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Scienze Giuridiche L'acquiescenza Nel Diritto Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN SCIENZE GIURIDICHE CiClo XXXII Settore Concorsuale: 12/E1 Settore Scientifico Disciplinare: IUS/13 L’ACQUIESCENZA NEL DIRITTO INTERNAZIONALE Presentata da: Dott. Niccolò Lanzoni Coordinatore Dottorato: Supervisore: Chiar.mo Prof. Chiar.mo Prof. Andrea Morrone Attila M. Tanzi Esame finale anno 2020 1 2 Ringraziamenti Non è sempliCe trovare le parole giuste per ringraziare Così tante persone in Così poco spazio. Il primo e più sentito dei ringraziamenti va al Professor Attila Tanzi, mio supervisore e Maestro, Con il quale, nel Corso di questi lunghi, spossanti, entusiasmanti e irripetibili anni ho avuto modo di stringere un magnifiCo rapporto professionale e, prima ancora, personale. Inutile dire Che senza di lui questa tesi non avrebbe mai visto la luce. Il seCondo ringraziamento va, senza dubbio, a Gian Maria Farnelli. Solo Chi ha avuto il piaCere di lavorarci insieme può apprezzarne appieno la Competenza e le qualità umane. Grazie davvero per il Costante e generoso aiuto. Ringrazio la Professoressa Elisa BaronCini per avermi gentilmente Coinvol- to nei suoi stimolanti progetti, nonché i miei fantastiCi Colleghi LudoviCa Chiussi e FrancesCo Cunsolo per i bei momenti passati in Compagnia. Ringrazio inoltre i due revisori, il Professor Giulio Bartolini e il Professor Cesare Pitea, per gli utili Commenti alla preCedente versione del testo. Un ringraziamen- to speCiale va alla Profesora Andrea Lucas Garín per avermi invitato e splendidamente aCColto al- l’Heidelberg Center para AmériCa Latina a Santiago del Cile: è stata un’esperienza indimentiCabile. Un ulteriore e profondo ringraziamento va alla mia famiglia, Che mi supporta (e sopporta) da sem- pre. Se sono riusCito a raggiungere un traguardo tanto importante lo devo principalmente a voi: grazie per tutto Ciò Che avete fatto per me. Ringrazio infine i miei amiCi, veCChi e nuovi, e tutti Coloro Che ho incontrato e conosCiuto in questi anni. Ho imparato molto, da ciasCuno di voi. Mi assumo piena ed esClusiva responsabilità per ogni impreCisione, formale o materiale, nelle pa- gine che seguono. N. L. Bologna, 7 febbraio 2020. 3 4 «ContiCuere omnes […]». Eneide II, 1. 5 6 Indice Abbreviazioni……………………………………………………………………………………11 Introduzione 1. Il valore (giuridiCo) del silenzio………………………………………………………………..15 2. Terminologia: atti giuridiCi e fatti giuridiCi…………………………………………………….17 3. Piano dell’analisi………………………………………………………………………………19 Capitolo I. Il silenzio quale atto giuridico: l’acquiescenza 1. Introduzione: l’istituto dell’aCquiesCenza nel diritto internazionale…………………………...23 2. L’approcCio volontaristiCo: l’aCquiesCenza Come atto giuridiCo…………………………….…24 3. L’approcCio oggettivista: l’aCquiesCenza Come fatto giuridiCo………………………………...28 4. La natura giuridiCa dell’aCquiesCenza…………………………………………………………30 4.1. L’aCquiesCenza Come atto giuridiCo unilaterale…………………………………………30 4.2. L’aCquiesCenza Come “fenomeno giuridiCo”……………………………………………33 5. I limiti dell’aCquiesCenza: lo jus cogens………………………………………………………34 6. Considerazioni conclusive…………………………………………………………………….36 Capitolo II. L’acquiescenza e la prescrizione acquisitiva 1. Introduzione: la presCrizione aCquisitiva nel diritto internazionale……………………………39 2. Origini e sviluppo dell’istituto…………………………………………………………………42 3. Gli elementi Che Caratterizzano la presCrizione aCquisitiva……………………………………45 3.1. Introduzione: le Condizioni sine qua non………………………………………………..45 3.2. L’esercizio di poteri de facto sovrani……………………………………………………46 3.2.1. Effettività, Continuità, pubbliCità……………………………………………...46 3.2.2. L’animus occupandi…………………………………………………………..50 7 3.2.3. L’esercizio paCifiCo di poteri de facto sovrani………………………………...53 3.3. L’aCquiesCenza dello Stato interessato………………………………………………….55 3.3.1. Complementarietà dei due elementi…………………………………………..55 3.3.2. ConosCenza della situazione e interesse ad agire: loqui debuisset…………….56 3.3.3. CapaCità di protestare: ac potuisset…………………………………………...61 3.4. Condizioni ancillari……………………………………………………………………..62 3.4.1 Il passaggio del tempo…………………………………………………………62 3.4.2. La buona fede…………………………………………………………………64 4. Considerazioni conclusive…………………………………………………………………….65 Capitolo III. L’acquiescenza e le fonti del diritto internazionale 1. L’aCquiesCenza e il diritto Consuetudinario……………………………………………………67 1.1. La formazione del diritto Consuetudinario generale…………………………………….67 1.2. Il silenzio quale elemento oggettivo…………………………………………………….69 1.3. Il silenzio quale elemento soggettivo……………………………………………………72 1.4. Il problema della natura della opinio juris………………………………………………75 1.5. MACGIBBON: diritti, obblighi e aCquiesCenza…………………………………………..77 1.6. Il diritto Consuetudinario partiColare……………………………………………………79 1.7. L’obiettore persistente…………………………………………………………………..83 1.8. La desuetudine………………………………………………………………………….87 2. L’aCquiesCenza e il diritto dei trattati…………………………………………………………..89 2.1. L’aCquiesCenza e la formazione dei trattati……………………………………………...89 2.2. L’aCquiesCenza e le riserve……………………………………………………………...91 2.3. L’aCquiesCenza e l’interpretazione dei trattati…………………………………………..94 2.4. L’aCquiesCenza e la modifiCa dei trattati………………………………………………...98 2.5. L’aCquiesCenza e l’invalidità dei trattati……………………………………………….101 2.6. L’aCquiesCenza e l’estinzione dei trattati………………………………………………105 3. Considerazioni conclusive…………………………………………………………………...109 8 Capitolo IV. Altri ambiti di applicazione dell’acquiescenza 1. Introduzione: altri ambiti in Cui l’aCquiesCenza dispiega i propri effetti……………………...111 2. L’aCquiesCenza e l’esistenza di una Controversia……………………..………………………111 3. L’aCquiesCenza e l’istituzione della giurisdizione di Corti e tribunali internazionali………….114 4. L’aCquiesCenza a la responsabilità internazionale degli Stati……………………..…………119 5. L’aCquiesCenza e l’adozione delle deCisioni nelle organizzazioni internazionali…………….122 6. L’aCquiesCenza e la procedura di opting out………………………………………………….125 7. Considerazioni conclusive…………………………………………………………………...126 Capitolo V. Altri “silenzi”: l’estoppel by silence e la prescrizione estintiva 1. Introduzione: il silenzio Come fatto giuridiCo stricto sensu…………………………………...129 2. L’estoppel…………………………………………………………………...…….…………131 2.1. Le origini dell’istituto………………………………………………………………….131 2.2. Concezione estensiva e Concezione restrittiva dell’estoppel nel diritto internazionale...133 2.3. L’estoppel by silence e l’estoppel by acquiescence……………………………………136 2.3.1. Considerazioni teoriChe……………………………………………………...136 2.3.2. La prassi della CIG…………………………………………………………..141 2.3.3. Sviluppi reCenti………………………………………………………………146 2.4. Differenze tra l’estoppel e altri istituti…………………………………………………147 3. La presCrizione estintiva……………………………………………………………………...149 3.1. PresCrizione estintiva e presCrizione aCquisitiva……………………………………….149 3.2. Natura dell’istituto…………………………………………………………………….151 3.3. Elementi di prassi……………………………………………………………………...153 3.3.1. Da Brig Macedonian (1858) ad Ambatielos (1956) …………………………153 3.3.2. Sviluppi reCenti………………………………………………….………......157 3.4. Considerazioni in tema di prassi……………………………………………………….159 3.4.1. PresCrizione estintiva, limite temporale e ingiustificato ritardo……………...159 3.4.2. DeCorso del termine e interruzione della presCrizione……………………….162 3.4.3. L’esistenza di un pregiudizio per il Convenuto………………………………163 9 4. Considerazioni conclusive…………………………………………………...………………165 Conclusioni 1. L’importanza del paradigma dell’azione-reazione nel diritto internazionale…………………167 2. I requisiti del silenzio nella produzione di effetti giuridiCi……………………………………169 3. Considerazioni propositive…………………………………………………………………...171 Bibliografia Monografie, Contributi in opera Collettanea e artiColi…………………………………………...175 Giurisprudenza………………………………………………………………………………….185 Documenti………………………………………………………………………………………193 Sinossi…………………………………………………………………………………………..196 10 Abbreviazioni AFDI: Annuaire français de droit international; African J. Int’l & Comp. L.: African Journal of International and Comparative Law; AJIL: American Journal of International Law; ARS: Progetto di Articoli sulla responsabilità dello Stato (UN Doc. A/56/10), 2001; Australian Y.B. Int’l L.: Australian Yearbook of International Law; Bond L. Rev.: Bond Law Review; British Y.B. Int’l L.: British Yearbook of International Law; California L. Rev.: California Law Review; Cambridge L. J.: Cambridge Law Review; Carta ONU: Statuto delle Nazioni Unite, San FrancisCo, 26 giugno 1945; CDI: Commissione di diritto internazionale; CdP: Conferenza delle parti; CEDU: Convenzione europea per la salvaguardia dei diritti dell’uomo e delle libertà fondamenta- li, Roma, 3 settembre 1953; Chinese J. Int’l L.: Chinese Journal of International Law; CIADU: Convenzione americana sui diritti umani, San José, 22 novembre 1969; CIG: Corte internazionale di giustizia; CNUDM: Convenzione delle Nazioni Unite sul diritto del mare, Montego Bay, 10 diCembre 1982; Convenzione ICSID: Convenzione di Washington per la risoluzione delle controversie in materia di investimenti, Washington, 18 marzo 1965; CPA: Corte permanente di arbitrato; CPGI: Corte permanente di giustizia internazionale; CVDT: Convenzione di Vienna sul diritto dei trattati, Vienna, 23 maggio 1969; CUP: Cambridge University Press; Denning L. J.: Denning Law Journal; DSB: Dispute Settlement Body; DSU: Dispute Settlement Understanding; Duke J. Int’l & Comp. L.: Duke Journal of International and Comparative Law; EJIL: European Journal of International Law; FILJ: ICSID Review – Foreign Investment Law Journal; Georgetown
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