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Two Species of Cecidomyiidae Predacious on Citrus Rust Mite, Phyllocoptruta Oleivora, on Florida Citrus

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Two Species of Cecidomyiidae Predacious on Citrus Rust Mite, Phyllocoptruta Oleivora, on Florida Citrus Villanueva et al.: Cecidomyiid Species Predacious on Citrus Rust Mite 161 TWO SPECIES OF CECIDOMYIIDAE PREDACIOUS ON CITRUS RUST MITE, PHYLLOCOPTRUTA OLEIVORA, ON FLORIDA CITRUS RAUL T. VILLANUEVA,1 RAYMOND GAGNÉ2 AND CARL C. CHILDERS3 1North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center 455 Research Drive, Fletcher, NC 28732 2USDA, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 3University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Rd., Lake Alfred, FL 33850 ABSTRACT Larvae of two undescribed species of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) were found preying upon Phyl- locoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) (Acari: Eriophyidae) on Florida citrus. Identifications to genus were made from adults reared in the laboratory. The two species had distinctive larval color- ation. One larval type was completely yellow and was identified as Feltiella n. sp., while the second larval type had an orange color with a transverse white band close to the mouthparts. The latter cecidomyiid was identified as belonging to a genus near Lestodiplosis in the broad sense. Feltiella n. sp. (n = 17) and the species near the genus Lestodiplosis (n = 12) consumed 33.8 ± 4.6 (mean ± SEM) and 43.0 ± 6.4 citrus rust mite eggs; 14.2 ± 1.4 and 15.0 ± 2.0 citrus rust mite nymphs, and 3.0 ± 0.4 and 5.6 ± 0.9 citrus rust mite adults/10 min., respectively. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the consumption rates of either predator on any rust mite life stage. These data indicate that Feltiella n. sp. and the species near the genus Lestodiplosis are both efficient predators of P. oleivora eggs, larvae, and nymphs. Key Words: Acari, citrus, Diptera, Eriophyidae, Feltiella, Lestodiplosis, predation RESUMEN Dos especies de larvas no descritas de Cecidomyiidae (Díptera) fueron encontradas depre- dando Phyllocoptruta oleivora (Ashmead) (Acari: Eriophyidae) en cítricos de Florida. Las identificaciones fueron hechas en adultos criados en el laboratorio. Los dos cecidomidos tie- nen distintivas coloraciones larvales. Un tipo es completamente amarillo y es identificado como Feltiella n. sp., mientras que la otra tiene un collar blanco cerca de las partes bucales. Este cecidomido fue identificado como una especie en el genero cercano a Lestodiplosis en un amplio rango. Feltiella n. sp. (n = 17) y la especie cercana al genero Lestodiplosis (n = 12) con- sumieron 33.8 ± 4.6 (AVG ± SEM) y 43.0 ± 6.4 huevos del acaro de tostado, 14.2 ± 1.4 y 15.0 ± 2.0 ninfas del acaro del tostado, y 3.0 ± 0.4 y 5.6 ± 0.9 adultos del acaro del tostado /10 min., respectivamente. No hubo diferencias significantes entre las dos especies en los rangos de consumo de los diferentes estadios del acaro del tostado. Con los datos presentados aquí es evidente que Feltiella n. sp. y la especie cercana al genero Lestodiplosis son depredadores efi- cientes de huevos, larvas y ninfas de P. oleivora. Translation provided by the authors. The citrus rust mite (CRM), Phyllocoptruta ole- of citrus rust mites include predatory phytoseiid ivora (Ashmead), and the pink citrus rust mite Ac- and stigmaeid mites (Muma 1961; Muma & Sel- ulops pelekassi (Keifer) are pests on Florida citrus hime 1971; Peña 1992; Childers 1994). Hubbard (Acari: Eriophyidae) (Denmark 1963; Childers & (1883) found “a little coral-red maggot and a yel- Achor 1999). Both species cause rind blemish in- low midge larva” (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae, for- juries to developing and mature fruit. Other types merly Itonididae) feeding on CRM in Florida. of damage include reduced bonding force of fruit, Later, Muma et al. (1961) reported Itonidini spe- premature fruit drop, reduced yields, and lower cies feeding on P. oleivora and the six-spotted juice quality (Allen et al. 1994). The pink citrus mite, Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley), on cit- rust mite also can cause leaf distortion, crinkling, rus in Lake Alfred, Florida. and stunting of new shoot growth (C. C. Childers, The larvae of the cosmopolitan genus Feltiella unpublished). A third species, the citrus bud mite, (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) and all described spe- Aceria sheldoni (Ewing), is frequently found on cies form a group associated exclusively with tet- citrus but is not considered an economic pest in ranychid species (Gagné 1989), and this genus be- Florida (Childers & Achor 1999). Natural enemies longs in the tribe Lestodiplosini that is composed 162 Florida Entomologist 89(2) June 2006 entirely of predators or parasitoids of insects and Rearing of Cecidomyiid Larvae mites (Gagné 1989, 1994, 1995). The identifica- tion of these mite-eating cecidomyiids is difficult; Individual rectangular, transparent plastic for example, in Europe many authors are using containers (Pioneer Plastics Inc #295C, Eagan, Feltiella acarisuga (Vallot) and Therodiplosis per- MN) with semi-tight lids (31 cm long × 24 cm wide sicae Kieffer as synonyms (i.e., Colombo et al. × 11 cm deep) served as rearing chambers for the 1993; Piatkowski 2000; Putte 2002). The larval midge larvae. A lightly moistened piece of paper stage of F. acarisuga (Vallot) is a well-known towel was placed on the bottom of each container predator of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetrany- to provide increased humidity. Each CRM-in- chus urticae Koch (Gillespie et al. 1998). fested orange arena was carefully examined and Feltiella acarisuga completes its life cycle in 8 all other arthropods removed. Between six to to 10 d in Italy (Roberti 1954) and 29 d on average eight oranges were then placed individually on in Israel (Sharaf 1984). These differences in de- PVC rings (3.5 cm diam. × 1 cm high) inside each velopmental times are likely dependent on tem- plastic rearing container. Two or three cecid- perature and/or humidity differences. The crops omyiid larvae of the same type were added to each included in studies with F. acarisuga were apple fruit in the same container and then covered with (Roberti 1954), eggplant (Sharaf 1984), cucumber a lid (n ≥ 20 for yellow and orange, respectively). (Gillespie et al. 1998, 2000), strawberry (Easter- The containers were held in an environmental brook 1998), and plants in greenhouses (Opit et chamber at 25 ± 1°C, 60 ± 10% RH under fluores- al. 1997; Enkegaard et al. 2000). Feltiella occiden- cent lights set to a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h. talis (Felt) occurs on strawberry in California The cecidomyiid larvae were observed daily and (Oatman et al. 1985) and F. minuta has been the oranges infested with CRM were replaced as found on eggplant (Ho & Chen 1998). required. As each cecidomyiid pupa formed, it was There are few examples of eriophyid predation removed and isolated in a 5-cm-diam. Petri dish by larval cecidomyiids. Nijveldt (1969) compiled a held under the same environmental conditions. list of cecidomyiid species and their respective However, pupae were difficult to find and often es- eriophyid prey. The larva of a Medetera species caped detection so that many adults emerged in (Diptera: Dolichopodidae) was reported preying the plastic container. Pupae were found attached on Aculus schlechtendali Nalepa on apple in to fruit, on or under the paper toweling, or at- Washington (Rathman et al. 1988). The eriophyid tached to the plastic walls of the rearing units. Aceria litchii Keifer is a serious pest of lychee (Litchii chinensis Sonnerat) in Australia and Cecidomyiid Predation on Citrus Rust Mites China, and the larva of Arthrocnodax sp. (Cecid- omyiidae) was observed preying upon A. litchii The predatory behavior of cecidomyiids was (Waite & Gerson 1994). observed on individual Hamlin oranges heavily The objectives of this study were to identify infested with all stages of CRM. Individual or- two cecidomyiids observed preying upon citrus anges were placed on PVC rings (3.5 cm diam. × 1 rust mites in different citrus orchards in Florida, cm high) as described earlier. The presence of as well as to compare and quantify their con- high densities of CRM was confirmed on each sumption of different CRM stages. fruit by using a dissecting stereomicroscope (>100 cm2). Since it was not possible to estimate MATERIALS AND METHODS the age of the larvae used in the experiments, lar- vae of similar lengths (1.6-1.8 mm) were selected Cecidomyiid Collection for each assay. A single cecidomyiid larva was placed on a fruit within the center field of view by Sampling for cecidomyiid larvae was con- using a stereomicroscope and monitored for 10 ducted between June and August and again from min. rotating the fruit to maintain a constant October to the first week of December 2001 in a focus on the maggot’s movements. The number of ‘Hamlin’ orange orchard in Lake Alfred, Florida. eggs, combined larvae and nymphs, and adult Larvae were collected from citrus leaves and CRM stages consumed per larva during each 10- fruits and transferred individually to Petri dishes min. interval were tallied separately for each ce- with a 5-0 sable brush. Individual fruits with high cidomyiid species. In total, 17 yellow and 12 or- numbers of CRM (>100 cm2) were collected to pre- ange cecidomyiid larvae were observed. Data pare individual rearing arenas with an adequate were analyzed with a single factor analysis of food source for maintaining the two dipteran spe- variance (Zar 1984). Sub-samples of eriophyid cies. Some of the cecidomyiid larvae were allowed mite populations were collected from fruits into to complete their development so that adults 80% ethanol and then later slide-mounted in a could be obtained for identification while others modified Hoyer’s medium and identified to spe- were used for feeding experiments and behavioral cies (Baker et al. 1996). Multiple slides were pre- observations. Data obtained on individual prey pared with each containing 10 or more rust mite experiments were recorded separately. motile stages. Villanueva et al.: Cecidomyiid Species Predacious on Citrus Rust Mite 163 RESULTS fully collected, reared, and identified to genus in this study.
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