Electric Current Is a Flow of Charge
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Measuring Electricity Voltage Current Voltage Current
Measuring Electricity Electricity makes our lives easier, but it can seem like a mysterious force. Measuring electricity is confusing because we cannot see it. We are familiar with terms such as watt, volt, and amp, but we do not have a clear understanding of these terms. We buy a 60-watt lightbulb, a tool that needs 120 volts, or a vacuum cleaner that uses 8.8 amps, and dont think about what those units mean. Using the flow of water as an analogy can make Voltage electricity easier to understand. The flow of electrons in a circuit is similar to water flowing through a hose. If you could look into a hose at a given point, you would see a certain amount of water passing that point each second. The amount of water depends on how much pressure is being applied how hard the water is being pushed. It also depends on the diameter of the hose. The harder the pressure and the larger the diameter of the hose, the more water passes each second. The flow of electrons through a wire depends on the electrical pressure pushing the electrons and on the Current cross-sectional area of the wire. The flow of electrons can be compared to the flow of Voltage water. The water current is the number of molecules flowing past a fixed point; electrical current is the The pressure that pushes electrons in a circuit is number of electrons flowing past a fixed point. called voltage. Using the water analogy, if a tank of Electrical current (I) is defined as electrons flowing water were suspended one meter above the ground between two points having a difference in voltage. -
F = BIL (F=Force, B=Magnetic Field, I=Current, L=Length of Conductor)
Magnetism Joanna Radov Vocab: -Armature- is the power producing part of a motor -Domain- is a region in which the magnetic field of atoms are grouped together and aligned -Electric Motor- converts electrical energy into mechanical energy -Electromagnet- is a type of magnet whose magnetic field is produced by an electric current -First Right-Hand Rule (delete) -Fixed Magnet- is an object made from a magnetic material and creates a persistent magnetic field -Galvanometer- type of ammeter- detects and measures electric current -Magnetic Field- is a field of force produced by moving electric charges, by electric fields that vary in time, and by the 'intrinsic' magnetic field of elementary particles associated with the spin of the particle. -Magnetic Flux- is a measure of the amount of magnetic B field passing through a given surface -Polarized- when a magnet is permanently charged -Second Hand-Right Rule- (delete) -Solenoid- is a coil wound into a tightly packed helix -Third Right-Hand Rule- (delete) Major Points: -Similar magnetic poles repel each other, whereas opposite poles attract each other -Magnets exert a force on current-carrying wires -An electric charge produces an electric field in the region of space around the charge and that this field exerts a force on other electric charges placed in the field -The source of a magnetic field is moving charge, and the effect of a magnetic field is to exert a force on other moving charge placed in the field -The magnetic field is a vector quantity -We denote the magnetic field by the symbol B and represent it graphically by field lines -These lines are drawn ⊥ to their entry and exit points -They travel from N to S -If a stationary test charge is placed in a magnetic field, then the charge experiences no force. -
Introduction to Batteries
Introduction to Batteries Course No: E03-002 Credit: 3 PDH A. Bhatia Continuing Education and Development, Inc. 22 Stonewall Court Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677 P: (877) 322-5800 [email protected] CHAPTER 2 BATTERIES LEARNING OBJECTIVES Upon completing this chapter, you will be able to: 1. State the purpose of a cell. 2. State the purpose of the three parts of a cell. 3. State the difference between the two types of cells. 4. Explain the chemical process that takes place in the primary and secondary cells. 5. Recognize and define the terms electrochemical action, anode, cathode, and electrolyte. 6. State the causes of polarization and local action and describe methods of preventing these effects. 7. Identify the parts of a dry cell. 8. Identify the various dry cells in use today and some of their capabilities and limitations. 9. Identify the four basic secondary cells, their construction, capabilities, and limitations. 10. Define a battery, and identify the three ways of combining cells to form a battery. 11. Describe general maintenance procedures for batteries including the use of the hydrometer, battery capacity, and rating and battery charging. 12. Identify the five types of battery charges. 13. Observe the safety precautions for working with and around batteries. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this chapter is to introduce and explain the basic theory and characteristics of batteries. The batteries which are discussed and illustrated have been selected as representative of many models and types which are used in the Navy today. No attempt has been made to cover every type of battery in use, however, after completing this chapter you will have a good working knowledge of the batteries which are in general use. -
Evaluation of Rapid Electric Battery Charging Techniques
UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 2009 Evaluation of rapid electric battery charging techniques Ronald Baroody University of Nevada Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the Power and Energy Commons Repository Citation Baroody, Ronald, "Evaluation of rapid electric battery charging techniques" (2009). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/1392506 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EVALUATION OF RAPID ELECTRIC BATTERY CHARGING TECHNIQUES By Ronald Baroody Bachelor of Science University of Nevada, Las Vegas 2005 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science in Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Howard R. Hughes College of Engineering Graduate -
Chapter 7 Electricity Lesson 2 What Are Static and Current Electricity?
Chapter 7 Electricity Lesson 2 What Are Static and Current Electricity? Static Electricity • Most objects have no charge= the atoms are neutral. • They have equal numbers of protons and electrons. • When objects rub against another, electrons move from the atoms of one to atoms of the other object. • The numbers of protons and electrons in the atoms are no longer equal: they are either positively or negatively charged. • The buildup of charges on an object is called static electricity. • Opposite charges attract each other. • Charged objects can also attract neutral objects. • When items of clothing rub together in a dryer, they can pick up a static charge. • Because some items are positive and some are negative, they stick together. • When objects with opposite charges get close, electrons sometimes jump from the negative object to the positive object. • This evens out the charges, and the objects become neutral. • The shocks you can feel are called static discharge. • The crackling noises you hear are the sounds of the sparks. • Lightning is also a static discharge. • Where does the charge come from? • Scientists HYPOTHESIZE that collisions between water droplets in a cloud cause the drops to become charged. • Negative charges collect at the bottom of the cloud. • Positive charges collect at the top of the cloud. • When electrons jump from one cloud to another, or from a cloud to the ground, you see lightning. • The lightning heats the air, causing it to expand. • As cooler air rushes in to fill the empty space, you hear thunder. • Earth can absorb lightning’s powerful stream of electrons without being damaged. -
A Mathematical Model of a Lithium/Thionyl Chloride Primary Cell T
University of South Carolina Scholar Commons Faculty Publications Chemical Engineering, Department of 1989 A Mathematical Model of a Lithium/Thionyl Chloride Primary Cell T. I. Evans Texas A & M University - College Station T. V. Nguyen Texas A & M University - College Station Ralph E. White University of South Carolina - Columbia, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/eche_facpub Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons Publication Info Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1989, pages 328-339. © The Electrochemical Society, Inc. 1989. All rights reserved. Except as provided under U.S. copyright law, this work may not be reproduced, resold, distributed, or modified without the express permission of The Electrochemical Society (ECS). The ra chival version of this work was published in the Journal of the Electrochemical Society. http://www.electrochem.org/ DOI: 10.1149/1.2096630 http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2096630 This Article is brought to you by the Chemical Engineering, Department of at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 328 J. Electrochem. Soc., Vol. 136, No. 2, February 1989 The Electrochemical Society, Inc. Table A-I. Concentration, density, and mole fraction of LiAICI4-SOCI2 (p +_ 0.0001) = (0.594484 • 0.000934). XLjAlCI4 solutions at 25~ based on the experiment of Venkatasetty and Saathoff (5) + (1.64388 --+ 0.00004) (R 2 = 0.99997) These lines are valid in the range 0 < XLIA~C14< 0.11, 0 < C Concentration Density < 1.50 mol/liter and 1.64 < p < 1.71 g/cm ~ and at 25~ At (mol/liter) (g/cm~) XLiAIC14a higher concentrations linear extrapolation cannot be done with confidence. -
Electricity and Circuits
WHAT IS ELECTRICITY? Before we can understand what electricity is, we need to know a little about atoms. Atoms are made up of three different types of particle: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons have a positive charge, neutrons are neutral, and electrons are negative charged. An atom can become positive or negatively charged by losing or gaining electrons. If an atom losses an electron it becomes positively charged. If an atom gains an electron it becomes negatively charged. WHAT IS ELECTRICITY? Electricity is a force due to charged particles. This can be static electricity, in which charged particles gather. Current, or the flow of charged particles, is also a form of electricity. Current is the ordered flow of charged particles. Often current flows through a wire. This is how we get the electricity we use everyday! WHAT ARE CIRCUITS? A circuit is a path that electric current flows around. Current flows from a power source to a load. The load converts the electric energy into anther type of energy A light bulb is a load that converts electrical energy into light and heat energy. What are some other types of loads? What type of energy do they convert the electric energy into? WIRES Why are circuits connected with wires? Wires are made out of metal which is a conductive material. A conductive material is one that electricity can travel through easily. Which of these material are conductive? Water (dirty) Wood Aluminum Foil Glass String Graphite Styrofoam Concrete Cotton (fabric) Air OPEN VS. CLOSED CIRCUIT CLOSED! OPEN! Why didn’t the light bulb turn on in the open circuit? In the open circuit the current can not flow from one end of the power source to the other. -
Electric Current and Electrical Energy
Unit 9P.2: Electricity and energy Electric Current and Electrical Energy What Is Electric Current? We use electricity every day to watch TV, use a Write all the computer, or turn on a light. Electricity makes all of vocab words you these things work.Electrical energy is the energy of find in BOLD electric charges. In most of the things that use electrical energy, the charges(electrons) flow through wires. As per the text The movement of charges is called an electric current. Electric currents provide the energy to things that use electrical energy. We talk about electric current in units called amperes, or amps.The symbol for ampere is A. In equations, the symbol for current is the letter I. AC AND DC There are two kinds of electric current—direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC). In the figure below you can see that in direct current, the charges always flow in the same direction. In alternating current, the direction of the charges continually changes. It moves in one direction, then in the opposite direction. The electric current from the batteries in a camera or Describe What kind of a flashlight is DC. The current from outlets in your current makes a home is AC. Both kinds of current give you electrical refrigerator energy. run and in what direction What Is Voltage? do the charges move? If you are on a bike at the top of a hill, you can roll Alternating current makes a down to the bottom. This happens because of the refrigerator run. difference in height between the two points. -
Development of Cathode Materials for Magnesium Primary Cell K
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by KnowledgeCuddle Publication (E-Journals) International Journal of Research in Advance Engineering, (IJRAE) Vol. 2, Issue 5, Sep-Oct-2016, Available at: www.knowledgecuddle.com/index.php/IJRAE Development of cathode materials for magnesium primary cell K. Narthana1, M. Selvam1, K. Saminathan, V. Rajendran and Karan V.I.S. Kaler2 aCentre for nano science and technology, K S Rangasamy College of technology, Tiruchengode -637 215, Tamil Nadu, India bSchulich School of Engineering , Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Abstract: The Zinc Sulfide nanoparticles were synthesized by simple chemical reaction of ZnCl2 and Sulphur powder in aqueous solution. The main advantage of this method is the use of non-toxic precursors and water as solvent. The BZ1 and NZ2 samples reveal an average particle size respectively 510 and 43.7 nm. The structural, morphological, chemical composition and optical properties of the nanoparticles were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron Microscopy, and Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, Ultra Violet Spectroscopy and Electrochemical studies. The NZ2 sample showed a high discharge capacity of 362 mAh g -1, whereas the BZ1 sample showed a discharge capacity of 120 mAh g -1. The discharge capacity of NZ2 sample based cathode was 33.1 % higher than BZ1 sample based cathode. Thus, the above studies confirm that zinc sulfide nano powders show promise application as a cathode material for Mg/ZnS primary cell. Key words: BZ1 sample, NZ2 sample, Discharge capacity, Electro chemical studies, Band gap *Corresponding author: [email protected] I. -
Basic Electricity Safety
Train-the-Trainer: Basic Electricity Safety This material was produced under a Susan Harwood Training Grant #SH-24896- 3 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U. S. Department of Labor, nor does mention ofSH trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U. S. Government. The U.S. Government does not warrant or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed. Objectives: To acquire basic knowledge about electricity, hazards associated with electric shock and means of prevention. To understand how severe electric shock is in the human body. To develop good habits when working around electricity. To recognize the hazards associated with the different types of power tools and the safety precautions necessary to prevent those hazards. Activity 1: The Electric Shock (Ice Breaker) 1. Ask participants to form a circle and then ask a volunteer to leave the room. 2. Once the volunteer has left the room, explain to the participants that one of them will carry “electric current” but that no one should say anything. There will be paper pieces in a hat and the first person that picks a red colored piece of paper will carry the electric current. They should all remain silent, except when the volunteer guesses who carries the electric current. Once the volunteer has touched the shoulder of the person with the electric current, all of the participants should scream and make noise. -
Electricity Basics Electricity Basics
Electricity Basics Electricity basics The flow of electrical current through a wire is a flow of electrons. It is analogous to the flow of water through a pipe Voltage is similar to water pressure. It is noted V and measured in Volts Current is similar to flow rate. It is noted I and measured in Amperes For a same wire (/pipe), the higher the voltage (/pressure), the higher the current (/flow rate) voltage Height/ + pressure current Flow rate - Oct 2008 2 Resistance Ø Resistance is the opposition to the passage of an electric current § Symbol: ‘R’ (resistance) § Unit: ‘Ω’ (Ohms) Ø The smaller the pipe, the greater the resistance to water flow Ø The thinner the wire, the greater the resistance to electric current Ø A traditional incandescent light bulb is a high resistance wire Slide 3 Key Formula 1: Ohm’s Law Ø Current, Voltage and Resistance are related. If you know any two you can calculate the third V = I x R 2 A x 0.1 Ω = 0.2 V 20 A x 0.1 Ω = 2.0 V R = V / I 12V / 1.0 A = 12.0 Ω I = V / R 12V / 2.0 Ω = 6.0 A 110V / 2.0 Ω = 55 A What happens if you plug into 110V a bulb designed for 12V? Source: Jica Slide 4 Power & Energy Ø Power is measured in W (Watt) and it is the rate at which energy is generated or consumed at a given time Ø Energy is measured over time in Wh (Watt- hour). That’s what the electricity company usually bills for. -
Battery Recycling: Defining the Market and Identifying the Technology Required to Keep High Value Materials in the Economy and out of the Waste Dump
Battery Recycling: defining the market and identifying the technology required to keep high value materials in the economy and out of the waste dump By Timothy W. Ellis Abbas H. Mirza Page 1 of 33 Introduction: The accumulation of post consumer non-Lead/Acid batteries and electrochemical (n-PbA) cells has been identified as a risk in the waste stream of modern society. The n-PbA’s contain material that is environmentally unsound for disposal; however, do represent significant values of materials, e.g. metals, metal oxides, and carbon based material, polymers, organic electrolytes, etc. The desire is to develop systems whereby the nPbA’s are reprocessed in a hygienic and environmentally astute manner which returns the materials within the n-PbA’s to society in an economically and environmentally safe and efficient manner. According to information published in the Fact File on the “Recycling of Batteries” by the Institution of Engineering and Technology (www.theiet.org) the following, Table 1, describes the recycling market. Table 1: Recoverable Metals from Various Battery Types Battery Type Recycling Alkaline & Zinc Carbon Recycled in the metals industry to recover steel, zinc, ferromanganese Nickel – (Cadmium, Metal Hydride) Recycled to recover Cadmium and Nickel with a positive market value Li-Ion Recycled to recover Cobalt with a positive market value Lead-Acid Recycled in Lead industry with a positive market value Button Cells Silver is recovered and has a positive market value; Mercury is recovered by vacuum thermal processes A literature search on “Recycling and Battery” on the STN Easy data base produced over 2500 hits.