certain actions or movements on playing field for a mini- formed in unsupported phase. Notwithstanding changes mum time. In sports games, respectively, in volleyball as in game rules, volleyball matches last about two hours a form of speed is also taken the “speed of thought “- a and not infrequently more, which puts contestants to the top speed of operational thinking about the option of ac- requirement for a high degree of general and specific tion in certain situations (Bachvarov, 2002; Doncheva, endurance to maintain the effectiveness of their techni- 2007). It has been shown that man made faster move- cal skills with fast, sharp and permanent changing game ments with hands than with their feet while Dimitrova situations. (1992) found that the most rapid movements are made Flexibility is the ability to perform movements with wrists and fingers. with a magnitude depending on the nature of the activ- Kadiyski (1999) states that “the methodology for ity. Its manifestation is specific to each sport or a spe- development of speed should provide targeted work to cific case (Doncheva, 2007). Flexibility is the maximum improve the nerve supply and coordination of move- amplitude of movement, measured in linear or angular ments performed at high speed.”Muscle strength is the values. ability, quality of human affect or counteracts physical Flexibility can be general and also specific (de- objects from the external environment, through muscle pending on the nature of the motor activity), as well as contractions, delivered through a system of levers in static and dynamic (depending on the muscle tension), the body. Without its manifestations it is impossible to active and passive (depending on whether the activity is implement any physical exercise depending on the con- performed alone or with assistance), which depends on dition of the central nervous system, the cross section of the anatomical features (joints, ligaments and tendons muscles and their level of fatigue, as well on the activity construction), the elasticity of muscles, as well as on of the endocrine glands. the temperature of the external environment (Dasheva Manifestation of power in human movement has & Zhelyazkov, 2000). Flexibility is influenced by the many varieties that have specific features. According gender, while within the girls is significantly higher than Bachvarov (2002), “if a review of concepts related to the within the boys. manifestation of power taht become popular in sports The development is ascending, but unequal practice is made, it will become clear that these concepts throughout the school period. In boys the maximum in- have around thirty varieties. tensity is about 8-9 years and 13-15 years; for girls - Muscle strength has steadily upward development 8-10 and 12-18 years (Rachev, 1983.). throughout the school age period. During the period In volleyball the main work is for flexibility in the of puberty it reaches the highest values. Advantageous shoulder, hip, knee and ankle joints, the mobility of the functional and biological changes that accompany the spine, primarily the work is: many reproducement of a “difficult” age explain the intensive growth of the mus- single movement and individual determination of exer- cle strength: cises; APES, (1), 2013 102 Deneva
Mineva (2004) confirms that the period of 11-14 Volleyball is characterized by increased de- years is most appropriate toward developing of the flex- mands on speed capabilities - the ability to perform at ibility. high speed technical details and ways of keeping the Flexibility requires systematic work. There is a game; certain actions or movements on playing field for rapid growth, but when trainings are ceased there is also a minimum time. Motor skills and habits are the main rapid decline of the achievement (Dimitrova, 1992). tool for achieving this task. Thus, they are crucial to the Agility is the ability, quality of people to coordi- complex development of children as individuals and nate the motor actions within the space, the time and ef- took an important role in complete learning process. fort of making adequate motor tasks. Agility is complicated, complex skill, based on REFERENCES a number of underlying basic and special coordination Алипиева, В. (1986). Методически указания по физическа abilities: култура за 1-3 клас на еспу [Methodological guidance • Ability to coordinate in space; on physical culture for 1-3 class of espu. In Bulgarian]. • Ability to cinestatic differentiation; Виф, София: ВИФ. • Ability to rhythm; Бахчеванов, Д., & Желязков, Ж. (1991). Развитие на фи- • Ability to time determining; зическите качества на волейболиста [Development of • Ability to react. physical qualities of volleyball player. In Bulgarian]. Со- Agility is evident in two key areas that are integral фия: РИКО „Синтез”. criteria of quality (Dasheva, & Zhelyazkov, 2000). Бъчваров, М. (2002). Здраве, сила, жизнерадост, дълголе- • Ability to acquire motor actions; тие [Health, force, cheerfulness, longevity. In Bulgarian]. • Ability to convert already learned motor actions София: Болид инс. (motor adaptation). Дашева, Д., & Желязков, Цв. (2000). Тренировка и адап- In addition, specific measures were accuracy (ad- тация в спорта [Training and adaptation in sports. In equate and appropriate), speed (for short time), rational- Bulgarian]. София: Комливес-лм. ity (economic) and resourcefulness (improvisation). Димитрова, П. (1992). Методика на преподаването по во- Agility is largely innate quality, but in the work лейбол [Methodology of teaching volleyball. In Bulgar- process can be significantly improved. Agility depends ian]. София: НСА on the motor experience and it identifies a set of the mo- .Дончева, М., & Димитрова, П. (2007). Волейбол за 9 клас: tor skills. Теория и практика [ Volleyball for 9 class: Theory and There is following aspects regarding the age qual- practice. In Bulgarian]. София: Славена. ity aspect dynamics: Желязков, Цв. (1998). Основи на спортната тренировка • Up to 15-16 years to develop the first objective - [Basics of sport training. In Bulgarian]. София: НСА. to acquire motor actions; Кадийски, Ив. (1999). Подвижни игри в подготовката на • After 15 - years to develop the second strand - лекоатлета [Mobile Games in preparation of Athletics. motor adaptation. In Bulgarian]. София: Нови знания. Factors that affect are genetic, spontaneous influ- Маврудиева, Н. (2009). Подвижни игри [Mobile games. In ence of the environment, equiopment and methods of Bulgarian]. София: НСА. exercise. Миленска, К. (1991). Развитие на издръжливостта в извъ- Agility is important prerequisite for learning and нкласната работа в соу [Development of resistance in improvement of sports techniques. It is extremely im- outside school hour work. In Bulgarian]. София: НСА. portant for sports requiring of a high degree of coordina- Минева, М. (2004). Каланетика [Kalanetika. In Bulgarian]. tion, as is the case of volleyball. The level of agility (spa- София: Б инс. tial - temporal coordination) depends on the relationship Рачев, Кр. (1983). Оптимизиране подготовката на млади- between the visual, vestibular, tactile, proprioceptive те спортисти [Optimising the preparation of young ath- and the motor analyzer. letes. In Bulgarian]. София: Медицина и физкултура. “The development of the motional analyzer as Христова – Серафимова, В. (2001). Второто подаване във well as automation of motor skills, i.e. motor habit, pro- волейбола [Optimising the preparation of young athletes. mote the faster reaction in abruptly changing situations In Bulgarian]. София: Колбис. in the game” (Dimitrova, 1992).
Correspondence: Nina Deneva University of Rousse “Angel Kanchev” Str. Studentska 8, 7017 Rousse, Bulgaria E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 103 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 104-106
DRAFT MEASURES OF THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES FOR HEALTH IMPROVEMENT OF THE STUDENTS IN THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA (Professional paper)
Tane Dimovski1 and Daniela Paunova2 1Agency of Youth and Sport – Government of the Republic of Macedonia, Skopje, Macedonia 2State Commission for Protection from Discrimination, Republic of Macedonia, Skopje, Macedonia
Abstract Each physical activity in the modern living is imposing itself as the imperative for a good health. For a successful introduction of permanent habits for physical activity within the youth, we need to start at the youngest age. The subject Physical and health education in the curriculum is the first place to start acting in that direction. Through the activity of the students at the gym class we are affecting the process of developing physical capabilities, introduction and directing them towards positive values and aspects for the physical and sports culture in the everyday living and relating the physical education to life. By introducing novelties in the class for physical and health education we will reach our objective.
Keywords: physical activity, motor skills, physical deformities, lower classes, upper classes, sports activities, assessment in physical education, representation week of physical education
The muscular and skeletal diseases are an important In the primary education starting from grade I reason for the incapability throughout the whole world (first) until grade V (fifth) the gym class should be taught and they represent a significant social and economic by professors that hold a BA in physical education where burden to all the societies. The scoliosis, being part of the students in I, II and III grade will be assessed with these diseases, according to the Association for scoliosis descriptive marks and students in IV and V grade should research, the scoliosis is defined as the lateral distortion be assessed with a mark. In the Republic of Macedonia of the spine for more than 10o and it is usually associated there is a big number of professors holding BA degree with the rotation of the spine 24. In the Republic of in physical and health education who are not employed Macedonia each year the Program for health exams of and with these draft-measures for the education they the students is performed. Within this program besides will have a chance to receive a job in their professional the other activities, a screening is performed for early field and to transfer their knowledge to each student in detection of the distortions in the spine and the limbs. direction for improving their physical development. According to the data, in 2008 scoliosis was registered In the education from VI (sixth) until IX (ninth) within 8,8 out of 100 examined students in primary grade, the frequency of the gym class should be increased education respectively 8,9 out of 100 students in the from 3 (three) to 4 (four) classes. Furthermore, the subject secondary education. In 2009 the scoliosis was ranging SPORT should be introduced. By doing so the class will at 5,5 out of 100 in the primary education respectively 9 be divided in 2 (two) classes of physical education and 2 out of 100 in the secondary education. This points to the (two) classes of sport activities. The subject sport will be fact the scoliosis is more present within the students in elected by the students through a survey in the beginning the secondary schools. (Source: JZU Institute for Public of the school year. The mark would be formed out of the Health – Skopje). average marks in both subjects: physical education and sport. The subject sport will be elected by the students Draft - measures for primary education through a survey in the beginning of the school year. The
APES, (1), 2013 104 Dimovski and Paunova management of the school will perform the survey for a week, in V and VI grade 3 times a week, in VII, VIII all the recognized sports that are present in the country and IX grade 2 times a week, in V and VI grade 3 times (source of sports: Youth and Sports Agency). The two a week, in VII, VIII and IX grade 2 times a week. In the sports that will have the top votes of the students will secondary education the number of classes per week is be applied in the school. The subject sport will be held 2. In Finland in the primary education the number of by the same professor of physical education. Also, in class is represented differently as it follows: I to X grade the draft-annual curriculum obligatory school leagues – 2 times a week. (competitions) should be introduced. Until now, the In the secondary education the number of classes Federation for School sport in Macedonia is putting for physical education is 2 a week plus 1 class of health their maximum efforts to implement the school leagues education per week for all the studying years. In France, in several sports, but somewhere, they face with a in the primary education the number of classes is 4 resentment from the school management. times a week, and in grammar school also 4 times a week. In the secondary education the number of classes Draft measures for secondary education per week is 3 times in all the school years. In Greece, In the secondary education starting from I (first) in the primary education the number of classes per until IV (fourth) year besides the subject physical week is 2, in grammar school in I and II year – 3 times education, the subject sport should be introduced. The a week, whereas in III year – 2 times a week. In the subject physical education should be held two times a secondary education the number of classes in I and II week and the subject sport and sports activities should year is 3 times, and in III year is 2 times. In Iceland, in be held two times a week. The students in each year the primary education the number of classes per week is will have the opportunity to select the sport they want different: in I to VI grade – 3 times a week, in VII – 4 through a survey conducted by the school management. times a week, in VIII – 3 times a week, and in IX and X The survey will offer all the recognized sports in the – 4 times a week. In the secondary education the number country (source: Youth and Sports Agency). Those two of classes per week in I and II year is 3 times, and in III sports that will have the top votes of the students will and IV – 4 times a week. be applied in the secondary schools. The mark will be In Norway, in the primary education the number formed from the average score in both subjects physical of classes is different: I to V grade – 2 times, and VI to education and sports. The classes in sport (depending on X grade – 3 times a week. In the secondary school the the sports that will be elected by the students) will be held number of classes is 3 times in each year. In Slovakia, by the professor in physical education in the presence in the secondary education the number of classes is 3 of a student from the Faculty of physical education times a week in each year for grammar schools, and in (obligatory praxis for the student in first year – legal the professional secondary education the classes are 2 amends adopted in 2011). Also, the school itself can times a week. provide a coach depending on the sport. Furthermore, By reviewing the current situation we will need the draft annual curriculum should include obligatory a timely action and activities that will improve the school leagues (competitions). present conditions. Therefore, we have processed the propositions that will have an effect in direction of European examples improvement of the conditions of the students in the In Austria in the primary education the number primary and secondary education. These draft-measures of classes per week is different: in I and II grade – twice for the class of physical and health education in the a week, in III and IV – three times a week, in the middle primary and secondary education are made in order to secondary education the number of classes in I year is prevent the diseases of the muscular and spinal system 4, and in II, III and IV year the number of classes is 3 because they are showing a trend of increasing in the times a week. In the secondary education the number of past years. classes in I and II year is 4 times a week, and in III and IV year is 3 times a week. In Denmark, in the primary REFRENCES education the number of weekly classes is different as it Димовски, И. (1997). Хигиена. [Hygiene. In Macedonian]. follows: in I grade 1 class per week, in II and III grade Скопје: Боита 2 times a week, IV, V, VI grade 3 classes per week, and Мемети, Ш., Касапинов, Б., & Тозија, Ф. (2010). Болести n in VII, VIII, IX and X grade also 2 times a week. In the на мускул о-скелетниот систем, оптовареност и превенција [Diseases of the musculoskeletal system, load secondary education the number of classes per week is 2 and prevention.In Macedonian]. Скопје: Институт за for all the grades. јавно здравје на Република Македонија. In Cyprus in the primary education the number Поповски, Л. (2007). Поставеноста на физичкото of classes per week is 2, in the grammar school 3 times образование во Република Македонија и во некои a week, and in the secondary education the number of европски земји [The position of physical education in classes is 1 class of physical education plus 2 classes of the Republic Macedonia and in some other European sport. In Estonia, in the primary education the number countries.In Macedonian].Во Зборникот „Меѓународно of classes per week is different: I grade 1 class a week, стручно-научен собир“ (стр. 90-94). Пелистер: II and III grade is 3 times a week, in IV grade – 2 times Федерација на училишен спорт на Македонија APES, (1), 2013 105 Dimovski and Paunova
World data of education, UNESCO, made available on base, EURYASE, made available on 10.01.2012. From 10.01.2012. From the page: http://www.ibe.unesco.org the page: http://www.eurydice.org Education information network in Europe EURYDICE data
Correspondence: Tane Dimovski Agency of Youth and Sports – Government of the Republic of Macedonia 34 Franklin Roosevelt Str. 1000 Skopje, Macedonia E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 106 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp.107-110
POSSIBILITIES TO APPLICATE SOME RECREATIVE-SPORTS ACTIVITIES IN PREESCHOOL AGE (Professional paper)
Jadranka Kocić1, Sladjana Tošić2 and Dragana Aleksić1 1University of Priština, Fakulty of Sport and Physical Education, Leposavić, Kosovo and Metohia, Serbia 2University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Education, Jagodina, Serbia
Abstract The human base existence as a biological space is movement, moving and physical activities as well. As our children are growing up under the computers dominant influences, video games, TV program, it must something to be done immediately. Most of preeschool age children great part of the day are spending in kindergardens, so it is the most important to have correct justified organized physical developement. Recreative-sports activities are very important and needed for young age child such as doing correct growth and development of the organism, such as motoric, cognitive, connative and emotional abilities. In kindergardens among all ages toward the children should be implemented a variety of movements as part of recreational activities.. That would be a great basis for children involment in more serious recreative-sports activities later. Very important factor in working with the youngests is to motivate them in recreative-sports activities, which should became their life stile in the future.
Keywords: kindergardens, physical development, morphological characteristics, psychological characteristics, psychomotor learning, emotional and sociological abilities, natural forms of sports activities, acquired forms of sports activities
INTRODUCTION social, emotional, motor, morphological and cognitive According to Završnik i Pišot (2005), childhood is areas which are closely interconnected between each the age for determining the culture of the motion. other. The adults have a choice of the way they will The former researches acknowledge that rich and work with children and the environment in which they diverse influences of the environment can easily influ- want to educate and coach them. Some information and ence the development of motion in children. Lack of knowledge are gained through the lifetime or learned at positive influences from the environment as a- conse schools and seminars. Various sports and recreation ac- quence have slow and unbalanced physical development tivities are tools, which can be easily and successfully while it also leads to irregular growth, uneven develop- applied toward development of the children abilities. ment, various emotional and psychological problems or Children are spending great part of the day in the even delayed intellectual development. Lack of physical kindergartens, so the most important is that they have activity in the development of a child is later impossible well organized physical development there. to compensate in complete degree. Psychomotor development of children is a sub- Knowing that the basic rules of growing and de- ject of many scientific researches. For children’s motor velopment of children is the basis for planning goals and development it is important that it goes through several good quality programs of special sport activities. The stages. Transition from lower into the higher stage of basis of every well prepared program is to understand motion development depends on several factors such as the important needs of children. physical growth and development, influence of the en- The role of a parent is very important and respon- vironment, physical activity and the genetic predispo- sible in the development of a child, both in psychologi- sition. A fact that a child develops as a whole, which cal and in physical sense. Therefore, each parent should is impossible to disjoint, should not be forgotten. The have knowledge about every development stage of their development, therefore, connects transformations of children. If in the pre-school age (from 0 to 6 years of
APES, (1), 2013 107 Kocić, Tošić and Aleksić age) good or bad basis are established, later could influ- endurance are abilities which enable success in realiza- ence the formation of personality and character. Due to tion of various motion tasks. that, this stage is a very important stage of child’s devel- Natural forms of motion are congenital and opment and requires a special attention. manifested sooner or later (every child will begin to A successful pedagogue during planning and walk, run, crawl, jump…). It is necessary to include the choosing the special sport activities must follow the specific forms of motion (swimming, skiing, sporting basic rules of the motor development and principles of games…) into the work with children, as these are so psychomotor learning. He must be acquainted with the called constructed movement forms. theory of sports development, biological characteristics As natural motion forms are closest to a child, of children’s development, he most diverse children’s they should be deliberately applied. They represent the abilities and to approach toward the process accommo- base and support on the way toward adopting of more dation individually (Pišot and Planinšec, 2005). complex and more demanding motions (motion stereo- In the pre-school period there is no organized types). sporting, and getting involved into a branch sport activi- The natural forms of motion are the basic mo- ties comes around 5th or 6th year of age. The main charac- tions, which are necessary in everyday life. teristic of this period is a child’s careless playing. During Walking is the basic form of motion. Types of the first two years of a child’s life, the physical develop- walking are: toe walking, heel walking, cross-step walk- ment is the quickest, i.e. a child grows most in the height ing, pull-up leg step walking, walking with kneels high and increases the weight. A child, first of all achieves up, walking on a steep plain etc. the coordination of movements of the big muscle groups Running is, after walking, the most represented and, due to this, it is necessary that children play with a form of human motion. large toys. Jump is composed of take-off, flying and landing. A child realizes and experiences the world in dif- Basically, the majority of motions with skipping obsta- ferent ways. For a child’s normal development and shap- cles in motion include some kind of a jump. Whether it ing, up to the mature age, a specific sport and recreation is about a long jump, jumping over the fence or simple activity represents, at the same time, a great temptation. hopping, their mutual component is take-off from the For a small child, sport activity is very important ground. Take-off can be with one or with both legs. and necessary because it enables involvement of all ar- Climbing becomes interesting for children in eas of his/her expression from motor one through cogni- the period around 3, 3 and a half years of age, when tive and conative up to emotional and social. they start to comprehend the world around them with For the development of children through sport greater interest. During this period, they already experi- activities, knowing and adoption of various ways of ence climbing jungle gyms in parks and, generally, they motion (walking, running, jumping, crawling, standing have no fear of a height neither of the speed. Climbing up etc.) are essential. Some ways of motion depends on develops the entire body, because both hands and both the area and the way of performance (playing with ball, legs have the same role. When climbing on the different swimming, skiing and some others, more demanding devices, the principle of helping assistance must be fol- and more complex motions). lowed by the elder. The motion elements represent the base of chil- Lieing is movement which is done with the help dren sporting development. Motor development starts arms and legs where the body trunk is lifted from the from the first reflex motion, up to the adoption of com- grounds. plex motion rules. A path from the rough shapes of mo- Crawling is movement during which help of arms tion up toward demanding motion stereotypes requires and legs is needed while the body trunk is in contact constant corrections and planned upgrade. with the grounds. Stimulants from the environment direct a child Flatting and rolling is performed forwards, back- towards a good quality motion/sporting development. wards, on the plain or steep surfaces, with body parts in Sporting equipment and goods are visibly better and different positions. more adjusted to the youngest and enable involving into Lifting and carrying is something a child learns the most different activities. about when using various sporting props, such as ball, One of the basic human’s needs are the motion hoops, clubs, and through relay and other games with activities which could be involved and offered within the lifting and carrying various objects. most different ways and in very different forms. Let us offer it to the youngest population in such quantity and Game form that they deserve. The needs of children in this field Various authors have variously defined the game are immense (Pišot and Jelovčan, 2006). phenomenon, but they all agree about the following: game and fun can equate, as well as, game and emotion, Structure of the motion space in children game and spending time aimlessly. Essentially, game is The level of motor abilities and functional char- free, voluntary physical activity, motivated by the plea- acteristics influence human’s motion success. Strength, sure of participating and self-affirmation in it. (Accord- speed, coordination, flexibility, balance, preciseness and ing to Kocić, Tošić, Sleksić, 2009). APES, (1), 2013 108 Kocić, Tošić and Aleksić
Game is the main pre-condition for maturation of tivity, it is important to test a child, where he/she can a child and represents a basic mean, by the help of which demonstrate his/her motor abilities, which are important a child can achieve certain goals. It is the first school of for the activity. a young human being who is getting prepared for the life When choosing one kind of activity or some sort (Nemec, 1999). of motor abilities, such as coordination, preciseness, bal- Gorky: “Game is the way children take towards ance, speed and pliability are certainly the most impor- their knowledge of the world in which they live and tant things that one must have. Strength and the endur- which they have been invited to change” (taken over ance are less important when choosing a sporting and from Milanović i Stamatović, 2004). recreation activity because they can be strongly influ- Children learn about, and experience the sporting enced on during the training process. In children’s age, activities primarily through the games. Games enable work on improving the strength is not recommended cognition and perception of someone’s own body within because the body’s growth and development have not the space and develop motor abilities. yet been completed, specially the bone system. In some Game has a decisive role in the development of sport branches, the results depends more on good tech- children. It is the closest to children’s character and rules niques (motor abilities), while in some other branches of their growing. Motion in games helps children to dis- the functional abilities (endurance) or morphologic char- cover the world. Participation and competition are the acteristics (height, weight etc.) are the ones that matter. constituent parts of games. In a game, children agree Recreation and sporting activities must be ad- with the rules of its performance and create situations justed to the different needs, interests and abilities of in which they wish to acknowledge and express them- children and optimally influence their development and selves. They learn how to obey and accept the rules of health condition. Furthermore, the youngest population the game, how to win and to loose. must be acquainted in which activities are supposed to Game represents a freedom of imagination. be practiced by boys and which by the girls. Through the game, a child comprehends the re- In the methodical work with the elements of sport ality, adopts the codes of conduct, simulates the world games, various methods of intermediation are used as of the adults, learns about himself/herself and about his/ the basis for the development of basic and specific motor her body, including all his/her abilities of expression and abilities of a child such as his/her endurance, technique creativity. All this happens through the activities, which and the basis tactic. By this, the development of child’s cause joy for him/her. The majority of information about psycho-motor status is also influenced. a child and his/her abilities, we can most easily acquire Nowadays, in learning the elements of sporting from the particularly game. games, synthetic method and the method of game are used. These methods represent a better motivation for Recreation and sporting activities the children. For each activity, whether recreation of sporting The different recreation and sporting activities one, there is always the most convenient time to start. must be closely envisaged to the children in Kindergar- For example, when is about the swimming, it is the pe- tens. The basic rule in dealing with the youngest popu- riod between five and six up to eight or nine years of lation is to teach them how to move, not the technique age, while in handball and basketball, it is between eight itself. Those who adopt this knowledge can easily con- and twelve. tinue to upgrade it and develop in the direction of techni- Early start of dealing with recreation and sporting cal performance of motion. activities (pre-school time), is limited by physical and Athletics consists of natural forms of movements. mental characteristics of a child, and is usually mani- Children master walking, running, jumping and throw- fested by inability to have bigger and longer muscle ef- ing through playing, where they practice them spontane- forts, rapid fatigue, need for often change of motions and ously. In this period, athletics consists of athletic motor inability to control the motions and positions of the body element such as: games where running, relay games, and limbs. running with place change, throwing (ball), athletic The right choice of activities is important and dif- training ground and jumping are applied. ficult task, since there are no reliable indications on the Gymnastics is very important for the development basis of which a child’s talent for specific sport disci- of children. Using gymnastic elements, moving activi- pline can be recognized. It was manifested in practice ties are upgraded to moving stereotypes. Roll forward that a child can individually choose one of the recreation and roll back, hanging, swinging, jumps, turns and walk- and sporting activities simply because his/her friends ing on balance beam are practiced in Kindergartens. chose it as well. Furthermore, parents can choose an Motor activities with a ball represent foundation activity for a child simply because they like this sport for the majority of ball sporting games and influence the or they have once practiced it themselves. A child can development of coordination. At the beginning, balloons become a part of some activity also if he/she satisfies the of various sizes, bags with various fillings and balls criteria of choice by testing the abilities (some sporting of various sizes, weight and material are used. (Pišot i clubs make enrollment in kindergartens). Jelovčan, 2006.). In order to make the right choice of adequate ac- The most common motions with ball are: carrying APES, (1), 2013 109 Kocić, Tošić and Aleksić
one or more balls, rolling, dribbling, rebounding, pass- recreation and sporting activities is the best way to prove ing, catching and stopping, as well as hitting vertical and the abilities, in friendly competition and fair game. horizontal targets. In Kindergarten, children motion should be prac- Dancing is the language of body, motion with ticed in a wide variety of forms while solving motion music, a part of the human’s culture. The choice of the problems of children of all ages. In such a way, founda- way how to dance is huge, and children should be given tions are built for later involvement into different sport- a chance to enrich their motion knowledge through a ing and recreation fields, as a healthy basis for the pro- game, as well as to increase their spontaneity and the duction of successful and healthy nation, which has the ability toward improvising. segment of motion as an integral part of a lifestyle. In work with younger school children it is primary goal to perform the activities through the game, enter- REFERENCES tainment, friendship and song. Kocić, J., & Tošić, S. (2009). Praktikum za metodiku nastave fizičkog vaspitanja smer-vaspitač predškolske ustanove CONCLUSIONS [Practicum for Methodic of Physical education – program In work with children in pre-school institutions, for kindergarden teacher. In Serbian]. Jagodina: Peda- goški fakultet. the use of natural forms of motion and the recreation and Perić, D., & Cvetković, N. (2003). Budi prav-bićeš zdrav sporting activities are necessary. Harmonious develop- [Stand Straight-You Will Be Health. In Serbian]. Beo- ment of a child and his/her good health depends a great grad: Biblioteka Grada Beograda. deal on whether his/her need for motion are satisfied. Ratković, R. (2009). Metodika fizičkog vaspitanja [Methodics In children‘s motor development, it is character- of Physical Education. In Serbian]. Pirot: Narodna biblio- istic that, at the very beginning, they react to stimula- teka Arilje i VŠS za obrazovanje vaspitača. tion with their whole body. For further development of Zavišnik, J., & Pišot, R. (2005). Gibalna/športna aktivnost child‘s motor, the most important is the maturation and za zdravje otrok in mladostnikov [Methodics of Physical learning (practicing), the consequence of which is free Education. In Slovenian]. Kopar: Institut za kineziološka istraživanja. environmental motion of children. The involvement into
Correspondence: Jadranka Kocić University of Priština Fakulty of Sport and Physical Education Dositej Obradović bb, 38218 Leposavić Kosovo and Metohia, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 110 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 111-113
SPECIALISED GENERAL DEVELOPMENT EXERCISES FROM THE BASIC GYMNASTICS IN THE PREPARATORY PART OF ATHLETS (HOP, STEP AND JUMP) (Professional paper) Kiril Aladzhov South-west University “Neofit Rilski”, Faculty Public Healt and Sports, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria
Abstract The presented work reveales the applications of sport equipment from the gymnastic arsenal – trampoline and acrobatic path in help of the primary study of the steps in the hop, step and jump from the track and field events. Special attention is paid in landing in plastic foam pit as prevention from articulation- muscle injuries as well as the different types of jumps and vaults with and without help apparatuses. The accent is put on the right and safe study of jump (left-right leg), vault (left-left leg) and combination between them. The use of trampoline and of acrobatic path slows down the load of the bone-joint and muscle system. The exercises are arranged by hard to execute and in relevance with the basic didactic principles. The exercises are graded according to hardness and in conformity with the basic didactic principles.
Keywords: gymnastics equipment, initial training, preparatory exercises, exercises with jumps, tumble exercises, trampoline
The general developement exercises from the basic gymnastics are suitable for the preparatory part (warming) in most of the sports disciplines (Павлов, (1985), from the calendar of the International Olympic Committee, including track and field events. In this material we will propose a complex of 1 2 3 4 general developement exercises for the preparatory part of athletes in the discipline “hop, step and jump”, which right leg) in pit with plastic foam for result. can be used for performance in hall as well as on terrain II. Exercises on acrobatic path (Аладжов, 2012; Kaczynski, 1985). The exercises on acrobatic path as well as those with The hop, step and jump is a very difficult landing from the path in pit with plastic foam and pit discipline, requiring constantly rhythm between the with sand are identical with exercises on trampoline, i.e. different parts of the performance and with trauma and 5=1 , 6=2 , 7=3 , 8=4 , 9=3 , 10=4 breaking of ligaments and muscles, which makes very significant the good warming in the preparatory part (Аладжов, 2001b; Stoynew, Radoew,1991). The complex is in accordance with the basic didactic principles (Атанасов, Люлюшев, Колев, Чавдарова, & Долапчиев, 1993; (Stoynew, 1991a) and can be performed in the education-training activities of the track and field clubs. I. Exercises on trampoline 5 6 1. Modeling of jump (left-right leg) In the proposed preparatory exercises with 2. Modeling of jump (left-left leg) gymnastic character we are in conformity with the basic 3. Modeling of jump (left-left leg and jump, left- didactic principle – from the more easy – trampoline and left leg) with loading 0.5-1.5 kg belt applied at the waist pit with plastic foam to the more difficult – acrobatic with consequent jump in pit with plastic foam path. On the primary stage of the study of the steps it 4. Modeling of jump (left-left leg) and jump (left- is good not to perform them directly on the run but on APES, (1), 2013 111 Aladzhov
5. Jumps in difficult situations. These are the jumps on sand, snow, shallow waters, against decline and against wind. The jumps in difficult situations can be performed in different combinations on one leg, on two legs or I combination etc. Their place is in the preparatory period. 7 8 6. Jumps with weights. Usually are used the traditional weights or simulation apparatuses. With the weights the jumps can be on the spot and in movement and they have different character and direction. For example – on the spot on two legs and in movement, from the ankles to semi-squat, jumps with scisors change of legs (in front-back plane and side plane), 9 10 with change of the legs in attack, with change of the legs when one of them is higher etc. The jumps with weights are used during the whole year but with good the presented relieved conditions in the aim saving the preparatory work. In the before and the competition health. The meeting with unknown gymnastic sports period they must be used more intensively performing a equipment leads to increase of the emotional background n umber of movements for certain period of time. of the participants which is one of the factors for high 7. Jumps performed on different heights – high results. jumps, low jumps in a roll. These jumps are performed After the use of this complex introducing general initially on two legs, but later on one leg and they developement exercises from the basic gymnastics require considerable force and this is the reason why is passed to specialized exercises for jumping with the approach to them careful, after good warming and gymnastic character. solid preparation. The difference in the height must be 1. Jumps from the spot - they are related to according to the individual abilities of the sportsmen. the worming up of the participants as well as to the The place of these exercises is during the whole year. acquirement of some elements of the technique (jump, They are verye ffective in regards the impact of the flying, landing etc.). Except this the serial performance eruption force of the legs. of these exercises is in bigger volume influences the dynamic force of the lower limps, agility and REFERENCES coordination (Хаджиев, 1979); Stoynew & Radoew, Аладжов, К. (2012). Азбука на движенията в спорта [Fo- 1991a). The jumps from the spot find application in all undations of movement in sport. In Bulgarian.] София: levels of preparation of sportsmen in all age groups. ARS MAGNA. Some of these exercises are used as test normatives, Аладжов, К. (2001a). Атлетизмът във футбола [Athleti- characterizing the eruption force of the sportsmen (long cism in football. In Bulgarian]. София: Тип-Топ прес. jump from the spot Радоев, 2009, triple jump, fivefold, Аладжов, К. (2001b). Стречинг [Stretching. In Bulgarian.] tenfold jump etc.) jump София: Никс принт ООД. 2. Jumps with helping apparatuses – ropes, Атанасов Ж., Люлюшев, М., Колев, Й., Чавдарова, A., medical balls, gymnastic benches, track and field eventss & Долапчиев, С. (1993). История на педагогиката obstacles and from the beam (Шлемин, (1979) and и българското образование [History of Pedagogy and others – they performed on the spot and in movement. Bulgarian education. In Bulgarian.] Велико Търново: For example the jumps with rope except on the spot, ИК Аста . can be performed in movement. The jumps with medical Шлемин, А. (1979). Виды гимнастики [Types of gimastics. balls except on the spot can be performed in movement, In Russian.] Вь А.М. Шлемин и А. Т. Брыкин (Ред.), arranging the balls in a roll on distance depending on Гимнастика [Gymnastics. In Russian.] (pp. 160-168). the preparation and the qualification of the participants. Москва: Физкультура и спорт. 3. Jumps on steps – on one of the two legs. These Хаджиев, Н. (1979). Физическа подготовка [Physical prep- jumps are wonderfull means for the development of aration. In Bulgarian.] Вь Н. Хаджиев (Ред.), Гимна- jumps on all levels from the articulation apparatses, also стика [Gymnastics. In Bulgarian.] (pp. 114-126) София: to forming agility, coordination, feeling for rhytm etc. Медицина и физкултура. 4. Jumps fpr reaching highly placed object Павлов, И. (1985). Классификация видов гимнастики [Clas- – these jumps can be performed from the spot and by sification of types of ginastics. In Russian Вь И. Б. Пав- acceleration aiming to acquire the right rhytm of the last лов и В. М. Баршая (Ред.), Гимнастика с методикой steps before jumping. The hanged object (usually a ball) преподавания [Exercising with the meth-ods of teaching. can be attacked by head, hand or leg (Аладжов, 2001a). In Russian.] (pp. 13-16). Москва: Просвещение. We recommend the acceleration to be done from 3 or 5 Радоев, С. (2009). Гимнастика. Картограмирано обучение run. в І клас [Gymnastics. Map gram learning in first grade.
APES, (1), 2013 112 Aladzhov
In Bulgarian]. Благоевград: Юугозападен университет Stoynew, S. Radoew. (1991a). Autoreferat praci doktorskiei. „Неофит Рилски“. Metoda nauzania nowich cwizen na prizadach gim-nas- Григорьев, А. (1979). История спортивной гимнастики tyczinch [Methods to learn new exercises on gymnastic [His-tory gymnastics. In Russian] Вь Ю. К. Гавердов- equipment. In Polish.] Wroclaw: Akademia wichowania ский, В. и М. Смолевский Вь (Ред.), Гимнастика fizycznego. [Gymnast-ics. In Russian]. (pp. 9-15). Москва: Физкуль- Stoynew, S. Radoew. (1991b). Metoda nauzania nowich cw- тура и спорт. izen na prizadach gimnastyczinch [Methods to learn Kaczynski, A. (1985). Atlas gimnastycznych cwiczen silowych new exercises on gymnastic equipment. In Polish.] Вь [Atlas gym weight training. In Polish]. Wroclaw: Aka- Сборника, Rozprawy naukowe, 24-В, (83-94). Wroclaw: de-mia wichowania fizycznego. Akademia wichowania fizycznego we Wroclawiu.
Correspondence: Kiril Aladzhov South-west university “Neofit Rilski” Faculty Public Healt and Sports 66 “Ivan Mihailov” Str, 2700, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria e-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 113 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 114-116
ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RECREATIONAL AND PROFESSIONAL SPORT (Professional paper)
Danilo Aćimović, Omer Špirtović, Zoran Jonić and Aleksandra Projević State University in Novi Pazar, Department for biochemical and medical sciences Novi Pazar,Serbia
Abstract Professional sport in itself incorporates two forms of activity: Entrepreneurship and Management. According to this, sport is subject to all economic laws of business and profit acquisition. Sport can be considered a very profitable productive activity, on the other side sport entrepreneurship is a special type of entrepreneurship. It is concentrated toward better organization of sport collectives in order to reach a level where sport entrepreneurs expect profit from them.
Keywords: Sport management , amateur sport, business policy, creative abilities in sports, sports clubs, donations in sports, sponsorship in sport, profit
Sport as a social activity and a character- management. Entrepreneurship is one of the most istic of people is liable to laws of economy. Ex- active business activities in sport and therefore de- cluding amateur sport and sport as a hobby, leaves serves our attention. only professional sport. Professional sport is domi- Entrepreneurship in general is a process of in- nant in all civilized societies; therefore it is neces- vesting resources in certain business activity in order sary to identify some preconditions that make sport to gain certain benefits. Hence, entrepreneurship can a professional activity. Considering certain social be considered as a new form of reproduction with and political changes in world society recently a goal to create or gain or extract maximal profit. we come to direct conditions for sport as a profes- It implies novelty in business policy of the firm (to sion if we aim not only for sport results but also for be innovative and informed, new types of jobs, new survival of sport as a particular business branch. products). Sport as a free human activity has been trans- Accordant to this, entrepreneurs assume all formed in a profession and it necessary is a subject business risks, found new firms and expand their ac- to all laws of professional activity. It is almost im- tivity. Institutional space where entrepreneur activity possible and unbelievable to encounter competitors takes place is firm, organization, company, etc. The in sport competitions that aren’t professional sports- investor in all this business creations is the entrepre- men. On contrary, eminent sportsmen today belong neur. Entrepreneurship is a complex category and de- to world elite when it comes to profit they made in mands detailed definition in every activity. sport. Personality of an entrepreneur should have: Best illustration for this is English national creativity, sense of subordination to laws of economy team player David Beckam and his capital. Further in market conditions, successful managing skills, this means that sport today is a source of profit and, sense for business responsibility, control and risk he therefore, a special type of business activity. Accord- has to face. Entrepreneur, in his own way, is “spiri- ing to this, sport is subject to all economic laws of tus movens” of the firm, which motivates, organizes, business and profit acquisition. manages and assumes risks of making business. From this aspect, sport necessarily incorpo- Modern entrepreneurship doesn’t necessary as- rates two types of activity: entrepreneurship and sume the entrepreneur to be the owner of the capital.
APES, (1), 2013 114 Aćimović, Špirtović, Jonić and Projević
It is possible for professional manager who realize that can and does bring profit when approached from profit through their activity to assume the role of an the aspect of entrepreneurship. entrepreneur. Certainly, guided by principle of profit, sport Fundamental question of entrepreneurship in as a sector of production can bring business results sport is: that often exceed business results of other production How to incorporate the process of entrepre- sectors. Still there is a bitter fact that participants in neurship in sport? sport (sportsmen) often finish their career early be- The author of this question overlooked the fact cause of unreasonable constrain in order to achieve that the process of transformation in sport clubs in sport victory. This way, sport as economic activity former socialistic countries is nearly finished and becomes equal to other sectors of production in as- therefore the question loses significance. pect of exploitation of work force and everything Considering definitions of entrepreneurship it else negative that occurs in the relation between em- is noticeable that sport is welcome only if it brings ployer and employee (between capital and exploita- profit. In this aspect, a large specter of -sport dis tion of work force). ciplines is competitive on market. It is hard to say This negative aspect of sport is still minimized whether it is useful to develop other (unprofitable) and compensated with possible great gain on other sport disciplines. If we consider the possibility of hand – with those sportsmen that get possibly win profitable sport disciplines supporting unprofessional entrance to higher rank of competition or win certain sport, we are afraid that it would not benefit the so- medal or something else in the process of competi- ciety. tion. Precedent personal or collective invested effort If we add to this private property (its trans- in sport winning is annulated and fading in compari- formation from public to private, present in sport in son to possible big money gain received in return. former socialistic countries) we realize that there is From all this we can draw the conclusion that small possibility of individual owners showing inter- sport can be considered a very profitable produc- est in investing capital in other sport disciplines, less tive activity which makes more and more progress attractive and less profitable. Certainly, this doesn’t in modern world. Sport entrepreneurship is a special assume total elimination of unprofitable sports. They type of entrepreneurship. It is concentrated toward would still exist, but organized on other principles better organization of sport collectives in order to (voluntarily, amateur, donations, sponsorships, lega- reach a level where sport entrepreneurs expect profit cies for financing of these sport activities). from them. This way we’ll have a gradual differentiation of sport as business activity that brings profit (ben- REFERENCES efiting economy of the whole country) and sport as Aćimović, D. (2003). Menadžment u sportu, O nekim as voluntary activity (recreation). The latter is more pektima primene menadžmenta u nastavi [Sport Man- massive than any other sport activity everywhere agement, On some asektima application management and beside the benefit it has on individual mental and in the classroom. In Serbian]. Niš: Serbona. physical health and even on whole community (in Aćimović, D., Joksimović, A., & Međedović, A. (2012). China it is connected to religious convictions) it still Preconditions for development of management in doesn’t have the significance of professional sport. skiing. Activities in Physical Edication and Sport, Professional sport has a special place in national as- 1(2), 133-155. pect but also in the world society. Bartolici, M. (2003). Ekonomika i menadžment sporta Professional sport motivates a whole line of [Economics and management of sport. In Croatinan]. different industry segments and thus enables world Zagreb: Informator Zagreb, Kineziološki fakultet production of sport requisites and creates possibility Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. of expansion of productive capacities all around the Dimitrov, G. (2012). Sports resources management in Bul- world. Professional sport is especially developed in garian seaside resorts. Activities in Physical Edication progressive countries where it is directly and indi- and Sport, 2(2), 181-185. rectly profitable, and its realization is subjected to Đorđević, B. (2011). Third dimension of management. laws of economy and world sport market. Beograd: Union The indicators of sport profitability are not Đorđević, B. (2001). Izazovi menadžmenta [Management only the actual sport results, that bring bigger audi- challenges. In Serbian]. Priština / Blace: Ekonomski torium and profit, but also its incorporation in other fakultet. complementary activities, like sport industry, truism, Naumovski, A. (2006). Kompariranje znanja za neke os- hotel management, sport equipment and clothing, novne funkcije sportskog menadžmenta kod jedne production of healthy food and different services. grupe entiteta [Comparing of knowledge for some of Sport becomes this way propulsive force of business the basic functions of sprt management in one grup of and economy success. Sport is, therefore, activity entitetes. In Serbian]. Zborik radova, II Međunarodna
APES, (1), 2013 115 Aćimović, Špirtović, Jonić and Projević
konferencija ,,Menadžment u sportu” (str. 393-399). managers in the contexst of the Bologne process. Re- Beograd: Univerzitet ,,Braća Karić” Fakultet ya search in Kinesiology, 39(2), 221-226. menadžment u sportu. Tomić, M. (2001). Marketing u sportu. Tržište i sportski Naumovski, G, Stojkov, A., Naumovski, A, & Naumovski, proizvodi [Sports marketing. In Serbian]. Market and V. (2013). Fostering application of more exact meth- sports products. Beograd: IP ASTIMBO. Activities in odological an statistical procedures in sport manage- Physical Edication and Sport, 2(2), 181-185. ment research. Journal of Physical Education and Životić, D.(2007). Menadžmrnt u sportu [Menadžmrnt in Sport, 13(2), 250-254. sports. In Serbian] Beograd: Fakultet za menadžment Nešić, M., Fratrić, F., & Ilić, D. (2011). Education of sports u sportu Univerziteta „Braća Karić“.
Correspondence: Danilo Aćimović State University in Novi Pazar Department for biochemical and medical sciences Str. Vuka Karadzica bb. 36300 Novi Pazar, E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 116 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 117-120
APPROACHES AND MAIN FACTORS FOR IMPROVING THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE SPORT COMPETITIONS
(Professional paper) Ivan Slavchev National Sports Academy “Vasil Levski” Sofia Department “Management of sports”, Sofia, Bulgaria
Abstract The author is analyzing different types of classification of sport competitions, and particularly athletic competitions. Based on that he is defining the main principles that are used in the compilation of classifications for sport events, which explains why there isn’t a single universal classification for all the sports competition.
Keywords: social characteristics, demographic characteristics, legal aspects of the sport events, social groups, specifics of sport, Olympic games
The main goal of every competitor is the good performance on the sport competitions, where he/she can present his/her abilities. The sport events are not only affecting the athletes, but also a large group of per- sons and organizations, which actions lead to the suc- cessful performance of the event. These complex rela- tions of the different specialists, organizations and fans, as well as theirs management is of a particular challenge for the management of the sport competition. In the sports literature there are many classifica- tions of sport competitions, but none of them can be accepted as a unified and universal. As Dasheva and Krustev (2002) has stated: “in the contemporary sport Figure 1. Classification criteria, according to there isn’t a unified classification, which based on -ob Dasheva and Krustev (2002) jective criteria to encompass the whole variety of sport competitions”. considered as important on the basis of his working The suggested in the sport literature classifica- field. Such is the case with Gouguet by the faculty of tions of the sport competitions are mainly focused on law and economics of the University of Limoges, who, criteria, which are taking in account the nature of the in cooperation with Barget from the French Centre for sport, as well as some social and demographic charac- Sports Law and Economics, also a professor at the Uni- teristics of the participants. versity of Poitiers, suggest as main principles the eco- Similar classifications we can see in the works of nomic aspects of the event Barget & Gouguet (2007) , Dasheva and Krustev (fig.1) (2002), Sandanski (table 1) and Chanavat and Ferrand from the University of Lyon (2009). suggest a classification that examines the legal aspects There are classifications that besides the- men of the event, as well as its correlation and effect to differ- tioned indices also include criteria that represent the or- ent social groups, participating as organizers or as fans ganizational and legal aspects of the sport competition. (Ferrand & Chanavat, 2006), (Fig. 2). In most of the cases the approach to compiling such a There are different classifications in athletics, classification can be characterized with a certain limi- which are based mainly on criteria like significance and tation of the used criteria to those that the author has territorial span of the competition. Such indices are for
APES, (1), 2013 117 Slavchev
Table 1. Classification criteria by Sandanski (2009)
CRITERIA TYPES According to the contents Championships, tournaments, leagues, demonstrational, etc. According to the qualification of the participants Professional, amateur, mixed According to the level of organization City, municipality, national, international, etc. According to the specifics of the type of sport Cyclic, acyclic, sports games, etc. According to the conditions for performing Land, sea, air, high altitude, etc According to the frequency of staging Regular, periodic, single, etc. According to the system of use Eliminations, playoffs, etc. According to the financial preconditions Free, with participation tax, etc. According to the type of the facilities On stadium, indoors, etc. According to the statute of the competition Olympic, non-Olympic According to the role of the competition in the system Preparation, control, for selection, modeling, main, of preparation etc. According to the number of the participants and the Single, individual, team, mixed system According to the subject of the system for physical For students, for children, for workers, army education and sport competitions, for elderly, for socially excluded groups, etc.
Figure 2. Classification criteria according to Ferrand and Chanavat (2006) and Barget en Gouguet (2007)
APES, (1), 2013 118 Slavchev
Table 2. Classification of athletic competitions by All Athletics
Cat. COMPETITION OW Olympic Games; IAAF World Championships GW IAAF World Indoor Championships; IAAF World Cross Country Championships GL IAAF Continental Cup; IAAF Diamond League Meetings; European Championships A IAAF Race Walking Challenge; Continental Indoor Championships; African Championships, Asian Championships, South American Championships B IAAF World Challenge Meetings; Area Permit Race Walking Meetings; National Outdoor Championships; National Championships in Main Events C Area Permit Premium Meetings; Balkan Games; Area Permit Indoor Meetings; IAAF World Junior Championships, IAAF World Junior Cross Country Championships; Continental Championships for under 23 years D Area Permit Outdoor Meetings; National Indoor Championships; CISM World; Continental Club Championships (first division only); Continental Junior Championships; IAAF World Youth Championships; International outdoor matches E International Indoor Matches; International Race Walking Matches; NCAA Div. I Indoor Championships; Other (national permit) international meetings and competitions (indoor, outdoor and Race Walking) F Other meetings and competitions
Figure 3. Classification of athletic competitions according to RusAthletics
APES, (1), 2013 119 Slavchev example the prize budget, the type of the competition – REFERENCES Olympic Games, tournament, championships, etc. or the Глэд, Б. (2001). Справочник по организации и проведению inclusion of the competition in one of the elite tourna- соревнований [Handbook of organization and holding ment groups, recognized by IAAF or by the continental competition. In Russian]. Москва: IAAF. organization. Дашева, Д., & Кръстев, Л. (2002). Теория на спортните състезания [ Theory of competitive sport. In Bulgarian]. An example of such classification of athletic София: Болид-Инс. competitions we can see in the rules for compiling the Сандански, И. (2010). Мениджмънт на спортни събития rang list of the world athletics – All Athletics (2010), [Management of sporting events. In Bulgarian]. София: (table 2), as well as in the Russian site for fans of ath- ЕС Принт. letics – Fan-Zone RusAthletics (2010), (Fig.3). Barget, E., & Gouguet, J. (2007). The Total Economic Value In the book “Competition organization manual” of Sporting Events Theory and Practice. Journal of Sport under the editorial of Glad (2001), as a main part of Economics, 8 (2), 165-182. the important for the organizers characteristics of the Ferrand, A., & Chanavat, N. (2006). How to Manage Human competition are listed the rang and the level of the com- Resources: Guidebook for the Management of Sport Event Volunteers. Chavannes-Lausanne: IDHEAP. petitors, the number of participants, the requirements for IAAF, Competition Rules 2010-2011. (2010). Monaco: Im- admission , the timeframe of the competition in the cal- primerie Multiprint. endar for the season. Фан-зона Rus Athletics, Какие бывают соревнова- Studying the available literature and the published ния?, [What are the events?. In Russian]. Свалено на classifications, we can conclude that each party that 15.03.2010: http://fan.rusathletics.com/competitions/ deals with the organization of sport competitions will be All-Athletics, Rules of the All-Athletics World Rankings - 2010 using a classification that is compiled according to the - Overall Rankings. Свалено на 15.03.2010: http://www. criteria, which are most important for his field of work. all-athletics.com/en-us/rules-all-athletics-world-rank- ings-2010-overall-rankings.
Correspondence: Ivan Slavchev National Sports Academy “Vasil Levski” Department “Management of sports”, Studentski grad, 1700 Sofia, Bulgaria E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 120 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 121-124
OUTSTANDING PEDAGOGICAL THINKERS ON SPORT AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION (Professional paper)
Redžep Škrijelj1, Kamala Beganović2, Fadilj Škrijelj1 and Ahmet Međedović3 1State University of Novi Pazar, Serbia 2High School, Prijepolje, Serbia 3Medical School of Novi Pazar, Serbia
Abstract Fundamentals of sport and physical education were еџистед since there was no human society at all, and since then it is constantly evolving and improving, changing its character and content. In consideration of the fundamental problems of sport and physical education, toward completing its function, it is necessary to analyze the development of the social character of education, taking into account its necessary historical dimensions and continuity of development. Along with the overall social development - changing the political and economic organization - there has been a fundamental change in the system of physical education. Sport and physical education in the advanced bourgeois pedagogical thought perceive the impact and contribution of prominent figures of pedagogical personality: J.A. Comenius, J. Locke, J.J.Rousseau , J.H. Pestalozzi, J.B. Bazedov, Guts-Muts, Francisco Amoros, J.F. Herbart, Adolf Disterveg, Herbart Spenser, De Vris.
Keywords: youth education, pedagogical science, history of pedagogy figures, physical activity, motor skills, activities and habits, natural forms of bodily movements, gymnastic exercises
Physical education, as well as the entire educa- all education of modern society, especially the idea of a tional system (in the first period of a new history), with unified school system and the characteristics of general the changing socio-economic relations, changes their at- education. The age at the time of his man: titude towards the education of the young. Especially is - Childhood changing the attitude toward the physical education, so - Youthful age, this part of the education is gaining significant place in - Adolescent phase... the educational process. The largest contribution to the Comenius, as one of the greatest teacher in histo- development of new theoretical thinking of civil society ry, explored the field of physical education. He set phys- in the field of physical education given by: Comenius, ical education as an equal of the subject to other forms Locke, Rousseau, Pestalozzi and others. For this period of education. He sees the importance of physical educa- is characterized by the emergence of pedagogical direc- tion to eliminate the fatigue caused by straining learn tion called philanthropism. in school ¬ compartment and its role in the promotion Comenius is one of the most prominent and the of health. It is recommended that any spare time should most important figures in the history of pedagogy. The be used for physical activity. Comenius in the field of greatest of his accomplishments was argued that educa- games in physical education says that they are the best tion is available to all children, regardless of financial means for achieving the educational work that contains and other requirements of life. Work that has entered the various types of movements that helps the proper growth annals of all pedagogical thinking, “Great didactics,” and development, to develop the collectivism through this distinguished educator has joined the ranks of the the game, the game helps better spirit. He says: “When great humanist-educator. we Exercise body we Exercise and spirit.” Recommends Comenius merit is related to changes in the over- a moderate life, healthy food, physical exercise, work
APES, (1), 2013 121 Škrijelj,R., Beganović, Škrijelj,F., and Međedović and leisure time. - From birth to 2 year John Locke, a prominent educator and philoso- - From 2 to 12 years pher, had a big impact on education. The role of educa- - From 12 to 15 years, tion and its importance is linked to the ideal of human - From 15 to 18 years. life, “happiness or misery of every man are mostly his Pedagogical ideas of J. J. Rousseau are related own work.” Locke speaks of the man who would be ca- to the physical and work education. He affixes a great pable, educated, happy, and ready to enjoy the prosper- importance to them. He also advises the mothers about ity. He describes such features as worthy of a “healthy the child care, so that children physically are getting gentleman.” strengthened. “The body must be strong if it wants to As a proponent of the theory of knowledge he obey to the spirit.” “Good servant must be strong”. The claims that children are born without innate ideas, “ta- body is weaker the more is commanding, when it is bula rasa” - blank slates, and that upbringing prepares stronger, than is more obedient”. Mentioned thoughts for further information. Locke is committed to the exer- indicate Rousseau’s commitment and his contributions cise being performed on the fresh air, outdoor, to wear to the physical exercise. loose clothing that does not constrict the body and to The process of physical education Rousseau develop hygienic habits. He also advocates for the posi- viewed through three stages: first – strengthening of the tion, “Flourishing spirit of the muscular body”, and ad- body, the second - body getting stronger and is develop- here to the principle: “In a healthy body, healthy mind”. ing the senses, the third - toughening the body, improves Students need to be strong, go to bed early and early to and develops the senses, motion habits and skills. wake up. Special care Rousseau gives to physical education In his “Thoughts on Education”, in addition to of he female students. Contents with dance elements, pedagogical attitudes about the education, he talks about which were prominent aesthetic movements was a part the role of education, psychological foundations of the of this population. According to him, women should re- theory of teaching and physical education. ceive the first “religious and aesthetic education,” to be John Locke’s teaching was directed toward chil- a good housewife, “kind of a home decoration”. Special dren of the rich people who are prepared to governing on importance and significance of exercise and outdoor ac- the English people. His ego is manifested through class tivities in the sun and the fresh air, guided by a promi- interests and the personal prosperity of the ruling high nent educator. Modern physical education today recog- class. The rest is written in his works, like it is necessary nizes its basic hygiene requirements. to strengthen the body, the will, and govern the content Pestalozzi, a Swiss educator who is considered relates to swimming, swordplay, boating, horseback rid- the precursor of scientific pedagogy, the author of many ing, dancing, etc.. works of which the most famous of are: “Book for Moth- Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a prominent educator and ers”, “How Gertrude teaches her children”, “On the con- philosopher, ideologist of the French revolution. In his struction of the body as a prelude to an attempt of one book “Emil”, dedicated to the education, he published basic gymnastics” and others. Pestalozzi out his views his pedagogical views. He said that all the problems that and ideas about the physical education. He is advocating occur in society result from the human evil, and the evil, for that the comprehensive education should be acquired from the weakness of a man. He argues that the child is gradually (from simple toward complex), for education getting used toward battle with the forces of the nature. based on the gender needs, for even develop mental, Therefore, using the phrase “natural man” he wants to physical and occupational capabilities, so we a harmo- emphasize the mutual relationship between the man and nious development of the child could be accomplished. the nature. For Pestalozzi the educational goal of the human Rousseau are making distinguishes between is human forces development “toward development and the three types of education: self-development”. As part of this goal, he distinguishes - Education of nature three main tasks of education: - Education of the people - Intellectual education, - Education by the things. - Moral education, He advised: “Observe the nature and go through - Physical and work education what she stands for you”. For Rousseau the physical He advocates for body work and manners, is fully education is the foundation that helps in the formation developed body that will be used later for the profes- of “natural, free man.” Physical and spiritual exercise al- sional training. Body of man considered a “servant of ways serves as a second home. “Emil,” of the J. J. Rous- the mind and morals.” A body that may make successful seau, is a man in whom is the “wise mind united with every task is healthy and strong. the power of an athlete,” He must be able to cope with Physical education is part of the child games, the different situations, to climb the trees, to swim. homework, the elements of the joint’s gymnastics, the Rousseau distinguishes the following periods in natural forms of movement (walking, running, throwing, child development, in which each developmental age carrying, lifting, pushing, poking etc.). has its role and a mission: Educational work of Pestalozzi mostly was re-
APES, (1), 2013 122 Škrijelj,R., Beganović, Škrijelj,F., and Međedović alized on his land, where he built a home for the poor of hard work, it is flexible and agile. He represented the and neglected children. Practical work is performed and view that each group practice exercise should start with elaborated methodically. He asked to perform exercises simple exercises. And after these the exercises should be of various intensity; he gives simpler names to the exer- performed on the gymnastic equipment. cises and to evident the drill first. Johann Friedrich Herbart his pedagogical views Pestalozzi’s methodical guidelines emphasize and thoughts based on psychology and ethics. He the following: “breaks” the souls and later connects it in a one whole - The teacher must use all kinds of exercise al- which represents a base of a human’s mental life. In this ternately, prominent thinkers come across ideas that are conserva- - During the exercise, avoid excessive fatigue tive and unscientific. He omits the physical education as and disorder an object of studying, and excludes it from the pedagogi- - The exercise should be performed to the beat cal system, believing that the physical education is not that no movement is taking too long to qualify for work- necessary toward achieving of the educational tasks. ing out difficult exercise. Adolf Disterveg, a German pedagogical think- Pestalozzi proposed the gymnastics application er, his conception of educational work is based on the for the industrial workers. These exercise extends the development of body and mind. He looks at physical life and work productivity. More of his pedagogical education as an integral part of education in general. ideas have not been realized during his lifetime. The Education takes place in “autonomy through indepen- realization of ideas and pedagogical work of Pestalozzi dent activity”, through teaching educational work that have been used by philanthropist and later toward the is based on: Self work, adaptation toward the nature and gymnastic educational system. toward the culture. Most important for this thinker is to Johan Bazedov Berhard, a prominent German set up and develop the whole system of virtual didactic educator - philanthropist, in accordance with the ideas rules and principles. “Dides” has made a great contribu- of Rousseau pays much attention to physical education tion to the school’s physical education as a subject. He considering the body exercise which is equal and impor- emphasizes the influence of the exercises on the human tant integral part of the educational system. His greatest health. The importance of physical exercise He empha- merit as common philanthropic ideas, is introduced as sizes by law, the responsibility of schools to organize “body workout” as a regular subject in school. teaching physical education in both urban and rural set- Under the guidance of this distinguished educator tings. Gymnastics should be taught in schools, to male it was established an educational institute called Philan- and female pupils as well. tropinum. He stressed the importance of natural move- This distinguished thinker gives a sequence of in- ments (jumping, wrestling tights, carrying). Particularly structions that he suggests as a part of the educational stressed body hygiene and ease in dressing. Modeled by work. Thus the physical exercise should be carried out the natural barriers he made gymnastic equipment (lad- wherever is possible. It should not need to stick with it as ders, beams, pole, looms). all was done, it will only remove the faults and keep the Influenced by Bazedov and Rousseau, Guts - Mut- body in good health. The health of children must con- su, a German educator, theorist and practitioner of phys- stantly watch out for. Therefore it is necessary that the ical education, in addition to introducing new gymnastic teacher has anthropological knowledge, i.e. to know the apparatus, he amended the tasks ofduties “gymnastics” body anatomy and to be sensitive. in 1793. In addition to the health, the harmonious de- Herbart Spencer, a prominent English pedagogi- velopment of the body, he emphasizes the development cal thinker, wrote a book about education in mental, of physical skills along with the spiritual development moral and physical education, suggests that one should activities - creating serenity of spirit and establishing learn what is in line with its activities, what is necessary harmony in the spiritual and physical development of for man’s survival. the human personality. Spencer proposed the following activities: This prominent educator in his book “Fitness” for - Activities that maintain the physical fitness of a man the youth expounds the benefits of physical exercise. - Activities that indirectly is keeping alive the man Systematized physical exercise is as follows: - Activities that keeps the kind and the family - Real gymnastic exercises (jumping, running, climing, - Activities related to social and political relations weight - Activities that meet your vacation needs. - lifting, wrestling, dance exercises, etc.) Spencer emphasis his ideas about the physical - Handcrafts education. He said that the health and the strength are - Board Games for the youth. the basic condition of life. Success in wars is related to Francisco Amoros, the famous Spanish teacher durability of the soldiers. This pedagogue does not rep- and gymnastics theoretician, is and initiator and orga- resent prominent view of toughening the body and slight nizer of physical education in Spain and France. He be- wear of. lieved that gymnastics develops the moral and physical The importance of learning Spenser’s teaching strength of a man. Gymnastics is encouraging; it is a kind is through the need for mobility, the need for physical
APES, (1), 2013 123 Škrijelj,R., Beganović, Škrijelj,F., and Međedović exercises, sports and games. He recommends less gym- fizičkog vaspitanja u srednjim školama [Reminder of nastic exercises, said the monotonous and caused by a physical education in secondary schools. In Serboian]. “mental stress.” Beograd: NIP „Partizan“. On the development of physical education has in- Mejovšek, M. (1969). Fizički odgoj u osnovnoj školi [Physi- cal education in primary schools. In Croatian]. Zagreb: fluenced progressive civic culture, advanced pedagogi- Školska knjiga. cal theory, but the biggest impact achieved great peda- Međedović, E. (2006). Mišljenje i stavovi razrednih učitelja gogical personalities, prominent scholars of different prema vrednovanju (evaluaciji) i ocenjivanju u nastavi orientations. The role and importance of physical educa- fizičkog vaspitanja [Opinions and attitudes of classroom tion in the works of prominent thinkers influenced the teachers toward evaluation and assessment in physical development and improvement and the understanding education. In Montenegrin]. Bijela: Crnogorska sportska of physical education as a subject in our school system. akademija. Modern society, physical education is viewed Međedović, E. (2010). Metodika fizičkog vaspitanja [Methods as part of the general culture, toward which should of physical education. In Serbian]. Novi Pazar: DUNP. Pataki, S. (1951). Opšta pedagogika [General pedagogy. In be paid more attention. It’s been a requirement by Croatian]. Zagreb: Pedagoški književni zbor. each individual to develop their skills and acquire Pelemiš, M. (2004). Metodika nastave fizičkog vaspitanja the knowledge to fill their physical education needs. [Methodology of teaching Physical education. In Bosni- According to De Vries (1976) it is necessary to an]. Bijeljina: Pedagoški fakultet. abide by the rules when it comes to a matter of health, Stefanović, V. (1985). Merenja i istaživanja kao predmet sa- “small bite, smaller sip, but bigger movement or a larger radnje fizičke kulture i pedagoške službe škole [Measure- step”, indicating that the requirement of the energy con- ment and research as well as for co-operation of physical sumption is higher than its production. education and educational services in schools. In Serbi- an]. Nastava i vaspitanje, (1),70-82. Findak, V. (1976). Metodologija planiranja i programiranja u REFERENCES tjelesnoj i zdrastvenoj kulturi [Methodology of planning Berković, L. (1978). Metodika nastave fizičkog vaspitanja and programming in Physical and Health education. In [Methodology of teaching physical education. In Serbi- Croatian]. Obrazovanje i rad, (1-2), 3-24. an]. Beograd: NIP “Partizan”. Hadžikadumić, M., & Mađarević, M. (2004). Metodika nasta- Berković, L. (1989).Teorijske osnove fizičke kulture [Theoreti- ve telesnog odboja [Methods of teaching physical educa- cal foundations of physical education. In Serbian]. Novi tion. In Bosnian]. Zenica: Pedagoški fakultet. Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture. Leskošek, J., Nešić, LJ. & Živanović, Ž. (1970). Podsetnik
Correspondence: Redžep Škrijelj State University of Novi Pazar Vuka Karadzica bb, 36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 124 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 125-128
SEVERAL INDICATORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FIELD HOCKEY IN BULGARIA FOR THE PERIOD OF TWENTY YEARS
(Professional paper)
Tatjana Dimitrieska1 and Antonio Antonov2 1National Sports Academy “Vasil Levski”, Department of lawn hockey, Ph D student, Sofia, Bulgaria 2National Sports Academy “Vasil Levski”, Department of lawn hockey, Sofia, Bulgaria
Abstract Several chronological indicators are presented for the development of hockey in few countries in the world, in that context as basis for its further development, the indicators also are being analyzed in two phases through a period of the last 20 years. The first phase is characterized by the popularization of the hockey, and the second phase with rapid development of the Bulgarian Hockey Federation (BHF) and the appearance of the children and youth hockey clubs. There were formed 48 clubs and 86 state championships were organized within the period of last 20 years. As a member of the European Hockey Federation, BHF was proclaimed the one with the fastest development in the world. The Federation as a leader in the Balkans has included 3000 children and adults, both male and female. In the last 20 years the BHF took part in 27 Balkan championships (16 in men‘s competition and 11 in women‘s competition). They won 7 times the first place, 14 times second and 5 times the third place. Beside of their participation in these championships, BHF with their selections also took part in 27 European championships (18 in men‘s competition and 9 in women‘s competition).
Keywords: lawn hockey, hockey championships, junior and senior hockey teams
Field hockey is a sport discipline which was in Bulgaria to determine the goals and objectives for the played since the oldest civilizations, but the modern future development and popularization of the hockey. hockey first appeared in the middle of the 18th century The first beginnings of the field hockey in Bulgaria in England. With the formation of the International are dated from the 19th century. In that period a grass Hockey Federation (IHF), which represents that sport hockey teams were formed in many sports clubs and the at the International Olympic Committee, officially first official matches and tournaments were organized. is included in the Olympic Program of the Olympic After the 1930th all information about this sport was lost Games in Amsterdam in 1928. At the beginning only and according to some authors this was a shortage of the men played hockey, but in the 80‘ women begun playing Federation which should unite the clubs and contribute hockey as well. Over the years with the development developing of this sport. After 60 years of stagnation, of hockey worldwide, many rules and conceptions had in 1991 three sport associations formed the Bulgarian been changed. Hockey Federation. In period of 20 years functioning of Today field hockey is played in more than 120 the BHF, six Administrative boards have been changed, countries and represents one of the most popular team all of which were with different goals and visions. The sport in the world. In some states such as Holland, development of hockey in Bulgaria can be divided into Austria, Pakistan, India, Argentina it‘s kind of a two phases. traditional sport. The first phase is the period from 1991 until 2000. The purpose of the given paper was trough studying Characteristic for this period is that both boards were the period of 20 years of the field hockey development without specific goals and ideas for the development of
APES, (1), 2013 125 Dimitrieska and Antonov the hockey. Their only goal was not to populate the sport Board, they didn‘t allow the old management to take but only to survive. The third board has a mandate from over the position and functions as a BHF. 1997 until 2002. After three years of struggle with the In 2003 with new court order with the Federation old management, which tried to make upheaval, thanks runs the fifth board, which is consisted of various to the great support of the clubs and some authoritative important persons. The goal of the Federation was persons, they managed to keep unity of the Federation improvement of the infrastructure – building a artificial and to set grounds for development and popularization grass playing field, hockey popularization, optimization of the hockey in Bulgaria. of the administrative structure, establishing normatives, The second phase is the period from 2000 until determine the national and international competition 2011. What is specific for this period is the huge calendar, also improvement on sport‘s and the technical development of BHF. The main goals of the Federation level, taking part and/or organizing professional hockey were to build organizational and structural model for sport seminars. In 2003 BHF made a project for building management and administration, standards definition; the first playing field with artificial grass, which was also they help toward establishing the foundation for approved the same year by the International Hockey developing children and youth grass hockey. Many Federation and the International Olympic committee. projects and programs have been being elaborated The same year four regions were formed: Vitosha, on national as well as on international level. The first Dobrudja, Mizija and Trakija. In 2004 BHF made a youth representations have being formed in this period. project for development of new clubs according with Bulgaria becomes a leader in the Balkans precisely in the program of the International Hockey Federation these categories. In 2002 the old management with a „B Grand“. In 2006 the new court with artificial grass court order returned on position but with the support of was open for usage. In 2007 the fifth Administrative the clubs, the Ministry for sports, The International and Board wins one more mandate of 5 years till 2012. European Hockey Federation, which supported the third The management continues with the realization of their
Graph 1.The progress of new clubs through two phases
Graph 2. Number of clubs in men’s competition who took part in the NC 1991-2000
APES, (1), 2013 126 Dimitrieska and Antonov tasks. Two new regions have being formed: Rodopi and was organized in 1992 in senior‘s category. Until 1997 Struma. in national championships took part only senior men The two phases in the development of BHF differ teams, but since 1996 in the program also were included by clearly appointed goals by the managements. In 20 the senior women teams (Graph 2. and 3.). In 1994 years there were 48 new clubs formed. attempts were made for developing a junior hockey, so In the first phase, from 1991 until 2000, eight new in the program of the NC were included 4 junior teams. clubs were formed in four cities in Bulgaria. Since 1999 the goals of the third board for setting the In the second phase, from 2000 until 2011, in grounds for development of children and junior hockey Bulgaria were formed 40 new clubs divided in four were very clear, so in the program of the NC youth regions. categories were included: 12 years old children and 14 The development of the clubs through the years years old pioneers. is presented on the Graph 1. It can be seen clearly the The NC organization in the second phase from progression in the forming of new clubs, particularly in 2000 till 2010 are presented on the Graphs 4. and 5. In the second period. this period all categories were included in the national Within the period of 20 years, BHF has organized championships. The most popular were these categories: 86 national championships (NC) in both categories (men 12 years old children and 14 years old pioneers; in the and women), from which 17 were in the first phase and last 3 years we can notice rising number of the junior 69 in the second phase. The first national championship teams. In women‘s competition in the period from 2001
Graph 3.Number of clubs in women‘s competition who took part in the NC 1991-2000
Graph 4. Number of clubs in men‘s competition which participated in NC 2000 – 2010
APES, (1), 2013 127 Dimitrieska and Antonov
Graph 5.Number of clubs women‘ competition which participated in NC 2000- 2010
till 2005, the state championships were organized in all Антонов, А. (2007). Aдминистриращи държавните пър- categories, but after this period the number of women венства и турнири по хокей [State championships and teams drastically is decreasing and by the year 2010 in tournaments in hockey administration. In Bulgarian]. women‘s competition participated only senior women Сборник нормативни документи. София: БФХТ, Ава- нгард Прима. teams. Антонов, А. (2008). Aдминистриращи държавните пър- From the analyses of the development of венства и турнири по хокей [State championships and hockey in Bulgaria, we have come to a conclusion tournaments in hockey administration. In Bulgarian]. that today in Bulgaria there are 48 hockey clubs, Сборник нормативни документи. София: БФХТ, Ава- approximately 3000 children and seniors are playing нгард Прима. professionally hockey. In past 20 years BHF took part Антонов, А. (2009). Aдминистриращи държавните пър- in 27 Balkan Championships from which 16 in men‘s венства и турнири по хокей [State championships and competition and 11 in women‘s competition; and won tournaments in hockey administration. In Bulgarian]. 7 first places, 14 second and 5 third places. Besides the Сборник нормативни документи. София: БФХТ, Ава- нгард Прима. Balkan Championships, BHF with their team selections Антонов, А. (2010). Aдминистриращи държавните пър- took part in 27 European Championships – 18 in men‘s венства и турнири по хокей [State championships and competition and 9 in women‘s competition. tournaments in hockey administration. In Bulgarian]. Сборник нормативни документи. София: БФХТ, Ава- REFERENCES нгард Прима. Антонов, А. (2005). Aдминистриращи държавните пър- Димитриеска, Т. (2009). Анализ на държавните първен- венства и турнири по хокей [State championships and ства и турнири по хокей на трева за подрастващи в tournaments in hockey administration. In Bulgarian]. Република България в периода 2000-2009 г. [Analysis Сборник нормативни документи. София: БФХТ, of state championships and tournaments in lawn hockey Авангард Прима. for adolescents in Bulgaria in the period 2000-2009. In Антонов, А. (2006). Aдминистриращи държавните пър- Bulgarian]. (Unpublished Master’s thesis, National Sports венства и турнири по хокей [State championships and Academy) София: НСА tournaments in hockey administration. In Bulgarian]. Сборник нормативни документи. София: БФХТ, Ава- нгард Прима.
Correspondence: National Sports Academy “Vasil Levski” Department of lawn hockey Studentski grad, 1700 Sofia, Bulgaria E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 128 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 129-131
PHYSICAL EDUCATION IMPROVEMENT IN THE PROCESS OF MODERN ORGANIZATION OF WORK
(Professional paper)
Ahmet Međedović1, Benida Pljakić2, Enver Međedović2, Edin Hožić3 and Benin Murić2 1Medical School of Novi Pazar, Serbia 2State University of Novi Pazar, Department of Medical Sciences, Study program of Sport and Physical Education Novi Pazar, Serbia 3Sport Centre, Sjenica, Serbia
Abstract Modern physical education teaching, regardless of the pedagogical and psychological grounds it is based on, is considered to be an important factor in the dynamic process, with a strong tendency for both development of physical education functions and their improvement in progress with the society development in general. Physical education improvement in the process of modern organization of educational work is reflected in the new changes that are primarily related to working conditions and the overall organization of this course, which includes both quantitative and qualitative changes in all age groups ranging from preschool education. Legal requirements schools are required to follow the curriculum of adhering to the calendar adopted by the Ministry of Education. Through the work points to the evaluation, the sense of cultural work, the uniqueness of teaching content, to physical education, the tasks that are applicable to students and teachers with special emphasis on the development of physical and functional capabilities, as well as the ability of students to sports and technical education.
Keywords: modern approach to teaching, evaluation of physical education, educational standards in physical education, physical education function, objectives of physical education, physical abilities, functional abilities, sports and technical education curricula, education programs
Today’s modern school pays special attention through the equal application of several groups of vari- to physical education. Education standards relating to ous forms of motor activity in different fields. physical education reflect the anticipated level of- stu The curriculum is unique for all students, per- dent achievement. Evaluation of physical education de- formed by a single curriculum, students are provided the gree is good organization of the teaching process and the same common basis of elemental motor (physical) edu- maintenance of physical ability. Skill successful train- cation. To enable the students to the process of physi- ing program provided skills of physical education in the cal education emerge and develop more initiative and district called sport-technical education students. These independence, to express their preferences, meet their two components of teaching physical education forms needs and interests. In addition to the compulsory school the basis of a broader and deeper sense of cultural work physical education classes and organized extracurricular of physical education teachers. activities. Pedagogical sense is reflected in the efforts of There is a growing importance of the education teachers to students, through training, gain some knowl- process in which students through practice contrib- edge about physical education, and thus realize its val- ute to the creation of awareness about the value of ex- ue, meaning and significance. This process takes place ercise, both for the individual and society as a whole.
APES, (1), 2013 129 Međedović ,A., Pljakić, Međedović, E., Hožić and Murić
The modern form of physical education for students, in - Physical and functional abilities, addition to broad and rational information about physi- - Sports and technical expertise cal exercise, according to the educational requirements - Knowledge of the Oblates of Physical Educa- must be based on a certain emotional level in teaching. tion, Physical education has a real capacity to be reasonably - In understanding the value of physical exercise based on the teaching process components such as up- and physical training. bringing, education and emotionality. An important issue in relation to physical educa- Physical education is increasingly oriented to- tion in this complex system of education more success- wards contemporary accepted goal of physical educa- fully realized under conditions of limiting factors, such tion in our country, and that is: as the small number of hours or limiting material and The goal of physical education is to satisfy basic technical conditions, as well as some details of the case social requirements of students in the physical culture, relating to the need to make efforts for the consistent establishment of proper perception and attitude towards implementation of physical education program and the physical education and continual encouraging students need for advocacy in the approach to the concept that the to incorporate it into everyday life and culture of life in time allocated for training and development of physical general. abilities more efficient and rational use. Defined goal of physical education is most suc- To achieve success in work there are still some cessful can reach proper execution of tasks of physical reservations, especially when it comes to organization education. At the same time, so defined goal of physical of individual lessons and classes in certain cycles that education, talks about its broader foundation that can not taken as a whole. rely solely on the skills and practical-boots. From this Maintaining and developing physical skills in the definition it can be concluded that physical activity are didactic-methodical form of motor training (technology important and cultural role. trends) must devote full attention. Processes must be In physical education, but not just for him, given based on efficiency and rationality with respect to the the number of important tasks of physical education, basic pedagogical principles and methodical form of including:”The tasks of physical and health education to work. the students: A necessary part of this process and make efforts - Learn about the importance and essence of phys- directed to instructing students for independent practice. ical and health education; Students need to bring appropriate training programs - Encourage harmony and physical development that are practiced at the time outside the regular class- of proper posture; room and extra curricular activities mandatory. - Develop a culture of health and for the effective Preparedness of students for independent practice preservation of health, increasing the body’s resistance can not be successful if the process does not contain pro- to the harmful effects of modern life and work, as well as motion of exercises by the physical education teacher, other adverse effects of environmental protection; who is responsible for student’s training. - Adopt a motor fund of knowledge, skills and In parallel, substantially modernized curricula, habits necessary for the efficient-term to meet the needs improved material, personnel, and other conditions. of development and maintenance of health, the round Today, almost no school that does not have at least the off this free time solving everyday motor tasks; minimum requirements for the program of physical edu- - Stimulate and activate latent capabilities and cation. Synthetic taken, physical education has evolved exceptional talent for versatile motor development and over the past decades scope of the subject and began to training in sports and dance. live as an educational area, in the true sense of the word. “The essence of the task is appropriate physi- Physical education classes, of course, retains its original cal education physical education structure consisting of function and its commitment to build a wider base for processes: permanent inclusion of students in a variety of physical -the development of physical and functional education. abilities of students;- Training and development of sport In such circumstances, of course, the school also and technical skills; had to change his attitude toward physical education and - Habit forming in physical training; that in this respect the obligation to accept far greater. - Knowledge of the value of physical exercise Under the provisions of the curriculum of schools, in the biological, psychological and social field. among other things, shall: Implementation of the physical education - To ensure that all conditions - weather, material, tasks means education of students through the pro- human and otherwise, to fully and competently conduct cess of physical education, where teaching meth- classes and all other forms of physical education; ods are the key to a more or less successful work. - Regularly and comprehensively monitors and We can say that the process of physical education of stu- analyzes the status and results achieved in the educa- dents is the capacity of student whose multidimension- tional field and in it regularly inform all stakeholders ality consists of the following values: - students, parents, educational authorities and
APES, (1), 2013 130 Međedović ,A., Pljakić, Međedović, E., Hožić and Murić relevant others. and along with them take the necessary Consistently and responsibly perform these duties, the measures to improve and further improvement of the ac- basic requirement is that physical education is becom- tivity; ing truly integral part of a unified system of education - For students to ailing health, reduced physi- in it, lodged with other forms of education, providing cal ability with physical deformities and others. provide the overall harmonious development of the physical and special physical education, and through that, the maxi- spiritual forces students. mum contribution that certain deficiencies or, at least, mitigate;- That the students particularly gifted in sports REFERENCES and creativity and other creative activities in physical Bjelica, D. (1999). Stavovi učenika osmih razreda osnovnih education provide all necessary conditions and enable škola u Crnoj Gori prema nastavi fizičkog vaspitanja them and their preferences more fully realized; [Attitudes of eighth grade students of elementary scho- - To form a special task, advisory and other ols in Montenegro towards physical education. In bodies (committees, councils) Through which the school Montenegrin]. Podgorica: Fudbalski savez Crne Gore. cooperated with the community, especially with organi- Berković, L. (1984). Teorijske osnove fizičke kulture [Theoreti- cal foundations of physical education. In Serbian]. Novi zations of physical education, health and other institu- Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture. tions. and thereby consolidate efforts to improve the Višnjić, D., & Martinović, D. (2005). Metodika fizičkog vaspi- general physical education and physical education in tanja [Methods of physical education. In Serbian]. Beo- schools - in particular. grad: BIGZ. Educational standards are designed and descrip- Krsmanović, B., & Berković, L. (1999). Teorija i metodika tion of the expected range of the education system at fizičkog vaspitanja [Theory and methods of physical edu- a certain stage of education to monitor and evaluate its cation. In Serbian]. Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture. effectiveness. Using modern standards we can get infor- Međedović, E. (2010). Metodika fizičkog vaspitanja [Methods mation on whether the measures taken in the education of physical education. In Serbian]. Novi Pazar: Državni univerzitet Novi Pazar. system produce the expected effects. Thus applied stan- Pljakić, B. (2011). Odnosi roditelji i učenika završnih razreda dards will contribute to better planning in this subject and osnovne škole prema nastavi fizičkog vaspitanja [Rela- will contribute to the training of skills, knowledge about tions between parents and students of the primary school physical exercise and physical education, physical train- to the teaching of physical education. In Serbian]. Istočno ing and evaluation of physical education of the students. Sarajevo: Univerzitet u Istočnom Sarajevu.
Correspondence: Enver Međedović State University of Novi Pazar Department of Medical Sciences, Study program of Sport and Physical Education Str. Vuka Karadzica bb, 3600 Novi Pazar, Serbia
APES, (1), 2013 131 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 132-134
METHODOLOGICAL GUIDELINES FOR INITIAL TRANINIG IN TECHNIQUES AND TACTICS OF TENNIS (Professional paper) Silvyia Matikova – Tamburova Technical University – Sofia, Plovdiv Branch, Faculty of Electronic and Automation, Department Physical Education and Sports, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Аbstract Organization of educational and sports activities has an important role for successful implementation of program goals and objectives. Mastery of technique and tennis tactics are closely related. This process is inextricably linked to general, special and specialized physical training. Educational and sports activities are conducted in compliance with training and sports plans in accordance with pre-established educational methodical sports programs. They are always subjects to revision and updating in line with current and specific conditions. Specific methods for studying the technical and tactical techniques are dissected and the overall method. In the overall method techniques are taught entirely if studied technique is simple and it is impossible to be decomposed.
Keywords: educational and sports plans, educational methodical sports programs, physical fitness, physical abilities, analytical method, for training, synthetic method for training, motor habits
In the initial period tennis players need to realize allows full use of the individual qualities of players. the importance of proper management of technology In dissected method to learn the movements of as an important condition for implementation of parts. This allows for simplification of the movements, tactical thinking, and to achieve the realization of high making them more accessible, understandable, but performance sport. Mastery of technique and tactics depriving them of their technical links. Resorting to are implemented in close relationship. This process is severing only the study of very complex exercise. inextricably linked to general, special and specialized Different parts of the strokes must be methodical physical training. sequence of simple to complex, from known to unknown, Harmonization of physical fitness required from the main to the secondary. physical properties educates, speed, agility, flexibility, Major leadership role in the management of strength and endurance determining the proper strokes in simplified terms is the direct guidance of the techniques to determine the appropriate timing, direction, teacher. Support is expressed not only in display and amplitude and adequacy. Improvement of individual clarification, guidance and demonstration for taking technical and tactical skills are in logical sequence. the correct position but also in direct contact daktilen More familiar with technical and tactical skill motion of the hand or the player‘s body. Be facilitated by - Learning of praise in simple terms the creation of an adequate motility for the movement. - Consolidation of the method in conditions close Formiraneto the correct technical and tactical stereotype to the game under certain conditions, allows for transition to the -Improvement in the bilateral game in racing improvement in near-real gaming accident scenarios. conditions Stereotype of the tennis players must become a lasting Specific methods for studying the technical and tactical habit of driving. techniques are dissected and the overall method. Phases of the elaboration of technical and In the overall method techniques are taught tactical skills are formed permanently in racing games entirely if studied technique is simple and it is impossible and conditions. This mastery of technical and tactical to be decomposed. Pozitivnosta of this method is that it stereotype is not always enough to achieve efficiency, does not violate the overall structure of the technique high performance and durable sports. It is absolutely
APES, (1), 2013 132 Tamburova
Allocation of classes in makrotsikala-year initial training for tennis
I – Level /Macro cycle/ 1 Mezzo 2 Mezzo Total cycle cycle Theoretica Educational 22 23 45 sports classes TFE 4 4 8 SPE 4 4 8 Technique and tactics 20 21 41 Involvement in - 2 2 competitions Rules - Practicum 2 - 2 control regulations 2 2 4 GENERAL: 54 56 110 imperative in the direction parallel psychophysical and Tennis is sport specific technique with a complex psychological preparation for the formation of volitional structure which is subject to update - set the processes of qualities. Individual approach and selection of adequate integration and differentiation. means and methods is required to develop tennis players The overall effect of technical integration phase and achieve self-discipline, perseverance, ability to of impact is the integration process. overcome difficulties, confidence in the individual Deferentsiyatsiyata is a process that characterized forces and opportunities, the courage to take action, the election specialization of space, temporary, rhythmic, determination and risk, willingness to win and others. verbal and nonverbal characteristics. Factor for deve- One of the main methods for achieving these lopment of sports equipment is also the contradiction qualities is motivated by verbal and nonverbal suggestion, between stability and variability of movement. visualization and provide immediate psychological and Stability is based on relatively small deviations from the psychophysical support. structure of learned movement. Variability of strokes and extreme playing Techniques and methods in situations is influenced by adequate ability to adapt to the initial training player changes in the external and internal environment. Movements in tennis are characterized by hi- Standardization and individualization of the gher variability of spatial, temporal and strength elements of the movements and phases of the strike characteristics. In match racing to develop complex itself is playing with structure of a controversial feature and extreme situations where motor actions are a huge in the development of sports equipment. variety of options for their appropriate resolution. Technical training is the main task of forming a rational Effectiveness of technical training is crucial and is and effective technique for individual tennis player, dependent on movement formed habits and skills that leading to discovery of its capabilities, effectiveness of are an integral connection with motor skills. its actions and positive performance. The structure of sports equipment and uniform is a Technical improvement the player is a continuous set of movement of two aspects: information and engine. set of tools, methods and skills as ascending process. There are two substructures - kinematic and Technical training the player is divided into dynamic. Kinematic substructures is the equivalent of general and specific. biomechanical nature of tennis and reflects the laws of interaction between the movements in space and General technical training time, the same biomechanical principles and is subject General technical training in tennis is fundamental to dynamic substructures, which concerns interaction to the next stages of initial training and is associated between different parts of the body. with sound study and improvement of all primary tasks Information architecture reflects the consistency of initial training. This concerns the automation of motor of a series of signals carrying information about skills and habits to a degree which allows solving the movements and conditions of operation. Subject to the special technical training. laws of psychology and psychophysics. Directly affects mental processes under. Special technical training. Anticipating. And in connection with the intellect This specific process is subject to and in enables performance of the game. accordance with the peculiarities of specific motor APES, (1), 2013 133 Tamburova activities - tennis, which concerns the initial training and - special mental preparation, which is associated technical improvement. with participation in the race, Mastery and refinement of strokes and their - mental preparation before the race, regarding effective integration in complex combinations, with a direct involvement in racing games, high degree of efficiency is the main task of the special Psychophysical training is Investigates and applied technical training. in subsequent stages of training - the strengthening and In the initial training, tennis player has to learn improvement of the CSP the fundamentals of tennis technique and to improve and strengthen in racing conditions. To make the inseparable REFERENCES link between the tactical and technical training, tennis Hauer, H. (1987). Tenistechink. Polten-Wien: Niederos- players need to achieve a high degree of efficiency in terreichsches Pressenhaus. carrying out attacks in competitive conditions and Matikova –Tamburova, S. (2011). Tennis Department logical relationship of the hand. involved primary education. Sofia: Faber Матикова-Тамбурова, С. (2011). Тенис началное об- Intellectual preparation учение [Inicial training of tennis. In Bulgarian]. Tennis players must show a high degree of София: Фабер autonomy in training and racing through the intellect Mavvidis, A., Koronas, K., Riganas, C., & Metaxas, to realize their creative tactical tasks assigned. T. (2005). Speed differences between forhend and Anticipating to develop and form themselves into backhand in intermediate-level tennis players. Ki- physical and volitional qualities specific to tennis. nesiology, 37(2), 159-163. Miyashita, M., Tsunoda, T., Sakurai, S., Nishizono, H., Psychological and psychophysical & Mizuno, T. (1980). Muscular activities jn the preparation tennis serveand overhand throwing. Scandinavian Stable mental stability during the training ope- Journal of Sports of Sports Sciences, (2), 52-58. ration - initial training and playing conditions is a result Schoenborn, R. (1986). Tennispraxis. Niederhau- of mental training in its three forms. sen: Falken Verlag GmbH. - common psychological preparation in which to Schoenborn, R. (1988). Tennis Techink Trannig. Achen: work during the entire sports process, Mayer and Mayer.
Correspondence: Silvyia Matikova – Tamburova Technical University – Sofia, Plovdiv Branch, Faculty of Electronic and Automation Department Phisical and Education Str. Tsanko Duistabanov 25, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 134 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 135-138
HISTORY OF RESISTANCE TRAINING
(Professional paper)
Nenad Stojiljković1, Aleksandar Ignjatović2, Zvezdan Savić1, Živorad Marković2 and Sandra Milanović2 1University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia 2University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Pedagogy in Jagodina, Serbia
Abstract Resistance training is a term that implies the use of load, machinery, or own body weight while exercising the muscles. It’s used to increase the ability to overcome load and increase muscle mass. The history of training with the load goes back to the earliest civilizations, such as Greek and Chinese. The mythical story of Milo of Croton and his training method is well known. His principle of training is considered as a beginning of training with progressive load. Precursors of the resistance training didn’t have on their disposal the sophisticated equipment which is available today, but as proper equipment they used everything they could find. As time went on, they created the modern props and equipment for training with various loads.
Keywords: physical abilities, weightlifting, halters, bodybuilding, muscle strength
From its beginning until today the resistance and therefore their participation within the training in training largely has been evolved. The development of practice. It’s a common opinion that the study of the past resistance training for the most part are based on the can predict the future and the future course of develop- method of trial and error and on the experience, and only ment within the area. This paper doesn’t have such a ten- in the last fifty years has attracted interest of prominent dentiously set of goals for an interesting story about the scientists in the field of sport science. The methodology beginning of the training load, the first dumbbells that was adequately perceived and explored too. In most cas- were used and most distinguish persons from the history es, good training practice that would result in progress of this kind of training. in strength, muscle endurance and muscle hypertrophy The cult of well-built and symmetrical body shape would quickly spread and is worldwide accepted. The dates from the time of ancient civilizations of Greece training that did not give the desired results and progress and Egypt. The Greeks gave great importance of physi- was gradually lost. At the beginning it was not so easy cal exercise, and it played an important role in their edu- to distinguish the successful from unsuccessful training cational, economic, social and political life. Practicing practice, primarily because it was difficult to clearly de- in the gymnasiums (the institution where young Greeks fine the parameters of training and what is it the path have been practicing, and a place of gathering of all free toward the desired final goal. Often, practiced intuitively citizens of Athens) and palaestras (rectangular space and spontaneously, without a clear picture of what can lined with buildings, and used for practice), young Athe- result with greatest contribution to the final success. For nians strengthens their bodies and spirits, and preparing these reasons it’s important to understand the histori- for various events such as the Olympics, as well as for cal concept of strength training. Knowledge of promi- the military profession. nent individuals, a period of development, events and The broad back, muscular arms and shoulders, training practice in the past contributes to a better un- slim waist, were synonymous for masculinity and derstanding of today’s stage of development. Knowing healthy body at the time of the ancient Greece, which the historical development of the training methods, we can be testified by the numerous statues of theirs gods could find some of the “new” methods that are offered as well as the Olympic winners, and drawings on vases today and which have already been applied in the past, that have been saved from that era, and so they remains but for some reason they have been lost their popularity, to this day all over the world.
APES, (1), 2013 135 Stojiljković, Ignjatović, Savić, Marković and Milanović
Human’s interest in their body development as discipline of wrestling to a particular type of mushroom well as in similar systems of exercise dates from much (Beagon, 2005). Legend says that Milo brought in the earlier periods, long before the modern bodybuilding hands his bronze statue to Olympia where he participat- competition and before the strength and power disci- ed in the games (Harris, 1964). It is likely that the stories plines that become increasing and watched in recent of the famous Milo from Croton were largely exagger- years. People have realized from the earliest periods of ated and that in some cases could be treated as inad- time that lifting loads increase their physical fitness and equate interpretation of material remains and historical muscular strength and endurance. Lifting loads for the facts from the antiquity, but there is no doubt that this is first time appears in the ancient Greeks and Egyptians a personality that was full of extraordinary strength and by means of basic physical activity, they used to gained physical condition that exceeded the strength of its rival strength, endurance and the “power”. They used rocks competitors (Todd, 1995). of different shape and weight as the load, and practiced Reading the classics of ancient Greece we will with them. The ancient Greeks used to practice the so- find the text in which Hippocrates describes the training called halteres (Halteres (Dumbbells) made of stone load, pointing out that “those body parts and organs that (1.5kg - 2.0kg), by which the Greeks were increasing are used will be developed and those that are not used the length of the jump, by rejecting the halteres in the air will be weak and start deteriorating”. (photo from the National Archaeological Museum, Ath- Originators of the discipline had no sophisticated ens, Greece), forerunner of today’s dumbbells. These equipment as such available today, but are used all what halteres were also used as an aid for the long jump, an that could be found in the nature and would be appropri- attractive discipline with which the ancient Greeks were ate for this type of training. As the time went on, they developed their skills and physical explosiveness. One created the modern props and equipment for training of these halteres (4.629kg) that was found is currently in with different types of resistance. Dumbbells that are the National Archaeological Museum in Athens. now mandatory requisite in every gym were, as already mentioned for the first time appeared in ancient Greeks as a prop for a performance jump, and to exercise power (Spivey, 2004). However, the modern dumbbells occur much later, in the 18th century. The first weights were made of two rings connected rod. As the bells and clat- tering noise created during the exercise, the inventor of the dumbbell removed it to stop the noise so the bell be- came a “dumb” which explains the current term “dumb- bell” (Schwarzenegger, 1999). Near the Olympia it was found a roughly en- graved rectangular block reddish stone, sized 69 x 38 x 33 centimeters and weighing 143 kilograms. There was engraved text: “Bibon transferred me over the head with one hand.” In the valley Kladeus three kilometers from Picture 1. Halteres the Olympia, it was found a stone with thickness of 20 centimeters, width 33 centimeters and 41 centimeters Historical development of the training load is not in length. The stone weight was of approximately 45 complete without the famous story of the ancient hero kilograms. On the similar stone the following text was Milo of Croton. His extraordinary strength and power engraved: “I am Xenareus throwing the stone” (Harris, ranked him in order of mythical heroes. His training 1972). Similar stones were found in several different lo- with newborn bull established the foundations of one of cations in Asia and in the area of modern Greece, Pales- the leading principles of strength training, the principle tine and Egypt. Based on these findings we can conclude of progressive loading. Milo’s daily practicing routine that the extraordinary expression of strength was very was consisted from raising a newborn bull that is con- popular discipline in ancient times. stantly growing and adding weight which made this The text of St. Jerome describes the discipline of type of training very challenging. By gradually increas- lifting stones. The translation of this text can be read: ing the load, Milo has developed his strength to such “In the cities of Palestine is an ancient custom which an extent that he was able to raise an adult bull, which has preserved to these days throughout the Judaic land, weighed several hundred kilograms. His way of train- that the young people should use the round stones for ing is described in a number of ancient Greek anecdotes. practicing. Those stones were lifted in accordance with The writers of these anecdotes also tell us the story of their individual abilities, some to the knees, the other the Milo’s diet. One anecdote says that Milo’s daily diet to the hip, and some individuals lifted it to the shoul- consisted of 9 kilograms of meat, 9 kilograms of bread der or within the head height. Several overhead lifting and 8 liters of wine. Pliny the Elder and Solinus attrib- strengthens their hands so that they may show their ex- uted Milo’s exceptional strength and invincibility in the traordinary strength”. There is no doubt that the resis-
APES, (1), 2013 136 Stojiljković, Ignjatović, Savić, Marković and Milanović tance training has been practiced in the ancient Roman petitions all over the world as one of the most important Empire. The famous ancient physician Galen, who spent disciplines. the most of his career in working with the gladiators, In addition to these forms of exercise, there are wrote about the exercise of weight training and basic many others that may be linked to the Indian physical principles of power development. In his “Preservation culture and its people. Lifting the stone balls was popu- of Health” he emphasized the importance of this type of lar as much as the sumtola was, the nal and the stone training (Brain, 1986; Brain, 1979). circle as well. This discipline is also applied to all kind In several texts originating from the ancient China of strongman competitions. Also very often could be it is said that some Chinese rulers insisted on the practice seen, the exercise with heavy sticks, which were circu- of strength training for its soldiers. During the reign of lated around the head and body with a special technique, the Chou dynasty (1122 - 259th BC) the soldiers even to develop the body muscles within the arms, shoulders, had to perform a test for assessment of the power before chest, and the spine areas. they are recruited. The interest of the Indian people for bodybuilding The ancient Greeks were practicing in the gym- is dating from the XI century, roughly the time when the nasium and palaestra, and today this system of exercise first gym has been appeared, to the XVI century, when is performed in gyms. The first gym dating from the XI bodybuilding has become their main form of entertain- century is related to the Indian culture. These training ment. facilities was not differ greatly from the gym today, even Looking through history, the bodybuilding was the loads that were used during the exercise is very simi- not known by the system as a form of exercise such is lar to nowadays modern weight training. Weights that the situation today. In the begging, people are starting to they used were made of stone of various shapes and realize the importance and the benefits of lifting weights sizes. These weights are called “Nal”, and they do not so they have started participating in these types of activi- differ greatly from the weights that we can see today in ties in order to increasing their physical abilities. Insti- the modern gyms. They lifted loads in order to increase tutionalization and development of bodybuilding began their strength, endurance and the muscle mass. Nal in the XVI century in India where the bodybuilding be- weight was made of shaped stone and had a handle in came a national sport in that time. the middle. Nal is the forerunner of today’s one-handed During the middle ages, this is often attributed weights (dumbbell) that are seen in gyms. Nal exercis- by a term of the dark ages, physical exercise within the ers have strengthened the hand and shoulder muscles. European countries to a large extent been neglected, Even today in some parts of India this type of exercise and even banned. The reason for this attitude towards with dumbbells stone is often used. Since they had dif- physical exercise in middle age is the fact that in an- ferent weights, shapes, dimensions and weight, each cient Rome, the physical exercise associated mostly had its purpose. Looking through the centuries in India, with battles of gladiators that were very inhumane and there were many forms of exercises with various types often resulting in death. The ancient Olympic Games of loads. Many of the techniques they used are still using after the decadence and the numerous scandals are be- in the modern bodybuilding. Also, the types of exercises ing abolished and prohibited. All this did not work in they performed we can see today too on the “Strongman favor of physical exercise during the early middle ages. competitions”. However, in rural areas people still retain certain types Lifting a stone circle was a specific exercise prac- of physical competition and with them some discipline ticed by the Indians to increase their strength and en- in which they expressed muscle power of participants durance. The exercise consisted of running and lifting (Zivanović, 2000). the stone, whose weight gradually increased, thereby At the beginning of the new century, in the 1531, strengthening the legs, neck and spine muscles. This Sir Thomas Elyot published a book in which he intro- unique exercise system is a part of physical education duced exercises toward strength developing. This is the in India. first book in which the power and strength exercises Sumtola rising is another form of exercise that is were presented in such a way. Sometime later, in 1544, specific to physical education of Indian people. Sumtola within the some universities in Germany and France, is a synonym made of two words, sum - which means regular resistance training was introduced toward their equally, and tola as means a weight. It is a “exercise curricula. They also recommended that resistance train- equipment“ that has equal weight on the both ends. The ing should be an integral part of the school curriculum. weight was a log that is made of Indian wood Babul In the late XIX century a new system of training (lat. Acacia Arabica). There were carved holes at equal rises in Europe. Following the example of the ancient distances from the ends of logs. In these holes there Greeks, many people were involved in this new system were placed handles that were used for stable grip of of exercise known as “lifting”. Until then, an unprece- the exercisers. Sumtolas are lifted in order to increase dented system of training in Europe, lifting, represented the strength and endurance, and are often practiced by a new form of entertainment for the masses. At this time Indian wrestlers to increase their strength. This kind of period the first professional strongmen appears, and they weight can now be seen on the world strongman com- were showing their strength at various events or they
APES, (1), 2013 137 Stojiljković, Ignjatović, Savić, Marković and Milanović were playing various roles as circus performers, as dif- ment used. From stone and rocks, through the molded ferent kinds of heavy weights lifting. The former profes- dumbbells and weights, we came to very sophisticated sionals and pioneers of this type of exercise were setting training equipment that uses compressed air for training new records in weights and their goal was to break the resistance. record held by other participants. They traveled from town to town and also showed their strength capabili- REFERENCES ties. Besides lifting weights, it is often practiced pull- Beagon, M. (2005). The Elder Pliny on the Human Animal. ing carts with load, lifting animals, tearing chain rolled Oxford: University Press. around the chest and so on. Symmetry of the body and Brain P. (1986). Galen. Cambridge: University Press. the muscles at the time was an unknown concept; the Brian, P. (1979). Galen on the ideal of the physician. South Africa Medical Journal, 52, 936–938 majority had protruding bellies and large thick limbs Harris, H. A. (1972). Sport in Greece and Rome. Ithaca, NY: with no muscle definition. The tendency for symmetrical Cornell University Press. and aesthetically built body occurs only in the late XIX Harris, H.A. (1964). Greek Athletes and Athletics. London: and early XX century. Then there is the appearance of Hutchinson & Co. the gap between the former strongmen, asymmetric and Schwarzenegger, A. (1999). The New Encyclopedia of Modern too heavy and modern bodybuilder who seeks to perfect Bodybuilding. Simon & Schuster symmetry and aesthetics of the body. Spivey, N. J. (2004). The Ancient Olympics. Oxford and New Presentation of the historical concept of strength York: Oxfor: University Press. training has shown that today’s guiding principles of Stephen G. M. (2006). Ancient Greek Athletics, Yale: Unive- rsity Press, strength training was based long before, in the ancient Todd, J. (1995). From Milo to Milo: A History of Barbells, times. Through its long history up to today they did not Dumbbells, and Indian Clubs. Iron Game History, 3(6). significantly change. What we have experienced isa Живановић, Н. (2000). Историја физичке културе [History revolutionary development of the machinery and equip- of physical education. In Serbian] Ниш: Паноптикум.
Correspondence: Nenad Stojiljkovic, University of Nis Faculty of Sport and Physical Education Čarnojevičeva 10A, 18000 Niš, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 138 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 139-142
METHODIC INSTRUCTIONS FOR PERFORMING OF THE MORNING PHYSICAL EXERCISE AMONG PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
(Pofessional paper)
Irena Stanišić High school for professional education of teachers in preschool institutions, Kruševac, Serbia
Abstract Physical education with children in kindergartens is achieved through appropriate forms of work. These forms or types of work are the basis of children motion activities, and they are composed of health - hygiene and educational tasks that children achieve. General forms of work in physical education are: the morning physical exercise, mobile games, focused physical activity, free activities and recreational breaks, tours, walks and expression of movement, the so-called dancing children activities. Morning activity of children in kindergarten is considered for one of the main form of work within the physical education of preschool children. It is performed daily, in the morning before the breakfast time. In order to choose the appropriate exercises and measured strain to which the children will be exposed during the exercise, it is determined the optimal structure of the morning physical activity. This activity is divided into three parts - introduction, main and the final part.
Keywords: physical education, kindergartens, physical activity, correct body posture, complex physical exercises
INTRODUCTION physical education of preschool children. This morn- The organizational forms of work take an impor- ing activity is performed on daily base in the morning tant place in the organizational basis of the educational time before the breakfast. Educational and health objec- work. Educational forms of work are actually structured tives of physical education can be achieved through the components that are based on unique organizational morning exercise, as far as it is performed in appropriate work. Through these components the relations between specified conditions and under the professional guidance the teachers and the children as well as among the chil- of teachers. dren themselves are organized during the physical edu- The main objective of performing the morning cation practice in kindergarten. exercise is to form a habit of daily exercise among the Thus, the physical education of children in kin- children. Additionally, it is used to eliminate sleepiness dergarten is achieved exactly through these appropriate among the children and encourage the work of all body forms of work. These forms or shapes of work are the organs and coordination of systems and organs after basis of motion activities of children and they are com- the sleep (Džinović-Kojić, 2002). Also, the purpose of posed of health - hygiene tasks as well as educational this exercise is to stretch out the child’s body with short tasks that the children achieve. General forms of work and energetic movements, which have good effects on in physical education are: morning physical exercise, pulmonary ventilation. The additional value of morning mobile games, focused physical activity, free activities exercise is to create and maintain a good, cheerful and and recreational breaks, tours and walks and expression lively mood, which contributes to children’s willingness of movement, the so-called dancing children activities for other daily activities. Daily morning physical exercise encourages The objective and the importance the successful work of the most important body func- of morning physical exercise tions. First of all, it has a positive effect on cardio-vascu- Morning activity of children in kindergarten is lar and respiratory processes, i.e. functions of the heart, considered for one of the main forms of work within the bloodstream and breathing system (Djurković, 1995).
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Thus, each child through the morning exercise teaching staff. Otherwise, it might bring more damage properly adopts deep and rhythmic breathing, which than benefits for the physical development of children, strengthens the overall health of the organism as a and you shouldn’t insist on this form of gathering of all whole. Preventive importance is reflected in the devel- ages by all means in order to achieve the morning physi- opment of correct body posture, which is used to avoid cal exercise. various deformities that could disrupt normal breathing • The content of activities of morning physi- and function of various organs and systems (Peric and cal exercise is selected and determined on the basis of Cvetković, 2003). well-designed plan, and planning of this type of work Morning physical exercise has a corrective char- must mainly start from children’s physical abilities. In acter, which is mainly consisted of removing the minor other words, the requirements that are placed among the child deformity or disorders of the child’s body. In this children in the morning practice mustn’t exceed their capacity, the morning activities improve the resistance specific features. Otherwise, the objectives of physical of the organism on the negative influences and many education cannot be achieved through this form of work, diseases, especially through the strengthening of those and it will raise a frustration, discouragement among the characteristics according to which the problems can be children and over the time also the resistance to body noticed among the children. activities in general. • Before you start exercising, it is important Methodical instructions for for children to feel comfortable, i.e. to be adequately performing of morning physical exercise: dressed up in order to avoid sweating during the ex- • The morning physical exercise should be ercise. It is best to stay in a light T-shirt and training daily performed and at about the same time every morn- suit, so their pants or other pieces of clothing can’t bind ing before the breakfast. For the successful realization the movements that they achieve during the exercise. of morning exercise it is necessary that the teacher, in Exercise clothing for children should provide them un- spite of the excellent knowledge of the developmental fettered movement during the exercise of any type, and characteristics of all ages, also owns good and precise even of morning as well. knowledge of the individual characteristics of children, • It is very important to choose the exercises because they are the starting point of his educational in- that children should execute in the morning activities. fluence within the educational and comprehensive phys- The teacher should mainly apply those exercises that ical education. are already known and that are partly adopted by the • It is recommended that the morning exercise children, in order to avoid waste of time on explaining is performed with children in the fresh air-for example and bothering of children about the adoption of new ex- on the terrace in front of the study room, whenever the ercises. Also, the criteria which should lead you when weather conditions allow that. If this is impracticable, you select the exercises to practice is the request that the then the exercise is performed in the kindergarten gym exercises must be attractive, interesting, accessible and which is well-ventilated just before the exercise, and a customized for children of particular age. Compressing window that is possibly the most distant from the chil- of these basic criteria, leads to the conclusion that the dren should be opened, in order to allow the fresh air to exercises which are given to children should be made circulate. in a way that they don’t require a lot of explanations • During the winter, the morning exercise can and long-term learning, and it is necessary to meet the be achieved through the activities in snow. Such activi- condition of gradual complexity and increasing strain of ties are first of all-running exercises, throwing snow- the exercise. balls, skipping snowballs or through various mobile • In the morning practice you should use as games that can be carried outside. many devices and equipment as possible that are in the • In order to achieve optimal effects of morn- room or in the yard, in order to achieve diversity, dy- ing physical exercise on the overall development of chil- namism and imagination of exercises. Children’s active dren’s body, it is recommended to perform the activities interest and motivation will be held for exercise. on the morning air with several groups or all groups at • The morning physical exercise is performed in once, or if there is no condition, with one group. If you different lengths, depending on the different age group have to exercise in the gym, again, it is desirable that the that is achieved, i.e. depending on the specific physical groups of all ages practice simultaneously. At the same and motor abilities and interests of children. Thus, in the time achieving of morning physical exercise for groups younger age group it is performed up to five minutes, of all ages, it is useful only in terms of the maximal in the middle group up to six minutes, and in the older motivation of all children to participate more actively group up to a maximum eight minutes. The teacher may in the exercise, i.e. achieving of more regular and more occasionally extend the performance of morning activi- effective exercise. You should keep in mind that this ex- ties, if he/she estimates that it will have a positive effect ercise can be successfully achieved only if the specific on children and it won’t represent too much effort for kindergarten has the conditions for it, in terms of space, them. equipment and devices, and the proper attitude of the • The repetition number of exercises that are
APES, (1), 2013 140 Stanišić performed in the morning activities also depends on previous exercise entailed. Working during the same both of the age of the children and their preparation for week can be refreshed by changing the environment exercising and the live exercise characteristics. Practic- in which live exercise is performed. Unlike the partial ing with younger group of children can be done more changes, complete replacement of existing one with a than three or four repetitions of the same live exercise, new complex of exercises may be done only once or but only in one series. With children of middle and older possibly twice a month. Then the children are complete- groups the number of repetitions is four to eight for each ly introduced by new exercises, which can be a bit more live exercise, depending on its complexity and intensity. demanding than previous mastery forms and approved Children from the oldest group can perform the same forms of exercises. The focus should be on the exercises exercises in two series, with breaks in between, whilst it that develops the chest muscles (spread movements), is necessary that the teacher gives an explanation of the develops the flexibility of spine and strengthens the ab- exercise and performs the correction of its performing dominal muscles. with children where is needed. • It is always desirable to perform morning CONCLUSION exercise accompanied with music which represents the One of the basic ideas that educators should be inspiring music background for exercise activities and conducted during the realization of all physical activities contributes to a bright and dynamic children’s mood. with children in kindergarten is that these activities must Additionally, music which is played during the morn- be appropriate to specific age level of the children with ing exercise helps the children in performing the neces- whom we work. A large number of children, unfortu- sary movements, developing a better sense of rhythm for nately, are not attending the kindergartens where physi- them at the same time. cal activity is performed by a particular program, i.e. the • Music has extremely stimulating effect on the plan and program of educational work in preschools. nervous system so it stimulates high emotions of chil- Within this working program part of the daily physi- dren, and effectively organizes children’s community cal activities is realized, precisely through the morning to take a part in activities of morning exercise. The ap- physical exercise. plication of music within the exercise will contribute to Morning physical activity is usually performed by development of accuracy, rhythm and free achievement direct exercise starting from head to heels. The exercises of expressive enthusiastic movements. which are included in the morning gymnastics, allow • Music background as an element of morning the achievement of the additional objectives in physical exercise, may be in the form of piano escort (teacher) education and these objectives are - proper perception directly connected with the live exercise practicing, then of human body schemes and improving the children’s as a song that will be sung by the teacher and the chil- attention that is focused on cognitive processing of nec- dren or will be played from some compact disc, as well essary programs. Besides the morning physical exercise, as a rhythmic monitoring of exercise by percussion in- the other specified forms of work in the field of physical struments or rhythmic splashing the hands. education can be achieved, but oriented physical activi- • There is, however, one condition that must be ties have the most practical value. satisfied so music could be used as an association for practicing. The condition is that the children must adopt REFERENCES given movements and exercises really well, according to Bogosavljev, M. (1986). Metodika fizičkog vaspitanja dece which we want to use music. The purpose for setting up predškolskog uzrasta [Methods of physical education in of this condition is to ensure that the children have per- preschool children. In Serbian]. Kikinda: Pedagoška aka- formed the required automatic movements and therefore demija. they won’t waste time and energy on thinking about the Džinović-Kojić, D. (2002). Fizičko vaspitanje predškolskog proper performance of each element and adjusting their deteta [Physical education preschool child. In Serbian]. movement with music. Beograd: Samostalno izdanje autora. • The complex of exercises that already has Djurković, Z. (1995). Metodika fizičkog vaspitanja dece been established shouldn’t be changed for a period of predškolskog uzrasta za student i vaspitače [Methods of at least one full week, so the children could completely physical education for children of preschool age students adopt these live exercises. Integration of the existing and educator. In Serbian]. Šabac: Viša škola za obra- complex of exercises can only be done during the next zovanje vaspitača. week, so using some changes will actually create a vari- Krsmanović, B. (2000). Teorija i metodika fizičkog vaspitanja ant of the complex. The change usually means replace- [Theory and methodology of physical education. In Ser- ment of one or two exercises from the complex with bian]. Novi Sad: Fakultet za sport i fizičko vaspitanje. some new, only slightly intensive exercises (the request Mаtić, М. & Bokan, B. (1990). Fizičko vaspitanje [Physical with gradual aggravation of exercise must be respected). education. In Serbian]. Beograd: Fakultet za fizičku kul- • Making changes in the complex of exercises turu. on a weekly basis, can also mean a change in certain Perić, D. & Cvetković, N. (2003). Budi prav bićes zdrav. Vezbe devices, accessories or positions and formations of the i igre za prevenciju i korekciju poremećaja posturalnog
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statusa kod dece [Be straight-you will be healthy. Exer- Višnjic, D. (2004). Teorija i metodika fizičkog vaspitanja [The- cises and games for the prevention and correction of pos- ory and methodology of physical education. In Serbian]. tural disturbances status in children. In Serbian]. Beograd: Beograd: Fakultet za sport i fizičko vaspitanje. Biblioteka grada Beograda i Biblioteka Despot Stefan Stanisić, I. (2011). Praktikum za Metodiku fizičkog vaspitanja Lazarević. – za studente Visoke škole strukovnih studija za vaspitače Višnjić, D. (1996). Nastava fizičkog vaspitanja [Teaching [Practical Methodology of Physical Education-for stu- physical education. In Serbian]. Beograd: Zavod za udz- dents’ College for teachers. In Serbian]. Krusevac: Sigraf benike i nastavna sredstva. plus, Samostalno izdanje autora.
Correspondence: Irena Stanisić High school for professional education of teachers in preschool institutions 22 Luke Ivanovic street, 37000 Kruševac, Serbia E-mail: [email protected]
APES, (1), 2013 142 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 143-155
Апстракти на Македонски јазик / Abstracts in Macedonian ______
Rossitza Tzarova КАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ НА СОМАТОТИПОТ НА СТУДЕНТИТЕ ОД ПРОФИЛИРАНИТЕ ГРУПИ ПО ПЛИВАЊЕ
Целта на истражувањето беше да се утврдат карактеристиките на соматотипот на студентите од профилираните групи по пливање. Примерокот на испитаниците го сочинуваа 49 студенти кои се вклучени во профилираните групи по наставната дисциплина „Спорт по избор - пливање“ на Техничкиот Универзитет во Софија. За реализирање на целата на истражувањето, применети се методите: pregled и teoretska analiza na соодветната литература, антропометриски мерења и одредување на соматотипот според постапката на Heath-Carter (1980). За одредување на карактеристиките на соматотипот, применета е варијациона анализа. Анализата покажа дека наспроти нестабилноста на компонентите на соматотипот, како просечен соматотип на студентите од профилираните групи по пливање во високото образование во Бугарија, може да се дефинира мезоморфниот-ектоморфен тип. Тоа главно, значи дека студентите – пливачи се карактеризираат со развој на ниско ниво на масното ткиво и внатрешните органи, како и задоволително ниво на развојот на мускулно – скелетниот апарат.
Клучни зборови: antropometriski karakteristiki, masno tkivo, muskuno - skeleten aparat, metoda na Heath Carter, endomorfen somatotip, mezomorfen somatotip, ektomorfen somatotip, varijaciona analiza ______
Rade Stefanović, Branimir Mekić ПОВРЗAНОСТ НА СУБЈЕКТИВНАТА СОСТОЈБА НА РАБОТНИТЕ СПСОСБНОСТИ НА ВРАБОТЕНИТЕ ВО МАШИНСКАТА ИНДУСТРИЈА
Примерокот на испитаниците беше по случаен избор. Планираниот примерок изнесуваше 30% од вкупно вработените, односно 858. Од нив беа анкетирани 813 (28,6%). Тие беа земени од Работната организација „Алатница“ Ниш. Анкетирањето е спроведена од 8 студентите на Наставно-научната група за физичка култура, на Филозофскиот факултет во Ниш. Студентите беа посебно обучувани за анкетирањето. Од резултатите за поврзаноста на субјективното чувство на анкетираните за состојбата на физичките и работните способности, како и за здравјето и активности во спортската рекреација и мотивацијата за учество во тие активности, може да се извлече заклучок дека тоа е подобро кај оние рабоници кои преходно активно се занивалре со спортски активности.
Клучни зборови: pasiven odmor, sportsko-rekreativni aktivnosti, funkcionalni sposobnosti, kineziolo{ki Pra{alnik, zdravstvena sostojba, χ²-test ______
Ekaterina Deliverska ОБРАЗОВНИОТ ПРОФИЛ НА СПОРТСКИОТ АНИМАТОР
Образовната подготовка на субјектите за реализација на туристичките активности (поконкретно за спортската анимација), е основна детерминанта за квалитетот на туристичкиот продукт. Барањето на можностите за усовршувањето на подготовката на спортските аниматори, пртставува објект на истражувачките настојувања во различни области на научното сознание. Целта на истражувањето беше да се утврди образовно- професионалната подготовка на спортските аниматори. Во трудот е применета методата на анкетирање. Примрокот на испитаниците беше дефиниран со 64 аниматори, избрани според принципот на случајноста. Тие беа вработени во хотели со четири ѕвезди. Утврдениот процентот на испитаниците од истражувањето кои не се професионално обучувани во спортската анимација, е забележително голем (42,55).
APES, (1), 2013 143 Клучни зборови: kvalitet na sportski animaторски uslugi, profesionalno obu~uvawe, obrazovno-profesionalna podgotovka, metoda na anketirawe, stepeni na obrazovanie, procenti ______
Milan Stanimirović, Predrag Milenović, Vladimir Mutavdžić ЕФЕКТИТЕ НА ОДРЕДЕНА ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛНА ПРОГРАМА НА ТРЕНИНГ ЗА БОДИБИЛДИНГ ВРЗ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИТЕ НА СОМАТОМЕТРИСКИТЕ КАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ КАЈ ЖЕНИТЕ
Целта на истражувањето се состоеше во утврдување на четиримесечните ефекти од примената на одредена експериментална програма за бодибилдинг тренинг врз трансформациите на соматометриски- те карактеристики на 26 селектирани вежбачки на возраст од 19 до 29 години (± 6 месеци). Oбработените податоци од истражувањето со дискриминативна каноничка анализа, покажаa дека не постои статистички значајна разлика во соматометрискиот простор на вежбачките меѓу иницијалнито и финалното мерење. Aнализирано во генерална смисла, експерименталната програма на тренингот за бодибилдинг, не влијаеше врз трансформациите на целосниот соматометриски простор на вежбачките. Гледано во парцијална смисла, најголем дискриминативен придонес имаа варијаблите: маса на телото и кожен набор на грбот. Овие варијабли само индикативно укажуваат на трендот и диспозицијата за влијанието на бодибилдинг програмата врз смалувањето на масата на телото и масното ткиво кај жените. Може да се претпостави дека поголеми и позначајни ефекти на применетата програма, би се постигнале со нејзини корекции, така што во натамошните истражувања, би се зголемувал обемот и интензитетот на тренажниот третман со продолжување на неговото времетраење.
Клучни зборови: telesna viso~ina, dol`ina na nozete, obem na gradniot ko{, obem na nadlakticata, te`ina na teloto, diskriminativna каноничка analiza, diskriminativna каноничка analiza ______
Mekić, Petković, Ilić, Hadžić ВЛИЈАНИЕТО НА ОДРЕДЕНА ПРОГРАМА ПО СПОРТСКА ГИМНАСТИКА ВРЗ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЈАТА НА МУСКУЛНАТА СНАГА
Во истражувањето беа вклучени 132 испитаници на возраст од 11 години. Тие беа третирани со експериментален тренажен процес со иницијални и финални мерења во карате клубови. Тој содржеше програма со базични функции на спортската гимнастика (Gymfitschool). Програмата се реализираше 48 часови со два тренинзи неделно во текот на шест месеци. По завршувањето на финалните мерење, добиените резултати покажаа дека постои позитивно влијание врз трансформацијата на моторната способност – мускулна снага. Врз основа на тие резултати, може да се препорача, дека применетата програма е корисна и за трансформирањето на мускулната снага во други спортови, а не само во спортската гимнастика.
Клучни зборови: u~enici, eksperimentalen trena`en proces, programa Gymfitschool, inicijalni merewa, finalni merewa, karate klubovi, t-test ______
Benin Murić, Izet Kahrović, Oliver Radenković МОТОРНИТЕ СПОСОБНОСТИ НА УЧЕНИЦИТЕ ОД ГРАДСКА И СЕЛСКА СРЕДИНА
Целта на истражувањето беше да се утврди разликата на моторните способности меѓу учениците од градска и селска средина кои посетуваа настава во различни материјални услови. Истражувањето е реализирано на 200 ученици на возраст од 15 годин ± 6 месеци. Учениците беа поделени во две групи (100 од село и 100 од град). За проценување на третираните моторни способности, применети се седум моторни тестови. Резултатите од мултиваријантната анализа на варијансата покажаа дека двете групи испитаници, статистички значајно се разликуваат во ситемот на примнетите тестови на нивото од .05. Од анализата на аритметичките средини на тестовите меѓу двете групи испитаници, може да се забележи дека постои статистички значајна разлика во брзината на алтернативните телесни движења (MTAP), мускулната снага на стомакот и флексорите
APES, (1), 2013 144 на зглобот на колкот (MD60). Разликата е во корист на учениците од градот.
Клучни зборови: motorni telesni testovi, muskulna elasti~nost, stati~ka muskulna snaga, eksplozivna muskulna snaga, motorna telesna brzina, telesna koordinacija, multivarijantna analiza na varijansata ______
Diana Peeva, Marina Nedkova ФИЗИЧКАТА КУЛТУРА И СПОРТОТ КАКО ФАКТОР ЗА ФОРМИРАЊЕ НА РАЗВОЈОТ НА ДЕЦА ОД ПРЕДУЧИЛИШНАТА ВОЗРАСТ
Целта на истражувањето беше да се утврди нивото на физичките способности кај децата од предучилишната возраст. Истражувањето е реализирано на примерок од 55 испитаници на возраст од 6 години. Примерокот беше поделен на 37 машки и 21 женско. Во написот се презентирани податоци од некои тестови за физичките способности.Тестовите се модифицирани со оглед на возрасните карактеристики на испитаниците. Заклучоците од студијата се насочени кон подобрување на физичкиот развој и физичките способности на идните студенти.
Клучни зборови: fizi~ko vospituvawe, fizi~ki sposobnosti, motorni testovi, detski gradinki, von~asovni aktivnosti, programi po fizi~ko vospituvawe, sportski pedagozi, aritmet~ka sredina, koeficient na varijabilnost ______
Gordana Vekarić, Gordana Jelić УКАЖУВАЊЕ НА ЗНАЧЕЊЕТО ЗА ВЕШТИНАТА НА ПИШУВАЊЕТО НА АНГЛИСКИ ЈАЗИК КАЈ СТУДЕНТСКАТА ПОПУЛАЦИЈА
Целта на трудот е да се укаже на значењето на вештината на пишувањето кое треба да се вклучи во во наставните планови на сите нивоа на англискиот јазики за студентите, како и да се зголеми нивниот интерес и мотивираноста на активности за развојот на вештината на пишувањето. Пишувањето поради својата сложеност, ретко се предава како посебен курс надвор од филолошките факултети во Србија. Меѓутоа, од завршените студенти во сите научни области, веднаш на почетокот на нивната професионална кариера, се бара употреба на пишувани жанрови на англиски јазик. Со оглед на тоа, што англискиот јазик се смета lingua franca на модерното технолошко време, студентите треба да бидат оспособени за користење на средства кои ќе им овозможат продлабочување на своите знаења со претставување на сопствените идеи и резултати на другите членови на дискурсната заедница ширум светот. Пристапот за избор на материјали за часовите по пишување на англиски јазик, кој е преложен во овој труд, треба да ги почитува карактеристиките на одредената струка и соодветниот дискурс. На тој начин, студентите се охрабруваа за пишување, зато што таа активност, тие и наставниците главно ја запоставуваа и избегнуваа. Авторите сметаат дака курсот по англиски јазик за посебни потреби (ЕПН) на Универзитетот, мора безусловно да вклучува истовремено учење на општите академски вештини за пишување.
Клучни зборови: akademsko pi{uvawe, motiviranost, profesionalna rabota, Pra{alnik, nastavni planovi, studenti po sport, kurs po angliski jazik, procenti ______
Artan R. Kryeziu, Enver Tahiraj, Ardonit Abdullahu РАЗЛИКА МЕЃУ СКОКOT ВО ВИСОЧИНА ОД МЕСТО И СКОКOT СО ПРИБЛИЖУВАЊЕ НА НОГАTA
Целта на овој труд е да се утврдат разликите меѓу статичниот вертикален скок (Сарџент) и скокот со приближување на нога) .Во овој труд,се третирани 60 испитаници од машки пол на возраста од 16-17 години. Податоците се обработени со методата на Т-тестот. Со помош на овој тест е потврдено дека варијаблата на скокањето со приближување на ногата има подобра вредност во споредба со варијаблата вертикален скок во височина од место (Сарџент)
APES, (1), 2013 145 Клучни зборови: ko{arkari, adolescenti, Sarxentov skok, skok so pribli`uvawe na ednata noga, t-test ______
Saša Đurić, Dejan Ilić, GoranNešić ДЕТЕКЦИЈА НА СТАТУСОТ НА СТАПАЛОТО КАЈ ОДБОЈКАРКИТЕ ОД УЧИЛИШНАТА ВОЗРАСТ
Целта на истражувањето беше да се утврди појавата на спуштено стапало кај посетителите на одбојкарската школа „Диф“ од Белград. Примерокот на испитаниците беше сочинет од 35 испитаници од училишната возраст. Со примена на методата на плантографија, беше проценуван статусот на стапалото. Притоа, беше применета Томсоновата метода и Методата на руски автори. Добиените резултати од истражувањето, покажаа дека 88,58% од посетителите на одбојкарската школа имаат спуштени стапала. Од нив, според Томсоновата метода, 8 одбојкари на левото стапало, немаа отстапување, 21 одбојкар биле со прв степен на спуштено стапало, двајца со втор, и четворица со трет степен. Примената на Методата според руските автори, покажа дека 10 одбојкари немале отстапување од нормалното стапало, 19 имале прв степен, двајца, втор степен и четворица, трет степен на спуштено стапало. Во поглед на десното стапало, состојбата била слична.
Клучни зборови: normalno stapalo, ramno stapalo, hipokinezija, prevencija za ramno stapalo, korekcija na ramno stapalo, Tompsonova metoda za plantogram, Metoda na ruski avtori za plantogram, procenti ______
Oliver Radenković, Izet Kahrović, Benin Murić УЛОГАТА НА ФИЗИЧКИТЕ АКТИВНОСТИ ВО ПРЕВЕНЦИЈАТА И ЛЕЧЕЊЕТО НА ДИЈАБЕТИСОТ
Трудот претставува преглед на досегашни статии кои се објавени во последните 15 години, за улогата на физичките активности во превенцијата и лечењето на дијабетисот. Користена е дескриптивна и историска постапка, а изворот на податоците е од различни електронски написи за соодветната тема. Покрај тоа, презнтирани се и печатени трудови во кои се третирани примероци на испитаници со вораст од 17 до 75 години од двата пола, чија физичка подготвеност е со различно ниво. Занимавањето со физички активности, дури и со умерен интензитет, има големо влијание во превенцијата и лечењето на дијабетисот.
Клучни зборови: fizi~ki aktivnosti, stres, zdebelenost, glikoza vo krvta, kardio vaskularni zaboluvawa, povrzanost na fizi~kite aktivnosti so dijabetisot, potko`ni masti, visceralni masti, demografski faktori, zdravstveni faktori ______
Mimoza Shodra АЖУРИРАЊЕ НА ПРОЦЕНКАТА НА МУСКУЛНАТА СНАГА КАЈ ДЕВОЈЧИЊАТА И ДЕЦАТА НА ВОЗРАСТ ОД 6 И 7 ГОДИНИ
Истражувањето е реализирано на 120 испитаници (вкупно 4 групи) од двата пола на возраст од 6 и 7 години. На нив се применти три моторни тестови за проценување на мускулната снага. Целта на истражувањето беше да се утврди основен критериум за проценување на мускулната снага кај девојчињата и децата од истата возраст. Според добиените резултати е утврдено дека девојчињата и децата од 6 и 7 години, имаат речиси идентични карактеристики на мускулната снага. Меѓутоа, во повеќето комбинации при тестирањето на аритметичките средини постои статистички значајна разлика.
Клучни зборови: motorni testovi, muskulna snaga, kriteriumska varijabla, ocenuvawe vo obrazovanieto, t- test, ______
APES, (1), 2013 146 Astrit Iseni ВЛИЈАНИЕТО НА НЕКОИ АНТРОПОМЕТРИСКИ КАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ И МОТОРНИ СПОСОБНОСТИ ВРЗ УПЕХОТ НА СПРИНТЕРСКОТО ТРЧАЊЕ НА 200 МЕТРИ КАЈ УЧЕНИЦИТЕ НА ВОЗРАСТ ОД 16 ГОДИНИ
Целта на овој труд беше да се утврди поврзаноста меѓу моторните способности и антропометриските карактеристики и трчањето на 200 метри, кое е дефинирано како ситуационо-моторна, односно критериумска варијабла. Истражувањето беше спроведено на примерок од 130 ученици oд машки пол на возраст од 16 години ± 6 месеци. Во истражувањето се употребени вкупно 26 предикторски варијабли од кои: 12 варијабли за проценка на моторните способности, 13 варијабли за проценка на антропометриските карактеристики и една варијабла за проценка на ситуационо-моторна способност. Oд резултатите кои се добиени со регресивна анализа е утвpдeнoтo дека применетите предикторски варијабли, имаат статистичко значајно влијание врз критериумската варијаблa. Од моторните варијабли најголема статистички значајна поврзаност покажа скокот во далечина од место (MCДM), а од антропометриските варијабли, обемот на подлактицата и (АОп) и обемот на раката (АОП).
Klu~ni zborovi: motorni testovi, antropometriski merewa, prediktorski varijabli, kriteriumska varijabla, fizi~ko vospituvawe, eksplozivna muskulna sila, regresivna analiza ______
Tsvetko Tsvetkov СУШТИНАТА И РАЗВОЈОТ НА МЕНАЏЕРСКИТЕ ОДНОСИ ВО ФИЗИЧКАTA КУЛТУРА И СПОРТOТ
Авторот ги анализира принципите на финансирање во спортот во Европската Унија. Тој ја споредува состојбата на просечното финансирање во Европската Унија и во Бугарија. Авторот укажува на можноста да се препорачаат одредени активности кои треба да се преземат за подобрување на финансирањето во спортот, и да се поврзат со одредени согледувања што се актуелни и се дискутираат во Европската Унија. Клучни зборови: profesionalizam vo sportot, amaterizam vo sportot, vidovi sportovi, finansirawe vo sportot, pazarna ekonomija, sportsko pravo, sportski uslugi ______
Kasum Goran, Gligorov Strašo ЗНАЧЕЊЕТО И УЛОГАТА НА ТРЕНЕРОТ ВО БОРЕЊЕТО
Честоптати во боречкиот спорт, доминантно се вреднува искуството на тренерот кое го стекнал низ својата натпреварувачка и тренерска кариера, додека знањето кое е стекнато низ образовните институции нема секогаш висока цена. Секој тренер мора да биде обучен за висока квалитетна работа со секоја категорија на борачите, а неговата компетентност треба да се обезбедува со натамошното усовршување. Работата со пионерите треба да е насочена кон развојот на хармонична личност и создавање на поволен капацитет за интелектуална и физичка активност, а не да се зборува само за спортските резултати. При работата со кадетите, треба да се има предвид дека тие, сé уште не се вистински натпреварувачи, што не значи запоставување на натпреварувачката работа. Понекогаш борачот, својот стил на борење го изградува според моделот на борач на нивниот тренер, додека тој бил натпреварувач. Но тоа, не треба да значи дека тој модел за него е најпогоден. Промената на тренерот или преминувањето на борачот во нов клуб, не треба да влијае доминантно врз промена на неговата техника која ќе ја користи во тој клуб. Ако се работи за борач од кој се очекуваат сериозни успеси, целиот тренажен процес мора да биде насочен кон создавање на предуслови за неговото докажување и достигнување на натпреварувачкиот максимум. Ставовите за достигањата на борачите треба постојано да се проверуваат, но тои не треба секогаш да се менуваат, дури и тогаш, кога ќе се причинува дека проценката била погрешна.
Клучни зборови: natprevari vo boreweto, trena`en process, sporstko obrazovanie, licenci vo boreweto, sportski rezultat, kompetentnost na trenerot ______
APES, (1), 2013 147 Jadranka Kocić, Sladjana Tošić, Dragana Aleksić ВЛИЈАНИЕТО НА КОНТИНУИРАНОТО РЕКРЕАТИВНО ВЕЖБАЊЕ СО РИТМИЧКА ГИМНАСТИКА ВРЗ МОДЕЛОТ НА АНТРОПОЛОШКИОТ СТАТУС ВЕЖБАЧКИТЕ
Утврдувањето на моделот на антрополошкиот статус на спортистите, е мошне значајно за нивниот тренинг и селекцијата. При изработката на тој модел треба да се земаат предвид сите фактори кои влијаат на резултататите во ритмичката гимнастика. Такви фактори се: морфолошките карактеристики, моторните способности, психолошките карактеристики, социјалниот статус, техниката, тактиката и музичките способности. Девојчињата почнуваат да тренираат ритмичка гимнастика во предучилишната возраст, а најдобри резултати постигнуваат околу 17 годишната возраст. Ритмичките гимнстичарки имаат просечна телесна височина, или таа во однос на своите врснчки е над просекот. Нивната телесна маса е помала за 15 до 12 % од „идеалната“ за сметка на масното ткиво. Успехот во ритмичката гимнастика најмногу зависи од усогласеното делување на сите механизми кои се одговорни за еластичноста, брзината, рамнотежата и експлозивната снага. За спречувањето на несаканите ефекти потребна е високостручна работа и соработка со лекарот, нутриционистот, психологот, како и едукација на тренерот, вежбачките и родителите.
Клучни зборови: trenig, telesna viso~ina, telesna te`ina, masno tkivo, motorni sposobnosti, psiholo{ki karakteristiki, muzi~ki sposobnosti ______
Tane Dimovski , Daniela Paunova СОЦИЈАЛНИТЕ МРЕЖИ КАКО ДЕЛ ОД ОДНОСИТЕ СО ЈАВНОСТА ВО ПРОМОЦИЈАТА НА СПОРТОТ
Социјалните мрежи, како комуникациска алатка на односите со јавноста, придонесуваат во промовирањето и афирмирањето на спортот меѓу граѓаните. Aктивностите на социјалните мрежи во спортот, ги зближуваат луѓето со различни конативни особини, професии, возрасти, религии, националности и даваат можност за комуникација и размена на искуства, култури и пријателства. како промоција на здрави животни стилови. Социјалните мрежи како посебен општествен фактор, даваат придонес во процесот на заедничкото почитување на вредностите на спортот кои ги промовираат како средство за социјална кохезија. Користењето на социјалните мрежи има големо значење во одржувањето на поврзаност и информираност меѓу граѓаните за вредностите во спортот, што доведува до конечен заклучок дека тие претставуваат одлична алатка за односите со јавноста при комуникациските активности за промоцијата на спортот.
Клучни зборови: vrednosti na sportot, mediumi, komunikacii so javnosta, op{testveni informacii, fudbalski klubovi, ko{arkarski natprevari, rakometni klubovi, sportski organizacii, simpatizeri, Fejzbuk, Tviter, Gugl ______
Jovan Marković, Milovan Stamatović, Zoran Božović КВАЛИТЕТОТ НА НАСТАВАТА ПО ФИЗИЧКО ВОСПИТУВАЊЕ ВО ПОМЛАДИТЕ ОДДЕЛЕНИЈА НА ОСНОВНИТЕ УЧИЛИШТА
Авторите укажуваат на одредени недостатоци на наставата по физичко воспитување во помладите одделенија на основните училишта и можностите за отстранување на постојните проблеми. Притоа, се третира значењето на наставата по физичко воспитување и неговата улога во психофизичкиот развој на децата, како и организацијата на квалитетната настава по физичко воспитување врз основа на резултатите од повеќе досегашни истражувања во таа област. Исто така, се укажува и на други можности за унапредување на процесите во наставата по физичко воспитување во таа возраст.
Клучни зборови: motorni sposobnosti, sportsko-tehni~ko obrazovanie, psihofizi~ki razvoj, u~itel, fizi~ko ve`bawe, motorno obrazovanie, nastavni planovi, nastavni programi, metodika na fizi~koto vospituvawe, ______
APES, (1), 2013 148 Ruždija Kalač СОСТОЈБАТА НА СТРУЧНИОТ КАДАР ПО БОКС ВО РЕПУБЛИКА МАКЕДОНИЈА
Тренерoт е учител кој организирано и систематски го води процесот на обучувањето и тренингот. Притоа, тренерот ги снабдува своите спортисти со оптимална енергија и со мноштво на информации при што стекнатите сознанија и информации, боксерите ги усвојуваат на најдобар, најекономичен и најрационален начин. Тренерот прераснува во водач, педагог и воспиувач на младите луѓе. Централната личност во боксерскиот претставена е од тренерот. Во изминатиот период од една деценија работата во клубор се одвива најмногу врз основа на стручното искуство, интуицијата и ентузијазамот на многу боксерски стручњаци. Според анкетата што е спроведена од страна на авторот за 2012 година, прикажани се основните сознанија за структурата на тренерскиот кадар со кој располага Боксерската федерација на Македонија.
Клучни зборови: тренери, Анкетен прашалник, боксерски натпреварувачи, спортска форма Боксерска федерација на Македонија, боксерски клубови, лиценци во боксот ______
Dragana Cicović-Sarajlić, Biljana Pavlović, Branko Popović МУЗИЧКИТЕ ИГРИ КАКО ВИД НА ДЕТСКО СПОРТСКО ТВОРЕШТВО ВО НАСТАВАТА НА МУЗИЧКАТА КУЛТУРА
Во трудот се третираат можностите за поврзување на наставата по музичка култура и физичкото воспитување низ творештвото на танците и импровизацијата на телесните движења со музика. Целта на трудот е да се поттикне и развива творечкиот потенцијал на учениците од основните училишта низ музичките игри. Со примена на музичките игри во наставата од двата предмети се придонесува не само за развот на творечките капацитети, музикалноста и моторните способности на учениците, туку и за иницијативноста, имагинацијата, оригиналноста, конструктивноста, сигурноста во себе и самодовербата. Посебно се апострофираат примери на музички игри кои се поволни за развот на кретаивноста на учениците, што претставува основна цел на воспитно-образовната работа во основните училишта. Се истакнува значењето на интегративниот пристап со наставни содржини што се потпира на барањата на наставниот план и програмата и потребата за осовременување и иновирање на наставната практика. Клучни зборови: osnovni u~ili{ta, tanci, muzi~ki igri, motorni spsobnosti, vospitno-obrazovna rabota, korelacija vo nastavata, metodi~ki postapki ______
Valeri Tzvetkov, Nikolay Tsankov СИСТЕМИ ЗА ОРГАНИЗАЦИЈА И РЕАЛИЗАЦИЈА НА ОБУЧУВАЊЕТО ПО ФУДБАЛ ВО УЧИЛИШТАТА (ДИДАКТИЧКО-МЕТОДСКА КОНКРЕТИЗАЦИЈА)
Трудот го третира барањето на можности за зголемување на квалитетот на училишното образование во делот на обучувањето во физичкото воспитание и спорт низ интегрирањето на можностите во различни системи за организација и реализација на обучувањето во фудбалот и нивната дидактичко-методска конкретизација. Претставена е концептуалната визија, која произлегува од операционализацијата на можностите, како и елементите за визијата на учителот за практичната примена на различни системи за организација и реализација на обучувањето во фудбалот во училишното образование.
Клучни зборови: sistemi na obu~uvawe, grupen sistem na obu~uvawe, kombiniran sistem na obu~uvawe, u~itel, u~enik, fizi~ki sposobnosti, diferencijacija i individualizacija na obu~uvaweto ______
Katarina Herodek, Cvetko Simonović РАЗВОЈОТ НА СНАГАТА КАЈ ДЕЦАТА И МЛАДИТЕ СПОРТИСТИ
Тренерите кои работат со децата мора да бидат мошне квалитетни и добро да ги познаваат специфичните возрасни категории за постигнување на потребните цели. Предметот на трудот е развојот на снагата како неопходен дел на секоја физичка и спортска активност на децата. Проблемот на трудот претставува обид со теоретски приод да се прикажат можностите за развојот на снагата во текот на физичката
APES, (1), 2013 149 подготовка, како и нејзината улога и значење во физичкиот и спортскиот развој, не само кај децата кои не се вклучени во тренажниот процес, туку и кај оние кои активно се занимаваат со спорт. Со снагата се подобрува натпреварувачката успешност при изведувањето на многу спортски активности. Развојот на снагата во најмладата возраст има големо значење за моторниот и физичкиот развој на децата. Тренингот на снагата во детската возраст е еден од условите за доброто држење на телото и превенцијата на телесните повреди. Тој е значаен елемент за оптималната физичка подготвеност која е потребна за натамошниот спортски развој.
Клучни зборови: treneri, sportska aktivnost na decata, fizi~ka podgotovka, sportski razvoj, fizi~ki razvoj, motorni sposobnosti, ve`bi so optovaruvawe, antropolo{ki karakteristiki, funkcionalni sposobnosti ______
Dimka Nestorova МЕСТОТО НА AЕРОБИКOT ВО ОБРАЗОВНИОТ СИСТЕМ НА РЕПУБЛИКА БУГАРИЈА
Физичката култура во организирана форма е застапена во сите потврдени педагошки системи и во теориите на најпознатите и најпризнатите мислители, филозофи кои се претставници на педагошката мисла во светот. Во Бугарија училишното физичко воспитување се појавува за прв пат во епохата на Ренесансата. Од 1879 година физичкото воспитување «Гимнастиката» (така се нарекувало во таа епоха) постои секогаш во сите наставни планови. Развојот на наставните планови и програми динамично минува низ неколку основни фази. Познато е дека аеробикот придонесува за развој и одржување на физичката способност на оние кои се занимаваат со него, како и за нивните подготовки за систематско вежбање и за здравиот начин на живот, што е дел од целите на обучувањето на културно-образовна област «Физичка култура и спорт». Во врска со тоа, поставивена е целта на трудот, која се состои во утврдувањето на местото на аеробикот во образовниот систем на Република Бугарија.
Клучни зборови: fizi~ko vospitanie, nastavni planovi, nastavni programi, fizi~ki sposobnosti, zdrav na~in na `ivot, specifi~na sportska podgotovka, nastavnik, roditeli, bibliografska metoda ______
Branko Gardašević, Slađana Mijatović, Gordana Vekarić, Tamara Ristović ХАЗЕНАТА ВО СРБИЈА
Спортските игри со топка се доминантна спортска активност во Србија, а ракометот е една од најуспешните. Ракометните екипи од Србија пет пати беа шампиони на Европа во двете конкуренции, а женските, машките и тренерите како членови на репрезентацијата на некогашната Југославија, освоиле дури 20 медали на најголемите меѓународни натпревари. На листата на Национални признанија за постигнати резултати во спортот, ракометарките и ракометарите се наоѓаат на првото место. Истовремено, малку е познато дека пред појавата на денешниот ракомет, во Србија постоеле слични спортски игри, кои може да се сметаат за негов претходник. Една од нив Хазената. Оваа спортска игра која потекнува од Чешка, во Србија била мошне развиена во првата половина на 20 век, попрецизно, во периодот меѓу двете светски војни. Со хазената главно се занимавале жените, иако имало и исклучоци. Основните правила на хазената биле мошне слични на денешниот ракомет. Екипата ја сочинувале 6 членови и голман, а структурата на играта не се разликувала битно од современиот ракомет. Поради својата едноставност и атрактивност, Хазената во наведениот период била особено распространета меѓу женската младина во Србија, така што се основани клубови во поголем број градови, за што се зачувани бројни материјални докази. Од поголемиот број на хазена – тимови од Србија, најголем успех имала екипата „БСК“ Белград, која во 1925 година станала шампион на Југославија. Обидот по завршувањето на Втората светска војна да се обнови хазената во Србија, не успеал. Меѓутоа, многу членови на хазената станале успешни ракометарки, што во голема мерка придонело женскиот ракомет, со 9 освоени медали на Олимписките игри и Светските првенства, да биде најуспешна спортска игра во женска конкуренција.
Клучни зборови: pojava i razvoj na hazenata, rakomet, `enski pol, hazena timovi ______
APES, (1), 2013 150 Dimitar Evgeniev Obreshkov СЛИЧНОСТИ И РАЗЛИКИ ВО ФИТНЕС ТРЕНИНГОТ ЗА ЖЕНСКИТЕ И МАШКИТЕ
Направен е обид да се објаснат објективните разлики во фитнес тренингот за женските и машките. Врз база на фактите и застапеноста на достапната литература, разгледано е влијанието на вежбите со оптоварување врз организмот на женските и машките. Тренингот за машките и женските во суштина е сличен, но целите се различни. Женските имаат желба да ослабат и да го оформат своето тело, а машките да добијат поголема мускулна маса. Тренингот за жените има цел да ја подобри мускулната издрливост за сметка на обемот на мускулите. Оптоварувањето со користење на вежби со тегови за женските треба да биде усогласено со посилните и послабите мускулни групи.
Kлучни зборови: физичко вежбање, вежби so оtpор, вежби so tegovi, кардио tренинг, tелесна tежина, tелесни мasti, аеробни вежби, анаеробни вежби, мускулна hipertrofija ______
Lenče Nasev ИНТЕГРАЦИЈАТА НА МУЗИКАТА И ТАНЦОТ ВО УЧИЛИШНИОТ КУРИКУЛУМ
Танцот, како и музиката зазема посебно место меѓу уметностите. Toj се realizira во одреден простор и време. Во него човекот е исполнувач и инструмент. Во минатото танцот имал обредни и социјални функции. Денес, во современите општества овие функции постепено се забораваат, исчезнуваат или ја променуваат својата содржина. Потребата за зачувување и сценско презентирање на танцот како оригинална, автентична структура во рамките на училишниот курикулум, произлегува од фактот дека тој е нераскинлив дел од духовната култура на заедницата во која се создава и применува. Во трудот се прикажува застапеноста на интеграцијата на музиката и танцот во рамките на училишниот курикулум.
Клучни зборови: muzi~ko obrazovanie, fizi~ko obrazovanie, narodni ora, izborni nastavni predmeti, motoren razvoj, vidovi tanci ______
Izet Kahrović, Oliver Radenković, Benin Murić ФИЗИЧКАТА АКТИВНОСТ И ЕДУКАЦИЈАТА НА РОДИТЕЛИТЕ ВО РЕХАБИЛИТАЦИЈАТА НА ДЕЦАТА СО НАРУШЕНА ФУНКЦИЈАНА ЛОКОМОТОРНИОТ АПАРАТ
Денес во времето на информациите, родителите повеќе од секогаш, сакаат да знаат на кој начин нивното дете треба да напредува во неговиот развој. Повеќето родители знаат дека одредени случувања, се ризични за нормалниот развој на детето, како што се тешкотиите во текот на бременоста, како и предвременото и тешкото пораѓање. Пради тоа, навремената дијагностика е мошне значајна во медицинската и едукативно- рехабилитативната практика. Кај децата со недоволна физичка способност, доаѓа до намалување на можностите за приспособување кон средината која ги опкружува. Недоволната физичка активност во нивниот натамошен раст и развој, доведува до промена на организмот во целина. Евиденција за можностите на нивното движење, може да се добие врз основа на анкетен прашалник кој го пополнуваат нивните родители. Едукацијата на родителите за помош на децата во почетните години на нивниот развој е мошне значајна. Таа е комплексен проблем, не само за родителите туку и за целото семејство кое ја претставува примарната животна средина наопходна за развојот на детето.
Клучни зборови: porаѓање, семејство, fizi~ka aktivnost, psihomotoren razvoj, ocenuvawe na motornite sposobnosti, Bobath – terapija, detska igra, anketen Pra{alnik ______
APES, (1), 2013 151 Nina Deneva PSIHOLO[KI, MORFOFUNKCIONALNI I KOORDINACISKI KARAKTERISTIKI NA MOTORNITE SPOSOBNOSTI I POTREBITE ZA PODGOTOVKA VO ODBOJKATA KAJ U^ENICITE NAVOZRAST OD 12-13 GODINI
Едно од позначајните прашања во физичкото обарзование е проучувањето на моторните способности со оглед на возраста на учениците. Динамиката на промените во организмот на младите, непосредно се одразува врз развојот на нивните физички способности. Тоа значи дека нивните различни motorni способности, својот максимален развој го достигнуваат во различни возрасни периоди - хетерохроност. Оdбојката се карактеризира со потребни моторни способности за брзо изведување на техничките елементи на одбојкарскиот терен. Одбојката, како и другите спортови е поврзана со остварување на основната функција на физичкото образование - зајакнување на здравјето на учениците и подобрување на моторните способности.
Клучни зборови: motorni sposobnosti, motorna koordinacija, fizi~ka izdr`livost, muskulna sila, motorna adaptacija, odbojka ______
Tane Dimovski, Daniela Paunova
ПРЕДЛОГ МЕРКИ ЗА ЧАСОТ ПО ФИЗИЧКО И ЗДРАВСТВЕНО ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ЗА ПОДОБРУВАЊЕТО НА ЗДРАВЈЕТО НА УЧЕНИЦИТЕ ОД ОСНОВНОТО И СРЕДНОТО ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ВО РЕПУБЛИКА МАКЕДОНИЈА
Секојдневната телесна активност, во современото живеење се наметнува како императив во функција на доброто здравје. За успешно воведување на трајни навики за физичка активност кај младиот човек, неопходно е навремено делување уште од најраната возраст. Предметот Физичко и здравствено образование и воспитание, во наставниот процес, го има приматот во делувањето во таа насока. Низ активноста на учениците на часот по физичко и здравствено образование, се влијае врз процесот на развивање на физичките способности, воведување и насочување кон позитивни вредности и ставови за физичката и спортската култура во секојдневното живеење и поврзување на физичкото образование со животните потреби. Со воведување новини на часот по физичко и здравствено образование значајно може да се придонесе за постигнување на таа цел.
Klu~ni zborovi: fiz~ki aktivnosti, motorni sposobnosti, telesni deformiteti, oddelenska nastava, predmetna nastava, ocenuvawe vo fizi~koto obrazovanie, sportski aktivnosti, nedelna zastapenost na fizi~koto vospituvawe ______
Jadranka Kocić, Sladjana Tošić, Dragana Aleksić МОЖНОСТИ ЗА ПРИМЕНА НА НЕКОИ СПОРТСКО-РЕКРЕАТИВНИ АКТИВНОСТИ ВО ПРЕДУЧИЛИШНАТА ВОЗРАСТ
Основа на човековото постоење како биолошко суштество, е телесното движење и физичките активности. Со оглед на тоа дека децата сé повеќе растат под влијанието на компјутерите, видео игрите и ТВ програмите, потребно е итно да се преземат соодветни мерки. Децата од предучилишната возраст голем дел од денот го минуваат во градинките. Поради тоа, најважно е во градинките, за нив да се организира правилно смислен физички развој. Рекреативните спортски активности за децата, имаат големо значење и се неопходни за поттикнување на правилниот раст и развој, зато што овозможуваат подобрување на моторните, когнитивните, конативните и емоционално психолошките карактеристики. Во градинките треба да се применуваат моторни активности со најразлични форми за решавање на моторните проблеми на децата од сите возрасни категории. На тој начин, ќе се создаваат темели за натамошно вклучување на децата во различни спортско-рекреативни активности. Значаен фактор во работата со децата е мотивирањето за занимавање со одредени спортско- рекреативни активности кои треба да претставуваат составен дел во текот на нивниот натамошен живот.
Клучни зборови: деtски gрадинки, физички развој, моtорни сpосбносtи, морфолошки каракtерисtики, pсихолошки каракtерисtики, pсихомоtорно учење, емоционално-социолошки сpособносtи, pриродни форми на sportski aktivnosti, steknati formi na sportski aktivnosti
APES, (1), 2013 152 Kiril Aladzhov СПЕЦИФИЧНИ ГИМНАСТИЧКИ ВЕЖБИ ЗА ОПШТ РАЗВОЈ ЗА ПОДГОТВИТЕЛНИТ ДЕЛ НА АТЛЕТИЧАРИТЕ (ТРИСКОК ВО ДАЛЕЧИНА)
Во трудот се третира примената на реквизити од гимнастичкиот арсенал - мрежа за одскок (трамполина) и акробатска патека за почетното обучување на чекорите при атлетскиот трискок, и различните видови на скокови и поскоци (со лева и десна нога), прескокнувања (од лева на лева нога) и други комбинации меѓу нив. Користењето на мрежата за одсток и акробатската патека го намалува оптоварувањето на коскено-зглобниот и мускулниот систем. Посветено е внимание на доскокот во ров со сунгер (песок) како превентива за зглобно- мускулните повреди. Вежбите треба да се применуваат постапно (од полесни кон потешки) во согласнос со основните дидактички принципи. Клучни зборови: gimnasti~ki pribor, po~etno obu~uvawe, podgotvitelni ve`bi, ve`bi so skokovi, ve`bi so doskok, tranpolina ______
Danilo Aćimović, Omer Špirtović, Zoran Jonić, Aleksandra Projević ПРЕТПРИЕМАШТВОТО ВО РЕКРЕАТИВНИОТ И ПРОФЕСИОНАЛНИOТ СПОРТ
Професионалниот спорт вклучува два типа на активности: Претприемништво и менаџмент. Во согласност со тоа, спортот, неопходно е под влијанието на сите економски законитости за стопанисување и стекнување на капитал. Спортот е исклучително профитабилна производна активност, а спортското претприемништво е посебна негова форма. Тоа е концентрирано кон што е можно поголема организираност на спортските колективи, со што спортските претприемачи би се довеле во таква состојба во која од нив се очекува создавање на поволен профит.
Клучни зборови: sportski menaxment, amaterski sport, biznis politika, tvore~ki sposobnosti vo sportot, sporski klubovi, donatorstvo vo sportot, sponzorirawe vo sportot, profit ______
Ivan Slavchev ПРИСТАП И ОСНОВНИ ФАКТОРИ ЗА ПОДОБРУВАЊЕ НА КЛАСИФИКАЦИЈА НА СПОРТСКИТЕ НАТПРЕВАРИ
Авторот анализира различни видови класификациi на спортски натпревари, а особено на атлетските натпревари. Врз основа на тоа, тој ги дефинира основните принципи кои се користат во компилацијата на класификациите за спортскиte настани, со се што објаснува зошто не постои единствена универзална класификација за сите спортски натпревари.
Клучни зборови: socijalni karkteristiki, demografski karakteristiki, pravni pra{awa na sportskite nastani, socijalni grupi, specifi~nosti na sporovite, Olimpiski igri ______
Redžep Škrijelj, Kamala Beganović, Fadilj Škrijelj, Ahmet Međedović ИСТАКНАТИ ПЕДАГОШКИ МИСЛИТЕЛИ ЗА СПОРТОТ И ФИЗИЧКОТО ВОСПИТУВАЊЕ
Основите на спортот и физичкото воспитување постојат од постоењето на човековото општество. Од тогаш, тие непрекинато се развививаат, усовршуваат и го менуваат својот карактер и содржина. При разгледувањето на фундаменталните проблеми и комплетните функции на спортот и физичкото воспитување, неопходно е да се анализира општествената условеност на нивниот развој, почитувајќи ги историските димензии и развојниот континуитет. Паралелно со општествениот развој и промените во економското и политичкото уредување, дојде до суштински промени во системот на физичкото воспитување и спортот. Спортот и физичкото воспитување во развојните педагошки мисли, во овој труд се согледувани низ влијанието
APES, (1), 2013 153 и придонесот на истакнати педагошки личности, како што се Коменски, Лок, Русо, Песталоци, Базедов, Гуц- Муц, Аморос, Хербарт, Дистервег, Спенсе и Де Врис.
Клучни зборови: vospituvawe na mladite, pedago{ki pravci, pedago{ki idei, li~nosti vo istorijata na pedagogijata, motorni naviki i umeewa, prirodni formi na telesni dvi`ewa, motorni aktivnosti, gimnasti~ki ve`bi ______
Tatjana Dimitrieska, Antonio Antonov НЕКОИ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ЗА ДВАЕСЕТ- ГОДИШНИОТ РАЗВОЈ НА ХОКЕЈОТ НА ТРЕВА ВО РЕПУБЛИКА БУГАРИЈА
Prezentirani se pove}e hronolo{ki pokazateli za razvojot na hokejot на трева vo pove}e zemji vo svetot, a potoa vo toj kontekst, kako osnova za negoviot natamo{en razvoj, se analizirani i pokazatelite vo dve razvojani fazi во текoт на izminatite dvaeset godini од развојот на хокејот на трева во Бугарија. Prvata faza se karakterizira so popularizacija na hokejot, a vtorata so brz podem na Bugarskata federacija za hokej na treva, како i pojavata na detskiot i mladinskiot hokej na treva. Vo текот на dvaesetgodi{niot period se formirani 48 klubovi i organizirani se 86 dr`avni prvenstva. Kako ~len na Evropskata federacija za hokej, Bugarskata federacija be{e prоglasena za Federacija so najbrz razvoj vo svetot. Taa, kako lider na Balkanot ima opfateno 3000 deca i vozrasni od dvata pola. Vo iзminatiot dvaeset godi{en period, bugarskite hokeari na treva u~estvuvaa na 27 balkanski prvenstva (16 vo ma{ka i 11 vo `enska konkurencija). Tie imaat osvoeno 7 prvi, 14 vtori i 5 treti mesta. Pokraj u~estvoto na ovie prvenstva, bugarskite hokeаri na treva, so svoi selekcii u~estvuvaa i na 27 Evropski prvenstva (18 vo ma{ka i 9 vo `enska konkurencija).
Kluni zborovi: hokej на tрева, detsko-mladinski hokej на treva, хокеарски prvenstva ______
Ahmet Međedović, Benida Pljakić, Enver Međedović, Edin Hodžić, Benin Murić УНАПРЕДУВАЊЕ НА ФИЗИЧКОТО ВОСПИТУВАЊЕ ВО ПРОЦЕСОТ НА СОВРЕМЕНТА ОРГАНИЗАЦИЈА НА РАБОТАТА
Современата настава по физичко воспитување без оглед на тоа на кои педагошки принципи се засновува, се смета како значаен фактор на динамичките процеси, со изразена тенденција дека функциите на физичкото воспитување во иста мерка го унапредувааат и го следат општествениот развој. Унапредувањето на физичкото воспитување во процесот на современата организација на воспитно-образовната работа, се согледува низ нови промени кои, пред сé, се однесуваат на условите на работата и севкупната организација на овој наставен предмет кој подразбира квантитативни и квалитативни промени во сите возрасти, почнувајќи од предучилишното воспитание и образование. Со законски одредби училиштата се обврзани да ги следат наставните планови и програми за работа, придржувајќи се кон календарот за работа кој е донесен од министерството за образование. Во трудот е укажано на вреднувањето, смислата на педагошката работа и единството на наставните содржини во насока на остварување на физичкото воспитување и неговите задачи во однос на наставникот и учениците, со посебен осврт врз развојот на физичките и функционалните способности, како и врз оспособувањето на учениците за спопртско-техничко образование.
Клучни зборови: sovremen pristap kon nastavata, obrazovni standardi, vrednuvawe na fizi~koto vospituvawe, obrazovni standardi, nastavni planovi, funkcija na fiz~koto vospituvawe, zada~i na fiz~koto vospituvawe, fizi~ki sposobnosti, funkcionalni spsobnosti, sportsko-tehni~ko obrazovanie, nastavni programi ______
Silvyia Matikova – Tamburova МЕТОДСКИ УПАТСТВА ЗА ПОЧЕТНОТО ОБУЧУВАЊЕ НА ТЕХНИКАТА И ТАКТИКАТА ВО ТЕНИСОТ
Организацијата на наставно-спортската дејност има значајна улога за реализацијата на програмските цели и задачи на обучувањето во тенисот. Совладувањето на техиката и тактиката во тенисот се во меѓусебна тесна
APES, (1), 2013 154 врска. Наставно-спортските активности се спроведуваат согласно наставно-спортските планови и соодветните предходно разработени наставно-спортски методски програми. Тие секогаш се подложни на промени кои се во согласност со актуелните и конкретните услови. Усовршувањето на одделните технички и тактички постапки е под влијанието на причинско последичните врски. Аналитичката и синтетичката метода претставуваат специфични методи за усвојување на техничките и тактичките постапки во тенисот.
Клучни зборови: nastavno-sportski planovi, nastavno-sportski metodski programi, fizi~ka podgotvenost, fizi~ki sposobnosti, analitika metoda za obu~uvawe, sinteti~ka metoda za obu~uvawe, motorni naviki ______
Nenad Stojiljković, Aleksandar Ignjatović, Zvezdan Savić, Živorad Marković, Sandra Milanović ИСТОРИСКИОТ РАЗВОЈ НА ТРЕНИНГОТ СО ОПТОВАРУВАЊЕ
Тренингот со оптоварување е поим со кој се подразбира користење на тегови, машини или сопствената тежина на телото со ангажирање на мускулната маса. Тој се користи за зголемување на способноста за совладување на оптоварувањето и зголемувањето на мускулната маса. Историскиот развој на тренингот со оптоварување се поjавува со првите цивилизации, како што сe грчката и кинеската. Митската приказна за Мил од Кротон и неговата тренажна метода е општо позната. Неjзиниот принцип на тренирање се смета за почеток на тренингот со прогресивно оптоварување. Почетоците на оваа дисциплина немаа софистицирана опремакако денешната, така што се користеа секакви можни реквизити. Со текот на времето, се користеа модерни реквизити и опрема за тренинг со различни видови на степени на оптоварување.
Клучни зборови: fizi~ki sposobnosti, digawe tovar, halteri, bodibilding, muskulna snaga ______
Irena Stanišić МЕТОДСКИ УПАТСТВА ЗА ИЗВЕДУВАЊЕ НА УТРИНСКОТО ТЕЛЕСНО ВЕЖВАЊЕ КАЈ ДЕЦАТА ОД ПРЕДУЧИЛИШНАТА ВОЗРАСТ
Физичкото воспитување на децата во градинките се остварува низ соодветни форми на работа. Овие форми ја сочинуваат основата на моторните активности на децата и се состои од здравствено-хигиенски, воспитни и образовни задачи кои децата ги остваруваат. Како општи форми на работа во физичкото образование се вклучуваат: утринско телесно вежбање, подвижни игри, насочена физичка активност, слободни активности и рекреативна паузи, излети и прошетки и танцувачки активности на децата. Утринските активности на децата во градинката, се сметаат како една од основните форми на работа во рамките на физичкото воспитување на децата од предучилишната возраст. Тие активности се изведуваат секојдневно, наутро пред појадокот. За полесно да се изберат соодветни телесни вежби и да се определи оптоварувањето на децата, потребно е да се утврди отималната структура на тие активности. Утринската телесна активност е поделена на три дела: воведен, главен и завршен дел.
Клучни зборови: fiz~ko vospituvawe, detski gradinki, fizi~ka aktivnost, kompleks na telesni ve`bi, pravilno dr`ewe na teloto ______
APES, (1), 2013 155 Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Vol. 3, No.1, pp. 156-159
GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTORS The Jurnal ACTIVITIES IN PHISICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT with ISSN ( International Standard Serial Number) 1857-7687, abbereviated title APES and subtitle International Jurnal of scientific and profesional issues in physical sducation and sport, is published twice a year by the Federation of sports pedagogues of Macedonia.
The published papers are categorized according to the scientific and bibliographic standards, or are papers that are presented at scientific meetings. Submissions are peer-reviewed anonymously by two independent, competent reviewers. Submissions can be accepted, rejected or returned to the authors for correction. Suggestions for corrections are given by reviewers, experts, editorial board members, the editor-in-chief and the chief editor deputies. The accepted papers are not always published in chronological order, i.e. according to the submission date to the editorial board. If the papers contain data or results from master’s theses, doctoral dissertations or research projects reports, the consent of the authors of these works, i.e. the head of the respective research project is needed. In addition, the sources for these data and results must be cited. Published works are categorized as: • Original scientific papers (Papers that reveal new, still unknown facts or contributions to scientific issues, and contain elements that allow checking the research results). • Notes. Papers containing results of short and completed research. These papers present synthesized results in a brief manner. • Preliminary communications. (Papers containing new scientific data whose publication cannot be postponed for a long time. The results of these works may later be republished in the usual way as original scientific paper which is in progress). • Reviews. Reports synthesized by analyzing and evaluating the status of a scientific problem which is already published in certain papers. The reviews should contain the views of authors on a certain scientific problem as well as the position and the significance of their work to the development of science and enrichment of knowledge in a relevant scientific area. • Conference papers. Complete papers presented at scientific meetings, but not published in proceedings. • Professional papers. Papers dealing with findings of existing original scientific papers results. They also emphasize the application of these findings based on knowledge of the research methods applied in the area that is analyzed in the work. The categorization of the submissions is carried out by the editorial board (based on a proposal by the reviewers) and does not necessarily coincide with the authors’ proposal. Technical form for preparation of the manuscript The papers are written and submitted both in electronic form and in hard copy. Paper length should not exceed 20 pages (A4 paper size, font size 12, single spacing, margins 2,5 centimeters), including all attachments (abstracts, tables, photographs, drawings, charts, references, etc.). Annexes should be prepared with utmost technical and art quality. They should be presented at the end of the text. If taken from another paper, annexes must reveal the full bibliographical source. In exceptional cases, the editorial board may review submissions larger than 20 pages.
Submissions must include: • Abstract in the language of the first author’s country; • Abstract in English; • Full paper in the language of the first author’s country; • Full paper in English. The abstract and the entire paper in English should be proofread by a certified lector Papers should contain the following structure:
Title The title should be brief but informative. Normally it should not contain abbreviations. If abbreviations do exist, their identification should be given in parentheses. As part of the paper title, authors and coauthors data should be provided, namely: - First and last name without titles and positions, - Full official title of the authors’ and co-authors’ institutions, city and country, APES, (1), 2013 156 - Scientific and academic title, position, workplace, postal and e-mail address, telephone number (preferably mobile phone) and fax number. Abstract and keywords The abstract should contain between 200 and 300 words. Its contents should not be identical and coincide with some of the paper text. There should be no abbreviations. It should integrate data on the essence of the work. (Original) research papers should include data on the subject’s sample, measurement instruments, research methods, results and conclusions. Keywords Key words should indicate the essence of the work. They should not be included in the title of the paper. Maximum seven keywords should be mentioned. Structure of original papers Introduction It should contain information indicators of the research problems, results and associated concluding observations. In addition, the research purpose should be indicated. Research methods This chapter should preferably not contain accented subtitles. However, it should include classified indicators for the subjects sample, measurement instruments applied, research methods (experimental, descriptive, historical, statistical, etc.). Results The results should be an outcome of appropriate processing methods. The results should be presented in a tabular, graphical or schematic manner, or by drawings, photos, etc. They should be interpreted concisely and should not be repeated in the text expressively by numerical data. Discussion and conclusions The discussion scope should be the most significant chapter in terms of the full paper text. It should contain causal relations and explanations of the results obtained. It should also include data interpretation from the applied data processing methods and interpretation of scientific results. The discussion should be characterized by appropriate comparisons of the research results with results of previous relevant research. Directions could be given concerning the theoretical and practical significance of the research results and their kinesiological and scientific implementations. The research conclusions should be integrated and synthesized with the discussion of results. They are based on discussions and should not overlap with the survey results. References Citation of references in the text and in the “References” should be in accordance with the Harvard referencing system (American Psychological Association standard). The references citation examples given in these Guidelines should be followed by the authors. In the text • Citation is made only from original sources. If they are not available (if quoted indirectly), the appropriate wording should be used (“taken from...”, “according to:...”). Citation should be either in original form or in quotes. • In case of indications of results, views, thoughts, etc., the name of the author should be indicated in parentheses, followed by a comma, and the year of publishing of the paper, for example: (Strel, 1987). • If an author that obtained research results is stated, the publishing year should be indicated in parentheses, in addition to the last name of the author. Example: (From the comparison of the results from the measurement characteristics of the motor tests, received by Gligorov (1999), one can assume that...). • When two or more research results’ sources are cited, published in the same year, by the same author or group of authors, the citation in the parentheses should be in the following format: author’s (authors’) last name, comma, years alphabetical order in lowercase, on which commas are placed. Example: Bala (2002a, 2002b). In such cases, these sources must be listed in the chapter “References” in the same order. • In the following explanations for indication of the authors, examples are shown only for the research results obtained. Examples of stating the results, views, thoughts, etc., are not displayed, but they correspond to the research results’ reference examples. • If two authors are cited, e.g. Naumovski & Gontarev (2006), it is necessary to specify both surnames and year. • If the authors have the same surname, the initials of the first names are indicated. For example: A. Naumovski (2002) & M. Naumovski (2006). The listing of such sources should be used throughout the paper regardless of the different years.
APES, (1), 2013 157 • In cases when three, four or five authors are cited, the first indication should contain all surnames and year. Subsequent citations should only indicate the first author and the words “et al.”. For example, the first indication is: Morrow, Jackson, Disch& Mood (1995) and subsequent indications, only Morrow et al. (1995). • If there are more than five authors, the citation should be as in the case of three to five authors inthe subsequent indication, i.e. by stating the first author and “et al.”. For example: Kurelic et al. (1975). However, the citation of bibliographic units in the chapter “References” should list all authors. • The citation of the paper for which no data on the author are available, the title of the paper is indicated, instead of the surnames. For example: Ministry of Education and Science (2008). • In exceptional cases (when the original source is unavailable), cross-referencing is used. In parentheses the following is indicated: the author quoted, the year of publication of the paper which contains the source, a semicolon, “by”, the author quoted, comma, year. For example: (Momirovic, Wolf & Popovic, 1999; by: Gontarev, 2007). In the “References “ The journal uses APA standard. The most common indications of sources under that standard are shown bellow. • The sources are listed in alphabetical order by surname of the first author or title of the paper if the author is unknown. If the same author appears alone in one work and as the first author with two or more authors in other works, his independent works should be cited first. Then, in alphabetical order of surnames the second, the third and subsequent papers are listed. If the same author appears more than once, the works are listed chronologically, i.e. starting with the earliest towards the latest work. • In cases where works are in process of publication, it is necessary to give all information on the paper. The words “in press” should be put instead of the publication year. • Instead of surnames, in cases where the author is unknown, the title of the work and other data should be indicated. • Regardless of the number of authors of the paper, all authors are indicated. Their names are separated by a comma and before the name of the last author the symbol “&” is put. • When a book (monograph) is cited, its title should be written in italic. • When a paper published in a journal is cited, the title of the journal and the year (volume) are written in italic. • All bibliographic units are indicated in the original language in which the paper is written. If the paper is not written in English, the translation of the title in English should be indicated in squared parentheses. T1 ibsequent text shows examples of most common indication of bibliographic units in the “References”.
Books (monographs) Example: Graton, G., & Jones, I. (2006).Research methods for sport studies. London and New York: Routledge. If the source is not in English, the English translation of the title is given in squared parentheses, as well as the language from which the translation is made. Example: Hayмовски, A. (2004). Osnovni statisti~ki metodi vo sportot [Basic statistical methods in sport. In Macedonian]. Skopje: Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura, Univerzitet “ Sv.Kiril i Metodij” vo Skopje Journals: The citation of papers in journals is indicated by the journal title, the volume, the number of the issue in parentheses, the first and last page of the paper. Example: Hessler, E., &Amazeen, P. (2009).Attentional demands on motor responsibility coordination. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80(3), 510-523. If the work is in print, in parentheses, the term “in press” is used instead of the publication year. The volume, the number of the issue and the pages of the journal in print must be stated. Example: Naumovski, A. (in press). Comparison of the predicative value of the anthropometric and motoric latent dimensions for the success in two sport elements of basketball and volleyball. Sport & science.
If a paper published in a Supplement is cited, the number of the Supplement is indicated in parentheses, instead of the number of the journal. Example:
APES, (1), 2013 158 Bala, G, Golubovic, S., & Katie, R. (2010). Relations between Handedness and Motor Abilities in preschool children. Collegium Antropologicum, 34(Suppl. 1), 69-75. Chapters in books Example: Čokorilo, R. (2007). Emocionalni razvoj predskolskog deteta. U G. Bala (Ur.), Antropoloske karakteristike i sposobnostipredskolske dece (str. 227-248). [Anthropological characteristics and abilities of preschool children. In Serbian]. Novi Sad: Fakultet sporta i fizickog vaspitanja, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu. Papers in proceedings of conferences Example: Hughes, M., & Reed, D. (2005). Creating performance profile using perturbations in soccer. Proceedings of 4th International Scientific Conference on Kinesiology „ Science and Profession - Challenge for the Future”, Opatija, 2005, (pp. 34-53). Zagreb: Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb. Doctoral, Master’s and Graduate works Example: Gligorov, C. (2008). Prediktivna vrednost na nekoi bazi~ni motorni testovi, analizirani so razli~ni metodolo{ko-statisti~ki postapki vrz uspehot na situacionite motorni testovi kaj ispitanici so natprose~ni motorni sposobnosti [Predictive value of some basic motor tests analysed by different methodological-statistical procedures on the success of the situation motor tests with tested individuals above-average motor capabilities. In Macedonian.] (Doktorska disertacija, Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura Univerzitet “Sv. Kiril i Metodij” vo Skopje.The citation of undergraduate and master’s theses is identical with the citation of doctoral dissertations. Instead of “Doctoral dissertation” the terms “Master’s thesis” and “Graduate Work” should be used accordingly.
Electronic sources Given the specifics of electronic resources (computer software, computer and information services, on-line sites), their indication in this text is shown by general order of the parts of the bibliographic unit by some examples. On-line Abstract The order of the elements of the bibliographic unit is as follows: Surname, initials of the name. (Year). Title, [on-line]. Journal title, volume, first page-last page. Abstract from: Name the file collection: name of the unit collection: unit-tag. Example: Mayer, A.S., & Bock, K. (1992). The tip of the tongue phenomenon: Blocking or partial activation? [on-line]. Memory and cognition, 20, 715-726. Abstract from: DIALOG File: PsycINFO Unit: 80-16351. On-line journal, available by e-mail The order of the elements of the bibliographic unit is as follows: Surname, initials of the name.(Year, month).Title, [paper volume]. The journal title [on-line serial publication], volume (number). Available by e-mail: e-mail message, text message. Example: Funder, D.C. (1994, March). Jugmental process and content: Commentary on Koehler base- rate [9 paragraphs]. Psycology [on-line serial publication], 5(17). Available by E-mail: psyc@pucc Message: Get psyc 94-xxxxx. CD-ROM Abstract The order of the elements of the bibliographic unit is as follows: Surname, initials of the name. (Year). Title [CD-ROM]. Journal title, volume, first page-last page. Abstract from: Source and number of the unit. Example: Mayer, A.S., & Bock, K. (1992). The tip of the tongue phenomenon: Blocking or partial activation? [CD-ROM]. Memory and cognition, 20, 715-726. Abstract from: SilverPlater File: PsycLITUnit: 80-16351. WWW (Internet, Web page) The order of the elements of the bibliographic unit is as follows: Titlepage.(Date). City: Publisher. Posted on day.month, year Web page: http header. Example: Electronic reference formats recommended by the American Psychological Association. (19.11.1999). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Made available on 3.5.2000. From the web page: http://www.apa.org/webref.html
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