Sea Around Us A precisely theavailability of marine ecosystems, itis stocks andassociated hasontargeted impactthat the direct receives lessattention than consumption by although energy aquatic organisms. And activity, of theharvesting oftheirprimary support the dissipationofenergy in commercial fishingentails allhumanactivities, Like loss.biodiversity climate changeand problems includingglobal major environmental energy use contributes to humanity’s industrial that thescaleof now widelyrecognised 1970s. Furthermore, itis in declinesincethelate availabilitycapita hasbeen finite, butgloballytheirper resources arenotonly energy major industrial Unfortunately, theworld’s abundant energy. the availability ofcheap, profoundly dependenton is society industrial months that western reminded inrecent The Sea Around Us Project Newsletter Project Us Around Sea The Issue 6/7 – September-December 2000 September-December – 6/7 Issue Energy Consumption By Consumption Energy North Atlantic Fisheries Atlantic North s aresultofrising we have allbeen fossil energy prices, By Peter Tyedmers Peter By • Direct fuelinputsto Direct • indicate that: more recentresearch The results ofthis and price shocksofthe1970s. fisheries followed theoil consumed bycommercial research into the energy Not surprisingly, most within fisheries. over time changes ineffort diverse fisheries, and between fishing effort means ofcomparing consumption provides a perspective, energy from amanagement are indecline. Inaddition, whenstocks continue even fisheriesto contemporary enables most abundant energy that and ice, and labour. provision offishgear maintenance, the vessel and construction inputs associated with energy and indirect ofdirect comprised 10 to25%are typically inputs.remaining The energy industrial and 90%oftotal account for between 75 fisheries typically • The energy intensity of The energy intensity • evaluating changes in permits, Iamalso addition, data where Atlantic fisheries. In North contemporary total energy consumed by the energy intensity and ananalysisof undertaken Columbia,British Ihave A Continued on page 2 - Energy - 2 page on Continued trapping. such asgillnettingand passive techniques, purse seiningormore intensive thanseining, tend tobemore energy andlonglining given . Ingeneral, energy intensity ofa influencecan the the sizeofvessel used, and toalesserextent fishing gearemployed, example, of thetype ofafishery.aspects For the technological andby and distribution as resourceabundance biological factors, such both by affected shellfish landed, is offishor kilogram per of energy consumed a fishery, ortheamount s part ofthe s part at of theUniversity Around Us Project Us Around Sea Sea Around Us – September-December 2000 Page 2

Figure 1: Energy intensity of Icelandic and Canadian scallop dredge fisheries.

Energy - Continued from page 1 vessel construction, fishing North Atlantic. energy consumption over time gear, etc., are difficult to for specific fisheries. As direct quantify, this analysis is sing both of these fuel inputs account for the focussing exclusively on fuel techniques, to date I lion’s share of energy inputs, inputs. Uhave estimated the and because indirect inputs to energy intensity and total fuel Two methods are being used to consumed by approximately 50 quantify the fuel consumed by North Atlantic fisheries. Taken fisheries. The first entails together they account for The Sea Around Us project newsletter is soliciting fuel consumption, almost 5.5 million tonnes (live published by the Fisheries Centre at the Uni- fishing effort, vessel weight) of and shellfish versity of British Colum- characteristics and catch data landed annually and range bia. Included with directly from fishing from the high-tonnage purse the Fisheries Cen- companies. While this method seine fisheries for Atlantic tre’s newsletter yields robust results, it is a , and capelin, to FishBytes,six is- relatively slow, labour intensive mixed stock groundfish trawl sues of this news- process. As a result, a second fisheries, to high-value trawl letter are pub- technique is being employed and dredge fisheries for shrimp, lished annually. that uses data provided by lobster and scallop. Notably, for Subscriptions are fishing companies to establish almost half of the fisheries free of charge. generic fuel consumption rates, analysed, time series estimates Our mailing address is: UBC Fisheries Cen- in terms of litres of diesel of energy intensity and total tre, 2204 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Co- burned per horsepower•sea- fuel consumption have also lumbia, Canada, V6T 1Z4. Our fax number is day of effort expended, for been possible for periods (604) 822-8934, and our email address is various gear sectors. These ranging up to 20 years. For [email protected]. All queries (in- generic fuel consumption rates example, Figure 1 illustrates cluding reprint requests), subscription re- are then used to estimate total recent changes in energy quests, and address changes should be ad- fuel consumption and energy intensity of both Icelandic and dressed to Melanie Power, Sea Around Us intensity for fisheries for which Canadian scallop fisheries. Newsletter Editor. fleet-wide catch, average fleet The Sea Around Us website may be found horsepower and total days at Peter Tyedmers is a Research Consultant at www.fisheries.ubc.ca/projects/saup, and sea data are available through with the Sea Around Us Project. He recently received his Ph.D. in Resource contains up-to-date information on the the efforts of Sea Around Us Management and Environmental project. Project collaborators and Studies at UBC. consultants from around the Page 3 Sea Around Us – September-December 2000

Presenting the Sea Around Us Approach By Daniel Pauly and Reg Watson

wo international fishing should remain a viable information and expertise conferences, the Annual occupation; that the available in the fields of TScience Conference of the ecosystems and their oceanography and in fisheries International Council for the biodiversity are allowed to science into a compatible Exploration of the Sea (ICES), persist). framework to produce the held in Bruges, Belgium, from synergism required to tackle Sept 27-30th, and the IX Annual This presentation – the first pressing global issues of over- PICES (North Pacific Marine time conservation issues were fishing and other impacts on Science Organization) meeting, addressed in the context of an marine ecosystems. The joint held in Hakodate, Japan from Open Lecture – was apparently paper was presented by Dr Ken October 20-28th, recently very well received, and Sherman, the main architect of provided opportunities for provided a neat starting point the Large Marine Ecosystems presenting the concepts for the mini-symposium that (LME) (Sherman et al., 1990; underlying the Sea Around Us followed up on that lecture, Sherman and Duda 1999) It is very project, as also described in our devoted to biodiversity issues, which are now defined for mostpleasing to recently released to which several speakers, of the world shelf and adjacent ‘Methodological Report’ (Pauly notably Dr Jake Rice, referred oceanic areas, and whose see the and Pitcher 2000). (See Page 5 to, suggesting that ICES should integration with the system of interest that for the table of contents of the give far more attention to this ‘Biogeochemical Provinces’ has been report.) than it has so far. (BGCP) developed by A. expressed in Longhurst, T. Platt and S. forming a The first of these two ICES The ICES governing body, Sathyendranath (Longhurst, presentations was the invited composed of national 1998) form the core of this framework for ‘Open Lecture’ entitled delegates from around the paper. describing “Fisheries and Conservation: a North Atlantic decided, two marine areas Program for their days after these events, to This presentation deepened which can Reconciliation”, given by the create a new, high-level the interactions between Ken hopefully senior author. Advisory Committee on Sherman’s group and the FC, Ecosystems (ACE), on par with and the commitment to transcend This presentation, which its fisheries-orientated develop compatibility of global what have started by contrasting the key Advisory Committee on LMEs where possible with the been features and ‘clients’ of fisheries . It BGCP of Longhurst and traditional biology and conservation tempting to believe that the colleagues. This collaboration boundaries biology, went on to outline the contents of this year’s Open was strengthened by a recent enormity of the challenge Lecture nudged a few visit by Peter Celone from between caused by relentless delegates toward this positive, NOAA. research overexploitation of fisheries potentially very important fields. resources, and their impacts on decision. hanks to support by ecosystems, both culminating PICES, and in particular Dr in ‘fishing down marine food We also used the opportunity TIan Perry, Dr Reg Watson webs’. at the ICES Annual Science had the opportunity to present conference to present another an invited paper entitled The elements of reconciliation contribution, outlining our “Mapping fisheries onto marine between fisheries and vision for a consensus ecosystems: regional, oceanic conservation biology were then taxonomy of the world’s marine and global integrations” at outlined. They included ecosystems (Pauly et al. 2000). PICES IX in Japan. This paper recognizing the legitimacy of The goal of this taxonomy is to presented our proposals for the key tenets of each (that bring together the extensive Continued on page 4 - Conferences Sea Around Us – September-December 2000 Page 4

Fig 1. Schematic representation of ‘fishing down marine food webs’ as presented at the ICES 2000 Open Lecture. The horizontal axis represents both time and the sea bottom, the vertical axis the ; the arrow represents global fishing, which increasingly concentrates on organisms of lower trophic levels, and depletes the large, long-lived species. Based on a colour drawing by Ms Aque Atanacio.

Conferences - Continued from page 3 References: Methods for Evaluating the harmonising the boundaries Impacts of Fisheries on North used by BGCP and LME areas. Longhurst, A.R. 1998. Ecological Atlantic Ecosystems. Fisheries The talk was well attended and Geography of the Sea. Centre Research Reports 8(2). seemed of considerable Academic Press, San Diego. 398 [Also Presented as ICES CM interest to participants, pp. 2000/T:14] particularly those involved with coordinating global studies Pauly, D. and T.J. Pitcher Sherman, K., L.M. Alexander and combining oceanography and (Editors). 2000. Methods for B.D. Gold (Editors). 1990. Large fisheries such as the GLOBEC Evaluating the Impacts of marine ecosystems: patterns, program. Fisheries on North Atlantic processes and yields. Amer. Ecosystems. Fisheries Centre Assoc. Adv. Sci. Washington D.C. t is very pleasing to see the Research Reports 8(2), 195 pp. 242 pp. interest that has been Iexpressed in forming a Pauly, D., V. Christensen, R. Sherman, K. and A.M. Duda. framework for describing Froese, A. Longhurst, T. Platt, S. 1999. An ecosystem approach marine areas which can Sathyendranath, K. Sherman to global assessment and hopefully transcend what have and R. Watson. 2000. Mapping management of coastal waters. been traditional boundaries fisheries onto marine Marine Ecology Progress Series. between research fields. ecosystems: a proposal for a 190:271-287 Collaborations made possible consensus approach for by a common data basis will regional, oceanic and global Dr Daniel Pauly is Project Leader and Dr integration . pp. 13- 22. In: Pauly, Reg Watson is a Senior Research greatly strengthen value work Associate for the Sea Around Us Project. on marine ecosystems. D. and T.J. Pitcher (eds.). Page 5 Sea Around Us – September-December 2000

The SAUP Methodology Report

he Fisheries Centre is pleased to announce that a new report in the Fisheries Centre Research Report series has been published. Edited by Daniel Pauly and Tony Pitcher, Methods for TEvaluating the Impacts of Fisheries on North Atlantic Ecosystems presents the methodology in use in the Sea Around Us Project.

To order, contact the Fisheries Centre’s Events Officer, phone (604) 822-0618, fax (604) 822-8934, or email [email protected]. The full citation is: Methods for Evaluating the Impacts of Fisheries on North Atlantic Ecosystems. Fisheries Centre Research Report 2000, Vol. 8 (2), 195 pp, $20.

Table of Contents

Abstract, p. ii Director’s Foreword (Tony J. Pitcher), p. iii Preface and Acknowledgements, p. iv Assessment and Mitigation of Fisheries Impacts on Marine Ecosystems: A Multidisciplinary Approach for Basin-scale Inferences, Applied to the North Atlantic. D. Pauly and T.J. Pitcher, pp. 1- 12. Mapping Fisheries onto Marine Ecosystems: A Proposal for a Consensus Approach for Regional, Oceanic and Global Integrations. D. Pauly, V. Christensen, R. Froese, A. Longhurst, T. Platt, S. Sathyendranath, K. Sherman and R. Watson, pp. 13-22. The Basis for Change: Part I Reconstructing Fisheries Catch and Catch and Effort Data. R. Watson, S. Guénette, P. Fanning and T.J. Pitcher, pp. 23-39. The Basis for Change 2: Estimating Total Fishery Extractions from Marine Ecosystems of the North Atlantic. T.J. Pitcher and R. Watson, pp. 40-53. How Life History Patterns and Depth Zone Analysis Can Help Fisheries Policy. D. Zeller and D. Pauly, pp. 54-63. Small Versus Large-scale Fisheries: A Multi-species, Multi-fleet Model for Evaluating their Interactions and Potential Benefits. L.M. Ruttan, F.C. Gayanilo, Jr., U.R. Sumaila, and D. Pauly, pp. 64-78. with Ecosim: Methods, Capabilities and Limitations. V. Christensen and C. Walters, pp. 79- 105. Restoration of Overexploited Capture Fishery Resources: An Economic/Ecosim Modeling Approach. G. Munro and U.R. Sumaila, pp. 106-113. Tracking Fisheries Landings in the North Atlantic. U.R. Sumaila, R. Chuenpagdee and G. Munro, pp. 114-122. Quantifying the Energy Consumed by North Atlantic Fisheries. P. Tyedmers, pp. 123-135. How Good is Good?: A Rapid Appraisal Technique for Evaluation of the Sustainability Status of Fisheries of the North Atlantic. J. Alder, T.J. Pitcher, D. Preikshot, K. Kaschner and B. Ferriss, pp. 136- 182.

Appendices 1. List of Authors and Participants at Workshop, pp. 183-184. 2. List of Invited Project Evaluators, p. 185. 3. Comments by External Evaluators, 186-191 4. Authors’ Index, pp. 192-195. Sea Around Us – September-December 2000 Page 6 An Overview of Spatial Mapping of Fishing Grounds of Marine Fisheries

By Ahmed A. Gelchu y career as fisheries Defining the ecosystems in turn In the coming weeks and biologist started back enables scientists to see months, the task of identifying Min 1992 in Ethiopia. I changes in fisheries in light of fishing grounds of the worked in inland fisheries on ecosystem context that would remaining important species Ethiopian rift valley lakes as help to bring about effective will be finished, and eventually well as on man made lakes. stock status assessment and most marine species for which After serving there for four make suitable management there is an important fishery years I went to Norway for policies that would maintain will be included in the further studies and did a the health of the entire database. After this phase is masters degree in Fisheries ecosystem. completed, the catches of the Biology and Fisheries world marine fisheries will be Management at the University To this end, a primary focus of allocated to their respective of Bergen. Finally, I immigrated the Sea Around Us Project is to places of origin in the oceans. to Canada in 1999 and joined find where the main marine the Fisheries Centre soon fisheries of the world are taking We will then be in a better afterwards, with the hope of place. The geographic position to address questions eventually beginning doctoral information is then stored of a spatial nature; questions in studies. using standard GIS (Geographic which the location of one Information Systems) fishery in relation to another, or Having explained how I came techniques, providing an its specific environment, is the to join the Centre, let me take excellent tool to analyse and centre of focus. you directly to the topic of my display spatially-distributed work here: Spatial Mapping of data. The aim is to develop a opefully, in the near the Fishing Grounds of Marine comprehensive database that future, I will be Fisheries. will include, among others, the Hcontinuing in these exact address of each areas with emphasis on re- The rationale behind mapping economically important fishery mapping the total catches and fishing grounds comes from in oceans of the world within effort of global marine fisheries the very fact that all marine the systematic hierarchies of by applying a GIS-based species have geographic limits various oceanic classification analysis using historical time to their distributions. The schemes (Domains, LMEs, EEZs, series of catch and effort distributions can be relatively and FAO areas) previously statistics for my doctoral thesis. wide in geographic range or designed. Dr Reg Watson, a I will work to trace back in time restricted as dictated by scientist in charge of the the catches and effort of combinations of factors such as mapping unit of the project, is marine fisheries as far as the the biology of the fish, and developing suitable software availability of data will allow, to oceanographic, ecological, and for this purpose. visualize how fisheries have climatic barriers. The been responding to knowledge of these So far, on a global scale, we exploitation schemes over distributions, and the have identified 61 top species, space and time, and come up geographic locations of the important in that they account with explanations as to what fishing areas within the for a significant portion of total possible factors were involved distribution ranges, are of a world marine catches. in generating the observed paramount importance. It helps Geographic information trends in each geographical to relate any changes in regarding the fishing grounds area. fisheries to the peculiar (distribution map) has been characteristics of each digitized and registered to Ahmed Gelchu is a Research Assistant geographic locality, and hence common co-ordinate system. with the Sea Around Us Project. helps to define the ecosystems.