National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior
NCPTTThe Newsletter of the National Center forNotes Preservation Technology and Training • Issue 38 Partnerships: The Time for Action is Now
“Currently, the United States is losing its prehistoric and historic cultural resources at an alarming rate . . . .” This was a principal finding of the Office of Technology Assessment in a 1986 re- port. The echo of the 1986 OTA’s find- ing is still heard in 2001. Too few fiscal and preservation professional re- sources are available to the National Center for Preservation Technology and Training and other preservation programs to stop the erosion of our nation’s cultural resources. With each passing year, America’s cultural re- sources are increasingly at risk by van- dalism, looting, unplanned tourism, water and air pollution, public apathy, cultural illiteracy and population Lee H. Nelson Hall. NCPTT recently moved into its permanent home in the former Women’s Gymna- growth. sium on the campus of Northwestern State University in Natchitoches, Louisiana. After an extensive rehabilitation, the Women’s Gym was renamed for Lee H. Nelson, a pioneer in the field of historic preservation technology and a career NPS employee. Constructed in 1923 to provide gymnasium space for students of the Louisiana State Normal School, Nelson Hall is the oldest surviving building on ...NCPTT is making efforts to the NSU campus. NCPTT will celebrate with a formal dedication in November. expand its partnership base... helping to preserve America’s heritage grams to form cross-sector partnership through technology. alliances – alliances that the Council Strategic Partnerships. In a move to has begun to help NCPTT to create. reverse this trend, NCPTT is making The Council for Excellence in efforts to expand its partnership base. Government. The Council for Excel- A recently signed cooperative agree- In seven years of operation, NCPTT lence in Government was formed in ment between NCPTT and the Coun- has had numerous grantee partners 1983 in Washington, DC as a nonprofit cil provides for collaboration that will and several other partners represent- organization. The Council has been bring potential strategic partners from ing non-profit, corporate, federal, the principal force behind the expand- both the private and public sectors to state, tribal, private, university, profes- ing e-Government movement and has NCPTT. The cooperative roles of sional and international organizations. served as a “convener, catalyst, and NCPTT and the Council are outlined Northwestern State University and the communicator” to promote strong in the agreement: convening work- National Trust have proven to be two leadership and management in the shops, seminars and conferences with of NCPTT’s valued and long-term Federal government. It focuses on potential partners to identify possible strategic partners. More such strategic innovation and results – results that areas of collaboration; identifying partnerships must be established be- benefit the American public. The potential partners from within the tween NCPTT and other organiza- Council has brought together potential scientific and historic preservation tions for NCPTT to attain its goal of private sector partners to Federal pro- communities; and developing specific
(continued on page 2) Partnerships: The Time for Action is Now NCPTT Website to Undergo (continued from page 1) preservation and heritage education Redesign projects that incorporate effective read it. Incorporating such tools not leadership and management principles The NCPTT website plays a key role only ensures that a user has obtained in their design and implementation. in efforts to disseminate information on technology-based research and desired information, but also increases the likelihood of longer user sessions Importantly, the NCPTT-Council ideas concerning preservation to both and return visits. cooperative agreement includes the preservation professionals and the added goal of improving existing interested public. The current website Focusing on enhancing navigability NCPTT programs. Several of the was developed and launched in 1997. and enjoyment with newly available Council’s e-Fellows participants will It was state-of-the-art for the time and tools, as well as abiding by government evaluate NCPTT’s current website and designed to meet the needs of the regulations and standards, the make recommendations for graphic Center. It incorporated many innova- design and content improvement. A tive ideas and offered useful resources team assembled by the council from and information. private and public sectors will work As the fields of technology and As the fields of technology and re- with NCPTT to develop a distance research constantly evolve and learning program appropriate to deliv- search constantly evolve and new ering online courses for NCPTT’s media tools become available for web new media tools become avail- Louisiana Heritage Education Initia- development, users demand more able for web development, us-
tive and the Federal Preservation Insti- ...... information at a variety of different ers demand more information tute. NCPTT will be invited by the levels. NCPTT has hired a webmaster at a variety of different levels. Council to participate in their Tribal to update and develop its website to Technology Initiative and their Sustain- meet these ever-increasing demands. able Development Extension projects. New technologies have been devel- oped to provide users with informa- webmaster will work to make the site Forging Productive Partnerships. tive content and an enjoyable web accessible to a multiplicity of indi- For NCPTT the time to forge produc- experience. New tools allow users to vidual users with varying needs. The tive partnerships is now. We at experience information, not simply new site will have a fresh look and new NCPTT are excited about our evolving collaboration with the Council. We One of the new website designs under consideration. believe that our NCPTT-Council part- nership will significantly expand our partnership base, help NCPTT to keep the public trust, and meet the formi- dable challenge of our mission: to use technology to serve the future of America’s heritage for the benefit of preservation practitioners and for the American public.
Our New Contact Information!
National Center for
PreservationTechnology and Training ...... 645 College Avenue Natchitoches, Louisiana, 71457
318/356-7444 telephone 318/356-9119 facsimile
2 NCPTT Notes •National Center for Preservation Technology and Training • Issue 38 sub-sites dealing with education and information resources. The webmaster and design team at NCPTT are work- ing on several variations and demos of the new site. Shown in this article is one example that is being considered.
Of primary importance in the redesign is aesthetic pleasure combined with logical, utilitarian construction and user-end navigation. The design team NPS Junior Rangers has been researching these areas for NCPTT is helping to educate the next depth tour of the facilities with activi- some time and has gathered necessary generation of stewards of our cultural ties corresponding to each component. information to build the strongest site resources. As well as piloting its new possible. Clearinghouse work will Heritage Education Initiative, NCPTT The Junior Rangers learned the intri- begin with taking the information cur- hosted National Park Service Junior cate nature of documenting a building rently available, placing it in a larger Rangers for a morning in late June, as the Historic American Buildings database, and compiling as much addi- facilitating a comprehensive, hands-on Survey team led the Rangers in doing tional information as possible within tour of the Center. The ten Junior field sketches of Nelson Hall. The same database structure. Rangers have been spending their Rangers’ view of preservation was then summer developing skills and learning expanded from single buildings to The redesigned website will also con- about their heritage through working include overall urban design. Faced tain new features focused on areas of at Cane River Creole National Histori- with a hypothetical situation of a rap- special interest: Community will cal Park and visiting sites weekly to idly increasing population, the Rangers showcase local history and architec- learn about other natural and cultural acted as Natchitoches city planners ture. Partners will focus on joint ven- resources in the surrounding areas. and discussed methods to preserve tures and partnerships. Resources historic areas and adaptive reuse strat- will deal with various forms of func- For many of the highschool students, egies linked to environmental issues. tional media for users. These features being a Junior Ranger has been their and many others under development ...... first job, as well as an opportunity for A tour of the lab facilities included a will make the NCPTT site a great web other new experiences. Working at the discussion of the Environmental resource for preservation information Oakland and Magnolia Plantations for Chamber, which simulates environ- and resources. eight weeks with a standard workday of mental conditions. The chamber is eight and a half hours, they have been used to test the effects of such factors Major “rehabilitation” should be com- cleaning the main house, maintaining as pollution and weathering on materi- pleted by late September or early fencerows, gardening, and performing als, which aids in determining treat- October, and the site will be strength- other roles necessary to running a ments for preservation. The Rangers ened by a rigorous maintenance sched- historical park. also completed a rock identification ule. The new site will have a great deal exercise where they learned the impor- more to offer and should be a bench- The Rangers considered their visit to tance of accuratly identifying materials mark for other government websites. NCPTT a highlight experience. Dur- so that effective preservation tech- Interested users will be able to locate ing their visit, the Junior Rangers niques may be employed. the site at
Natchitoches, LA 71457 ...... Junior Rangers received a more in- our cultural heritage.
NCPTT Notes • August 2001 • 3 Louisiana Heritage Education Program
sentations on the three topics served as background information for the rest of the week’s activities. A visit to the Loui- siana Center for Educational Technol- ogy Region VI Teaching, Learning, and Technology Lab to explore educational software programs offered more re- sources for teachers.
On Tuesday they participated in a number of activities, including a brief lecture on the history of architecture in Louisiana, a walking tour of the his- toric district in Natchitoches and a review of local National Register sites. A presentation on Reading a Building provided other skills for teachers. A tour of NSU’s Cammie G. Henry Re- search Center at Watson Library of- fered information on the resources in archives and the use of primary docu- ments for researching history. Three teachers working diligently on an exercise concerning early Native American cultures.
Archeology was the topic for Wednes- Sixteen teachers from Louisiana were because the students in these grades day. Presentations on archeology, the recently selected to participate in the participate in LEAP 21, Louisiana’s prehistoric Conly Site, and Los Adaes Heritage in the Classroom component new criterion-referenced testing pro- State Historic Site provided much in- of the Louisiana Heritage Education gram. formation on ethics, laws, tools, pro- Program (LHEP). These highly moti- cess and other aspects of archeology. vated and enthusiastic fourth- and The sixteen teachers met for the initial A tour of Los Adaes added a hands-on eighth-grade teachers were recom- workshop in June at NCPTT. Other element to the teachers’ experience. mended by principals and supervisors partners in the program — the Cane as the best candidates for the program. River Creole National Historical Park, Thursday was devoted to cultural land- Louisiana Creole Heritage Center, scapes. The teachers toured the Cane The Louisiana Heritage Education Louisiana Office of State Parks, Louisi- River Creole National Historical Park Program is the result of a partnership ana Division of Archaeology, and Loui- properties — Oakland Plantation and between NCPTT and Northwestern siana Division of Historic Preservation Magnolia Plantation. Commentary on State University of Louisiana (NSU). — and NCPTT provided printed and the cultural landscapes along Cane The goals of the program are to en- online cultural resources information River Lake was provided during a driv- hance students’ academic achieve- as content for lesson plans. Teachers ing tour of the area. Melrose Planta- ment, promote stewardship of also reviewed criteria for a good lesson tion was the final site visited. Louisiana’s historic sites, and serve as a and evaluated existing online heritage national model for heritage education. education programs. Each day, the teachers worked on les- son plans. Divided into four groups, Toward achieving these goals, Heritage At the five-day Summer Institute, the they worked toward creating a lesson in the Classroom was developed to aid teachers received even more informa- based on what they learned during the in the creation of curriculum-based tion on those topics identified as his- week. On Friday, each group pre- lesson plans that use Louisiana cultural toric places — historic structures, ar- sented the lesson with each member resources information as content. The cheological sites, and cultural land- presenting one aspect. The lesson fourth and eighth grades were targeted scapes. At the start of the week, pre- topics included sculpture, classical vs.
4 NCPTT Notes •National Center for Preservation Technology and Training • Issue 38 Victorian architecture, a local historic grade activities are encouraged. Some University. The result was Focus on house museum and the state capitol. ideas include researching the history of 2000: A Heritage Education Perspective. the school, a Kid’s Register of Historic Published in 1997, this publication This creating and modeling of lessons Sites in Louisiana, and a virtual tour of documented the history and status of presented an opportunity for the historic sites in a parish. heritage education in this country and teachers to focus on procedure and provided planning guidelines and a content in an environment that offered The third component of Louisiana state-by-state look at service and pro- subject matter support and many re- Heritage Education Program involves gram providers. sources. The experience will aid them incorporating heritage education into when they begin to work individually the education curriculum. NCPTT Guided by the information produced on their lesson plans. staff is collaborating with staff from from the survey, the NPS and NCPTT NSU’s Department of Social Sciences launched the national Heritage Educa- Other workshops throughout the year and College of Education to redesign tion Distance Learning Initiative in the will offer the 16 teachers an opportu- social sciences and education courses. spring of 2000. The concept behind nity for interacting with others in the the initiative is the development of a program. They will also have access to The redesigned courses will contain model heritage education project using subject matter experts and education information gathered through work the evolving technologies in distance specialists. In September, Louisiana with teachers in the other components learning to reconnect children and Department of Education staff will of the Louisiana Heritage Education citizens with history and sense of work with the teachers to assure that Program. By addressing students en- place. Louisiana was chosen as the curriculum standards are addressed. rolled in education programs before location for the pilot program. Staff from NSU’s College of Education they become teachers, the program will aid the teachers in the develop- will equip them with skills and knowl- For information regarding the ment of rubrics and other assessment edge before they reach the classroom. Louisiana Heritage Education tools. The February workshop will Program contact: focus on assessing changes in students’ The NCPTT began its work in heritage Sheila Richmond knowledge and attitude. The June education by sponsoring a survey of Heritage Education Coordinator workshop will provide a forum for the state historic preservation offices and
These grants will aid teachers in devel- oping innovative, creative activities that enhance student appreciation of Louisiana’s resources. Any fulltime, pre-K through 12 teacher in a Louisi- ana school system is eligible to apply. Projects are not limited to social stud- ies classes; multi-subject and multi-
NCPTT Notes • August 2001 • 5 NCPTT Welcomes New Staff
Professionals from across the United States and the world have joined NCPTT to pursue its mis- sion. NCPTT is also hosting a HABS team that is documenting several buildings in and around Natchitoches, Louisiana (see related story on page 6).
Fai Au comes to NCPTT through the Student Conservation Association. She is a native of New Orleans, where she graduated from Benjamin Franklin High School. Currently, Fai is a student at New York University and pursuing a bachelor of the arts in fine arts and mathematics. Fai is assisting with the Center’s Heritage Education Program. The Roque House is part of the Cane River National Heritage Area. Kathryn Hallett is pursuing a master of arts degree in conservation science at the Royal College of Art in London, England. Kathryn is working with the Environmental and Materials Cane River Research Program on the NCPTT/Dupont Water Repellants study. National Heritage Area Rodney Harrison holds a B.S. degree in psychol- ogy, a M.Ed. in educational technology, and an In 1994, Congress established the Cane National Historic Landmarks, three Ed.S. in educational leadership and instruction. River National Heritage Area in State Commemorative Areas and many He has worked with various departments at Natchitoches and Sabine parishes in historic plantations, homes and Northwestern State University on computer and Louisiana. The Heritage Area is a churches. web development issues. Rodney’s work at NCPTT centers on the continued development largely rural, agricultural landscape and maintenance of the NCPTT website. known both for its historic plantations The Heritage Area’s management en- and its multi-cultural heritage. Histori- tity is the Cane River National Heritage Andrew Sanders is pursuing a bachelors of cally, the region is home to several Area Commission. Nineteen commis- architecture degree at Louisiana Tech University. cultures, including French, Spanish, sioners appointed by the Secretary of He received a 2001 excellence in design award African, American Indian and Creole. the Interior represent an array of local and has received several awards for excellence in design studies. Andrew’s work at NCPTT will and state organizations and institu- focus on the development of a graphic identity The Heritage Area was established to tions. Commission co-chairs are Rob- for the center that will allow for greater commu- preserve and promote the rich re- ert B. DeBlieux and Saidee W. Newell. nity involvement and recognition. sources of the region, and to provide a cultural and historical context for Cane The Cane River National Heritage Area Deig Sandoval holds a Ph. D. from the Univer- River Creole National Historical Park. Commission is pleased to be collabo- sity of Arkansas at Fayetteville in chemistry and an M. Sc. in chemistry from Pittsburgh State The Park consists of two units located rating with the National Center for University. Dr. Sandoval will be dedicating half of at Oakland and Magnolia Plantations Preservation Technology and Training his time to research on effects of air pollutants in Natchitoches Parish. The Heritage in several areas. The emphasis both on building materials at the NCPTT research Area encompasses roughly 45,000 organizations place on preservation facilities and the other half to teaching at North- acres along Cane River Lake. Its cen- and education makes them natural western State University in the chemistry and tral corridor begins just south of the partners. The Commission hired a physics department. Dr. Sandoval has taught at University of Texas - Pan American, Interamerican City of Natchitoches and extends new executive director, Nancy I. M. University of Puerto Rico and Simon Bolivar along both sides of Cane River Lake Morgan, in February. Since Morgan University in Caracas, Venezuela, and has pub- for 35 miles. Along with the two park began, she has been working with Dr. lished several papers in chemistry. units, the Heritage Area includes seven Robert Stearns, executive director of
6 NCPTT Notes •National Center for Preservation Technology and Training • Issue 38 NCPTT, and other members of the American Building Survey (HABS) on NCPTT staff to forge the direction the a 12-week project concerning architec- NCPTT Notes partnership will take. tural resources in the Heritage Area. August 2001 The $45,000 project is jointly funded The Commission particularly is excited by the Commission and HABS, and the PTTPublications 2001- about the work that NCPTT is doing International Council on Monuments in the field of heritage education. In and Sites is providing scholarships for April, Morgan met with the Heritage two international team members. The Editor Andy Ferrell Education Coordinator, Sheila Rich- architectural team’s office is located on mond to discuss the Commission’s role the top floor of Nelson Hall. Copy Editor in the heritage education initiative Sara Burroughs introduced this year by NCPTT. Also, In addition to being the HABS team’s Designers Morgan and Richmond attended a home for the summer, Nelson Hall is Mary Striegel heritage education workshop spon- the site of the project’s opening and Andrew Sanders sored by the Louisiana Preservation closing events. On June 4, members of Contributors Alliance in June 2001. Other partici- the team were sworn in as federal em- Fai Au pants included representatives from ployees for the summer. Stearns gave Mary Carroll the Center for Historic Preservation at Debra Dandridge the opening address for the event, Frances Gale Middle Tennessee State University, the followed by remarks by Morgan; Paul Mark Gilberg Louisiana Division of Historic Preser- Dolinsky, chief of HABS; and Laura Rodney Harrison vation, and several educators from the Soullière, Cane River Creole National Deborah Noble Sheila Richmond region. Morgan anticipates that the Historical Park superintendent. Mary Striegel Commission will work with area vol- Soullière performed the swearing-in Robert Stearns unteer organizations and educators to ceremony at the event, which was at- John Terninko Tim Vitale facilitate the heritage education initia- tended by representatives from NSU, Caroline Wright tive on the local level. the Commission, and the media. Stearns, Morgan, Dolinsky and Cover Image Lee H. Nelson Hall, In April, the NCPTT participated in a Soullière are planning the HABS Rodney Harrison meeting of the Alliance of National project’s closing reception and exhibi- Heritage Areas. Representatives from tion, scheduled for August 22 in Lee Address 19 of the 23 National Heritage Areas Nelson Hall. visited Natchitoches for the Alliance’s annual spring meeting. During the The offices of the Cane River National meeting, held on the campus of North- Heritage Area Commission are at #1 western State University of Louisiana , Rue Beau Port, Natchitoches, Louisi- Alliance representatives received a tour ana. For more information, please of Nelson Hall from architect Wayne contact: Coco, Coco and Company, and Dr. Robert Stearns. In addition, Frances Nancy I. M. Morgan Gale, Training Directork, and Stearns Executive Director spoke on the NCPTT’s mission and (318) 356-5555. potential funding opportunities at a lunch workshop during the three-day meeting. Stearns and Gale emphasized the fact that the historic preservation needs of the 23 National Heritage Ar- eas could provide excellent testing ground for NCPTT programs.
Currently, NCPTT and the Commis- sion are collaborating with the Historic
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior
NCPTT Notes • August 2001 • 7 Texas and Pacific Railroad Depot Historic American Building Survey in Natchitoches, Louisiana. Begins Cane River Documentation
NCPTT is playing host for 12 weeks been listed on the National Register Studies and a minor in art history. This this summer to a team of architects and and is privately owned by a local fam- is Caroline’s second HABS summer historians working on a project for the ily; a small slave cabin that represents a project; in the summer of 2000 she Historic American Buildings Survey. unique construction method, a type of participated in the North Philadelphia The HABS team is in the Natchitoches building that rarely survives today; and Survey Project, documenting six sig- area beginning the long-term project the Marie-Therese Coin-coin house, nificant buildings in a transitional of the Cane River Survey, working the original home of the mother of neighborhood of the city. Caroline was within the Cane River National Heri- Augustine Metoyer, the patriarch of chosen specifically for this project tage Area to develop a better knowl- the local Creole culture. The team will because of the relationship with edge of the structures within the Heri- also be adding to the existing collec- Louisiana’s architecture and culture tage Area. The project began with tion of HABS drawings of Oakland she gained from studies at Tulane. Blaine Cliver, Chief of HABS/HAER Plantation, part of the Cane River Cre- (Historic American Buildings Survey/ ole National Historical Park, docu- Edward Pillsbury comes to Historic American Engineering menting a few of the many outbuild- Natchitoches from Virginia Polytech- Record), who developed an interest in ings that have not yet been a part of the nic Institute and State University, the area because of its wealth of unique HABS process. where he is working on a bachelor’s of cultural resources and strong commu- architecture degree. He is originally nity support for historic preservation. These buildings are all being docu- from Randolph, a small town in north- It was Cliver who suggested that HABS mented in the standard HABS method ern New Jersey. This is his first experi- and the Cane River National Heritage with a complete set of field sketches ence documenting historic structures, Area Commission co-sponsor the 12- and measurements that are translated although he does have experience week project to document Heritage into drafted, scaled drawings. The final drafting both by hand and on com- Area structures. The commission em- drawings of most buildings, including puter. braced the project as a way to record plans, elevation, sections and details, the Heritage Area’s architectural his- will be done by hand in ink on mylar, The two remaining architects are both tory, and to bring national recognition though the railroad station drawings international interns who came to the region. will be produced on AutoCAD. The through ICOMOS, the International team’s four architects are producing Council on Monuments and Sites. The project encompasses the docu- this work. HABS and ICOMOS have a long- mentation of a variety of local build- standing tradition of bringing students ings important both for their architec- Serving as field supervisor and archi- and practitioners from around the ture and for their local cultural signifi- tect for the HABS team is Caroline world to the United States to partici- cance. Included are the Texas and Pa- Wright. Originally from Briggs, Texas, pate on projects each summer. cific Railroad Depot in Natchitoches, 40 miles north of Austin, Caroline an early 20th century station that is graduated from Tulane University in Kati Maksay comes to NCPTT from being proposed as a new African- New Orleans in May 2001. From the the city of Cluj, in the Transylvanian American museum for the town; the Tulane School of Architecture she region of Romania. After completing Carrol Jones house, an early 19th cen- earned a bachelor’s degree in architec- her studies in the Faculty of Architec- tury plantation house that has recently ture with a Certificate of Preservation ture at the Technical University of Cluj
8 NCPTT Notes •National Center for Preservation Technology and Training • Issue 38 in 1999, Kati began working for both Ukraine. He was selected by US/ entered into the archives of the Li- the SIT Architecture Studio and the ICOMOS to participate in the HABS brary of Congress for public use. Transylvania Trust Foundation, the project in Natchitoches. There is the hope in Natchitoches that regional organization for the protec- this summer’s project is just the begin- tion and restoration of the built heri- Along with the drawings, a history of ning of a series of summer survey tage of Transylvania. She participated many of these structures is being pro- projects of the Cane River’s important in the documentation of historic struc- duced, with both descriptive informa- structures. tures in Torocko, Romania, and com- tion and the findings of archival re- pleted a special course for the conser- search. The historian completing this Caroline Wright sketching the vation and restoration of architectural work for the Cane River Survey is Jon Maison de Marie Therese. heritage and historical sites offered by Wilson. Jon earned his BA degree in the Catholic University of Leuven, early American history from Occidental Belgium. Kata was selected by US/ College and his MA degree in southern ICOMOS to participate in the Interna- history at the University of Mississippi. tional Summer Exchange Program by Starting this fall, Jon will be attending working with the HABS team on the the Graduate School of Architecture, documentation of the Cane River Cre- Planning, and Preservation at Columbia ole heritage. University, where he will study preser- vation and architecture. Last summer, Maciej Gruszecki is a third-year stu- Jon was the architectural historian on dent at the Institute of Architecture the HABS project at Graeme Park, a and Urban Planning at the Technical historic malt-house, in Horsham, Penn- University of Lodz, Poland. He has sylvania. previously participated in the docu- mentation of the 17th century Schloss At the conclusion of the project, the Arenfels in Bad Hoenningen, Ger- drawings and histories, along with the many, and the 19th century wooden photographs to be taken later by convalescent buildings in Kosov, HABS’s staff photographers, will be
last two years of the AIC Journal are artifact creation process alongside the Conservation searchable and online at
NCPTT Notes • August 2001 • 9 studies of the powdered rock yield little information beyond the presence of quartz.
The cementation is radically different in similar but lichen-encrusted sur- faces, as established by microanalysis. We believe this is the result of the com- plex interaction of the lichen products with the rock surface. At this particular site, the original weathered rind has been destroyed and replaced by an assemblage of different chemical com- position; but, as before, mineral grains are extremely small (<1mm) and the Lichen Encrustation of Rock rock is volumetrically dominated by quartz. Glyphs Poses a Despite our current lack of knowledge of the mineralogic constitutions of Conservation Dilemma these very different surfaces of the Petroglyphs and pictographs created managers definitive information about rock, some conclusions pertinent to on exposed rock surfaces by native the lichen removal question, we have rock glyph conservation can be made. peoples are particularly vulnerable to undertaken research on the effects of The original weathered rind that was damage due to changes in the environ- lichen on rock surfaces found near established in equilibrium with the ment. NCPTT is supporting a collabo- rock glyph sites. Rock cores from li- ambient environment has been de- rative study of one troubling aspect of chen-encrusted and lichen-free areas stroyed. This stabilized surface would conservation of rock glyphs (rock art) in the vicinity of rock glyph sites on have receded into the rock slowly, – growth of lichen over surfaces previ- public and private lands throughout perhaps permitting preservation of the ously free from them. Conditions more the central United States have been rock glyphs for thousand of years. suitable for lichen growth may be due collected. These are being studied by What are the consequences of lichen to human activities that increase atmo- scanning electron microscope imaging, growth on the surface of the substrate? spheric contents of water and CO2. chemical analysis and X-ray diffrac- Changes in lichen growth at several tion. This article summarizes the re- Crustate species of lichen, like those glyph sites in the United States have sults of our studies at one site area in found at this site, grow on the surface been observed. northeastern Wyoming. of the rock, but they produce hyphae that, like roots, invade the substrate. Once lichen is established at a rock The northeast Wyoming rock glyphs The sandstone is a perfect medium as it glyph site, the question for many site were created on friable, poorly con- has a large pore volume that allows the managers is whether to remove it. The solidated Cretaceous sandstone. The hyphae to penetrate several millimeters decision to remove lichen is generally fresh sandstone is cemented by illite into the rock. Lichen produces an predicated on a desire to make the and kaolinite. Over the course of thou- array of acids that attack or dissolve glyph images available for photographs sands of years, the rock has weathered some minerals and chelate some ions so as to ensure a permanent record is and developed a ~1mm thick crust that that are transported back to the main available for research. Another reason is cemented by a wide variety of min- body of the lichen thallus. Quartz is simply to provide better viewing for eral species. As is commonly the case grains are resilient; but the cement is the visiting public. However, the prime in assemblages that form at ambient more susceptible to attack. The lichen, consideration is to preserve rock glyph temperatures, the minerals are fine- therefore, de-consolidates the sub- images, even if they are obscured by grained and poorly crystalline. Chemi- strate but must simultaneously re- the lichen, in the hope that future tech- cal compositions have been obtained cement it or suffer the consequences of nology will solve problems that we can for this study by microanalysis of vol- destroying the material it is using for a not. In an effort to provide the conser- umes of cement, though multiple foundation. Those elements not vation community and rock glyph site grains are averaged. X-ray diffraction required for its metabolism or that
(continued on page 11)
10 NCPTT Notes •National Center for Preservation Technology and Training • Issue 38 over the past century. We now know that each Effects of rain. The conference, organized by the Center for nitrogen molecule not only contributes to acid Environmental Information, brought together a rain, but also adds to ground-level ozone, over- wide range of stakeholders from 25 states and fertilization of ecosystems and climate change.” Acid Rain Canada, and covered an overview of the impacts of acid rain as well as policy discussions on how John Kinsman of the Edison Electric Institute to best address the problem. noted that the electric utility industry is only part of the source of emissions that cause acid rain, Senators Hilary Clinton and Charles E. Schumer but is the only one that is regulated to prevent called for stronger emission cuts and a bipartisan these emissions. Despite the fact that electricity effort to address the acid rain problem. production is up, emissions from utilities have decreased. Rep John Sweeney emphasized the importance of addressing the problem as a national issue. The conference was co-sponsored by 54 federal and state agencies, national associations, organi- Rep. Sherwood Boehlert chaired a hearing of the zations, companies, and research institutions. House Science Committee that took place in They include the U.S. Environmental Protection conjunction with the conference. Dr. Charles Agency, National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Driscoll of Syracuse University, who provided Wildlife Service, U.S. Geological Survey, Electric testimony at the hearing, reported the results of Power Research Institute (EPRI), Edison Electric acid rain research published last month in the Institute, American Gas Association, New York Mary F. Striegel, NCPTT’s Environmental and journal BioScience. According to Dr. Driscoll, State Energy Research and Development Author- Materials Research Director, was an invited sulfuric and nitric acid have acidified North ity, American Fisheries Society, Ecological Society speaker at a 2-day conference on the effects of American soils, lakes, and streams, stressing or of America, American Lung Association, Re- acid rain held in Washington, D.C., May 2-3, killing terrestrial and aquatic plants and animals. sources for the Future, Adirondack Council, 2001. Mary addressed the state-of-knowledge “Despite marked reductions in sulfur deposition, Environmental Defense, World Resources Insti- on acid rain and cultural materials. She reviewed present regulatory standards are insufficient for tute, and the Department of Foreign Affairs and progress in the field and emphasized the perma- protection and recovery of sensitive ecosystems,” International Trade, Canada. nence of alterations to outdoor sculpture, historic said Driscoll. buildings, and significant monuments from For more information, see exposure to air pollution. Dr. James Galloway of the University of Virginia,
(Continued from page 10) exceed its requirements are, therefore, unknown (but suspected malign) con- fications would need to be evaluated precipitated in a mineral zone at and sequences. against the consequences to other re- below the lichen-substrate interface. A sources. The alternative of rock glyphs mineralized zone is thus created near Once lichen has been established on a disappearing under lichen, however the surface of the rock. This is not rock glyph, we are faced with equally unappealing, may be a wiser choice for equivalent to the weathering rind og undesirable alternatives. Based upon the time being. the rock. First, it has a different chemi- our study of samples from northeast- cal and mineralogic composition. Sec- ern Wyoming, we do not recommend This reaserch is being undertaken by ond, it is a “cap”- beneath this layer is a removal of the lichen at this particular Debra Dandridge who is pursuing her layer of poorly consolidated sand site. At the moment we cannot recom- Ph.D. thru a joint progam with the stone, infiltrated by lichen hyphae mend an alternative treatment, al- University of Houston and Texas A&M, So what do these results tell us about though methods to consolidate the
NCPTT Notes • August 2001 • 11 Preserving Stained Glass Windows
NCPTT, in collaboration with ern European climates. In Europe, the WINVENT Enermodal Enginering, Inc. (Denver), corrosion of unstable medieval stained In order to assess the impact of install- has recently developed a computer glass windows is a significant problem. ing protective glazing on stained glass software program (WINVENT) to Atmospheric pollutants, microbial windows in churches in the United calculate the temperature distribution growth and condensation destroy the States, NCPTT has developed a across the center of a stained glass glass structure and damage the painted Microsoft Excel® Spreadsheet window with exterior protective glaz- glass. The installation of protective (WINVENT) that calculates the tem- ing installed. The program models a glazing is a way of modifying the mi- perature distribution across the center typical protective glazing installation croclimate of the window that is con- of a double-glazed window. The pro- for a stained glass window under both stantly exposed to an aggressive envi- gram incorporates a number of differ- unvented and vented conditions where ronment. ent convection correlations for the a vertical channel is created along the airspace (interspace) between the glaz- entire length of the glazing system. In contrast, post-industrial (ca. 1850) ing layers in order to simulate vented Analysis of the data generated by stained glass made in the United States and unvented conditions. The spread- WINVENT can be used to access the is extremely stable and resistant to sheet also allows the user to change the long-term impact of protective glazing corrosion. Condensation is primarily a sky condition from clear to cloudy and on stained glass windows and associ- problem because of its impact on to input different glass types, gap ated structural supports. wood members and painted surfaces. widths and glazing heights. In addition While regional climate and the use of to calculating temperature distribution Protective glazing air conditioning can impact venting across the glazing layers, the spread- Protective glazing is a secondary layer choices, venting to the interior is often sheet also calculates the dewpoint of glass or plastic installed over the not a viable option for most American temperature within the interspace exterior of a stained glass window. churches. The cost of remounting the created by the installation of protective Protective glazing has been promoted stained glass window within the win- glazing and predicts the appearance of as an effective means of protecting dow frame to accommodate vents is condensation on different glazing sur- stained glass windows against vandal- prohibitively high. Venting, if adopted faces. ism and severe weather and of improv- at all, is generally to the exterior. ing thermal performance. Recently, however, concern has been expressed that it may be causing serious damage In order to assess the impact of installing protective glazing on stained glass windows in churches in the United States, NCPTT has developed a Microsoft Excel® Spreadsheet (WINVENT) that calculates the tem- to many stained glass windows across perature distribution across the center of a double-glazed window. the United States by increasing con- densation and heat build-up in the air space and by preventing maintenance. This has led to recommendations to eliminate protective glazing when pos- sible and, when necessary, to vent the airspace, preferably to the exterior, to encourage air circulation.
Until recently, few scientific studies have been conducted in the United States to assess the impact that protec- tive glazing may have upon the long- term preservation of stained glass win- dows. Though much research has been conducted in Europe on this topic, it has focused primarily on moisture- related issues typically found in north-
12 NCPTT Notes •National Center for Preservation Technology and Training • Issue 38 Conservation of Electronic Media porary art, providing forums for criti- (continued from page 9) cal dialog and the preservation. Rhi- To evaluate the thermal performance CGI calls. Some 3-5 years from now, zome is pioneering web preservation of vented stained glass windows with the developing complexity and fast- efforts through its “ArtBase,” which protective glazing, WINVENT allows paced evolution of hardware and the uses an acquisition database to docu- the user to select different convection OS will render tomorrow’s platforms ments art works, artist intent and their correlations to represent air movement incapable of running current server presentation environment. The docu- on the interior, on the exterior and software, etc. Preservation will re- mentation format is related to the between the glazing and glass under quire protocols for preserving or video cataloging template developed both unvented and externally vented emulating hardware and software. by Jim Hubbard, and administered by conditions. The one-dimensional heat The client side of the website view- Jimenez, for the IMAP (Independent transfer analysis is performed by itera- ing process uses Netscape, Opera, Media Arts Preservation) organization tively solving for the temperature dis- Internet Explorer or other browsers and adds extensive artist-intent data tribution across the glazing system. to display the HTML code, interpret fields, along with data and file preser- The user inputs the indoor and out- JavaScript and manage plugins. vation links. door air temperatures and relative Flash, Shockwave, RealNetwork and humidities, incident solar radiation QuickTime are common plugins that The Website Preservation Panel, and outdoor wind speed. allow viewing of multimedia sites chaired by Paul Messier brought to- with Flash (spl and swf) and gether many of the disparate themes WINVENT calculates the total solar Shockwave (.dir, .dxr and .dcr) con- into a few evolving truths. Conserva- transmittance, absorptance and reflec- tent. Historic browsers, plugins, tors and Curators are sharing roles in tance of the glazing system from the consoles and etc., 10 years from now, electronic media preservation. Col- average solar properties of the indi- will undoubtedly require hardware/ lecting by institutions — libraries, ar- vidual glazing samples. This approxi- OS emulations; their creators must chives, graphic design [collections]
mation has a negligible impact on the ...... be supported by the preservation and fine arts collections, varies by type results because neither the stained community, now. and is based on needs being defined glass nor protective glazing is spectrally now. Website preservation is being selective. Benjamin Wile, Curator of Media seen as a spectrum of protocols with Arts, San Francisco Museum of Brewster Kahle’s Internet Archive To verify WINVENT, data was col- Modern Art; Jill Sterrett, Head of backing up the full Internet every two lected in-situ from a single stained Conservation SFMOMA and EMG months on one end; the hapless glass window with exterior protective Program Chair; and Steve Dye, Me- website creator who is saving work for glazing installed. The predicted tem- dia Technical Manager discussed their portfolio, somewhere in the perature distribution across the differ- SFMOMA’s effort to begin the pres- middle; and institutions such as ent glazing layers was compared with ervation of websites. Through a SFMOMA is investigating preservation measured data collected from the series of presentations by library and of complex multimedia websites at the stained glass window with and without archives preservation professionals, other end. protective glazing. Data was collected SFMOMA has sought to learn their under extremely hot and humid condi- methodology. As a result SFMOMA Two basic strategies are emerging tions known to promote condensation developed a “from the ground up” “shoot it and stuff it” and the “game on cool glazing surfaces. Good agree- methodology, through commission- preserve.” Shoot it and stuff it entails ment between model and the measure- ing websites, so they will (1) have full capturing what you can today through ments was observed. rights to the content, (2) know how screen shots and downloads, so that the sites were created technologically there will be something in the future. For information regarding WINVENT and (3) know how they are “served” The game preserve paradigm seeks to contact: to the clients. maximize the “habitat” of the historic Mark Gilberg website and perpetuate it through Applied Research ProgramDirector Mona Jimenez Video and Media time. The collector’s task is to sort
NCPTT ...... NY, reported on her work at Rhi- interpret content while culling for 645 College Avenue zome, an online community space future consideration. It is an unfortu- Natchitoches, LA, 71457. for archiving and presenting contem- nate fact: if you don’t collect today, it
(continued on page 14)
NCPTT Notes • August 2001 • 13 Conservation of Bob Futernick, Assistant Director of NCPTT Announces Electronic Media the Fine Arts Museums of San Fran- (continued from page 13) cisco, discussed the creation of data- FY2001 PTTGrants won’t be here tomorrow. There is no bases for collections management and Recipients such thing as benign neglect for administration. It became clear how website preservation, which institu- databases hold information; add new NCPTT is pleased to announce awards for the tions have enjoyed for material culture. value to existing content by adding new content with the same identifier, 2001 PTTGrants Program, which supports work Conservators are brought in to make in archeology, historic architecture, historic land- create data structure and, all the while, artifacts whole again; in the future, this scapes, objects and materials conservation, and won’t be an option. keep track of everything. The interpretation. For the fiscal year 2001 PTTGrants unformatted text blocks are associated program, proposals were requested in the follow- Text File Preservation with an identifier such as an accession ing four project types — In the EMG Digital Discussion Group, number, data entry number or data object. PTTGrants type 1 Information management several hands-on electronic media PTTGrants type 2 Training and education practitioners presented talks and a PTTGrants type 3 Research panel discussed preservation of elec- Mark McCormick-Goodhart, Wilhelm PTTGrants type 4 Environmental effects tronic text files. The half-day discus- Imaging Research, presented and dem- PTTGrants are awarded competitively. The total sion was begun by the session orga- onstrated the use of PDF (portable amount for new and returning grants for FY2001 nizer, Tim Vitale, with an overview of document format) for preserving text is $441,684. and image files. Rather than a propri- text in a wide variety of format wrap- Information Management pers. Electronic text is a collection of etary structure that formats text or alphanumeric characters and symbols. images, the PDF wrapper holds text When viewed in a plain text editor and images in its original format, all Online Geographic Information Systems for such as EditPlus (not a word proces- within a super structure that provides Great House Archeological Sites in the Southwestern United States sor), all of the proprietary machine security and structure (fonts, color profiles and metadata). Because PDF Georgia State University Research Foundation, Inc., Atlanta, GA language added in the various file for- $25,416 mats can be seen, along with the text. has become a tool in the prepress in- In the fall of 1999, the NPS and university part- When preserving, text can be raw, as in dustry, it is assumed to be readable for ners sponsored a seminar that brought together files with the .txt extension, or held in many tens of years. archeologists who study the prehistoric great proprietary formats such as .wpd, .doc, house architecture of the Southwestern United Walter Henry, media preservation States. Each participant contributed to an exten- .rtf, or .pdf, which may not be acces- sive database representing the state of knowl- coordinator at the Stanford Libraries, sible in the future. edge of these archeological features. The project Webmaster for CoOL and participant team will develop this information into an John Burke provided an overview of in the JAIC Online and Albumen internet-accessible Geographic Information XML (extensible markup language). Website projects, compared text file System database. This project will benefit arche- Similar to HTML, both of which are format alternatives. PDF, XML, SGML ologists and other preservation specialists work- ing with the Chacoan archeological record, and it subsets of SGML (standard general- and database (text block) were exam- ined. It was shown that raw text and will inform the public interested in these intrigu- ized markup language), XML is much ing sites. more powerful because the markup SGML-enabled text (HTML and tags can be defined by the user through XML) have great value because they Developing Inter-Governmental Data Shar- the use of a DTD (document type defi- can be repurposed as required. For- ing between States and Tribes: New Mexico nition). Burke recommended, and it matted text files need data manage- and the Pueblo of Zuni Zuni Heritage and Historic Preservation Office; State of New was agreed, that EMG will begin a ment for their preservation. Databases are “text” preservation tools because Mexico, Office of Cultural Affairs, Santa Fe, NM Conservation DTD. XML-marked-up $29,416 text is sent through a transform engine they hold unformatted text blocks and As tribes obtain THPO status, their relationship to be formatted for viewing. Marked- are designed to be functional (between with SHPOs regarding archeological data be- up content remains untouched and different software and platforms), rela- comes important. This project will develop a ready for transform into any other tional and migratable. model for data-sharing between SHPOs and THPOs and implement that model between New format, indefinitely. Browsers will Tim Vitale, Chair EMG/AIC and Con- Mexico and the Pueblo of Zuni. This project will soon read the XML the same way create a template for states and tribes regarding browsers read HTML today. XML servator in private practice, Emeryville archeological data sharing. text will be viable for several decades, and Oakland, CA, 510-594-8277 if archived or saved.
14 NCPTT Notes •National Center for Preservation Technology and Training • Issue 38 Training & Education means of acquiring large-scale, high-resolution ate (2) limestone or marble samples and (3) aerial images of archeological sites that is cost- buildings. These tests will inform the develop- Interpreting Archeology Ground Penetrating effective and has unlimited geographic mobility. ment of future conservation methods. Radar Data: A Users Work Shop Digital photography, digital videography, and USDA Forest Service, Southern Regional Office, Atlanta, GA thermal imaging will be employed to evaluate Preventive Conservation for the Practicing $19,531 the PPC’s efficiency in acquiring archeological Conservator data. This project will provide the archeological Conservation Center, Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, Ground-penetrating radar is emerging as the community with a new research technique of New York, NY non-invasive geophysical tool of choice by many enormous value, applicable in virtually any geo- $19,965 archeologists and historic preservation research- graphic setting. This project will lead to the publication of a ers to discover and map archeological sites and textbook for conservators that provides a com- historical features and artifacts. The technique is Appraisal of the Usefulness on Integrated prehensive overview of the principles and prac- becoming popular because it is fast and accurate, Geophysical Methods to Detect and Define tices of preventive conservation. The book’s and it can produce images of buried remains Buried Structures Associated with Iron Fur- foundation will be a compilation of a currently unlike those of any other geophysical method. nace Plantations in Pennsylvania widespread body of information, followed by Two workshops will be conducted to bring to- Institute for Research and Community Service, Indiana University case studies and methodological examples. gether investigators to explore imagery interpre- of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA tation results and failures. $39,991 Improved Sol-Gel Consolidants for Stone, Researchers will test and compare the appropri- Phase 3 Historic American Landscape Survey: Devel- ateness of a variety of geophysical methods for Princeton University, Princeton, NJ opment of a National Program the discovery and evaluation of buried structures $43,800 American Society of Landscape Architects, Washington, DC associated with iron furnaces. High-resolution The project team will develop new consolidants $19,950 geophysical surveys using ground-penetrating to correct two deficiencies of currently available A Memorandum of Understanding has been radar, electrical resistivity, and magnetic materials: (1) cracking of the consolidant from established between the American Society of gradiometry will be combined with archeological dying shrinkage, and (2) poor match between Landscape Architects, the National Park Service excavation on a single archeological test site. This the properties of the consolidant and those of and the Library of Congress to support the re- is a significant new case study in archeological the stone. Both goals will be achieved by using cently established Historic American Landscapes geophysics and has important implications for sol-gel processing to incorporate a concentrated Survey. To develop a strategic plan for HALS, future investigations of similar sites. suspension of colloidal oxide particles into a three symposia will be held to engage experi- gelling matrix. The resulting materials are ex- enced professionals from academia and private Computer-based Methodologies for Investi- pected to provide better protection against and public practice to discuss and implement two gating the History of Significant Cultural deterioration by environmental effects. aspects: landscape documentation guidelines, Landscapes and creating scopes of work for four types of University of Vermont, Burlington, VT Protection of Metallic Monuments from HALS projects. $36,188 Biodeterioration, Phase 2 This project will assess the value of computer- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA America’s Cultural Heritage Underwater based technologies, such as digital image pro- $43,800 Montana Public Television, Bozeman, MT cessing, geographic information systems and Coating materials used to prevent the corrosion $40,000 global positioning systems, for reconstructing the of metallic monuments are susceptible to micro- Researchers will produce episodes 3 and 4 of the history of cultural landscapes. These technologies bial attack. Researchers will test coatings for series America’s Treasures Underwater, innovative will be used to identify extant landscape features their ability to withstand microbial attack and programming dealing with America’s underwater and land use patterns from different time periods investigate the use of biocides as a preventative heritage for national PBS broadcast. The videos based on historical aerial photography, maps, ingredient in coatings. The ultimate goal of this will strive to enhance protection and preservation surveys and recent satellite data. research is to recommend biodegradation resis- of America’s underwater cultural resources tant coatings. through raising public consciousness, and to Environmental Effects of preserve stock underwater videographic footage Outdoor Pollutants on Cultural Resources Development and Testing of Organic Coat- for future researchers, land managers and the ings for the Protection of Outdoor Bronze American public. Suitability of Medical Chelating Agents for Sculpture, Phase 3 Stain Removal in Architectural and Art Con- North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND Applied and Fundamental Research servation: Laboratory and Field Tests $43,800 San Francisco Museum of Art, San Francisco, CA In this program, electrochemical characterization The Powered Parachute as an Archaeological $39,863 methods will be utilized to evaluate the corrosion Aerial Reconnaissance Vehicle The effectiveness of highly specific medicinal protection provided by coatings under conditions Northwestern State University, Natchitoches, LA chelating agents will be compared to chelating that simulate exposure to atmospheric pollution. $39,964 agents commonly used to remove metallic stains Researchers will also perform initial consideration The powered parachute, a unique type of experi- from stone. Researchers will perform visual and of delivery techniques for the use of any new mental aircraft, has the potential of providing a chemical tests on (1) powdered calcium carbon- coatings compositions developed in this manner for field use.
NCPTT Notes • August 2001 • 15 National Park Service First Class Mail U.S. Department of the Interior Postage and Fees P A I D National Center for Preservation National Park Service Technology and Training Permit No. G-83 645 College Avenue Natchitoches, Louisiana, 71457
Official Business Penalty for Private Use, $300
EXPERIENCE YOUR AMERICA
United States Department of the National Park Service Preservation Technology Interior and Training Board The mission of the Department of the Fran P. Mainella, Director Interior is to protect and provide access to Dr. Neville Agnew, Chair our Nation’s natural and cultural heritage Katherine H. Stevenson, The Getty Conservation Institute and honor our trust responsibilities to Associate Director, Cultural tribes. Resource Stewardship and Dr. James Huhta, Vice Chair Partnerships The Center for Historic Preservation National Park Service Middle Tennessee State University The National Park Service preserves unimpaired the natural and cultural NCPTT E. Blaine Cliver, Secretary of the Interior’s resources and values of the National Park NPS/HABS/HAER Representative System for the enjoyment, education and Dr. Robert Stearns, Executive Director inspiration of this and future generations. F. Blair Reeves, FAIA The Service cooperates with partners to Mary S. Carroll, Information Management School of Architecture, University of Florida extend the benefits of natural and cul- and e-Gov Program Director tural resource conservation and outdoor Dr. Alferdteen Harrison, recreation throughout this country and Frances Gale, Training and Education Margaret Walker Alexander the world. Program Director National Research Center
NCPTT Dr. Mark Gilberg, Applied Research and Dr. W. James Judge, NCPTT promotes and enhances the pres- Technology Transfer Fort Lewis College ervation and conservation of prehistoric Program Director and historic resources in the United States Dr. Elizabeth Lyon for present and future generations Dr. Mary F. Striegel, Environmental and through the advancement and dissemina- Materials Research Mr. Nicholas Gianopulos, tion of preservation technology and Program Director Keast & Hood Co. training. Kevin Ammons, Program Analyst Gerri Hobdy Fai Au, Education Intern ElizaBeth A. Bede, EMRP Summer Fellow Ms. Christy McAvoy, Lance Ellis, Information Technology Historic Resources Group Administrator Andy Ferrell, Public Outreach Corrdinator Norman Koonce, FAIA Kathryn Hallett, EMRP Summer Intern American Institute of Architects Rodney Harrison, Webmaster Sheila Richmond, Heritage Education Roy Graham, FAIA Coordinator Catholic University Andy Sanders, Public Outreach Intern Deig Sanodval, NSU/NCPTT Joint Faculty Eddie Tullis, Mary Ellen Servello,Executive Secretary Creek Indian Enterprises
16 NCPTT Notes •National Center for Preservation Technology and Training • Issue 38