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TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE Fisheries Assessment Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sc. 42 (1): 103 - 124 (2019) TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE Journal homepage: http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/ Review Article Fisheries Assessment, Gametogenesis and Culture Practice of Local Bivalve: A Review Hadi Hamli1*, Mohd Hanafi Idris2, Mustafa Kamal Abu Hena1 and Amy Halimah Rajaee1 1Department of Animal Science and Fishery, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Sarawak Campus, Nyabau Road, P.O. Box 396, 97008 Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia 2School of Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu Malaysia ABSTRACT Hard clams are found to overwhelm the benthic territory from the remote oceans in the marsh region, especially the tropical region. It is a filtered feeder that feeds upon microorganisms, debris and dissolved primal matter as the metabolic vitality hotspot for development. The abundance of food source caused mariculture of hard clam a possible practice in the open sea. Although harvested hard clams through mariculture progressively increase each year, they are still found to be less than oyster and cockle production. Knowledge of gametogenesis is essential for shellfish culture with a specific end goal to resolve the appropriate conditions for breeding. The gametogenesis is ordered into six phases, i.e. resting, early advancement, late advancement, ripe, spawning and spent. Fertilisation between sperm and egg occurs after hard clam spawning by chemical and physical incitement in the environment. Inseminated eggs experience several phases, i.e.; trochopores, D shape hatchlings, umbonal hatchlings and juvenile phase before ending up as mature shellfish. This review is chiefly intended to cover the biology and culture capability of hard clams, especially in Malaysia. Keywords: Biology, gonad development, hard clams, ARTICLE INFO mariculture, veliger Article history: Received: 04 July 2018 Accepted: 30 August 2018 INTRODUCTION Published: 26 February 2019 E-mail addresses: Western Coast of Peninsular Malaysia is [email protected] (Hadi Hamli) known for shellfish culture, which consists [email protected] (Mohd Hanafi Idris) [email protected] (Mustafa Kamal Abu Hena) of Perna viridis, Paphia undulata, Anadara [email protected] (Amy Halimah Rajaee) * Corresponding author granosa, and Crassostrea spp. (Poutiers, ISSN: 1511-3701 e-ISSN: 2231-8542 © Universiti Putra Malaysia Press Hadi Hamli, Mohd Hanafi Idris, Mustafa Kamal Abu Hena and Amy Halimah Rajaee 1998; Vakily, 1989). In Sarawak, most of the and other biodiversity (Davy & Graham, bivalves (Modolus spp., Pinna spp., Placuna 1982). Disturbance of the habitat will alter spp., Polymesoda spp., Meretrix spp.) are the nutrient and biotic composition, which gathered from natural environment, with a eventually affects the survival of hard clams. high demand from the local market (Hamli Moreover, the depleting number of hard et al., 2012; Idris et al., 2008; Lovatelli, clams also may result in overexploitation to 1988a). meet the market demand, which increases Among shellfish that are found in natural every year. habitats, Polymesdoa spp. (Corbiculidae) and Meretrix spp. (Veneridae) are mostly Morphology exploited by local communities in the coastal Bivalve is also identified as two symmetrical areas of Sarawak as a protein substitute. shells or two valves associated with tendon According to Hamli et al. (2012), these at the pivot (Spencer, 2002; Webb et al., hard clams were traded at seven divisions 1978). Poutiers (1998) described that in Sarawak. Despite a high demand from Veneroida orders had three diverging the market, there is no documentation on cardinal teeth belonging to Veneridae and hard clam culturing practice from Sarawak. Corbiculidae families. Cardinal teeth are Most fishermen collected it from the mudflat significant in valve movement mechanism area during the low tides. The coastal area, as a hinge which is regulated by anterior and together with flora and fauna, sustains each posterior adductor muscles (Spencer, 2002). other to form a tangible ecosystem. Sarawak The resting position of adductor muscle will itself sustains a large area of lowland of cause the ligament to spring apart the valves approximately 1.24 million ha or 13% of and the valves are closed when the adductor the total land area (Page, 2011). This area muscle turns to a constricted position. consists of wide areas of mudflats, which The dorsal area of clams comprises of a provide a proper habitat for hard clams and ligament which functions as a fixing and is other bivalve species. Therefore, this area necessitated for valve opening and closing is able to support a large number of fauna mechanisms. Adjacent to the hinge is a consisting of adequate supply of nutrients conspicuous bulge known as umbone, which to help prolong clam heredity. is frequently seen on the dorsal surface However, lowland area is vulnerable and located more in the anterior region to the destruction and pollution from (prosogyrate). Most of bivalve umbone rapid urbanisation activities in Sarawak. is well-developed within a week after Pollution from the urban area and factories fertilisation (Helm et al., 2004). Growths will damage the natural habitat of clam lines can be seen in the outer shell and species. Pollutants commonly derived from typically run parallel to the shell margins. sawmills, wood chip and sago factories Hard clams only have a short siphon, may destroy the natural habitat of molluscs 104 Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sc. 42 (1): 103 - 124 (2019) Hard Clam Culture which is located in the posterior area of the importance of environmental factors for valve since it is not a deep burrow type as the survival and growth of zebra mussel compared to the Solenidae family. (Dresissena polymorpha). Food availability These fundamental shell attributes are and population density are also important to noteworthy for hard clams distinguishing determine the shell morphology, shell length proof. Different investigations were and body mass ratio of bivalve (Alunno- implemented based on shell features to Bruscia et al., 2001). quantify the development of bivalve and furthermore as an apparatus to contrast Habitat between comparative or distinctive species. Major hard clam species inhabit the estuarine Several studies have used morphology and and coastal areas with high nutrient resource morphometric analysis to differentiate the and organic matter, which are important two species of bivalve, such as Pinnidae to other organisms that inhabit the same (Idris et al., 2009; Scheltema 1983). Babaei ecosystem. Abundance of quality food et al. (2010) also reported on the relationship and nutrient resources are able to support between shell measurement with the a huge number of organisms that includes visceral mass and shell weight of Amiantis hard clam (Bricelj et al., 2017). Moreover, umbonella. Application of morphometric it is also important to influence shell dimension through anatomical character morphology in terms of shell length and is also important to clarify taxonomic body mass ratio of bivalve (Alunno-Bruscia identification of Corbicula and its et al., 2001). Furthermore, Kovitvadhi et distribution (Araujo et al., 1993). al. (2006) described that survival rate of Growth performance, shell shapes freshwater bivalve was affected by diversity and sizes of hard clam are influenced by of phytoplankton in the habitat. environmental factors. Variable physical Formation of bivalve shell can be factors of the environment are known to affected from biotic and abiotic factors influence shell morphology and relative in the habitat (Kovitvadhi et al., 2009). proportions of many bivalve species such Shallow environment can influence the as latitude (Beukema & Meehan, 1985), shell characters as detailed by Lajtner et al. depth (Claxton et al., 1998), shore level (2004), while bivalve population density (Franz, 1993), currents (Fuiman et al., is connected with sediment form. Most of 1999), water turbulence (Hinch & Bailey, the coastal areas near the estuarine have 1988), wave exposure (Akester & Martel, sediment characters of sand and mud types 2000), type of bottom (Claxton et al., which are suitable for Meretrix spp. to 1998) and sediment type (Newell & Hidu, grow. Other than Meretrix spp., Anadara 1982). Morphological variation in shells spp., which is sometimes found at the same depicts the growth performance of bivalve. habitat, tends to favour muddy sediments. Claudi and Mackie (1994) reported the Pertanika J. Trop. Agric. Sc. 42 (1): 103 - 124 (2019) 105 Hadi Hamli, Mohd Hanafi Idris, Mustafa Kamal Abu Hena and Amy Halimah Rajaee They have developed ciliate structures to developed, the food type for bivalve larvae prevent their branchiae from becoming depends on biochemical composition, clogged with fine particles (Broom, 1985; ingestability and digestibility, which are Yoloye, 1975). However, each species may important for culturing purposes. have its own distinct requirements. Anadara Normally, hard clam foods include an granosa for example, happens in areas assortment of suspended molecules, for where between 50% to 90% of the substrate example, microorganisms, phytoplankton, is made up of particles under 0.125 mm waste, dissolved organic matter, amino in measurement (Pathansali, 1966). Some acid and sugar (Bouillon et al., 2003; bivalves live on sediment with fine sand Davenport et al., 2000; Nicholas, 1985; over half, mud over 70%, and intermediate Stewart & Bamford, 1975). Information
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