"No more interference": The response of Chinese intellectuals to United States China policy, 1945-1950. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Zhang, Hong. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 24/09/2021 06:36:10 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187365 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript ,has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is depeDdent upon the quality of the copy submitted. 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Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & HO'Nelllnformatlon Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. MI481 06·1346 USA 313!761-47oo 800:521-0600 "NO MORE INTERFERENCE": THE RESPONSE OF CHINESE INTELLECTUALS TO UNITED STATES CHINA POLICY, 1945-1950 by Hong Zhang copyright Q Hong Zhang 1995 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 9 5 UMI Number: 9620423 Copyright 1995 by Zhang, Hong All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9620423 Copyright 1996, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, ,United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2 GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Hong Zhang ---------------------------------------II "NO MORE INTERFERENCE : THE RESPONSE OF CHINESE entitled --------------------------------------------------------------- INTELLECTUALS TO UNITED STATES CHINA POLICY, 1945-1950 and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation ~yK~ Doctor of Philosophy reqUire~ent fJZ7)t_~f _ 08/21/95 Date 08/21/95 ~ail L. Bernstein Date -~-. M;~~ 08/21/95 James A. Millward Date Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I hav~ read this dissertation prepared under my dire:tion and reco 7Att.t it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requ~rement. ~/ ./A 08/21/95 Date 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the course of completing this study, I have received great stimulation and encouragement from my teachers and friends. I am most indebted to my adviser, Professor Michael Schaller, for his encouragement and support, his scholarly guidance and advice, and his constructive and insightful comments at the various stages of this thesis. I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professors Gail Bernstein and James Millward for their critical insights and invaluable suggestions on various occasions. They have helped me improve the quality of this work and have intellectually inspired and morally supported me throughout the progress of this thesis. I own special thanks to them. I own a deep debt to my parents, whose great love and concern for me have motivated me to work especially hard for the completion of this work. Last, but foremost, I need to thank my husband Dan for most unusual patience, encouragement and understanding, and for being always there for me when I need his help. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS • 8 ABSTRACT 9 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION. • • • • . • • • . • . 11 CHAPTER 2 A HISTORICAL REVIEW OF MODERN CHINESE INTELLECTUALS' VIEWS OF THE UNITED STATES . 32 2.1 The Late Qing/s Sponsorship of an Educational Mission to America • • • • • 33 2.2 Early Chinese Students and Visitors' Mixed Impressions of the United states • • • • • 36 2.3 Uncle Tom's Cabin and the Message It Conveyed to Chinese Intellectuals • 43 2.4 The 1905 Boycott and the Emerging Chinese Nationalism • • • • • • . 45 2.5 Development of Chinese Nationalism during the May Fourth Era • • • • • • • • 50 2.6 America as both Inspiration and Obstacle • • • • • • • • · 56 2.7 Sino-Japanese War and Warm Chinese Feelings toward America • • • . • 66 2.8 Conclusion • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 71 CHAPTER 3 INTELLECTUAL RESPONSES TO UNITED STATES POLICY TOWARD CHINA, LATE 1945-1946 . • • 72 3.1 American Involvement in Chinese Politics in the Immediate Postwar Period • • • • • • • 72 3.2 Shift in Chinese Intellectuals' Attitudes toward the Sino-American Relations • · 76 3.3 The Call of Nationalistic youth at Lianda for Peace • . • . 81 3.4 Chinese Intellectuals and Political Disputes Involving the GMD, CCP and U.S. Government .• 85 3.5 The Shanghai Peace Demonstration and Growing Anti-American sentiments . • • . 93 3.6 Chinese Resentment against American Servicemen in China • • . • . • • • • 96 3.7 The Heated Chinese Response to the Sino­ American Commercial Treaty of 1946 106 3.8 Conclusion . • • • • • • . • . • . 112 6 CHAPTER 4 KANGYI MEIJUN BAOXING: THE SHEN CHONG INCIDENT AND THE STUDENT ANTI-AMERICAN MOVEMENT • • • 116 4.1 The Shen Chong Incident • • • • • • • • •• 117 4.2 Immediate Local Reaction to the Incident . 120 4.3 Beiping Students' Protests over the Shen Chong Incident • • • • . • • • • • • • • 124 4.4 The Nationwide Anti-American Campaign • • . 129 4.5 The Official Chinese Response • • • • • • • 141 4.6 The Communist Response. 0 • • • 145 4.7 Political Implications of the Shen Chong Incident • • • • . • • • •• 150 4.8 Foreign Reactions to the Student Anti-American Movement • ~ • • . 159 4.9 Conclusion. • • • • • • • • . • • • 165 CHAPTER 5 FAN MEIFURI: THE MOVEMENT OPPOSING THE AMERICAN REHABILITATION OF JAPAN . 168 5.1 Liberal Chinese Attitudes toward the Role of the United states Government in China 170 5.2 The Shift in United states Policy toward Japan • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 174 5.3 The Response of the Chinese Press to the "Reverse Course" • • • • • • • • . • • • • • 178 5.4 Reactions of American Observers to Anti-American Protests . • • • • • • • • • • 191 5.5 Chinese Public opinion in the Aftermath of Stuart's Statement • • . • • • . • • • 195 5.6 A "New High Tide" in the Student Anti­ American Movement •• • . • • • • • • . 201 5.7 The Intelligentsia's Political Attitudes toward the Soviet Union • • • • • • 213 5.8 The Chinese Nationalist Government's Reaction to Fan Meifuri • • • • • • 216 5.9 The Communist Influence • • • • • • 219 5.10 The Significance of the Fan Meifuri Movement 221 5.11 Cone! usion . 228 CHAPTER 6 KANGMEI YUANCHAO: THE PEAK OF THE ANTI- AMERICAN MOVEMENT • • • • • • . 230 6.1 The Intensification of Hostility between Beijing and Washington • . • • • • . • • 233 6.2 The Communist Mobilization of the "Resist America, Aid Korea" Campaign . • • • • • • • 238 7 6.3 Anti-Americanism as Reflected in Literature and Art • • . • • • • . • . • • . • 245 6.4 Eradicate Meidi's Influence: Thought Reform 261 6.5 Conclusion. • . • • . • . • 278 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION. • • • . • . • • . • • • • . 280 WORKS CITED . • • • • • • • • . • • . • . • . • • • . 287 8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Beiping student demonstration protesting the "brutality" of American troops. •••• 128 Figure 2. Members of the fan Meifuri propaganda team of Fudan university work on the general public. •.•••••.••• 187 Figure 3. culprit in the Shen Chong incident acquitted. · · · · · . 232 Figure 4. We cannot ignore such provocation. · · · 256 Figure 5. American way of life (I) • · · · · · 257 Figure 6. American way of life (II) • . · · · · · . 258 9 ABSTRACT This study seeks to explore the articulated views and behavior of an important segment of Chinese population-­ politically conscious intellectuals--toward the United states over the period of 1945-1950. During this period, warm Chinese feelings toward