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Stylosanthes As a Forage and Fallow Crop

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Stylosanthes As a Forage and Fallow Crop STYLOSANTHES AS A FORAGE AND FALLOW CROP Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on the Use of Stylosanthes in West Africa held in Kaduna, Nigeria, 26–31 October 1992 Edited by P.N. de Leeuw, M.A. Mohamed-Saleem and A.M. Nyamu International Livestock Centre for Africa P O Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ISBN 92–9053–279–3 Correct citation: de Leeuw P N, Mohamed-Saleem M A and Nyamu A M (eds). 1994. Stylosanthes as a forage and fallow crop. Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on the Use of Stylosanthes in West Africa, held in Kaduna, Nigeria, 26–31 October 1992. ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 346 pp. Table of Contents Preface Keynote address Dr J. Maina SECTION 1: The biology of Stylosanthes and its importance in West Africa and Latin America Revue des travaux de recherche, de vulgarisation et d’utilisation effectués sur Stylosanthes en Afrique de l’Ouest B. Toutain, B. Peyre de Fabrègues, G. Roberge, A. Bigot et G. Rippstein Stylosanthes for pasture development: An overview of ILCA’s experience in Nigeria M.A. Mohamed-Saleem Evaluation of Stylosanthes for selected farming systems of tropical America J.W. Miles, R.J. Thomas, C.E. Lascano, M.J. Fisher, R. Vera and J.I. Sanz SECTION 2: The screening and evaluation of Stylosanthes germplasm Molecular analysis of genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships in Stylosanthes (Aubl.) Sw. A.C.M. Gillies and R.J. Abbott Genetic resources of Stylosanthes species J. Hanson and J.H. Heering Screening Stylosanthes in Latin America: The CIAT-RIEPT experience R. Schultze-Kraft and G. Keller-Grein Stylosanthes accessions for medium-altitude acid soils A. Larbi, J. Hanson and J. Ochang Species screening and multi-locational testing of Stylosanthes species in West Africa S.A. Tarawali, M. Peters and A.A. Jama An evaluation of some accessions and varieties of Stylosanthes introduced in Adamawa Plateau, Cameroon S. Yonkeu, E. T. Pamo and G. Rippstein SECTION 3: The dynamics, nutrient requirements, pests and diseases of Stylosanthes species Population dynamics and yield of Stylosanthes hamata cv Verano pastures in northern Nigeria P.N. de Leeuw, A. Roeleveld and E. Agishi iii Management and nutrient requirements of Stylosanthes in pasture and cropping systems in the subhumid zone of Nigeria: A review A.S. Tening, G. Tarawali, K.B. Adeoye, M.A. Mohamed-Saleem and J.A.I. Omueti Development of management strategies for stylo with emphasis on pests and diseases A. A. Adeoti, S.A. Tarawali and M.A. Mohamed-Saleem Management options for increasing productivity of S. hamata in fodder banks and in smallholder leys in West Africa P.N. de Leeuw and M.A. Mohamed-Saleem Annex: Major attributes of S. hamata SECTION 4: Stylosanthes-based pastures for livestock production Stylo-based pasture development for agropastoral production systems M.A. Mohamed-Saleem and P.N. de Leeuw An assessment of stylo as a source of supplementary feeding D.A. Little and K. Agyemang Development of grazing and utilisation strategies for stylo-based pasture supplies adapted to cattle production systems R.I. Mani, R. von Kaufmann, A.R. Egan, R. M. Dixon and J.H.G. Holmes Sustaining a crop–livestock farming system in the subhumid zone of Nigeria by matching feed from improved Stylosanthes-based pastures and livestock production O.A. Ikwuegbu, G. Tarawali and P. Iji An evaluation of stylo–grass mixtures for pasture leys O.S. Onifade, J.O. Akinola and I.F. Adu SECTION 5: The integration of Stylosanthes into cropping systems Establishment techniques for stylo-associated cropping systems G. Tarawali and M.A. Mohamed-Saleem Development of millet–stylo cropping systems for sandy soils in the Sahel C.N. Kouamé, J.M. Powell and C.A. Renard Fixation de l’azote et bilan du phosphore dans quelques systèmes culturaux à mil–légumineuses à Sadoré (Niger) M. Garba et C. Renard Introduction de Stylosanthes hamata dans les systèmes agropastoraux au Mali: revue bibliographique L. Diarra et P.N. de Leeuw iv Modélisation de l’impact technico-économique de l’introduction de Stylosanthes hamata dans les systèmes agraires villageois au Sud-Mali D. Kébé Arrière-effet de deux années de culture de légumineuses fourragères tropicales sur une culture de maïs C. B. N’guessan Annexe: Résultats de l’analyse des sols en 1982 Tests d’introduction des soles fourragères dans les exploitations agricoles du Sud-Mali S. Diarra, P. van der Poel et K. B. Demba Introduction des soles fourragères de Stylosanthes hamata dans les exploitations agricoles du Sud-Mali B. Fomba et R. H. Bosma Research approach and methodologies of the project “Production Soudano- Sahélienne”: Towards the optimal utilisation of plant nutrients by livestock D. Koné and Y. Coulibaly SECTION 6: Seed production of Stylosanthes The production of seeds of Stylosanthes cultivars in Nigeria E.C. Agishi The effects of row spacing and weed control on seed production of Stylosanthes in the subhumid zone of Nigeria S. Kachelriess and S. A. Tarawali Stylosanthes seed production management R.G. Griffiths Annex: Checklist for seed production fact sheet SECTION 7: The impact of Stylosanthes An assessment of farmers’ adoption rate and potential impacts of stylo-based feed production systems E.O. Ajileye, D.V. Uza and M.A. Farooqi Stylo-based feed production research: The implications for future development M.A. Mohamed-Saleem and P.N. de Leeuw Stylo as forage and fallow: Synthesis and review P.N. de Leeuw List of Participants v Preface Over the past four decades the genus Stylosanthes has received major focus across the tropics as a means of improving ruminant production. This was favoured by the discovery of many “new” species which offered the required flexibility for growth in diverse agro-climatic situations. In constraint-free conditions, Stylosanthes could potentially produce up to 15 tons of dry matter with a crude-protein content ranging from 12 to 18 %. However, such ideal conditions are rare in the tropics. Variations in rainfall, humidity, length of growing periods and soil fertility can affect the level of productivity and the usefulness of Stylosanthes to the production systems. In sub-Saharan Africa, natural resource-dependent ruminant livestock suffer from seasonal fluctuations of feed quality and quantity. Low nutritive quality-related growth disorders predominate the problems encountered in raising livestock across all the ecological zones. As an attempt to improve livestock nutrition, the genus Stylosanthes was introduced into many countries in West Africa, starting in the late 1950s. Research in integrating Stylosanthes into production systems intensified in West Africa with the opening of ILCA’s subhumid zone research site in Kaduna, Nigeria in 1978. The genus Stylosanthes was used as a source of good quality livestock feed and for its ability to biologically fix Nitrogen to support intensification of cropping without prolonged fallows and to regenerate soil fertility. Development of techniques to maximise the benefits of integrating of Stylosanthes into crop–livestock systems took a number of years of on-station and on-farm research. Meanwhile, several national efforts involving Stylosanthes were also undertaken in the region. Sub-Saharan African countries together carry approximately 150 million tropical livestock units. However, little effort is made to grow forages for the primary purpose of feeding livestock. Low-input agriculture and associated land degradation have become major problems, threatening the future security of food and feed supplies in many of the countries. To deal with these problems, the following questions have to be addressed: Is there sufficient knowledge on Stylosanthes to help alleviate these problems? What more is needed for farmers in the region to benefit from Stylosanthes? This workshop brought together scientists, particularly from the West African countries, to share their experiences in the use of Stylosanthes in the farming systems of those countries. Scientists from other regions, within and outside Africa, made valuable contributions and their participation turned the workshop away from being strictly West African, was originally intended. Several people contributed individually and collectively to organise this workshop. The ILCA Team in Kaduna, Nigeria, worked many months under the able coordination of Dr G. Tarawali. The workshop could not have been possible without the generous financial support of ILCA, and the workshop participants requested special acknowledgement to ILCA for this support. A special word of thanks to Mr S. Adoutan, Publications Section, for editing the French papers and translating the abstracts and to Miss Etalem Engeda, Highlands Programme, for secretarial support. As there were many francophone participants, simultaneous English/French interpretation became necessary and we wish to thank Mr. E. Achakobe and W.K. Akpawu for a good job done in this respect. There are many who strive to bring about agricultural change in Africa particularly in the crop–livestock production sector, which we believe is the key to sustainable production vii from the land resources at the disposal of the African farmer. Their task is not easy and it is to them these proceedings are dedicated. M.A. Mohamed-Saleem ILCA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia viii Keynote address Dr J. Maina Project Manager, National Livestock Projects Division (NLPD) PMB 2222, Kaduna, Nigeria His Excellency the Governor of Kaduna State The Honourable Minister for Agriculture Honourable Commissioners Invited guests, Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen It gives me great pleasure to be invited to give a keynote address to a gathering of scientists assembled to discuss a forage legume that is very important for the livestock industry in this country. It is also a significant step in the right direction by the International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), the organiser of this workshop, to consider that the genus of Stylosanthes merits attention in farming systems of the West African subregion in general and in Nigeria in particular.
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