NOTA BENE • De Invloed Van Het Latijn En Grieks Op Het Nederlands

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

NOTA BENE • De Invloed Van Het Latijn En Grieks Op Het Nederlands NOTA BENE • De invloed van het Latijn en Grieks op het Nederlands Nicoline van der Sijs Jaap Engelsman NOTA BENE Nicoline van der Sijs Jaap Engelsman NOTA BENE • De invloed van het Latijn en Grieks op het Nederlands Sdu Uitgevers Tu habes nullum, Nai, nullum benullum, Nullum benullum de artibus! Opus tuum magnum prullum. `Je hebt geen, werkelijk geen enkel benul van kunst! Je werk is een groot prul.' Een voorbeeld van macaronische poëzie, een letterkundig genre dat tijdens de Renaissance ontstond in Italië en dat gebaseerd was op het Latijn, met allerlei volkstaalwoorden met Latijnse uitgangen, wat leidde tot een grappig effect. Foto's omslag: Centrum kunsthistorische documentatie, Nijmegen (voorzijde); Dik van der Meulen, Amsterdam (achterzijde) Vormgeving omslag: Chaim Mesika, Hilversum Zetwerk: Velotekst (B.L. van Popering), Den Haag Druk en afwerking: AD druk b.v., Zeist © 2000 Nicoline van der Sijs en Jaap Engelsman, Utrecht/Amsterdam No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd en/of openbaar gemaakt door middel van druk, fotokopie, microfilm of op welke andere wijze dan ook zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. ISBN 90 5797 067 8 D/2000/0034/169 Inhoud Lijst van illustraties 9 Lijst van foto's 10 Woord vooraf 11 DEEL 1 AAN DE KLASSIEKE TALEN ONTLEENDE WOORDEN - NICOLINE VAN DER SIJS Inleiding 17 De Romeinse tijd 19 De klassieke wereld zoals onze Germaanse voorouders die leerden kennen 19 De taal van de Romeinen 22 De Germanen en hun taal 24 Contacten tussen Germanen en Romeinen 31 Germaanse leenwoorden in het Latijn 37 Latijnse leenwoorden en leenvertalingen in het Germaans 39 Militaire en politieke termen 41 Romeinse militaire en burgerlijke nederzettingen 42 Plaatsnamen 48 Huizenbouw en huisraad 52 Handel 53 Landbouw, veeteelt en voedselbereiding ss Alcoholica 57 Textiel 58 5 De jaar- en weekindeling 58 De namen van de weekdagen 59 De namen van de maanden 61 Woorddelen 65 Conclusie 65 De taalgrens 67 Middeleeuws Latijn 71 Het alfabet 73 Onderwijs 79 Leenwoorden uit het middeleeuws Latijn 81 Onderwijs en wetenschappen 82 Geneeskunde en alchimie 83 Wiskunde 85 Stadhuistaal 86 Kerklatijn 89 De kerstening van de Goten 93 De kerstening van de Nederlanden 94 Oude bijbelvertalingen 97 Invloed van het Kerklatijn 99 Betekenisontleningen en leenvertalingen 100 Kerkelijke functionarissen en instituties 102 Bijbel, kerkdienst, gebeden en feestdagen 104 Overige religieuze woorden io8 De Renaissance in De hervorming 115 Humanistenlatijn 116 Grieks 118 Invloed van het Humanistenlatijn 120 Onderwijs en wetenschappen 120 Wetenschappelijke leenvertalingen 122 Boekdrukkunst 125 6 Klassieke Oudheid en klassieke letterkunde 125 Geneeskunde 126 Stadhuistaal 126 Latijnse constructies 129 Invloed van de hervorming 130 Invloed van het Grieks 131 Leenwoorden uit het Grieks 132 Leenvertalingen uit het Grieks 133 Latijnse en Griekse persoons- of godennamen die soortnamen zijn geworden 135 Moderne nieuwvormingen op basis van Latijn en Grieks 139 Medische wetenschap 143 Botanische wetenschap 145 De invloed van de klassieke talen op Nederlandse voor- en achternamen 149 Voornamen 149 Achternamen 152 Aanpassing van Latijnse en Griekse leenwoorden 155 Aanpassing van Latijnse leenwoorden 155 De klemtoon op Latijnse leenwoorden 157 Bepaling van de ouderdom van Latijnse leenwoorden 158 Vergelijking met andere Germaanse talen 158 Klankveranderingen in het Latijn 159 Klankveranderingen in het Nederlands 16o Aanpassing van Latijnse werkwoorden 162 Aanpassing van Griekse leenwoorden 162 Latijnse en Griekse meervouden 165 De uitspraak van het Latijn 166 De uitspraak van het Grieks 170 7 Hoeveel woorden heeft het Nederlands uit het Latijn en Grieks geleend? 173 Levend Latijn 175 DEEL 2 GEVLEUGELDE WOORDEN VAN GRIEKSE EN LATIJNSE OORSPRONG -- JAAP ENGELSMAN Inleiding 183 De Grieken 187 Literatuur en filosofie 187 Natuurwetenschappers 194 De Romeinen 197 Grieks intermezzo: Archimedes 198 Cicero 199 Caesar 201 Dichtkunst 204 Keizers 206 Romeinse christenen 209 De Middeleeuwen 211 De Renaissance en later 213 Speeltoneel 213 Genootschappen 214 Homeopathie 217 Belangrijkste gebruikte literatuur 219 Woordregister 227 8 Lijst van illustraties 1.Het Romeinse rijk ten tijde van zijn grootste uitbreiding in de tweede eeuw n.C. (uit Van Es 1981: 16) 21 2. Germaanse stammen die in de eerste eeuwen n.C. in klassieke bronnen genoemd worden (uit Keller 1995:53) 27 3.De Peutingerkaart (uit Van Es 1981: 108-109) 3o 4. Het Romeinse wegennet in Noord-Frankrijk en de Nederlanden (uit Muller en Frings 1968, kaart 1) 32 5.De Germaanse volksverhuizing (uit Keller 1995: 54) 35 6. De Romeinse castra, castella, stationes en praetoria in Nederland tussen 47 en 270 (uit Van Es 1981: 98-99) 43 7. Plaatsen in Nederland waar Romeinse villa's zijn opgegraven (uit Van Es 1981: 180) 47 8.Romeinse overheersing in België (uit de Grote Winkler Prins, lemma België) 49 9 Lijst van foto's `Tempel' van Artis 13 Kapiteel en sierlijsten 70 Fruitslinger en ornamenten 88 Oorlogsbuit en boekband 109 Trigliefen en frontons 137 Wegwijzer en potjeslatijn 154 Scheepsboeg 180 Parksfinx 196 10 Woord vooraf De twee belangrijkste cultuurtalen van de westerse Oudheid – onge- veer de periode van l000 voor Christus tot 50o na Christus – waren het Grieks en het Latijn. Het Grieks, dat oorspronkelijk gesproken werd in ruwweg het gebied van het huidige Griekenland, ontwikkelde zich allengs tot de lingua franca van het oostelijke Middellandse-Zee- gebied. Het Latijn was de taal van de Romeinen, die een minuscuul staatje in Midden-Italië in de vijfhonderd jaar voor het begin van onze jaartelling uitbouwden tot een rijk dat het gehele Middellandse-Zee- gebied en een groot deel van West-Europa omvatte. Dit boek vertelt hoe in de loop van tweeduizend jaar talloze Latijnse en Griekse woorden en uitdrukkingen in het Nederlands zijn terecht- gekomen. Woorden van Griekse herkomst zijn bijvoorbeeld epigoon, epos en palindroom, van Latijnse herkomst emmer, kat, keuken, kort, straat en zolder. Wij laten zien hoe de culturele invloed van de klassieke wereld valt af te lezen aan onze woordenschat. De invloed van het Grieks is voor het grootste deel via het prisma van het Latijn tot ons gekomen. Daarom ligt in dit boek de nadruk op het Latijn. Griekse woorden hebben vaak een Latijns jasje gekregen, een Latijnse uitgang; zoals het in de vaktaal heet: ze zijn gelatiniseerd. Een voorbeeld is criticus, dat in het Grieks kritikos luidt. Ook Griekse eigennamen zijn meestal in Latijnse spelling bekend, en aan die conventie hebben wij ons geconformeerd, vandaar bijvoorbeeld de spelling Homerus voor Homèros. Het eerste deel van dit boek is geschreven door Nicoline van der Sijs en gaat over de woorden in het Nederlands die teruggaan op het Latijn en Grieks, en over de omstandigheden die geleid hebben tot overname van die woorden. Dit deel is een sterk uitgebreide versie van passages 11 in haar Leenwoordenboek (zie de literatuurlijst), waarbij met name de cultuur-historische achtergrond benadrukt en uitgewerkt is. Het tweede deel van dit boek, dat is geschreven door Jaap Engelsman, is anders van opzet. Hierin worden een aantal nog altijd gangbare citaten (`gevleugelde woorden') en uitdrukkingen behandeld die aan het Grieks of Latijn zijn ontleend, of die na de Oudheid in het Latijn zijn geformuleerd. Denk aan verdeel en heers, het nuttige met het aangename verenigen, schitteren door afwezigheid en Natura artis ma- gistra. Zie verder de inleiding bij dat deel. De conclusie van dit boek kan slechts luiden dat de hedendaagse Nederlandse maatschappij, wetenschap en cultuur er zonder de Ro- meinse en Griekse erfenis onherkenbaar anders zouden uitzien, en dat als we alle Latijnse en Griekse woorden uit onze woordenschat zouden schrappen, communicatie onmogelijk zou zijn. Om te illustreren dat de klassieke invloed op onze cultuur zich zeker niet alleen tot de taal beperkt, is het boek verlucht met enkele foto's van architectonische elementen. Deze foto's zijn om praktische rede- nen in Amsterdam gemaakt (door Jaap Engelsman), maar soortgelijke elementen zijn gemakkelijk te vinden in iedere provincieplaats in Nederland en België. Graag besluiten wij dit voorwoord met onze speciale dank uit te spreken aan drie kritische lezers die door hun opmerkingen de tekst aanzienlijk verbeterd hebben: Anton van Hooff, Wil Sterenborg en Nelly Stienstra. Nuttige suggesties en adviezen kregen wij voorts van Bert Gerlagh, Ewoud Sanders, Ed Schilders, Rob Tempelaars en Piet Verhoeff. Van Dale Lexicografie was zo vriendelijk een chronologi- sche lijst uit het Etymologisch woordenboek ter beschikking te stellen. De auteurs januari 20 00 12 Sedert de Renaissance zijn vormen en elementen uit de klassieke architectuur in ta lloze variaties toegepast in nieuwe gebouwen. Het klassieke gebouw bij uitstek is de Griekse tempel. Sterk vereenvoudigd komt deze neer op een rechthoekig bouwwerk met een flauw hellend zadeldak, dat de gevel een driehoekige bekroning geeft. De top van die gevel — het fronton — rust op een horizontaal gedeelte — het hoofdgestel —, dat weer rust op door kapitelen bekroonde zuilen, elk geplaatst op een basis. De grondvorm van zo'n gevel zien wij hierboven in het centrale gedeelte van het aquariumgebouw van Artis (Amsterdam, ca. 1880). Sommige details, zoals de rijkbewerkte kapitelen, zijn vrij zuiver klassiek, maar vele andere elementen en vooral het gebouw als geheel hebben
Recommended publications
  • Download Horace: the SATIRES, EPISTLES and ARS POETICA
    +RUDFH 4XLQWXV+RUDWLXV)ODFFXV 7KH6DWLUHV(SLVWOHVDQG$UV3RHWLFD Translated by A. S. Kline ã2005 All Rights Reserved This work may be freely reproduced, stored, and transmitted, electronically or otherwise, for any non- commercial purpose. &RQWHQWV Satires: Book I Satire I - On Discontent............................11 BkISatI:1-22 Everyone is discontented with their lot .......11 BkISatI:23-60 All work to make themselves rich, but why? ..........................................................................................12 BkISatI:61-91 The miseries of the wealthy.......................13 BkISatI:92-121 Set a limit to your desire for riches..........14 Satires: Book I Satire II – On Extremism .........................16 BkISatII:1-22 When it comes to money men practise extremes............................................................................16 BkISatII:23-46 And in sexual matters some prefer adultery ..........................................................................................17 BkISatII:47-63 While others avoid wives like the plague.17 BkISatII:64-85 The sin’s the same, but wives are more trouble...............................................................................18 BkISatII:86-110 Wives present endless obstacles.............19 BkISatII:111-134 No married women for me!..................20 Satires: Book I Satire III – On Tolerance..........................22 BkISatIII:1-24 Tigellius the Singer’s faults......................22 BkISatIII:25-54 Where is our tolerance though? ..............23 BkISatIII:55-75
    [Show full text]
  • View of the Great
    This dissertation has been 62—769 microfilmed exactly as received GABEL, John Butler, 1931- THE TUDOR TRANSLATIONS OF CICERO'S DE OFFICIIS. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1961 Language and Literature, modern University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE TUDOR TRANSLATIONS OP CICERO'S DE OFFICIIS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By John Butler Gabel, B. A., M. A., A. M. ****** The Ohio State University 1961 Approved by Adviser Department of Ehglis7 PREFACE The purpose of this dissertation is to throw light on the sixteenth-century English translations of De Offioiis, one of Cicero’s most popular and most influential works. The dissertation first surveys the history and reputation of the Latin treatise to I600 and sketchs the lives of the English translators. It then establishes the facts of publication of the translations and identifies the Latin texts used in them. Finally it analyzes the translations themselves— their syntax, diction, and English prose style in general— against the background of the theory and prac­ tice of translation in their respective periods. I have examined copies of the numerous editions of the translations in the Folger Shakespeare Library, the Library of Congress, and the libraries of the Ohio State University and the University of Illinois. I have also made use of films of copies in the British Museum and the Huntington Library. I have indicated the location of the particular copies upon which the bibliographical descrip­ tions in Chapter 3 are based.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pot of Gold Life
    The Pot of Gold . Plautus, (born c. 254 BCE, Sarsina, Umbria? [Italy]— died 184 BCE), great Roman comic dramatist, whose works, loosely adapted from Greek plays, established a truly Roman drama in the Latin language. Life Little is known for certain about the life and personality of Plautus, who ranks with Terence as one of the two great Roman comic dramatists. His work, moreover, presents scholars with a variety of textual problems, since the manuscripts by which his plays survive are corrupt and sometimes incomplete. Nevertheless, his literary and dramatic skills make his plays enjoyable in their own right, while the achievement of his comic genius has had lasting significance in the history of Western literature and drama. According to the grammarian Festus (2nd or 3rd century CE), Plautus was born in northeastern central Italy. His customarily assigned birth and death dates are largely based on statements made by later Latin writers, notably Cicero in the 1st century BCE. Even the three names usually given to him—Titus Maccius Plautus—are of questionable historical authenticity. Internal evidence in some of the plays does, it is true, suggest that these were the names of their author, but it is possible that they are stage names, even theatrical jokes or allusions. (“Maccus,” for example, was the traditional name of the clown in the fabula Atellana (“Atellan plays”), a long-established popular burlesque that was native to the Neapolitan region of southern Italy; “Plautus,” according to Festus, derives from planis pedibus, planipes [flat- footed] being a pantomime dancer.) There are further difficulties: the poet Lucius Accius (170–c.
    [Show full text]
  • Advanced – Preliminary Round 1 Th 1
    Yale Certamen 2019 Written by Samir Al-Ali, Nestoras Apodiakos, Margot Armbruster, Aspen Bombardo, Skylar Cobbett, Andres Cook, Ram Gollapudy, Noah Harris, Connor Harrison, Michael Howard, Minyoung Hwang, David Jackson, David Jaffe, Lina Kapp, Michael Kearney, John Kim, Carina Layfield, Joshua Lomasney, Mindren Lu, Noah McThenia, Gabriel Molina, Ali Murray, Matt Nelson, Ben Ream, Henry Schott, Jason Tan, Matthew Thomas, and Jonathan Yuan. Edited by Michael Kearney. Advanced – Preliminary Round 1 th 1. Welcome to the 9 ​ annual Yale Certamen! Translate the following sentence into Latin: ​ We hope that you will enjoy this competition! SPĒRĀMUS VŌS/TĒ HŌC CERTĀMINE FRUCTŪRŌS/-ĀS/-UM/-AM ESSE! or SPĒRĀMUS FORE UT HŌC CERTĀMINE FRUĀMINĪ! ​ B1: Bene factum! Now translate this sentence into Latin: We encourage you to use both ​ ​ knowledge and speed. HORTĀMUR (VŌS/TĒ) (UT) SCIENTIĀQUE CELERITĀTEQUE ŪTĀMINĪ/ŪTĀRIS or ET SCIENTIĀ ET CELERITĀTE ​ ​ B2: Finally, using potior , say in Latin: If you play well, you will obtain a wonderful ​ ​ reward. SĪ BENE LUDĒS/LUDĒTIS/LŪSERIS/LŪSERITIS, PRAEMIŌ MĪRĀBILĪ/MĪRŌ/MĪRANDŌ POTIĒMINĪ/POTIĒRIS (or PRAEMIĪ MĪRĀBILIS/MĪRĪ/MĪRANDĪ) ​ ​ 2. Zeus Katachthonios was an epithet of what god, who snatched up Persephone as she was picking flowers and carried her down to the Underworld? adHADES B1: What epithet of Hades meant “The Unseen One”? AÏDONEUS B2: At what lake near Naples did Aeneas enter the Underworld? AVERNUS 3. Which of the following verbs, if any, has a reduplicated third principal part: cēdō, pergō, ​ pellō, stertō? PELLŌ B1: Define the verb pellō and provide all principal parts. ​ ​ PELLŌ, PELLERE, PEPULĪ, PULSUS / PULSUM = (TO / I) BEAT / DRIVE ​ B2: Define the verb pergō and provide all principal parts.
    [Show full text]
  • A Linguistic Analysis of Demonstratives in Genres of Early Latin Fragments Erica L
    Eastern Michigan University DigitalCommons@EMU Master's Theses, and Doctoral Dissertations, and Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations Graduate Capstone Projects 2016 Haec fortis sequitur illam indocti possident: A linguistic analysis of demonstratives in genres of early Latin fragments Erica L. Meszaros Follow this and additional works at: http://commons.emich.edu/theses Part of the English Language and Literature Commons Recommended Citation Meszaros, Erica L., "Haec fortis sequitur illam indocti possident: A linguistic analysis of demonstratives in genres of early Latin fragments" (2016). Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations. 847. http://commons.emich.edu/theses/847 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses, and Doctoral Dissertations, and Graduate Capstone Projects at DigitalCommons@EMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@EMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Haec Fortis Sequitur Illam Indocti Possident: A Linguistic Analysis of Demonstratives in Genres of Early Latin Fragments by Erica L. Meszaros Thesis Submitted to the Department of English Language and Literature Eastern Michigan University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in English Linguistics Thesis Committee: Eric Acton Ph.D., Chair Veronica Grondona, Ph.D. July 1, 2016 Ypsilanti, Michigan In memoriam Chloes ii Acknowledgments I am forever indebted to the ceaseless effort of my advisor, Dr. Eric Acton, who accepted me as an advisee though I had never been his student and had, in fact, not been anyone's student for more than three years.
    [Show full text]
  • Grammar and Poetry in the Late Republic
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2014 The Way That Our Catullus Walked: Grammar and Poetry in the Late Republic Samuel David Beckelhymer University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Classics Commons Recommended Citation Beckelhymer, Samuel David, "The Way That Our Catullus Walked: Grammar and Poetry in the Late Republic" (2014). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 1205. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1205 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1205 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Way That Our Catullus Walked: Grammar and Poetry in the Late Republic Abstract This dissertation considers the poetry of Catullus and its often express concerns with matters of language through the lens of the Roman grammatical tradition. I argue that in Latin poetry, and in Latin literature more broadly, there existed a persistent interest in discussing linguistic matters--owing in large part to an early imitation of Greek authors who engaged openly with their language--and that this interest was articulated in ways that recall the figure of the professional grammaticus and the ars grammatica, the scientific study of the Latin language. I maintain that this interest becomes particularly widespread during the final decades of the Roman Republic, and so I present Catullus as a particularly representative example of this phenomenon. In each chapter I examine Catullus' poetry with reference to a different aspect of the grammaticus' trade. The first chapter considers the concept of latinitas, an idealized form of Latin that was discussed by professional grammatici, and coordinates Catullus' interaction with foreign words, morphology and phonology with similar approaches to the discussion of language as they are expressed by other poets and prose authors.
    [Show full text]
  • Isidore of Seville and Comici Ueteres. Ad Isid., Orig. VIII 7.7
    EMERITA, Revista de Lingüística y Filología Clásica LXXX 2, 2012, pp. 341-353 ISSN 0013-6662 doi: 10.3989/emerita.2012.17.1123 Isidore of Seville and comici ueteres. Ad Isid., Orig. VIII 7.7 Krzysztof Rzepkowski Institute of Classical Studies. University of Warsaw [email protected] Isidoro de Sevilla y los comici ueteres. Ad Isid., Orig. VIII 7.7 Abstract: In chapter 7 of book VIII of Etymolo- Resumen: En el capítulo 7 del libro VIII de Las gies dedicated to Roman poets (De poetis), Isidore Etimologías, dedicado a los poetas romanos (De draws a dividing line between the so-called ueteres poetis), Isidoro de Sevilla separa ueteres de noui and noui comici. Among ueteres he counts Plau- comici. Son Plauto, Luccio Accio y Terencio los tus, Accius, Terentius, although Accius, according que integran la nómina de los ueteres, aunque Ac- to our knowledge, composed only tragedies and cio, según nuestro conocimiento, compuso sólo can hardly be considered a comic playwright. In tragedias, así que resulta difícil considerarlo un this paper I try to prove that all the palaeographic, comediógrafo. En este artículo intento probar que phonetic, historical, and literary arguments speak todos los argumentos paleográficos, fonéticos, his- in favour of emending in the discussed passage tóricos y literarios están a favor de la enmienda del the peculiar «Accius» to the expected «Caecilius» peculiar «Accius» por el esperado «Caecilius» (i.e. Caecilius Statius). (i.e. Cecilio Estacio). Key words: Accius; Caecilius Statius; Isidore of Palabras clave: Accius; Caecilius Statius; Isidoro Seville; comic playwright; comici ueteres; comici de Sevilla; comediógrafo; comici ueteres; comici noui.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019 Princeton Certamen Advanced Round One 1
    2019 PRINCETON CERTAMEN ADVANCED ROUND ONE 1. Author, auction, and augment are all derived from what Latin verb with what meaning? AUGEO - INCREASE ​ B1: Article and articulation are derived from what Latin noun with what meaning? ARTUS-LIMB ​ B2: Artillery and inertia are derived from what Latin noun with what meaning? ARS-SKILL ​ 2. Which Roman author, born to a plebeian family, despised aristocracy, writing that the Metelli had become consuls by fate, in addition to composing an epic on the First Punic war titled Bellum Punicum? ​ (GNAEUS) NAEVIUS B1: The Metelli responded to Naevius’s insult by imprisoning Naevius, who was ultimately exiled to what city in North Africa? UTICA B2: Cicero in his work Brutus compared Naevius’s Bellum Punicum to a statue of ​ ​ ​ ​ Myron, and he compared what earlier author’s translation of the Odyssey to a primitive ​ ​ carving of Daedalus? LIVIUS ANDRONICUS 3. Symmachus’ speech regarding the altar of victory, the abolishment of the Olympic games, and defeating the usurpers Eugenius and Magnus Maximus all occurred during the reign of what emperor, the last to rule over a unified Roman empire? THEODOSIUS I B1: Theodosius I split the empire between his two sons. Name the two sons and the portion of the empire each respective son obtained. HONORIUS (WEST) & ARCADIUS (EAST) B2: In what year did Theodosius order the closure of all pagan temples? 391 A.D 4. Dēscrībāmus nunc proprietātēs dictiōnum in hāc sententiā: “Deī sub nūmine viget.” Quā ​ ​ ​ persōnā est "viget"? TERTIĀ B1+B2: For five points each: Quibus cāsibus sunt "deī" et "nūmine"? ​ GENITĪVŌ and ABLĀTĪVŌ ​ ​ [RESPECTIVELY; FIVE POINTS FOR EACH CORRECT] 5.
    [Show full text]
  • 1996 Texas Jcl Convention Upper Level Certamen Round One
    1996 TEXAS JCL CONVENTION UPPER LEVEL CERTAMEN ROUND ONE TU# 1: According to tradition and rounding to the nearest ten, approximately how many years after the founding of Rome did the Romans finally conquer Hannibal? 550 B1: According to tradition and rounding to the nearest ten, approximately how many years after the founding of Rome was Julius Caesar born? 650 B2: According to tradition and rounding to the nearest ten, approximately how many years after the founding of Rome did the Romans finally conquer the Samnites? 460 TU# 2: Give the comparative and superlative adverb forms of pulchre. PULCHRIUS and PULCHERRIME B1: Give the comparative and superlative adjective forms for inferus. INFERIUS and INFIMUS/IMUS B2: Give the comparative and superlative adverb forms of saepe. SAEPIUS, SAEPISSIME TU# 3: Give the Latin verb root and its English meaning for the English word 'abuse'. UTOR, UTI - TO USE B1: Give the Latin noun root and its English meaning for the English word 'elude'. LUDUS - GAME, SCHOOL, SPORT B2: Give the Latin noun root and its English meaning for the English word 'pernicious'. NEX - MURDER, DEATH TU# 4: Give the person, number, tense, voice, and mood of the Latin verb form cecinit. 3RD SINGULAR PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE B1: Give the person, number, tense, voice, and mood of the Latin verb form tenti erant. 3RD PLURAL PLUPERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE B2: Give the person, number, tense, and mood of the Latin verb form essetis. 2ND PLURAL IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE TU# 5: In the sentence, "It was done by my wish" say in Latin, 'by my wish'.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Formation and Cultural Patterns of the Medieval World
    BA (Hons.), History Semester 2 CC 4 Social Formation and cultural patterns of the Medieval World Culture and religion in ancient Rome: Expansion brought Rome into contact with many diverse cultures. The most important of these was the Greek culture in the eastern Mediterranean with its highly refined literature and learning. Rome responded to it with ambivalence: although Greek doctrina was attractive, it was also the culture of the defeated and enslaved. Indeed, much Greek culture was brought to Rome in the aftermath of military victories, as Roman soldiers returned home not only with works of art but also with learned Greeks who had been enslaved. Despite the ambivalence, nearly every facet of Roman culture was influenced by the Greeks, and it was a Greco-Roman culture that the Roman empire bequeathed to later European civilization.As Roman aristocrats encountered Greeks in southern Italy and in the East in the 3rd century, they learned to speak and write in Greek. Scipio Africanus and Flamininus, for example, are known to have corresponded in Greek. By the late republic it became standard for senators to be bilingual. Many were reared from infancy by Greek-speaking slaves and later tutored by Greek slaves or freedmen. Nonetheless, despite their increasing fluency in Greek, senators continued to insist on Latin as the official language of government; visiting dignitaries from the East addressing the Senate in Greek had their speeches translated—as a mark of their subordination.Because Greek was the lingua franca of the East, Romans had to use Greek if they wished to reach a wider audience.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Rome to 565 A. D. by Arthur Edward Romilly Boak
    The Project Gutenberg EBook of A History of Rome to 565 A. D. by Arthur Edward Romilly Boak This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license Title: A History of Rome to 565 A. D. Author: Arthur Edward Romilly Boak Release Date: May 31, 2010 [Ebook 32624] Language: English ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF ROME TO 565 A. D.*** A HISTORY OF ROME TO 565 A. D. BY ARTHUR E. R. BOAK, Ph. D., Professor of Ancient History in the University of Michigan v New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1921 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT, 1921. By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. Set up and electrotyped. Published December, 1921. vii PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA [v] PREFACE This sketch of the History of Rome to 565 A. D. is primarily intended to meet the needs of introductory college courses in Roman History. However, it is hoped that it may also prove of service as a handbook for students of Roman life and literature in general. It is with the latter in mind that I have added the bibliographical note. Naturally, within the brief limits of such a text, it was impossible to defend the point of view adopted on disputed points or to take notice of divergent opinions. Therefore, to show the great debt which I owe to the work of others, and to provide those interested in particular problems with some guide to more detailed study, I have given a list of selected references, which express, I believe, the prevailing views of modern scholarship upon the various phases of Roman History.
    [Show full text]
  • The Indebtedness of Augustine's Doctor Christanus to Cicero's Orator
    Uroš Rajčević QUIDAM CICERO: THE INDEBTEDNESS OF AUGUSTINE'S DOCTOR CHRISTIANUS TO CICERO'S ORATOR MA Thesis in Medieval Studies CEU eTD Collection Central European University Budapest May 2010 QUIDAM CICERO: THE INDEBTEDNESS OF AUGUSTINE’S DOCTOR CHRISTIANUS TO CICERO’S ORATOR by Uroš Rajčević (Serbia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU ____________________________________________ Chair, Examination Committee ____________________________________________ Thesis Supervisor ____________________________________________ Examiner ____________________________________________ CEU eTD Collection Examiner Budapest May 2010 QUIDAM CICERO: THE INDEBTEDNESS OF AUGUSTINE’S DOCTOR CHRISTIANUS TO CICERO’S ORATOR by Uroš Rajčević (Serbia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU ____________________________________________ External Examiner CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2010 QUIDAM CICERO: THE INDEBTEDNESS OF AUGUSTINE’S DOCTOR CHRISTIANUS TO CICERO’S ORATOR by Uroš Rajčević (Serbia) Thesis submitted to the Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University, Budapest, in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts degree in Medieval Studies Accepted in conformance with the standards of the CEU ________________________ Supervisor ____________________________________________ External Supervisor CEU eTD Collection Budapest May 2010 I, the undersigned, Uroš Rajčević, candidate for the MA degree in Medieval Studies declare herewith that the present thesis is exclusively my own work, based on my research and only such external information as properly credited in notes and bibliography.
    [Show full text]