TreatmentTreatment ResidualResidual DisposalDisposal OptionsOptions
1 OverviewOverview
¾¾ AcronymsAcronyms && AbbreviationsAbbreviations ¾¾ DisposalDisposal ConsiderationsConsiderations ¾¾ LiquidLiquid ResidualResidual TypesTypes ¾¾ SolidSolid ResidualResidual TypesTypes ¾¾ LiquidLiquid ResidualResidual DisposalDisposal OptionsOptions ¾¾ SolidSolid ResidualResidual DisposalDisposal OptionsOptions ¾¾ TransportingTransporting WasteWaste && WasteWaste BrokersBrokers ¾¾ AlternativesAlternatives
2 AcronymsAcronyms && AbbreviationsAbbreviations
AA Activated Alumina BAT Best Available Technology CESQG Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generator CWA Clean Water Act DOT U.S. Department of Transportation ED/EDR Electrodialysis/Electrodialysis Reversal HMO Hydrous Manganese Oxide IX Ion Exchange LLRW Low Level Radioactive Waste LQG Large Quantity Generator NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
3 AcronymsAcronyms && AbbreviationsAbbreviations
PFLT Paint Filter Liquids Test POTW Publicly Owned Treatment Works RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act SQG Small Quantity Generator SSCT Small System Compliance Technology TBLLs Technically Based Local Limits TCLP Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring TENORM Radioactive Material UIC Underground Injection Control
USDW Underground Source of Drinking Water 4 DisposalDisposal OptionsOptions DependDepend OnOn…… ¾¾ WasteWaste characteristicscharacteristics
z LiquidLiquid oror solidsolid
z TypeType andand concentrationconcentration ofof contaminantscontaminants
z ClassificationClassification ofof wastewaste • TENORM • Hazardous Waste • Source Material • Mixed Waste • Radioactive waste 5 DisposalDisposal OptionsOptions DependDepend OnOn……
¾¾ Federal,Federal, state,state, && locallocal regulationsregulations
¾¾ DisposalDisposal facilityfacility policiespolicies
¾¾ SystemSystem && disposaldisposal sitesite locationlocation
6 LiquidLiquid ResidualsResiduals
Acid Rinse BAT/SSCT Brine Backwash Neut. Concentrate Water Water IX X X X RO X AA X X X Coagulation/Filtration X Lime Softening X Green Sand Filtration X Co-Precip. w/ Barium X Sulfate ED/EDR X Pre-formed HMO X Filtration 7 SolidSolid ResidualsResiduals
Spent Spent BAT/SSCT Resins/ Sludge Media Membranes IX X RO X AA X Coagulation/Filtration X X Lime Softening X X Green Sand Filtration X X Co-Precip. w/Barium Sulfate X X ED/EDR X Pre-formed HMO Filtration X X
8 DisposalDisposal OptionsOptions
Possible Disposal Options
Residuals Direct Discharge to Underground Landfill Discharge POTW Injection
Liquids X X X
Sludge X (X) X
Spent X Resins/Media
Spent X Membranes
9 LiquidLiquid Disposal:Disposal: DirectDirect DischargeDischarge
¾¾ MustMust havehave accessibleaccessible && appropriateappropriate receivingreceiving bodybody
¾¾ NPDESNPDES permitpermit limitationslimitations
z NoNo federalfederal regulationsregulations inin placeplace forfor radionuclidesradionuclides
10 LiquidLiquid Disposal:Disposal: DischargeDischarge toto POTWPOTW
¾ MustMust meetmeet TBLLsTBLLs
¾ POTWPOTW cancan refuserefuse wastewaste ifif itit will:will:
z Interfere with treatment process
z Contaminate POTW sewage sludge
z Cause NPDES permit violation
¾ MayMay needneed locallocal permitpermit oror contractcontract
11 LiquidLiquid Disposal:Disposal: DischargeDischarge toto POTW,POTW, cont.cont.
¾ DomesticDomestic sewagesewage exclusionexclusion
¾ RestrictionsRestrictions onon sourcesource materialmaterial
¾ StateState TENORMTENORM regulationsregulations maymay applyapply
12 LiquidLiquid Disposal:Disposal: UndergroundUnderground InjectionInjection ¾ UICUIC regulationsregulations definedefine ““radioactiveradioactive””
¾ AdditionalAdditional statestate restrictionsrestrictions maymay applyapply
¾ ClassClass II wellswells
z Possible option for radioactive & hazardous residuals
z Stringent requirements
z Limited disposal of sludge/solids
13 LiquidLiquid Disposal:Disposal: UndergroundUnderground Injection,Injection, cont.cont. ¾¾ ClassClass VV wellswells
z ShallowShallow wellswells
z MayMay notnot acceptaccept radioactiveradioactive wastewaste
z NoNo hazardoushazardous wastewaste disposaldisposal
14 Liquid Residuals Disposal
Consider intermediate No No Is there access to a Is there access to a Is underground injection No processing and/or waste receiving body? POTW? available? minimization methods or other disposal Yes options. Yes No Would the system’s Is the liquid considered discharge cause pass- Would injection to a Yes radioactive and/or Yes through or interference Class I well be the hazardous according to 10 at the POTW? Yes most cost-effective CFR Part 20, Appendix B, or practical (or only) Table II, Column 2 and 40 No option? CFR 261.3 respectively? Does the liquid meet Does the liquid No No direct discharge containing Ra or U meet requirements POTW discharge Yes (CWA/NPDES, state, requirements (CWA, and local limits)? state limits, TBLLs)? No Yes Contact the appropriate EPA regional or state Yes No Will the POTW accept UIC program office to the residual waste? see whether Class I injection (below a USDW) is a disposal Is direct discharge Yes Would injection to a option. the most cost- Class V well be the effective or practical Is discharge to a No most cost-effective (or only) option? POTW the most cost- No or practical (or effective or practical No only) option? (or only) option? Yes Yes Yes
Secure a permit from Secure a permit from the state. the state. Contact the appropriate EPA regional or State UIC program office to see whether Class V injection (into or above a USDW) is a disposal option. Direct discharge. Discharge to POTW. 15 SolidSolid Residuals:Residuals: PrePre--testingtesting
¾¾ DetermineDetermine ifif wastewaste isis hazardoushazardous
z ProcessProcess knowledgeknowledge and/orand/or
z AnalyticalAnalytical testingtesting
¾¾ TCLPTCLP
z PredictsPredicts leachingleaching ofof hazardoushazardous wastewaste
z LevelsLevels setset forfor 88 metalsmetals && 3232 organicsorganics • Does not apply to radionuclides
16 SolidSolid Waste:Waste: PrePre--testing,testing, cont.cont.
¾¾ TestingTesting forfor freefree liquidsliquids
z PaintPaint filterfilter liquidsliquids testtest
z >> 20%20% solidssolids
¾¾ LandfillsLandfills dodo notnot acceptaccept wastewaste containingcontaining freefree liquidsliquids
17 SolidSolid Waste:Waste: PrePre--testing,testing, cont.cont.
¾ IntermediateIntermediate processingprocessing toto removeremove liquidsliquids
¾ NoNo federalfederal requirementrequirement toto testtest residualsresiduals forfor radionuclidesradionuclides
18 HazardousHazardous WasteWaste GeneratorsGenerators
Status Generation Storage
Conditionally Exempt Small < 100 kg < 1,000 kg Quantity Generator (CESQG)
Small Quantity 100 – 1,000 kg 1,000 – 5,999 kg Generator (SQG)
Large Quantity > 1,000 kg > 6,000 kg Generator (LQG)
19 SolidSolid Residuals:Residuals: MunicipalMunicipal && IndustrialIndustrial LandfillsLandfills ¾ RCRA - Subtitle D
¾ Municipal solid waste landfills
z Non-hazardous TENORM
z Hazardous waste from CESQGs
¾ Industrial solid waste landfills
z Non-hazardous TENORM
¾ LandfillsLandfills maymay monitormonitor wastewaste
20 SolidSolid Residuals:Residuals: HazardousHazardous WasteWaste LandfillsLandfills ¾¾ RCRARCRA –– SubtitleSubtitle CC
¾¾ AllAll generatorgenerator classesclasses
¾¾ LandLand DisposalDisposal RestrictionsRestrictions (SQGs(SQGs && LQGs)LQGs)
¾¾ MayMay notnot acceptaccept TENORMTENORM
¾¾ PossiblePossible permitpermit conditionsconditions
21 SolidSolid ResidualsResiduals –– LLRWLLRW LandfillsLandfills
¾ BarnwellBarnwell -- SouthSouth CarolinaCarolina
z Limited use after June 2008
¾ RichlandRichland -- WashingtonWashington
z Certain types of TENORM z Limited licensed source material disposal z No hazardous or mixed waste
¾ EnergySystemsEnergySystems –– Clive,Clive, UtahUtah
z Dedicated TENORM disposal z Certain kinds of mixed waste 22 SolidSolid ResidualsResiduals –– MixedMixed WasteWaste FacilitiesFacilities ¾¾ EnergySystemsEnergySystems –– Clive,Clive, UtahUtah
¾¾ PermaPerma--FixFix EnvironmentalEnvironmental ServicesServices
z EastEast TennesseeTennessee M&ECM&EC
¾¾ NSSINSSI
23 Solids Residual Disposal
Use intermediate Identify the quality and Are there free liquids, Yes processing to separate quantity of the residual according to the PFLT? out the liquids
No Sludge, Resin, Dispose of liquid Granular Media, AA residuals Dispose in a Media, Spent municipal landfill Membranes
No Dispose in a municipal, industrial, hazardous Is the waste Does the waste waste, or LLRW landfill, or No Yes hazardous? contain radionuclides? any landfill licensed by the state to accept TENORM Yes waste Does the waste Dispose in a hazardous waste contain No landfill and meet all RCRA radionuclides? Subtitle C requirements Dispose in a landfill Yes licensed to accept mixed waste** Does the waste Yes contain non-exempt quantities of uranium Dispose in a LLRW landfill permitted to accept or beta/photon No hazardous waste or a hazardous waste landfill emitters?* licensed to accept TENORM waste 24 TransportingTransporting WasteWaste ¾¾ DOTDOT radioactivityradioactivity limitslimits maymay applyapply
¾¾ TransportingTransporting hazardoushazardous wastewaste
z MayMay requirerequire EPAEPA IDID numbernumber
z UniformUniform HazardousHazardous WasteWaste ManifestManifest
¾¾ CostsCosts cancan bebe significantsignificant
25 WasteWaste BrokersBrokers && TransportersTransporters
¾¾ PrivatePrivate firmsfirms thatthat maymay
z RemoveRemove residualsresiduals fromfrom onon--sitesite
z ProcessProcess residualsresiduals asas necessarynecessary
z TransportTransport residualsresiduals toto disposaldisposal sitesite
¾¾ TreatmentTreatment vendorsvendors maymay offeroffer similarsimilar servicesservices
26 AlternativeAlternative OptionsOptions
¾ Incineration ¾ Evaporation ponds Intermediate processing methods ¾ Surface create additional impoundments residual streams ¾ Sludge dewatering
Not encouraged unless there is a demonstrated ¾ Land application benefit, weighed against or soil mixing potential hazards & risks
27 Questions?Questions?
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