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Utilization of Wild Arachis Species at ICRISAT

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Utilization of Wild Arachis Species at ICRISAT View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Utilization of Wild Arachis Speciesprovided at by ICRISAT ICRISAT Open Access Repository A. K. Singh, D. C. Sastri and J. P. Moss* One of the possibilities for increasing the yield leaf spots. These were A. cardenasii Krap. and of groundnut, particularly in the Semi-Arid Greg., nomen n u d u m , A. chacoense Krap. and Tropics, is breeding varieties w i t h resistance to Greg., nomen n u d u m , and Arachis species Coll. pests and diseases. S o me progress has been HLK 410 which were reported as i m m u n e to made in this field, but the improvements that Cercosporidium personatum, highly resistant can be made by breeders are limited by the to Cercospora arachidicola, and resistant to availability of genes within A. hypogaea. Collec- both (Abdou 1966; Sharief 1972; Abdou et al. tions of wild species f r o m South America have 1974; Hammons, personal communication). made available a wider range of genes, espe- The groundnut cytogenetics program at cially genes for disease resistance. The richness ICRISAT was initiated in April 1978 with the of Arachis germplasm collection offers a great object of making the fullest possible use of the opportunity for anyone interested in the im- genus Arachis. Cooperation with the Genetic provement of this crop (Bunting et al. 1974, Resources Unit, pathologists, entomologists, Simpson 1976; Smartt et a I. 1978a, b; Gregory and microbiologists has increased the number and Gregory 1979). of wild species at ICRISAT and our knowledge However the c y t o t a x o n o m y of the genus of the desirable genes which they contain. Arachis is such that it is difficult for a breeder to Cytogenetic analysis provides information to use wild species in groundnut improvement improve the efficiency of incorporation of wild (Gregory and Gregory 1979; Moss 1980; Stalker species genes into A. hypogaea. Thetechniques 1980). The t w o major constraints to utilization have been described by Singh et al. (1980). of w i l d species are differences in ploidy level In addition to A. hypogaea, section Arachis and incompatibility between some wild species contains one other tetraploid. A. monticola, and and A. hypogaea. The small size of chromo- several diploid species. All these species are somes of Arachis and the difficulty experienced cross compatible with A. hypogaea (Smartt and by some workers in making good cytological Gregory 1967; Stalker 1980). Nine diploid preparations has deterred many people from species and the two tetraploids have been attempting cytogenetic techniques in the im- studied in detail and a chromosome with a sec- provement of Arachis, despite their successful ondary constriction and a small satellite seen as application to many other crop plants, espe- chromosome 3 in A. villosa, A. correntina, A. cially w h e a t and t o b a c c o . The g r o u n d n u t chacoense, and Arachis species Coll. No. 10038, cytogenetics program at ICRISAT has attemp- and a chromosome with a secondary constric- ted to overcome these difficulties, and to pro- tion and a large satellite seen in A. batizocoi and duce interspecific hybrids and to manipulate in A. duranensis as chromosome 2, in Arachis the ploidy level to produce tetraploid lines in- species 338280 as chromosome 6 and in A corporating desirable characters which can cardenasii as chromosome 9. Chromosomes then be utilized by breeders in the improvement with secondary constrictions had only been of groundnut. reported previously in A. batizocoi. The small The program on utilization of wild species in pair of chromosomes in A. cardenasii are larger Arachis was initiated at Reading University than in the remaining species but still smaller (U.K.) w i t h three species which were known to than the smallest chromosomes of A. batizocoi. cross w i t h A. hypogaea and were resistant to A. monticola and A. hypogaea are close karyomorphologically, though A. monticola has t w o pairs of chromosomes w i t h secondary constrictions whereas A. hypogaea has only * Cytogeneticists, Groundnut Improvement Pro- g r a m , ICRISAT. one, and the chromosome with a secondary 82 constriction in A. cardenasii is comparable to These basic studies are designed to assist us one of those of A. monticola and that of A. in the main objective of the cytogenetics unit, hypogaea. i.e., the utilization of the wild species for the 2 Mahalanobis D analysis and canonical improvement of groundnuts. The two go hand analysis, using the arm ratio of each of the ten in hand because m a n y of t h e plants pro- chromosomes of the diploid taxa investigated, duced in the course of utilization of wild species resulted in t w o clusters within these. A. are analyzed in detail, and plants which are batizocoi is the only species in one of these analyzed are then used in crossing programs. clusters; there are eight taxa in the other cluster, The t w o main thrusts of the subprogram are the which can be further subdivided (Fig. 1). use of compatible species to transfer currently All the species of the section Arachis are available genes, and the study of the barriers to cross-compatible, and differences in crossabi- hybridization and the means of breaking them lity are too small to be satistically significant. All to make the whole gene pool within Arachis the available nine diploid taxa have been cros- available to breeders in the future. sed in all possible combinations and a large n u m b e r of F1 hybrids have been analysed B r e e d i n g i n C o m p a t i b l e S p e c i e s cytologically. Results from these studies sub- stantiate our grouping of the diploid species. The incorporation of genes from wild species The F1 hybrids resulting f r o m the cross of t w o involves t h e transfer of one or m o r e w i l d species belonging to the t w o different clusters species genomes to a hybrid where they can show a high frequency of univalents and a high undergo recombination with A. hypogaea pollen sterility, while F1 hybrids between t w o genomes, and subsequent transfer of the de- species of the same cluster show a low fre- sired gene or genes into A. hypogaea with the quency of univalents and a low pollen sterility. elimination of all undesirable characters from the wild species. Five routes have been adopted to achieve these objectives (Fig. 2). D2 distances among species of section Arachis Triploid Route A. villosa Smartt and Gregory (1967), Moss and Spielman (1976), Raman (1976), and Moss (1977) have all produced hexaploids by chromosome doubling A. correntina in a triploid hybrid. As early as 1976, ICRISAT received hexaploids from the program at Read- A. chacoense ing University. These hexaploids combined the genomes of A. cardenasii, A. chacoense and A. sp 263133 Arachis species No. 338280 with A. hypogaea, (SL) and were screened for leaf spot resistance at 2 ICRISAT, which is mainly infested by late leaf A. sp 263133 D =0.99 A. batizocoi (LL) spot (C. personatum). Resistant plants were selected from each type of hexaploid, and have A. sp 338280 been backcrossed to different cultivars of A. hypogaea (Moss 1980). These progenies are A. duranensis n o w in the fourth generation of backcrossing and tetraploid and near tetraploid plants are 2 D = 0 . 3 7 9 - 0 . 8 8 3 being screened for disease resistance. Many hexaploids were also resistant to rust. There is A. cardenasii no correlation between leaf spot or rust resis- tance and defoliation in hexaploids derived Cluster I Cluster II from resistant wild species, as some hexaploids Average intracluster D2 = 0.335 susceptible to disease do not defoliate. Con- versely, some hexaploids with few small le- Figure 1. Cluster diagram. sions suffer severe defoliation (Moss et al. 83 GENOME TRANSFER GENE TRANSFER (1a) 4X Cult. 3X C h r o m o s o m e 6X doubling 2X Wild (1b) 4 X Cult. 3X 5 X - 6 X 2X Wild (2) 2X Wild C h r o m o s o m e 4X Reciprocal doubling 4X backcrossing 4X Cult. with (3) 2 x W i l d A. hypogaea 2X Chromosome. 4X doubling 2X Wild (4) 4X Wild 4X Cult. 4X 4X Cult. Figure 2. Utilization of diploid and tetraploid wild species. 1979). The fertility of t h e h e x a p l o i d s and Autotetraploid Route backcrosses ranges f r o m nil, in some sterile but vegetatively vigorous plants, to highly produc- The production of an autotetraploid from a dip- tive. Some plants produce many pegs per node loid wild species enables all hybridization and and pegs per plant, but few pods, whilst others genome transfer to be done at the tetraploid have good reproductive efficiency. level, and increases the dosage of wild species Crosses between A. hypogaea and five dip- genes. Autotetraploids have been produced in loid species have produced 92 pods (Table 1). seven taxa (Table 2). Of these only A. batizocoi Five triploids have been established f r o m spr- (4x) has produced seed; many plants of the outs and the remaining seed will be used to others remained sterile and eventually died. produce hexaploids. However, three autotetraploids were success- The artificial induction of polyploidy in a trip- fully used as male parents in crosses with A.
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