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Burma regions as hotspots of III Bio-Diversity

biodiversity: 1. Basics 1) Species richness 1.1 Biodiversity Rich Areas 2) Vegetation density 1.1.1 Himalayan Range 3) Endemism

1. The Himalayan Range is very rich in 4) Ethno-botanical importance

species diversity. Which one among the 5) Threat perception following is the most appropriate reason 6) Adaptation of flora and fauna to warm and for this phenomenon? humid conditions a. It has a high rainfall that supports Which three of the above are correct criteria luxuriant vegetative growth. in this context? b. It is a confluence of different bio a. 1, 2 and 6 geographical zones. b. 2, 4 and 6 c. Exotic and invasive species have not been c. 1, 3 and 5 introduced in this region. d. 3, 4 and 6

d. It has less human interference. 1.2 Threats to Biodiversity

1.1. 2 Equatorial Forest 4. Due to some reasons, if there is a huge

2. Which of the following is/are unique fall in the population of species of characteristic/characteristics of , what could be its likely equatorial forests? consequence/consequences? 1) Presence of tall closely set trees with 1) Pollination of some plants could be crowns forming a continuous canopy. adversely affected. 2) Coexistence of a large number of species. 2) There could be a drastic increase in the 3) Presence of numerous varieties of fungal infections of some cultivated epiphytes. plants. Select the correct answer using the code 3) It could lead to a fall in the population of given below some species of wasps, spiders and a. 1 only birds.

b. 2 and 3 only Select the correct answer using the code c. 1 and 3 only given below: d. 1, 2 and 3 a. 1 only

1.1. 3 Hot Spots Criteria b. 2 and 3 only

3. Three of the following criteria have c. 1 and 3 only contributed to the recognition of d. 1,2 and 3 -Sri Lanka and Indo-

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5. Which of the following can be threats to 7. Other than resistance to pests, what are the biodiversity of a geographical area? the prospects for which genetically 1) Global warming engineered plants have been created? 2) Fragmentation of habitat 1. To enable them to withstand drought 3) Invasion of alien species 2. To increase the nutritive value of the 4) Promotion of vegetarianism produce Select the correct answer using the codes 3. To enable them to grow and do given below: photosynthesis in spaceships and space a. 1, 2 and 3 only stations b. 2 and 3 only 4. To increase their shelf life c. 1 and 4 only Select the correct answer using the codes d. 1, 2, 3 and 4 given below

6. The term "sixth mass extinction/sixth a. 1 and 2 only

extinction" is often mentioned in the b. 3 and 4 only

news in the context of the discussion of c. 1, 2 and 4 only

a. Widespread monoculture practices in d. 1, 2, 3 and 4

agriculture and Large-scale commercial 1.3 Miscellaneous

farming with indiscriminate use of 8. Biodiversity forms the basis for human chemicals in many parts of the world that existence in the following ways: may result in the loss of good native 1) Soil formation ecosystems. 2) Prevention of soil erosion b. Fears of a possible collision of a meteorite 3) Recycling of waste with the Earth in the near future in the 4) Pollination of crops manner it happened 65 million years ago Select the correct answer using the codes that caused the mass extinction of many given below: species including those of dinosaurs. a. 1,2 and 3 only c. Large scale cultivation of genetically b. 2, 3 and 4 only modified crops in many parts of the world c. 1 and 4 only and promoting their cultivation in other d. 1, 2, 3 and 4 parts of the world which may cause the 9. Consider the following statements: disappearance of good native crop plants 1) Biodiversity is normally greater in the lower and the loss of food biodiversity. latitudes as compared to the higher d. Mankind's over-exploitation/misuse of latitudes. natural resources, fragmentation/loss of 2) Along the mountain gradients, biodiversity natural habitats, destruction of is normally greater in the lower altitudes as ecosystems, pollution and global climate compared to the higher altitudes. change.

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Which of the statements given above is/are d. Wildlife Sanctuaries

correct? 13. Which one of the following National a. 1 only Parks lies completely in the temperate b. 2 only alpine zone? c. Both 1 and 2 a. d. Neither 1 nor 2 b.

10. Consider the following international c. Neora Valley National Park agreements: d. Valley of Flowers National Park 1. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic 14. Which one of the following National Resources for Food andAgriculture Parks has a climate that varies from 2. The United Nations Convention to Combat tropical to subtropical, temperate and Desertification arctic? 3. The World Heritage Convention a. Khangchendzonga National Park Which of the above has / have a bearing on b. Nandadevi National Park the biodiversity? c. Neora Valley National Park a. 1 and 2 only d. Namdapha National Park

b. 3 only 15. Consider the following pairs: c. 1 and 3 only National Park River d. 1, 2 and 3 flowing through the Park 2. Protected Areas 1. Corbett National Park Ganga 2.1 National Park 2. Manas 11. Which of the following National Parks is 3. Silent Valley National Park unique in being a swamp with floating Which of the above pairs is/are correctly vegetation that supports a rich matched? biodiversity? a. 1 and 2 a. Bhitarkanika National Park b. 3 only b. KeibulLamjao National Park c. 1 and 3 c. Keoladeo Ghana National Park d. None d. Sultanput National Park 16. Consider the following pairs:

12. In which one among the following Protected area Well-known for categories of protected areas in 1. Bhiterkanika, Orissa Salt Water are local people not allowed to collect Crocodile and use the biomass? 2. , Great Indian a. Biosphere Reserves Bustard b. National Parks 3. Eravikulam, Hoolak Gibbon c. Wetlands declared under Ramsar Which of the pairs given above is/are Convention correctly matched?

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a. 1 only 21. Recently there was a proposal to b. 1 and 2 only translocate some of the lions from c. 2 only their natural habitat in to d. 1, 2 and 3 which one of the following sites?

17. Which one of the following is also known a. Corbett National Park as Top Slip? b. Kuno Palpur Wildlife Sanctuary a. c. Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary d. Sariska National Park b. Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary

c. Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary 2.2 Reserve d. Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and 22. From the ecological point of view, which National Park one of the following assumes importance

18. Which one of the following is located in in being a good link between the Eastern the Bastar region? Ghats and the Western Ghats? a. Bandhavgarh National Park a. Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve b. Dandeli Sanctuary b. Nallamala Forest c. c. d. d. Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve

19. Which one among the following has the 23. Consider the following protected areas maximum number of National Parks? 1) Bandipur a. Andaman & Nicobar Islands 2) Bhitarkanika b. 3) Manas c. 4) Sunderbans d. Which of the above are declared Tiger

20. Consider the following statements Reserves? 1) Silent Valley National Park is in the a. 1 and 2 only Nallamalai range. b. 1, 3 and 4 only 2) Pathrakkadavu Hydroelectric Project is c. 2, 3 and 4 only proposed to be built near the Silent Valley d. 1, 2, 3 and 4 National Park. 2.3 Wildlife Sanctuaries

3) The Kunthi river originates in Silent Valley's 24. In which one of the following States is Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary located? Which of the statements given above is/are a. Arunachal Pradesh correct b. a. 1 and 3 c. Meghalaya b. 2 only d.

c. 2 and 3 d. 1,2 and 3 25. The first marine sanctuary in India, having within its bounds coral reefs,

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mollusca, dolphins, tortoises and various c. NandaDevi kinds of sea birds, has been established in d. a. Sundarbans 29. Match List-I (Biosphere Reserves) with b. Chilka Lake List-I (States) and select the correct c. Gulf of Kachchh answer using the codes given below the d. Lakshadweep

Lists: 2.4 Biosphere Reserve List-I List-II A. Similipal 1. 26. The most important strategy for the B. DehongDeband 2. Uttaranchal conservation of biodiversity together C. Nokrek 3. Arunachal Pradesh with traditional human life is the D. Kanchenjunga 4. Orissa establishment of 5. Meghalaya a. Biosphere reserves Codes: b. Botanical gardens a. A-1; B-3; C-5; D-4 c. National parks b. A-4; B-5; C-2; D-1 d. Wildlife sanctuaries c. A-1; B-5; C-2; D-4

d. A-4; B-3; C-5; D-1 27. Which of the following are in

Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve? 30. Which one of the following is not a a. , Peppara and Shendurney Wildlife Biosphere Reserve? Sanctuaries; and KalakadMundanthurai a. Agasthyamalai Tiger Reserve b. Nallamalai b. Mudumalai, Sathyamangalam and c. Nilgiri WayanadWildlife Sanctuaries; and Silent d. Panchmarhi

Valley National Park. 2.5 Eco-sensitive Zones

c. Kaundinya, GundlaBrahmeswaram and 31. With reference to 'Eco-Sensitive Zones', Papikonda Wildlife Sanctuaries; and which of the following statements is/are National Park. correct? d. Kawal and Sri Venkateswara Wildlife 1) Eco-Sensitive Zones are the areas that are Sanctuaries; and Nagarjunasagar- declared under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, Srisailam Tiger Reserve

1972. 28. Out of all the Biosphere reserves in 2) The purpose of the declaration of Eco- India, four have been recognised on the Sensitive Zones is to prohibit all kinds of World Network by UNESCO human activities in those zones except Which one of the following is not one of agriculture. them? Select the correct answer using the code a. Gulf of Manner given below b. Kanchenjunga a. 1 only

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b. 2 only c. 1 and 3 only c. Both 1 and 2 d. 1,2 and 3 d. Neither 1 nor 2 35. Match List I (National Park/Wildlife

2.6 Mix of above Categories Sanctuary) with List II (Nearby Town)

and select the correct answer using the 32. Consider the following pairs: code given below the lists: 1) List-I List-II 2) Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary Sikkim A. Chandra Prabha 1. Jaipur 3) Saramati Peak Nagaland B. Kerera 2. Jhansi Which of the above pairs is/are correctly C. Jaisamand 3. Agra matched? D. Nahargarh 4. Varanasi a. 1 only 5. Udaipur b. 2 and 3 only Codes: c. 1 and 3 only a. A-4; B-1; C-5; D-2 d. 1,2 and 3

b. A-5; B-2; C-3; D-1 33. Consider the following pairs: c. A-4; B-2; C-5; D-1 1) Nokrek Biosphere Reserve d. A-5; B-1; C-3; D-2

2) Logtak (Loktak) Lake Barail Range 3) Namdapha National Park Dafla Hill 36. Match List-I (National Park/Sanctuary) Which of the above pairs is/are correctly with List-II (State) and select the correct matched? answer using the codes given below the a. 1 only Lists: b. 2 and 3 only List-I List-II A. Kanger Ghati 1. c. 1,2 and 3 National Park d. None

B. Nagerhole National 2. 34. Consider the following statements: Park 1) The boundaries of a National Park are C. Kugti Wildlife 3. defined by legislation Sanctuary 2) A Biosphere Reserve is declared to D. Sultanpur Bird 4. conserve a few specific species of flora and Sanctuary fauna Codes: 3) In a Wildlife Sanctuary, limited biotic a. A-3; B-2; C-1; D-4 interference is permitted b. A-1; B-4; C-3; D-2 Which of the statements given above is/are c. A-3; B-4; C-1; D-2 correct? d. A-1; B-2; C-3; D-4 a. 1 only 37. Match List-I (National Park/Wildlife b. 2 and 3 only Sanctuary) with List-I1 (State) and

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select the correct answer using the code Which of the statements given above is/are given below the lists: correct? List-I (National List-II a. 1 only Park/Wildlife (State) b. 2, 3 and 4 only Sanctuary) c. 1 and 3 only A. Bondla Wildlife 1. Orissa d. 1, 2, 3 and 4 Sanctuary B. Kangerghat 2. Assam 3.2 Insectivorous

National Park 40. Some species of plants are C. Orang Sanctuary 3. Chhattisgarh insectivorous. Why? D. Ushakothi Wildlife 4. a. Their growth in shady and dark places Sanctuary 5. does not allow them to undertake sufficient Codes: photosynthesis and thus they depend on a. A-2; B-1; C-5; D-3 insects for nutrition b. A-4; B-3; C-2; D-1 b. They are adapted to grow in nitrogen c. A-2; B-3; C-5; D-1 deficient soils and thus depend on insects d. A-4; B-1; C-2; D-3 for sufficient nitrogenous nutrition

3. Plant Diversity c. They cannot synthesize certain vitamins 3.1 Use/Importance of few Species themselves and depend on the insects digested by them 38. Recently, there was a growing awareness d. They have remained in that particular in our country about the importance of stage of evolution as living fossils, a link Himalayan nettle (Girardiniadiversifolia) between autotrophs and heterotrophs because it is found to be a sustainable 41. Which one of the following is an source of insectivorous plant? a. Anti-malarial drug a. Passion flower plant b. Biodiesel b. Pitcher plant c. Pulp for paper industry c. Night queen d. Textile fibre

d. Flame of the forest 39. encourages the cultivation of 'sea buckthorn'. What is 3.3 General Information of Individual the importance of this plant? Species

1) It helps in controlling soil erosion and in 42. Consider the following statements: preventing desertification. 1) The Taxus tree naturally found in the 2) It is a rich source of bio-diesel. Himalayas 3) It has nutritional value and is well-adapted 2) The Taxus tree is listed in the Red Data to live in cold areas of high altitudes. Book 4) Its timber is of great commercial value.

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3) A drug called "Taxol" is obtained from 45. Recently, our scientists have discovered Taxus tree is effective against Parkinson's a new and distinct species of banana disease plant which attains a height of about 11 Which of the statements given above is/are metres and has orange-coloured fruit correct? pulp. In which part of India has it been a. 1 only discovered? b. 1 and 2 only a. Andaman Islands c. 2 and 3 only b. Anaimalai forests d. 1,2 and 3 c. Maikala Hills d. Tropical rain forests of northeast 43. With reference to 'Red Sanders',

sometimes seen in the news, consider 46. In a particular region in India, the local the following statements: people train the roots of living trees into 1) It is a tree species found in a part of South robust bridges across the streams. As India. the time passes, these bridges become 2) It is one of the most important trees in the stronger. These unique 'living root tropical rain forest areas of . bridges' are found in Which of the statements given above is/are a. Meghalaya correct? b. Himachal Pradesh a. 1 only c. b. 2 only d.

c. Both 1 and 2 47. Which one of the following groups of d. Neither 1 nor 2 plants was domesticated in the ‘New

World’ and introduced into the ‘Old 3.4 Miscellaneous

World’? 44. Consider the following statements: a. Tobacco, cocoa and rubber 1) The common Blue green algae, Spirogyra b. Tobacoo, cotton and rubber and Ulothrix are found in both fresh water c. Cotton, coffee and sugarcane ponds and oceans. d. Rubber, coffee and wheat 2) The chameleon can look ahead with one 3.5. Pesticides eye, and at the same time look behind with another. 48. In India, the use of carbofuran, methyl parathion, prorate and triazophos is Which of these statements is/are correct? viewed with apprehension. These a. 1 only Chemicals are used as b. 2 only a. Pesticides in agriculture c. Both 1 and 2 b. Preservatives in processed foods d. Neither 1 nor 2 c. Fruit-ripening agents d. Moisturizing agents in cosmetics

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3.6. Agriculture Explanation: The Himalayan Range is very rich 49. With reference to the circumstances in in species diversity because it is a confluence of Indian agriculture, the concept of different bio-geographical zones. "Conservation Agriculture” assumes The Himalaya Hotspot is home to the world's significance. Which of the following fall highest mountains, including Mt. Everest. The under the Conservation Agriculture? mountains rise abruptly, resulting in a diversity 1. Avoiding the monoculture practices of ecosystems that range from alluvial 2. Adopting minimum tillage grasslands and subtropical broadleaf forests to 3. Avoiding the cultivation of plantation crops alpine meadows above the tree line. Vascular 4. Using crop residues to cover soil surface plants have even been recorded at more than 5. Adopting spatial and temporal crop 6,000 m. The hotspot is home to important sequencing/crop rotations populations of numerous large birds and Select the correct answer using the code mammals, including vultures, , given below: elephants, rhinos and wild water buffalo. a. 1,3 and 4 Educational Objective: To know about the b. 2,3,4 and 5 biodiversity, and important places which are c. 2,4 and 5 innews. 1.1. 2 Equatorial Forest d. 1,2,3 and 5 2. Key: D 50. Consider the following agricultural Explanation: The equatorial, hot, wet climate is practices: found between 5° and 10° north and south of 1. Contour bunding the equator. Its greatest extent is found in the 2. Relay cropping lowlands of the Amazon, the Congo, Malaysia 3. Zero tillage and the East Indies. In the context of global climate change,  Equatorial rainforests are the typical which of the above helps/help in arbon vegetation type found in this region. sequestration/storage in the soil?  The region is characterized by broad-leaf a. 1 and 2 only trees with a tall and dense canopy. b. 3 only  The canopy is so dense that very little c. 1, 2 and 3 sunlight reaches the surface of equatorial d. None of them

forests. Key and Explanations Because of abundant sunlight and precipitation, the growing season exists all 1. Basics around the year. There is no distinct 1.1 Biodiversity Rich Areas drying season where the trees shed leaves. 1.1.1 Himalayan Range Shedding and blooming of leaves and fruits

1. Key: B occur throughout the year.

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The vegetation exists in layers with the Adaptation of flora is an arbitrary option, Ethno- bottom-most layer comprising of decaying botanical importance does nothing with the organic matter, which is slow to decompose selection criteria, vegetation due to low sunlight. A very dense layer of Density is also discarded. canopy exists with trees growing as tall as Educational Objective: To know about the 90 feet - this layers most of the wildlife of hotspots and its criteria to declare these forests. Above this lies the emergent 1.2 Threats to Biodiversity

layer of crowns of a few trees which 4. Key: C protrude out of the dense canopy. This Explanation: Butterflies pollinate some wild layer receives maximum sunlight and also flowers. Since some species of wasps, spiders has to endure strong winds. and birds are predators of butterflies, decline of  On the thick trunks of many of the trees, the latter could lead to a fall in the there is a layer of climbers known as the population of the predators. lianas. Epiphytes are small plants which Educational Objective: to know about the grow on the trunks and branches of these biodiversity, some of the important role played broad-leaf trees. the species.  The rainforests of Amazon are known as 5. Key: A Selvas (forests with a dense canopy) Explanation: Some of the major threats  The trees of the hardwood variety. The natural habitat of the ecosystem plays a Prominent hardwood varieties include - major role in maintaining the ecological balance. Mahogany, Ebony, dyewoods etc. Several trees are cut down every year for the  Apart from the dense hardwood forests, construction of industries, highways, settlement mangrove vegetation is also found in the and so on to fulfill the human demands. As a swamps and coastal regions. result, the species become the target to Educational Objective: To know about the predation and eventually die. natural vegetation around the world. Hunting of the wild animals for 1.1.3 Hot Spots Criteria commercialisation of their products has been a 3. Key: C major reason for the loss of biodiversity. Since Explanation: To qualify as a hotspot, a region the year 2013, more than 90 rhinos were killed must meet two strict criteria: by the poachers for their horns and as per the It must contain at least 1,500 species of records of 2016, 9 Indian Rhinos have been vascular plants (> 0.5 percent of the world’s killed in Kaziranga National Park of Assam. total) as endemics, and it has to have lost at The exploitation of the medicinal plants for least 70 percent of its original habitat. So we several laboratory purposes has resulted in the choose Species richness as well as Endemism. extinction of these species. Also, several animals Along with this Threat perception is necessary to are sacrificed for the purpose of various research take, because it makes the base of this concept. in science and medicine.

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Natural calamities like floods, earthquakes, orangutans, gorillas and many big cats — forest fires also lead to the loss of biodiversity. are surviving on 20% or less of the land Air pollution has a major role in the loss of they once roamed. The loss of biodiversity biodiversity. Rapid cutting down of the trees has has recently accelerated. resulted in the increase of carbon dioxide in the  Several species of mammals that were atmosphere leading to climate change. As a relatively safe one or two decades ago are result, there has been an increase in the land now endangered, including cheetahs, lions and ocean temperature leaving an inimical and giraffes. There are as few as 20,000 impact on species. lions left in the wild, less than 7,000 cheetahs, 500 to 1,000 giant pandas, and about 250 Sumatran rhinoceros.  Tropical regions have seen the highest number of declining species. In South and Southeast Asia, large-bodied species of mammals have lost more than four-fifths of their historical ranges. Factors behind the loss? The main drivers of wildlife decline are habitat loss, overconsumption, pollution, invasive species, disease, as well as poaching in the case of tigers, elephants, rhinos and other large Educational Objective: To know about the animals prized for their body parts. Climate biodiversity, emerging threats to it. change is poised to become a major threat in the

6. Key: D coming decades. Explanation: The Holocene extinction, Educational Objective: To know about the otherwise referred to as the sixth mass biodiversity, emerging threats to it.and some of extinction or Anthropocene extinction, is an the terms associated with it which are in news. ongoing extinction event of species during the 7. Key: C present Holocene epoch (with the more recent Explanation: Plants that have new genes time sometimes called Anthropocene) as a result inserted into them are called transgenic or of human activity. genetically engineered / modified plants  More than 30% of animals with a backbone Prospects: — fish, birds, amphibians, reptiles and Enhanced taste and quality. mammals — are declining in both range Reduced maturation time. and population. Increased nutrients, yields, and stress tolerance.  The mammal species that were monitored Improved resistance to disease, pests, and have lost at least a third of their original herbicides. habitat. 40% of them — including rhinos,

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Educational Objective: To learn about Educational Objective: To know about the prospects of genetically engineered plants. biodiversity, emerging threats to it and its importance. 1.3 Miscellaneous

8 Key: D 9. Key: C Explanation: Biodiversity plays a major role in Explanation: Biodiversity is higher in the low maintaining the ecological balance of the latitudes as compared to the higher latitudes as ecosystem. It refers to the number of different the habitat tolerance level is very narrow at species belonging to a particular region. In greater latitude. Mountains have high range of biodiversity, each individual species has a major species at the low latitude as they can support role to play in the ecosystem. larger number of species due to climatic Ecological Role of Biodiversity condition. Apart from providing ecological balance to the Educational Objective: to know about the environment, each individual species of biodiversity, different regions of the world, and biodiversity has a major function to play in the characteristics.

ecosystem. They play a major role in the 10. Key: D production and decomposition of organic wastes, Explanation: One of the functions of The World fixing atmospheric gases and regulation of water Heritage Convention is to contain the most and nutrients throughout the ecosystem. The important and significant natural habitats for stability of the ecosystem increases with the in-situ conservation of biological diversity, diversity of the species. including those containing threatened species of Economical Role of Biodiversity outstanding universal value from the point of Biodiversity acts as a source of energy and has a view of science or conservation. Hence, major role in providing raw materials for statement 3 is correct. industrial products such as oils, lubricants, Created in 1972, the primary mission of the perfumes, dyes, paper, waxes, rubber, etc. Convention is to identify and protect the world's Importance of plant species for various natural and cultural heritage considered to be of medicinal use has been known since ages. Outstanding Universal Value. According to reports, more than 70 % of the Established in 1994, the United Nations anti-cancer drugs are derived from plants in the Convention to Combat Desertification tropical rainforests. (UNCCD) is the sole legally binding international Scientific Role of Biodiversity agreement linking environment and development Each species of the ecosystem contributes to to sustainable land management. The providing enough evidence as to how life evolved Convention addresses specifically the arid, semi- on this planet and the role of each species in arid and dry sub-humid areas, known as the maintaining the sustainability of the ecosystem. drylands The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture aims at

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o Recognizing the enormous contribution of The valley has three sub-alpine between 3,200m farmers to the diversity of crops that feed and 3,500m which is the limit for trees, lower the world. Hence, statement 1 is correct alpine between 3,500m and 3,700m, and higher o Access and benefit sharing alpine above 3,700m. Educational Objective: To know about The The rich diversity of species reflects the valley's International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources location within a transition zone between the for Food and Agriculture, The United Nations Zanskar and Great Himalayas ranges to the Convention to Combat Desertification, The north and south, respectively, and between the World Heritage Convention etc., and Western Himalaya flora. 2. Protected Areas Educational Objective: To know about the 2.1 National Park National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and

11. Key: B biosphere reserves classification and their Explanation: KeibulLamjao National Park, locations.

Manipur is the only floating national park in the 14. Key: D world. Its a swamp, provides refuge to Eld's deer Explanation: Namdapha National Park is the or Manipuri Deer, listed as an endangered largest protected area in the Eastern Himalaya species by IUCN. biodiversity hotspot and is located in Arunachal Educational Objective: To know about the Pradesh in . The area is also National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and known for extensive Dipterocarp forests, biosphere reserves classification. And to know comprising the northwestern parts of the major national parks which are in news. of Mizoram-Manipur-Kachinrain

12. Key: B forests. The habitat changes with increasing Explanation: In national parks, local people altitude from tropical moist forests to Montane arenot allowed to collect and use the forests, temperate forests and at the higher biomassavailable in the areas. elevations, to Alpine meadows and perennial Educational Objective: To know about the snow. The park has extensive forests National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and and secondary forests in addition to the biosphere reserves classification. primary forests. Educational Objective: To know about the 13. Key: D National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and Explanation: The Valley of Flowers national biosphere reserves classification and climatic park located in the Chamoli district of characteristics of the regions. and is known for its meadows of

endemic alpine flowers and the variety of 15. Key: D flora.Situated approximately 3255m above sea Explanation: Through Corbett National Park level, this splendid park is spread across 87.5 sq Ramganga flows (not Ganga) which is a tributary km of land. of Ganges. Through Silent Valley National Park riverBhavani flows which is a tributary of kaveri.

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Environment UPSC

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Educational Objective: To know about the Educational Objective: to know about the major national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and major national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves, biosphere reserves,

16. Key: B 18. Key: D Explanation: Bhiterkanika, Orissa is a Explanation: Indravati National Park is protected area for salt water crocodile, where a national park located in Bijapur district of breeding is the main purpose of that protected Chhattisgarh, state of India. It derives its name area. from the nearby Indravati River. It is home to  Great Indian Bustard is protected in one of the last populations of rare wild buffalo. desert area of Rajasthan. Educational Objective: To know about the  The was major national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and established to protect the Niligiritahir biosphere reserves,

species. 19. Key: A Educational Objective: to know about the Explanation: Andaman and Nicobar Islands has major national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and the maximum number of National Parks. Total biosphere reserves. number of National Parks in Andaman and

17. Key: D Nicobar Islands is Nine. Explanation: Indira Gandhi Wildlife Educational Objective: to know about the Sanctuary and National Park is also known as major national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and Top Slip. It is located in Annamalai hills of Tamil biosphere reserves. Nadu. 20. Key: C Aanaimalai Tiger Reserve, earlier known Explanation: Silent Valley National Park is as Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and situated in Nilgiri Hills of Western Ghats. The National Park (IGWLS&NP) and previously as park is bound by reserved forest to Aanaimalai Wildlife Sanctuary, is a protected the east and vested forest ofPalaghat division area located in the Tamil Nadu, and Nilamber division to the south-west India. The Tamil Nadu Environment and Forests respectively. Department by a notification dated 27 June Educational Objective: To know about the 2007, [3] declared an extent of 958.59 km2 that National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and encompassed the erstwhile IGWLS&NP or biosphere reserves classification and climatic Aanaimalai Wildlife Sanctuary, as Aanaimalai characteristics of the regions, location etc.

Tiger Reserve under the Wildlife Protection 21. Key: B Act, 1972. According to the National Tiger Explanation: In order to conserve the single Conservation Authority, the Reserve presently isolated population of Asiatic Lions, the Ministry includes a core area of 958.59 km2 and of Environment and Forests had initiated habitat buffer/peripheral area of 521.28 km2 forming a feasibility study through the Wildlife Institute of total area of 1479.87 km2. India, which inter alia has identified KunoPalpur

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Wildlife Sanctuary inMadhya Pradesh as an Wildlife Sanctuary is a National Park, UNESCO alternate home for the Gir Lions and for the Natural World Heritage site, a release of wild lions from Gujarat. While State Reserve, an Elephant Reserve and a Biosphere Government of is agreeable for Reserve in Assam. The Sundarban National Park translocation of Gir Asiatic Lions in KunoPalpur, is a National Park, Tiger Reserve, and a State Government of Gujarat has so far not Biosphere Reserve in India. It is a part of the agreed to part with Gir Asiatic Lions. Sundarbans on the Ganges Delta of India and Educational Objective: To know about Asiatic Bangladesh. Bhitarkanika National Park is a Lion and its habitat in India. national park located in the Kendrapara District 2.2 Tiger Reserve , which is not specifically for Tiger 22. Key: A reserve. Explanation: Sathyamangalam forest range is Educational Objective: To know about the a significant wildlife corridor in the Nilgiri National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserve between the Western Ghats biosphere reserves classification and climatic and the rest of the Eastern Ghats and a genetic characteristics of the regions.

link between the four other protected areas 2.3 Wildlife Sanctuaries which it adjoins, including the Billigiriranga 24. Key: A Swamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary, Sigur Explanation: Spread over an area of 862 sq. Plateau, and km. at the foothills of the Eastern Himalayas in . Arunachal Pradesh, Pakhui Wildlife Sanctuary is also known as Pakke Wildlife Sanctuary and more popularly as . Earlier a game sanctuary, it became a wildlife sanctuary in 2001 and a part of Project Tiger in 2002. The sanctuary is well-known for being home to tigers and many amazing species of hornbill. Educational Objective: To know about the National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves classification, climatic characteristics of the regions and the location.

Educational Objective: To know about the 25. Key: B major national parks and sanctuaries and their Explanation: Chilka Lake first marine strategic locations sanctuary in India, having within its bounds

23. Key: B coral reefs, mollusca, dolphins, tortoises and Explanation: Bandipur National Park, a tiger various kinds of sea birds, reserve is located in the south Indian state of Educational Objective: To know about the Karnataka. Manas National Park or Manas National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and

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biosphere reserves classification, and their Tamil Nadu. Its flora mostly consists of tropical ecological importance. forests and is home to 2,254 species of higher

2.4 Biosphere Reserve plants including about 400 that are endemic. About 400 Red Listed Plants, 125 species of 26. Key: A orchids and rare, endemic and threatened plants Explanation: As per Forest ministry guideline have been recorded from the reserve. It is also “Biosphere Reserves are special entities (sites) home to rare endimic animals include tiger, for how human beings and nature can co-exist Asian Elephant, and NilgiriTahr. It is home to while respecting each other’s needs”. Biosphere Kanikaran tribe, one of the oldest surviving reserve- goal is to foster economic Development ancient tribes in the world. which is ecologically sustainable. transition Educational Objective: To know about the zone, the outermost part of the Biosphere National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and Reserve, is an area of active biosphere reserves classification, climatic cooperation between the management and characteristics of the regions and the location. the local people, wherein activities like 28. Key: B settlements, cropping, forestry , recreation Explanation: UNESCO has introduced the and other economic that are in harmony with category of “Biosphere Reserve” to be nominated the conservation goals by the national government and remains under Educational Objective: To know about the the sovereign jurisdiction of the state in which National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and they are located. They are internationally biosphere reserves classification, climatic recognised. 11 of the 18 biosphere reserves in characteristics of the regions and the location.

India are a part of the World Network of 27. Key: A Biosphere Reserves. Explanation: ABR in situated at the southern- Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve - Uttarakhand, most end of the Western Ghats and spread over Nokrek Biosphere Reserve - Meghalaya, two southern states Kerala and Tamil Nadu. It Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve -Madhya Pradesh, was established in 2001. It is named after Simlipal Biosphere Reserve - Odisha, Great Mala peak that rises up to almost 1868 Nicobar Biosphere Reserve - Great Nicobar, metres above sea level, in , Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve - Kerala. In March 2016, it was included in the Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Agasthyamalai World Network of Biosphere Reserves of Biosphere Reserve- Kerala and Tamil Nadu. UNESCO. Kanchenjunga Biosphere Reserve added in ABR covers an area of 3,500 sq km at an 2018 (this question was asked earlier before.) altitude ranging from 100 metres to 1,868 Educational Objective: To know about the metres above the Mean Sea Level. It covers National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and Peppara and Shendurney wildlife sanctuaries biosphere reserves classification, climatic and parts of the Neyyar sanctuary in Kerala and characteristics of the regions and the location. the KalakadMundanthurai Tiger Reserve of World Network of Biosphere Reserves

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29. Key: D Educational Objective: To know about the Explanation: Similipal biosphere reserve is in National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and Orissa. DehongDeband biosphere reserve is in biosphere reserves classification, climatic Arunachal Pradesh, Nokrek biosphere reserve is characteristics of the regions and the in Meghalaya and Kanchenjunga biosphere location.World Network of Biosphere Reserves.

reserve is situated in Sikkim. 2.5 Eco-Sensitive Zones

Educational Objective:To know about the 31. Key: D National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and Explanation: Eco-Sensitive Zones are the areas biosphere reserves classification, climatic that are declared under the Environment characteristics of the regions and the location. (Protection) Act, 1986. Tourism and other

30. Key: B activities allowed in these areas. Explanation: Biosphere reserves are areas of Educational Objective: To know about the terrestrial and coastal or marine ecosystems or major eco sensitive zones, statutory provisions.

its amalgamation. The biosphere reserve 2.6 Mix of above Categories network was launched in 1971 by UNESCO, two 32. Key: C years after the initiation of MAB- Man and the Explanation: Dampa Tiger Reserve, the largest biosphere programme. Government of India wildlife sanctuary in Mizoram. Saramati peak established 18 biospheres in the country. is in Nagaland. It is located near Tuensang town Name of Biosphere Reserve with a height of 3,826 m. Gumti Wildlife Nilgiri Nanda Devi Sanctuary is famous wildlife reserve in Tripura. Nokrek Educational Objective: to know about the Great Nicobar National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and Gulf of Mannar biosphere reserves classification, climatic Manas characteristics of the regions and the location. Sunderbans 33. Key: C Simlipal Explanation: Nokrek is the highest peak in Dibru-Saikhowa Garo Hills. Dehang-Dibang Loktaklake and Barailrange are away from Pachmarhi eachother. Khangchendzonga Educational Objective: to know about the Agasthyamalai National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and Achanakamar – Amarkantak biosphere reserves classification, climatic

Kachchh characteristics of the regions and the Cold Desert location.World Network of Biosphere Reserves

Seshachalam Hills 34. Key: C Panna

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Explanation: A biosphere reserve is a unique Nagerhole National Park - Karnataka concept, which includes one, or more protected Kugti Wildlife Sanctuary - Himachal areas and surrounding lands that are managed Pradesh to combine both conservation and sustainable Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary - Haryana use of natural resources. In India 13 states in Educational Objective: to know about the have Biosphere Reserves and the funds National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and allocated to them is utilized to monitor and biosphere reserves classification, climatic promote bio-diversity conservation through characteristics of the regions and the location. surveys and assessment of flora and fauna. World Network of Biosphere Reserves

Basically Biosphere reserves are to protect larger 37. Key: B areas of natural habitat, and often include one Explanation: or more national parks and/or preserves, along Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary Goa buffer zones that are open to some economic Kangerghat National Park Chhattisgarh uses as per the IUCN Category V. Orang Sanctuary Assam The difference between a national park and a Ushakothi Wildlife Sanctuary Orissa sanctuary is that no human activity is allowed Educational Objective: To know about the inside a national park, while limited activities National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and are permitted within the sanctuary. biosphere reserves classification, climatic Educational Objective:To know about the characteristics of the regions and the location. National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and World Network of Biosphere Reserves. biosphere reserves classification, climatic 3. Plant Diversity characteristics of the regions and the 3.1 Use/Importance of Few Species

location.World Network of Biosphere Reserves

38. Key: D 35. Key: C Explanation: In many parts of the world, Explanation: natural resources are the only source of Chandra Prabha - Varanasi livelihood opportunities available to people. Kerera - Jhansi Girardiniadiversifolia (Himalayan nettle), a Jaisamand - Udaipu fibre-yielding plant, has become an important Nahargarh - Jaipur livelihood option for people living in the remote Educational Objective: to know about the mountainous villages of the Hindu Kush National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and Himalaya. There is a community in Khar, a biosphere reserves classification, climatic hamlet in Darchula district in far-western Nepal, characteristics of the regions and the which produces fabrics from Himalayan nettle. location.World Network of Biosphere Reserves The fabric and the things made from it are sold

36. Key: B in local as well as national and international Explanation: markets as high-end products. KangerGhati National Park - Chhattisgarh

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Educational Objective: To know about the Educational Objective: to know about the importance of flora and fauna. importance of flora and fauna.

39. Key: C 3.3 General information of Individual Explanation: Buckthorn Species It has multi-purpose medicinal and nutritional 42. Key: B properties, and also helps in soil conservation Explanation: Taxuswallichiana, the Himalayan and nitrogen fixation. yew, is a species of yew, native to the Himalaya Hardy, drought-resistant and tolerant to extreme and parts of south-east Asia. The species has a temperatures from – 43º C to + 40º C, the plant variety of uses in traditional medicine. It is has an extensive root system which can fix currently classified as endangered by the IUCN. atmospheric nitrogen, making it ideal for Educational Objective: to know about the controlling soil erosion and preventing importance of flora and fauna. Important flora desertification. which are in the news. National mission on buckthorn in is a part of 43. Key: A Sub-Mission on Cold Desert Ecosystems under Explanation: Red Sanders (a tree) has a highly the Green India Mission — which is a part of the restrictive distribution in the South Eastern National Action Plan on Climate Change. portion of Indian peninsula (Eastern Ghats of Educational Objective: To know about the South India) to which it is endemic. It occurs in importance of flora and fauna.

the forest formation which is classified as 3.2 Insectivorous “Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests” t 40. Key: B is generally found at altitudes of 150 – 900 m. It Explanation: Insectivorous plants prey insects grows on dry, hilly, often rocky ground, and because most of the insectivorous plants grow in occasionally found on precipitous hill sides also. those area where there is deciet of nitrogen in It prefers lateritic and gravelly soil and cannot nutrients so they catch insect to full its need of tolerate water logging. nutrients. Educational objective: to know about the Educational Objective:To know about the importance of flora and fauna. importance of flora and fauna. 3.4 Miscellaneous

41. Key: B 44. Key: B Explanation: Pitcher plants are several Explanation: SpirogyraandUlothrix are green different carnivorous plants which have modified algae not blue algae. The chamelean can see in leaves known as pitfall traps—a prey-trapping both the direction forward and backward at the mechanism featuring a deep cavity filled with same time. digestive liquid. The traps of what are Educational Objective: To know about the considered to be "true" pitcher plants are formed ecological niche of species, importance to by specialized leaves. The plants attract and human. drown their prey with nectar.

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45. Key: A Educational Objective: to know about the Explanation: Scientists at the Botanical Survey natural vegetation and its importance on human of India (BSI) have discovered a new species of life.

banana from a remote tropical Krishna Nalah 47. Key: A rain forest on the Little Andaman islands. The Explanation: Tobacco, cocoa and rubber were new species is about 11 metres high, whereas as originally domesticated or cultivated in the ‘New the usual banana species is about three to four World’ (America) and introduced into the ‘Old meters high. The fruit pulp is orange in colour, World’ (Asia and Africa). Cotton and Wheat are distinctive from the white and yellow color of being cultivated in India since very ancient regular bananas. Hence (a) is the correct times. People of Mehrgarh (Baluchistan, answer. Pakistan) cultivated Cotton during Neolithic age. Educational Objective: To know about the Wheat was cultivated by people of Harappan newly discovered species and locations civilisation and Vedic Aryans associated with it. Educational Objective: To know about the

46. Key: A different vegetation. Explanation: Root Bridge 3.5 Pesticide Living root bridges (also known as Jing KiengJri) 48. Key: A are the aerial bridges that are built by weaving Explanation: The Ministry of Agriculture has and manipulating the roots of the Indian rubber issued a notification dated December 15, 2016 tree. inviting objections and suggestions from the  A root bridge uses traditional tribal stakeholders on completely banning of 12 knowledge to train the roots of the Indian pesticides/insecticides and phasing out of 6 rubber tree (found in abundance in the pesticides/insecticides. area) to grow laterally across a stream bed These pesticides include: Benomyl, Carbaryl, resulting in a living bridge of roots. Diazinon, Fenarimol, Fenthion, Linuron, MEMC,  It spans between 15 and 250 feet and is Methyl Parthion, Sodium Cyanide, Thiometon, built over centuries. Tridemorph, Trifluralin, Alachlor, Dichlorvos,  They have been serving as connectors for Phorate, Phosphamidon, Triazophos and generations in the Indian state Trichlorfon. Hence, statement 1 is correct. of Meghalaya. Educational Objective: To know chemicals  The bridges are primarily a means to cross used as pesticides in agriculture. streams and rivers. They have also become 3.6 Agriculture world-famous tourist attractions. The two 49. Key: B most popular tourist spots are- Riwai Root Explanation: Conservation Agriculture (CA) Bridge and Umshiang Double Decker aims to achieve sustainable and profitable Bridge. agriculture and improve farmers’ livelihoods. CA observes three main principles

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 Minimal soil disturbance – (i.e. no tillage) in the desired position to germinate. Hence, through direct seed and/or fertilizer placement. statement 3 is correct.  A permanent soil cover - (at least 30 Educational Objective: To know about methods percent) with crop residues and/or cover crops. that help in carbon sequestration in soil.  rotation of crops / Species diversification - through varied crop sequences and associations IV Animal Biodiversity involving at least three different crops 1. Distribution and Habitat Related

1. Consider the following statements: 1) Asiatic lion is naturally found in India only. 2) Double-humped camel is naturally found in India only. 3) One-horned rhinoceros is naturally found 50. Key: C in India only. Explanation: Carbon sequestration is the Which of the following statement given above process of capture and long-term storage of is/are correct? atmospheric carbon dioxide to mitigate global a. 1 only warming and to avoid dangerous impacts of b. 2 only climate change. c. 1 and 3 only Soil is one of the largest reservoirs, where d. 1,2 and 3 carbon could be restored. So, methods of soil 2. Consider the following pairs conservation help in carbon sequestration. Wildlife Naturally found in Contour bunding involves the construction of 1) Blue- finned Mahseer : Cauvery River banks along the contours. Terracing and 2) Irrawaddy dolphin : Chambal River contour bunding which divide the hill slope into 3) Rusty-spotted cat : Eastern Ghats numerous small slopes, check the flow of water, Which of the pairs given above are correctly promote absorption of water by soil and save soil matched? from erosion. Hence, statement 1 is correct a. 1 and 2 only Relay cropping: Relay cropping involves b. 2 and 3 only growing of two or more crops on the same field c. 1 and 3 only with the planting of the second crop after the d. 1,2 and 3

first one has reached its reproductive stage. It 3. If you want to see gharials in their saves soil from erosion. Hence, statement 2 is natural habitat, which one of the correct following is the best place to visit? Zero Tillage farming is the method of farming a. Bhitarkanika Mangroves in which there is no tilling involved. Here, the b. Chambal River soil is left undisturbed except to place the seeds c. Pulicat Lake d. DeeporBeel

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