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nanoscience foundries and fi ne analysis A EUROPEAN OPEN-ACCESS DISTRIBUTED RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE FOR NANOSCIENCE AND ADVANCED ANALYSIS 7th Framework Programme – Capacities – Design Studies – Project No . FP7 – 212348 Cristina Africh1, Heinz Amenitsch5, Graham Arthur2, Fernando Cacho-Nerin5, Regina Ciancio1, Dan Cojoc1, Stefano Cozzini1, Zheng Cui2, Christian David4, Stefano Fabris1, Roberta Ferranti1, Luis Fonseca3, Jordi Fraxedas3, Jens Gobrecht4, Roberto Gotter1, Justin Greenhalgh2, Ejaz Huq2, Karin Jungnikl5, Peter Laggner5, Emilio Lora-Tamayo3, Benedetta Marmiroli5, Daniela Orani1, Giancarlo Panaccione1, Michael Rappolt5, Giorgio Rossi1, Barbara Sartori5, Massimo Tormen1 1CNR-IOM Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto Officina dei Materiali 2STFC Science and Technology Facilities Council 3CSIC-CNM Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Centro Nacional de Microelectronica on behalf of BNC-b (Barcelona Nanocluster-Bellaterra) 4PSI Paul Scherrer Institute Laboratory for Micro- and Nanotechnology 5OEAW Austrian Academy of Sciences Institute of Biophysics and Nanosystems Research FOREWORD Nanoscience and nanotechnology are broad domains of research and innovation that represent a major fi eld of activity at global level. This originates from the outstanding demonstrations obtained in the last two decades of the possibility to control the organization of matter at the scale of few atoms and molecules, to address their properties and to obtain functional systems with potential exploitation in the fi elds of health, environment, energy and communication. Research in nanoscience requires direct sensitivity to the atomic scale and to the fundamental time scale of the processes ruling the assembly of matter and the interactions with light, electric current, and molecules at all levels of complexity, from the gases of the atmosphere to proteins and DNA. Nanoscience therefore necessitates special research infrastructures like “atomically clean environments” for the synthesis and the assembling of nanosystems on the one hand, and advanced radiation sources for the direct analysis of their properties (Large Scale Facilities for fi ne analysis of matter, LSFs) and for controlling the functionalities at the relevant space and time scale of the fundamental processes on the other hand. Both these infrastructures, which require substantial investment in terms of human and fi nancial resources, are most often not co-located and not operated in close synergy. While the European offer of LSFs is adequate, the availability of open access nanoscience centres is overall undersized, and the link to LSF is weak. This is a severe limitation for the optimal development of nanoscience and the ensuing nanotechnologies, as well as a limiting factor for a scientifi c return from the LSFs. State of the art synthesis and characterization laboratories lack the direct use of numerical modelling, fi ne analysis, in-situ and in-operando experiments. Advanced beamlines on synchrotron radiation sources, free electron lasers and neutron sources generally lack adequate synthesis and sample preparation and delivery tools, or atomic resolution microscopy. Numerical simulations are most often performed on model systems and are not on-line with synthesis and experimental work. The Nanoscience Foundries & Fine Analysis project (NFFA) addresses the integration of all these competences and methods by setting up a European Distributed Research Infrastructure that will co-locate 3-6 Nanoscience Centres with LSFs and thus shall offer a unique environment for advanced research by providing open access to European and international scientists. NFFA intends to play a key role in the construction of the European Research Area by creating a unique environment for the support of leading research by users from academy and institutes, by offering advanced training to young researchers and engineers and by providing an effective support to innovation projects by diverse stakeholders. This booklet summarizes the outcomes of the NFFA Design Study and outlines the strategic needs and roadmap for the implementation of the NFFA Research Infrastructure. Spring 2011, Giorgio Rossi The NFFA team in visit at the Alba synchrotron. From the left: Peter Laggner, Karin Jungnikl, Heinz Amenitsch, Emilio Lora-Tamayo, Christian David, Cristina Africh, Roberto Gotter, Dan Cojoc, Carlos Frontera, Regina Ciancio, Luis Fonseca, Massimo Tormen, Stefano Cozzini, Jordi Fraxedas, Giorgio Rossi, Lluis Balcells, Francesc Perez, Zheng Cui, Xavier Borrisé. Photo by Roberta Ferranti. NFFA, 2011 Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged Printed in Italy, on white clorine-free paper - mosetti tecniche grafiche, Trieste INDEX 1 INTRODUCTION . .5 1 .1 Perspectives on Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology . .5 1 .2 ESFRI and EC Infrastructure Programmes . .6 1 .3 DOE experience . .7 1 .4 The GENNESYS exercise . .7 1 .5 The Nffa User Survey . .8 2 NFFA-RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE . 11. 2 .1 Mission . 11. 2 .2 Science Programme . 13. 2 .3 Roadmap . 14. 3 NFFA-RI ACTIVITIES . 17. 3 .1 Open Access Research . 17. 3 .2 In-house Research . 19. 3 .3 Innovation and Industrial Research . 20. 3 .4 The Technical Liaison . 21. 3 .5 Integrated Data management and Data Repository . 22. 3 .6 Quality Standard . 24. 3 .7 Staff Training . 26. 3 .8 Users Training . 27. 4 NFFA-RI TECHNICAL LAYOUT . 31. 4 .1 Overall Infrastructure . 31. 4 .2 Nanolithography Facility . 32. 4 .3 Material Synthesis Facility . 34. 4 .4 Advanced Analysis and Metrology Facility . 35. 4 .5 Nano-Manipulation Facility . 37. 4 .6 Nano-Bio Facility . 38. 4 .7 Theory Facility . 39. 5 NFFA-RI MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE . 43. 5 .1 Governance of Nffa . 43. 5.2 Scientific Management . 45. 5 .3 Access and Partnership with Large Scale Facilities for Fine Analysis . 47. 5 .4 Intellectual Property Rights . 48. 5 .5 Construction Costs . 49. 5 .6 Operation Costs . 51. 5 .7 Nffa Strategy towards implementation . 52. The “science polygone” of Grenoble 4 Nanoscience Foundries & Fine Analysis 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Perspectives on Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Exploring the frontier of nanotechnology is an unavoidable challenge for addressing the key problems of the sustainability of our civilization . We need to understand the properties of matter at the nanoscale and to seek control of functionalities based on nano-systems because the cost in terms of energy, raw materials and waste of large scale “classical” devices is too high to sustain further expansion of civilization on earth . Nanoscience makes it possible to exploit quantum phenomena that may lead simultaneously to downsizing products and processes and to improve their performances and specifi cities therefore enabling technologies of low energy and raw material content, and highly effi cient in the fi elds of energy, health, food and environment. All these developments rely on the understanding of the properties of matter at the nanoscale, on the synthesis of materials with properties suitable to realize functional systems, and on the observation and control of their behaviour . First principles analysis of model systems, synthesis of materials, nanofabrication with top-down and bottom-up methods, atomic precision manufacturing, atomic resolution microscopy, atom specifi c spectroscopy and magnetometry, high resolution diffraction, time resolution probes from 10-14s to 101s, single molecule manipulation, spectroscopy and transport measurements are recent developments of research that need to become available as reliable methods in order to advance in an effective way towards new knowledge and new capabilities in synthesis and fabrication of novel materials and devices that are needed to address the grand societal challenges of this time . The aim of the Nano Foundries and Fine Analysis Research Infrastructure (NFFA-RI) project is to build and operate such integrated laboratories for nanoscience . The infrastructure for fi ne analysis of matter is strong in Europe, with 13 synchrotron radiation centres, 8 neutron spectroscopy laboratories, the fast development of free- electron-laser sources extending to soft and hard X-rays with very high brilliance and femtosecond scale pulses, the development of exawatt laser prototypes and attosecond optical pulse sources . Large clean-room based nanofabrication laboratories also exist in several EU countries, operated by universities or national research centres or public-private institutions . Still most of the research in nanoscience is done at university laboratories or public research laboratories that have no or very limited access to the relevant large scale infrastructures, and often produce “demonstration experiments” of high scientifi c value but limited technological impact, due to lack of scalability and reproducibility . 5 Nanoscience Foundries & Fine Analysis High societal and economic impact advances in science and technology at the nanoscale require a systematic work in which advanced well-established probes are applied on materials grown in controlled conditions, or subjected to reliable external perturbations, in-situ and in-operando . This activity requires the development of a common platform with protocols, metrology and data structure, and organization such to create the conditions for the reproducibility of results and an effective transfer of knowledge . Nanometrology, and the complementarity of a large set of experimental data on the same sample, or on very reliable replicas, as well as modelling on the proper length

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