THE PHYSICAL CONDITIONS AND AGE INDICATED BY THE FLORA OF TI-IE ALUM BLUFF FORMATION.

By EDWARD WILBER BERRY.

INTRODUCTION. of the formation, is a thin series of interbedded The present paper has for its purpose the greenish sands and marls overlying the Oak description of a small flora collected from the Grove sand. It was named from Shoal River, Alum Bluff formation, representing a horizon in western Florida, and is not represented by a hitherto unrepresented paleobotanically in lithologic 'unit at Alum Bluff. southeastern North America, and the discus­ The following section was taken at the point sion of the bearing of this flora on the physical where the fossil plants were collected, near the conditions of deposition and the probable age lower end of the bluff and in the immediate 2 of the dcposi ts. vicinity of the section measured by Dall. It is deemed worthy of reproduction because it GEOLOGY OF THE DEPOSITS. differs in certain particulars from Dall's sec­ The Alum Bluff formation was named from tion. Still other sections from different parts the bluff of that name on the east bank of the of the bluff are given by Sellards and Gunter.3 Apalachicola River, about 25 miles below Chat­ Section at Alum Bluff, Fla. tahoochee or River Junction, in Liberty County, Fla.t (See Pl. VII, B, p. 56.) It is, according Pleistocene (?): Feet. to present knowledge, the uppermost formation Light-colored ferruginous, rather loose sands. 9 Hard reddish clay ______... __ ... _.. __ . _. . . . . 2 of the Apalachicola group. It comprises three Variegated reddish and yellowish ferruginous members, which, named in ascending order, are sands ___ . __ . _... ___ ...... ___ ...... 65 the Chipola marl member, the Oak Grove sand Miocene: member, and the Shoal River marl member. Choctawhatchfle marl: The Chipola marl, which is a thin yellowish Dark-gray pyri tiferous clay, more or less carbo­ clay marl at the base of the formation as defined naceous but scarcely meriting the term llg­ nitic given to it by Langdon, as no lignite by Matson. and Clapp, carries a very extensive or plant fossils were observed in it. Traces and well-preserved marine fauna. It was of invertebrate fossils, for the most part un­ named from Chipola River, in Calhoun County, determinable, were obs6lrved in places. Fla. The Oak Grove sand, stratigraphically The pyritiferous character of the clay gives intermediate between the Chipola and Shoal it an alum-like taste, whichaccounts forthe name of the bluff. Approximate thickness. 25 River, is a thin, highly fossiliferous gray or Bluish (when unweathered) fossiliferous clay greenish fine sand named from Oak Grove, on marl of irregular thickness, carrying Muli­ Yellow River, and not represented by a litho­ nia congesta, Ecphora quadricostata, Turri­ logic unit at Alum Bluff. The Shoal River tella variabilis, and other species; much oxi­ marl, the highest known fossiliferous member dized in its upper portion, in which the fos­ sils are represented by poor casts, owing to

1 The geology of this region is fully discussed in the following publica­ the solution of the shell substance ...... 15-30 tions: Erosion unconformity. Matson, G. C., and Clapp, F. G., A preliminary report on the geology of Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Second Ann. Rept., pp. 21-173, 1909. 2 Dall, W. H., and Stanley-Brown, J., Cenozoic geology aloug the Vaughan, T. W., A contribution to the geologic history of the Floridian Apalachicola River: Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 5, p. 157, 1894 Plateau: Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 133, pp. 99-185, 1910; see also 3 Sellards, E. H., and Gunter, Herman, Florida Geol. Survey Second U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 71, pp. 741-745, 1912. Ann. Rept., pp. 275, 276, 1909. 41 42 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1916.

01igocene: most Oligocene or basal Miocene flora, prac­ Alum Bluff formation: Feet. tically the only one known in North America. Cross-bedded laminated sands with clay lam­ In Forrest County, Miss., in beds included inre and thin distorted clay lenses of small extent. The sands are locally thicker by L. C. Johnson in the Hattiesburg clay (see bedded and argillaceous, especially ln the Pl. vn, A, p. 56), I discovered in the sutnmer of upper part, where they are in places packed 1910 a small flora that appears to be synchro­ with the distorted detached rays of a Sabal­ nous with that at Alum Bluff . . The exact lo­ like palm. In the lower part they are more cality is on the south side of the New Orleans, evenly bedded and less argillaceous, being composed"largely of a somewhat coarser gray Mobile & Chicago Railroad, 1 mile east of Rag­ iron-stained sand with vegetable matter lan, and the outcrop shows the following section aggregated in definite but not everywhere (see also fig. 8): horizontal layers. Here and there are thin SectiorJ- near Raglan, Miss. iron crusts, and some of the more argilla­ Feet. ceous laminre are bluish in color. Leaf im­ 1. Compact reddish argillaceous sand ...... Q-12 pressions are much more abundant and 2. Light sandy clay...... 1-2 varied in these lower layers. The thick­ 3. Compact argillaceous lignite or brown lignitic ness is variable, the maximum observed clay ...... 2 being about...... 10 Unconformi.ty (local?). Gray calcareous compact massive, in places 4. Yellowish or gray argillaceous fine sand or sandy slightly phosphatic sand, somewhat fos:.. clay, grading into underlying beds ...... 10 silifero.us; thickness about...... l2 5. Similar materials of greenish color, weathering Chipola marl member: Compact ferruginous, yellowish, irregularly bedded and carrying abundantly fossiliferous argillaceous sand large numbers of poorly preserved plant re­ carrying Orthaulax and other characteris­ mains, mostly palm rays; grades into under- tic Oligocene i.nvertebrates; thickness lying beds; thickness about ...... 4 exposed ...... 3-4 6. Yellowish or greenish much-jointed sandy clay .. 6

FIGURE 8.-Section of Hattiesburg clay near Raglan, Miss. Numbers correspond to those given in the section in the text. Alum Bluff is a most interesting spot to the­ The plants in the sands at both the localities physiographer, because of the striking contrast mentioned above are few and very friable. in topography between the east and west banks Collections could not be made in the usual way, of the river; to the geologist, because it is a and as my improvised method proved very classic locality for the so-called Old Mi{)cene satisfactory it is worth describing. A small and represents also the oldest known southern excavation in the loose, slumped sand was outcrop of the Chesapeake Miocene; and to lined with a large piece of burlap. This was the botanist, because in the wooded and damp partly filled with plaster. _While the plaster ravines along the bluff are to be found two was still soft the sandy specimen was placed isolated gymnosperms, both relics of bygone in it, the face of the specimen being left about floras, Taxus floridana Nuttall and Tumion on the level of the plastoc. After the plaster taxijolium (Arnott) Greene. Alum Bluff is of had set the face was thickly covered with cot­ particular interest to the paleobotanist, be­ ton, over which the free ends of the burlap cause it furnishes a representation of an upper- were wrapped and tied firmly. Every speci. PHYSICAL CONDITIONS AND AGE INDICATED BY FLORA OF ALUM BLUFF FORMATION. 43 men treated in this way, some of which were not uncommon as nn escape from cultivation 10 inches in diameter, survived the rough in woods and thickets throughout peninsular handling on the river boat and the freight Florida, being freel~y seeded by birds. In fact, transportation to Baltimore. soil, humidity, and the length of the growing Fossil plants from Alum Bluff have been season seem to govern the extension of the mentioned by Langdon, 1 Foerste,2 and Dall.3 tropical flora into the temperate zones to a A few fragments of Sabalites were collected much greater extent than actual extreme tem­ by Dall, but no systematic collections were peratures, the existing floras of both south­ made until I visited this outcrop in 1910 in eastern Asia and southeastern North America company with E. H. Sellards, State geologist showing many parallel examples of such ex­ of Florida. tensions. The Sabalites is represented in the existing CHARACTER OF THE FLORA. flora by the genus Sabal Adanson, which is now The flora is limited to 13 described species, confined to America. It consists of eight although fragments of other species are present, coastal or stream-border shrubs and trees, five and I observed but did not succeed in collecting of which are confined to the West Indies, a palmately veined Ficus, leaves of Gyminda Mexico, and Venezuela; one is confined to or Xanthoxylum, and pods resembling those of peninsular Florida, and two range northward the existing Gleditsia aquatica l\1arsh. along the Atlantic eoast to the Carolinas. The determined species comprise a spot fun­ The large mass of frayed and tangled rays gus (Pestalozzites), a very abundant fan palm and stipes of Sabalites in a matrix of sandy (Sabalites), and 11 species of dicotyledons, in­ alluvium both at Raglan, Miss., and Alum cluding an elm, breadfruit, buckthorn, carn­ Bluff, Fla., suggest that at the time these de­ phqr, satinwood, ironwood, and persimmon. posits were laid down the shores were low and There are 11 genera in 9 families and 8 orders. were densely clothed with palmetto "swamps" These families are the elm (Ulmacem), mulberry or brakes. (Moracem), pisonia (N yctaginacem), senna The genus Ulmus, although it has tropical (Cmsalpiniacem), rue (Rutacem), buckthorn allies, is in the existing flora a strictly north­ (Rhamnacem), laurel (Lauracem), sapodilla temperate form having about 16 widely dis­ (Sapotacem), and ebony (Ebenacem). The tributed species. families Lauracem and Sapotacem are each rep­ The fan1ily Rha1nnacem is mostly tropical, resented by two species; the remaining seven but several of the genera extend into the Tem­ families have each a single species. By far perate Zone, and Rhamnus, in particular, is the most abundant form is the palm, broken mostly extratropical in the North Temperate stipes and detached rays of which are thickly Zone. There are about 75 existing species, and crowded in the sands in places. Four of the of the dozen North American forms several plants are ordinarily considered strictly tropi­ range northward to Canada and British America cal-the breadfruit (Artocarpus), brasiletto and only 1 ranges ns far south as Florida. (Cmsalpinia), N ectandra, and satinwood (Fa­ The genus Bumelia has about a score or gara). The genera Pisonia and Cinnamomum more of existing species, ranging from Brazil are commonly considered tropical, but Pisonia northward through Central America and the reaches the keys of southern Florida in the ex­ West Indies to the United States, where two isting flora and the camphor tree (Cinnamo­ species are found a.s far north as Virginia and mum) ranges northward to southern J·apan and Illinois. to the rain forests of southwestern China, The genus Diospyros belongs to a large while Ginnamomum camphora Linne is hardy family that is mostly tropical in its distribution. in cultivation around Tallahassee, Fla., and is Of the more than 200 existing species our

1 Langdon, D. W., Some Florida Miocene: Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. common Diospyros virginiana Linne is found 38, p. 322, 1889; Geology of the Coastal Plain of Alabama, p. 3i3, 1894, as far north as southern New York and New 2 Foerste, A. F., Studies on the Chipola Miocene of Bainbridge, Ga .. and of Alum Bluff, Fla.: Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., voL 46, pp. 244-254, 1893; England. The genus is represented in south-. Fossil palmettos in Florida: Bot. Gaz., vol. 19, p. 3i, 1894. ern Europe, and there are several species in a Dall, \V. H ., and Stanley-Brown, Joseph, Cenozoic geology along the Apalachicola River: Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 5, pp. 147-170, 1894. eastern Asia. Moreover, of the 100 or more 30830°-17-4 44 f;;HORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1916. fossil species that have been described many Miocene and also indicates much more humid occur in associations that are obviously tem­ conditions than the latter. This statement is perate in character. based on the flora of the Calvert and a consid­ To summarize the climatic conditions indi­ eration of the abundant marine faunas of the cated by the flora, they are those of a tropical Calvert, St. Marys, Yorktown, Duplin, Choc­ flora becoming replaced by a temperate flora, tawhatchee, and Jacksonville formations. namely, subtropical or very warm temperate. The Alum Bluff flora may be considered to These conditions are obviously different from be the result of a reversal of the history of the those indicated by the .Chipola marine fauna, present flora of peninsular Florida. That is to which comprises over 400 lmown species, mostly say, the present flora represents primarily a Mollusca, and indicates a shallow sea (maximum temperate flora receiving additions from the depth not over 20 fathoms) and, according to Tropics, whereas the Alum Bluff flora repre­ Vaughan,1 strictly tropical temperatures-that sents an endemic tropical flora gradually becom­ is, the bottom temperature of the water did ing invaded by members of a temperate flora not go below 70° F. during the year. as a result of changing climatic conditions. As has already been indicated, the flora em­ braces a number of tropical types which, as is AGE OF THE FLORA. shown by the existing flora, are legitimately to The stratigraphic relations clearly indicate be expected to extend more or less beyond the that the Alum Bluff flora is younger than the equatorial belt in areas where rainfall is abun­ Vicksburg Oligocene and older than the Chesa­ dant and where extremes of low temperature peake Miocene. The faunal and floral evidence are absent. Associated with these are forms is equally conclusive. Not a single Alum Bluff likA liTmus, whose modern representatives are plant is common to the Oligocene (Vicksburg prevailingly north temperate but some of which and Catahoula) floras of Mississippi, Louisiana, extend into boreal regions. Still other of the and Texas nor to the Chesapeake Miocene floras, Alum Bluff forms, the Rhamnus, Bumelia, and which are, however, smaller than those from the Diospyros, represent families which are mainly Oligocene. Moreover, the facies of the Alum tropical in the existing flora but which as repre­ Bluff flora is decidedly different from that of the sented by these genera have extended over large floras of any of these horizons. There are no areas of thewarmerpartsof the Temperate Zone. western United States or West Indian fossil It seems to me that among existing plant floras for comparison, so that it remains to con­ assemblages the Alum Bluff flora represents sider the probable European equivalents of the three types of plant associations. One corre­ Alum Bluff. sponds in a general way to the ''low hammock'' As the Alum Bluff flora is obviously younger of present-day peninsular Florida, a type inter­ than the abundant European floras of the San­ mediate between the true hammock and the noisian (Lattorfian, Tongrian) and Stampian swamp type. A second plant assemblage indi­ (Rupelian) and older than the exceedingly rich cated is that of the low-lying semiswamp pal­ floras of the Helvetian and Tortonian (Vindo­ metto-brake type, along with some forms of the bonian), the only stages remaining are the Chat­ sandy strand, such as Pisonia, Cmsalpinia, and tian (Kasselian), Aquitanian, and Burdigalian Fagara. In other words, this flora would find (Langhian, Mayencian). · a congenial habitat at the present time in the The Chattian (Fuchs, 1894) is the lower delta of Apalachicola River or almost any­ Aquitanian of Munier Chalmas and De Lappa­ where along the coast of peninsular -Florida. rent (1893). It is considered the equivalent of Although so much less extensive, the Alum the Kasselian ·and in the Paris Basin is repre­ Bluff flora is somewhat less tropical in its facies sented, according to Lemoine, by the meulieres than the flora of the Wilcox group and decid­ de Montmorency. According to Hang its in­ edly less . tropical than the floras of the Clai­ vertebrate fauna is distinguished by the absence borne, Jackson, Vicksburg, or Catahoula. On of Miocene types. the other hand, it has not nearly the temperate The Aquitanian (Mayer, 1857) now has the facies of the flora of the overlying Chesapeake narrow limits assigned by Dollfus (1906-7). It 1 Vaughan, T. W ., Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 133, p. 156, 1910. marks the maximum regression of the Oligocene PHYSICAL CONDITIONS AND AGE INDICATED BY FLORA OF ALUM BLUFF FORMATION. 45 sea due to the elevation of the Pyrenees and the described by Ettingshausen. The two species beginning of Alpine orogenesis. Marine waters with an outside distribution, Oinnamomum invaded the marginal coa,sts in Aquitaine, the scheuchzeri and Diospyros brachysepala, have Gironde, and Provence, in southern Spain, in both been identified in beds from a great va­ Italy, and at various points on the south side riety of horizons in Europe. Although many of the eastern Alps; but the great bulk of the of these identifications are of doubtful value, Aquitanian sediments n,re those of lakes, both species had a wide range, geographic as swamps, and lagoons, with lignites and abun­ well as geologic. The original descriptions of dant and widespread mammals and plants. both, by Alexander Braun, were based on In Aquitaine the Tongrian is said to grade rna terial from the Tortonian of Oeningen in imperceptibly into the Aquitanian both litho­ Baden. The two species are typically0ligocene- logically and faunally, a,nd the latter passes 1\1iocene forms and both are common and char­ into the Burdigalian in the same gradual man­ acteristic in the Aquitanian and Burdigalian of ner. The floras of the Aquitanian are like­ Europe. wise transitional in character between Oligo­ It is thus apparent that the Alum Bluff flora cene and :Miocene. The marine faunas, how­ can be considered either Aquitanian or Burdi­ ever, are said by Haug to contain only 4 per galian, with a slight preponderance of the evi­ cent of Oligocene species and many Miocene dence in favor of the Aquitanian. Maury 1 on species, but the foraminiferal genus Lepido­ the evidence of the molluscanfauna correlated cyclina passes without n1odification from the the Chipola marl with the Aquitanian and con­ Chattian into the Aquitanian. The Aqui­ sidered the Oak Grove fauna, as well as that tanian has long been considered the uppermost of the sands at Alum Bluff above the Chipola, stage of the Oligocene, although many paleon­ as "transitional" between Aquitanian and tologists have pointed out the resemblances Miocene. If subsequent paleozoologic studies between the upper Aquitanian floras and corroborate Maury's work, there will be sub­ faunas and those of the Burdigalian. In recent stantial agreement between the floral and years, under the leadership of Dollfus and other faunal evidence. French students, the Aquitanian has been made If the Alum Bluff formation is of Aqui­ the basal stage of the :Miocene, although the tanian or Burdigalian age-and one or the question of its reference to the Oligocene or other alternative seems certain-the more or Miocene is vigorously disputed. less academic question is raised whether it The Burdigalian (Deperet, 1892) is Closely shall be classed as Oligocene or Miocene. related to the Aquitaniim both faunally and Since the proposal of the term Oligocene by florally. The marine faunas as well as the ter­ Beyrich in 1854 many have questioned its restrial floras are said to indicate a slight utility or ultimate survival. Certainly there is lowering of temperatures since Aquitanian but slight structural (diastrophic) evidence for time. Tectonic changes had caused the dis­ placing the Oligocene-Miocene boundary in appearance of the broad lakes of the Aqui­ Europe between the Aquitanian and Burdi­ tanian, and the Burdigalian materials comprise galian, and the marine faunas as well as the marine sediments on th~ southern and west­ terrestrial floras and faunas show a gradual ern borders of the continent and a series of transition from the one stage to the other, so river, flood-plain, and swamp deposits (brown that the French paleontologists will probably coal) in the region extending from France to be followed in their contention that the Aqui­ Bohemia. tanian should be placed in the Miocene. It can not be said that the Alum Bluff flora In considering the American application of offers conclusive evidence for detailed correla­ the term Oligocene, it may be noted that there tion, as it is too small. All but two of the appears to have been continuous and uninter­ species are new and offer only indirect evi­ rupted sedimentation in the Florida area from dence. Of these new species the illmus is the deposition of the underlying Chattahoochee very similar to Ulmus longifolia Unger, of the formation into Alum Bluff time. There also Aquitanian of Bohemia, Germany, Styria, seems to have been a succession of minor earth and France, and the Sapotacites is most movements during this period, and there was like Sapotacites (Ohrysophyllum) sagorianum, a greater influx of terrigenous materials into from the Aquitanian of Sagor, in Carniola, 1 Maury, C. G., Bull. Am. Paleontology No. 15, 1902. 46 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1916. the Alum Bluff sea than into the Chattahoochee the formation of leaf spots. These spots are of sea, a change in sedimentary character more definite form and regular outline, small and probably due to an jnland rise of the land circular at first, becoming larger with age and which accelerated erosion than to the shal- elongated parallel to the long axis of the ray, lowing of the sea. thus becoming elliptical or lenticular in outline. It seems obvious that the Alum Bluff forma- Maximum size observed, 1.5 centimeters in tion as a whole is a predominantly shallow- length and 0.5 centimeter in width. Average water deposit of clays and sands and that the size, about 6 by 2 millimeters. The appearance Chipola, Oak Grove, and Shoal River members of the. infested leaves is well illustrated in the are faunal zones contained in successive len tic- figures, and they are scarcely to be distinguished ular beds in the clays or sands. The faunules from numerous leaves of the existing scrub of these zones are closely related but show, palmettos, as for example, Serenoa serrulata according to Dall/ certain elements of tran- (Michaux) Hooker, infested with the existing sition in the Oak Grove sand from the tropical leaf-spot fungus Pestalozzia sp. Chipola fauna to one indicating a slight lower- Occurrence: Hattiesburg clay, Raglan, For- ing of the temperature. rest County, Miss.; collected by E. W. Berry. There is thus no structural (diastrophic) evi- Alum Bluff formation, Alum Bluff, Liberty dence for drawing the Oligocene-Miocene County, Fla.; collected by E. W. Berry. boundary between the Chattahoochee and Collections: United States National Museum. Alum Bluff formations, nor is there any floral or faunal evidence for such a boundary. Class ANGIOSPERM.lE. There is such a break between the Vicksburg Subclass MONOCOTYLEDONJE. and Apalachicola groups, and the Alum Bluff Order ARECALES. is separated by an erosion unconformity from the overlying Choctawhatchee Miocene. It Family PALMACE.lE. rests with invertebrate paleontology to deter­ Genus SABALITES Saporta. mine whether or not the whole of the Apa­ Sabalites apalachicolensis Berry, n. sp. lachicola group shall be considered Miocene. Whatever may be the final verdict, it remains Plate VIII, figures 1-5; Plate IX, figure 9. true that the flora preserved at Alum Bluff re­ Leaves of variable size, the maximum diam­ cords the last phase of sedimentation before eter estimated (from collected material) at the area emerged from the sea and that the about 120 centimeters. Rachis large, linear, most profound break in Tertiary sedimentation not enlarged at the base of the leaf, lenticular in the southeastern United States, emphasized in cross section, with straight unarmed edges, equally by epeirogenic, faunal, and floral continued for a short distance on the lower side changes, was at the end of Apalachicola time­ of the leaf as a rapidly narrowed acumen which that is, it is represented by the unconformity . is only 3.5 centimeters in length in the small at the top of the Alum Bluff formation. specimen figured; abruptly rounded-truncate at the base of the leaf on the upper side, where an SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT OF THE FLORA. inconspicuous ligule is present. Rays numer­ ous, 40 to 60 in number, carinate, linear­ Class FUNGI. lanceolate in form, expanding to their middle, Order MELANCONIALES. and free for about the upper third of their Family MELANCONIACE.lE. length, more or less curved at the base. Max­ Genus PESTALOZZITES Berry. imum width observed about 4 centimeters; Pestalozzites sabalana Berry, n. sp. average about 2 centinieters. Midribs of rays not especially strong or prominent. Second.. Plate VIII, figure 3; Plate IX, figure 9. aries numerous, fine, longitudinal, parallel, Essential characters unknown. Found in­ largely immersed in the leaf substance, which festing the leaves of Sabalites apalachicolensis must have been coriaceous. No transverse Berry in considerable abundance and causing veinlets observed. This species has a recorded range along the 1 Dall, W. H., Contributions to the Tertiary fauna of Florida: Wag­ ner Free Inst. Sci. Trans., vol. 3, pt. 2, pp. 1574-1575, 1903. coast of the Gulf of Mexico from Florida to PHYSICAL CONDITIONS AND AGE INDICATED BY FLORA OF ALUM BLUFF FORMATION. 47 central Mississippi and is in places abundant of the Chipola marl member of the Alum Bluff but everywhere fragmentary. In the absence formation. Fortunately conditions were fav­ of fairly well preserved specimens showing the orable for petrification, and fragments of petri­ rachis and acumen it is impossible to distin­ fied palm trunks, many of them of large size, guish this form from the Wilcox species Saba­ are abundant throughout the area underlain lites grayanus Berry or the Oligocene species by the Vicksburg or Catahoula deposits. Sabalites vicksburgensis Berry, so that possibly Seven species of Palmoxylon have been de­ the latter species, represented by incomplete ma­ scribed from these deposits. So far as I am terial, may be present in the Alum Bluff sands, aware no petrified palms have thus far been although I consider this extremely doubtful. obtained from the Alum Bluff sands, but palm Sabalites grayanus differs from the present foliage is very abundant in the leaf-bearing spec!es in the expanded upper end of the rachis, lens at Alum Bluff. I have never seen so great the longer and more gradually narrowed acu­ an abundance of stipes and rays of palms as men, and the more numerous rays, which are occur at this outcrop. In places whole layers usually more conspicuously veined. consist of a mass of frayed and tangled rays in The fragments of rays which are so common a matrix of sandy alluvium. They are usually in some of the deposits of the Vicksburg group much macerated, and only here and there can and which are made the bnsis of Sabalites vicks­ larger fragments of leaves be found. They are burgensis are to be distinguished from S. apa­ almost equally abundant in the similar mate­ lachicolensis chiefly by their much more promi­ rials cropping out near Raglan, Miss. This nent venation and longer and more slender suggests the presence near the coast in late acumen. The present species at its region of Alum Bluff time of extensive palmetto swamps maximum occurrence at Alum Bluff is badly or brakes along the lower reaches of a sluggish infested with a leaf-spot fungus which I have river or estuary only a few feet above mean described as Pestalozzites sabalana Berry, n. sp. water level-not flooded or true swamps, but The foliage of palms is abundant and well subject to periodic overflow. distributed throughout the deposits of the Occurrence: Hattiesburg clay, Raglan, For­ Wilcox, Claiborne, Vicksburg, and Apalachi­ rest County, Miss. (common; collected by E. cola groups, indicating the abundance of plants W. Berry); and near Chicoria, on Chickasaw­ of this type in southeastern North America hay River, Wayne County, Miss. (collected by during the Tertiary period. Few of these E. W. Berry). Alum Bluff formation, Alum remains represent entire leaves, and in many Bluff, Liberty County, Fla. (collected by E. W. places only fragments of rays are preserved. Berry), and Boynton Bluff, Choctawhatchee Palm leaves are notoriously difficult of deter­ River; Fla. (collected by E. H. Sellards). mination, and the bulk of remains represent­ Collections: United States National Museum. ing flabellate fan palms with an acumen are referred by American students to the genus Subclass DICOTYLEDONlE. Sabalites and by European students to Sabal. Order FAGALES. Two methods of specific differentiation are possible. Minor differences and stratigraphic Family ULMACElE. position may be ignored, as in the case of the Genus ULMUS Linne. geographically and geologically wide-ranging Ulmus floridana Berry, n. sp. Sabal major Unger of Eurasia, or minor differ­ Plate IX, figures 5-7. ences that also represent differences in geologic age may have considerab1e weight in specific Leaves of medium or small size, ovate-lan­ differentiation. The latter is the method that ceolate in general outline, with slightly ine­ I have found most useful from both the bio­ quilateral cuneate rounded or subcordate logic and the geologic viewpoint. base, and a gradually narrowed, somewhat ex­ The extreme tropical climate of Vicksburg tended acuminate tip. Length from 4 to 7 and Catahoula time, which is reflected in the centimeters. Maximum width, in the basal abundant traces of palms found in deposits of half of the leaf, from 1.5 to 3 centimeters. Vicksburg or Catahoula age from Texas east­ 1fargins entire at the extreme base, above ward, continued through the time of deposition which they are finely and sharply doubly ser- 48 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1916. rate, the teeth increasing slightly in size distad. length and about 13 centimeters in maximum Petiole short and stout, about 2.5 millimeters width, thus more narrowly oblong in ge:Iferal in length. Midrib of medium size, relatively outline than the type. Pinnately 8 to 10 thin and flexuous. Secondaries thin, 10 to lobed; the lobes short, relatively broad and 12, subopposite to alternate, in rather irregu-. conical, acutely pointed and directed obliquely larly spaced pairs; they diverge from the outward, separated by very narrow sinuses. midrib at angles varying from about 75° near Midrib stout. Lateral primaries stout, diverg­ the base to 30° near the tip, averaging about ing from the midrib at angles of about 45°, 50°; they pursue a rather straight craspedo­ one to each lobe, terminating in its tip. drome course and near their tips give off one Secondaries alternating with the primaries, or two outwardly directed tertiaries, which one to each sinus, the latter with the charac­ run to·the teeth or to the sinuses. temtic marginal hem. Tertiaries mostly ob­ This well-marked species of Ulmus appears solete. Areolation quadrangular where seen. to have been common during Alum Bluff Texture coriaceous. There was evidently con­ time and constitutes the one strictly temperate siderable variation in outline, for the basal element in the Alum Bluff flora. Among ex~ portion of the leaf shown in figure 6 has a isting species it is most similar to mmus alata cuneate base and must have had strongly Michaux, which ranges from western Florida ascending lobes. northward to Virginia and from Texas to This form is based on very fragmentary Illinois. Like U. alata, the fossil species was specimens from the Alum Bluff sands. It probably an inhabitant of rich alluvial swamp may be distinguished from Artocarpus lessigiana and stream borders, for it seems probable that by its relatively narrower form and its finer the fossiliferous lens in the Alum Bluff sands venation. The latter comes from the Wilcox is the result of stream action. Among fossil group, a much earlier horizon, and has not species, of which many have been described, been found in the intervening interval, repre­ it bears more or less resemblance to a number sented by the Claiborne, Jackson, Vicksburg, of widely scattered forms, especially becau~e and Catahoula deposits. I have a feeling that the limits of variation of the foliage among the Alum Bluff material represents a new different species of Ulmus are not wide. The species, but I hesitate to set up a species on most similar fossil form is Ulmus longifolia, de­ such fragmentary material, which is, however, scribed by Unger 1 and subsequently recorded the best obtainable by the most careful col­ from th.e Aquitanian of Bohemia, Germany, lecting. Styria, and France, which is extremely close Remains of Artocarpus have been found in to the American species. Europe, Greenland, and the United States. The genus Ulmus may be distinguished from In this couritry we have the Laramie-Denver the allied genus Carpinus by the usually more type, which is considered the .parent stock of inequilateral leaves and by the tertiaries to the present variety. This type and two the marginal sinuses. other species are represented in the late Wil­ Occurrence: Hattiesburg clay, Raglan, For­ cox of Louisiana and Arkansas by excellent rest County, Miss. (collected by E. W. Berry). rna terial. There is a Fort Union species and Alum Bluff formation, Alum Bluff, Liberty another Eocene form on the Pacific coast. County, Fla. (collected by E. W. Berry). In Europe several species range from the Collection: United States National Museum. Upper Cretaceous to the Pliocene. Order URTICALES. There are about 40 existing species of Arto­ Family MORACElE. carpus, all endemic in the southeastern Asiatic Genus ARTOCARPUS Forster. region, ranging from Ceylon throughout Malay­ sia to China and represented by cultivated Artocarpus lessigiana floridana Berry, n. var. forms in all tropical countries. They appar­ Plate X, figures 5-7. ently did not become extinct in North America Leaves of large size, rather smaller than the until the interval between the deposition of the type, but very poorly preserved in the cur­ Alum Bluff formation and the migration of the rent-bedded sands. At least 25 centimeters in Chesapeake Miocene fauna into the Florida

1 Unger, Franz, Chloris protogrea, p. 101, pl. 26, fig. 5~ 1847. region, a migration indicating a lowering of PHYSICAL CONDITIONS AND AGE INDICATED BY FLORA OF ALUM BLUFF FORMATION. 49 temperatures entirely sufficient to explain the Florida keys through the West Indies to Brazil extinction of Artocarpus on the mainland but is very similar to Pisonia apalachicolensis: not offering a satisfactory explanation ~f its though only about two-thirds as large. failure to survive in more southern latitudes. Occurrence: Alum Bluff formation Alum Occurrence: Alum Bluff formation Alum . ' Bluff, Liberty County, Fla. (collected h~ E. W. Bluff, Liberty County, Fla. (collected by E. W. Berry). Berry). Collection: United States National Museum. Collection: United States National Museum. Order ROSALES. Order CHENOPODIALES. Family ClESALPINIACElE. Family NYCTAGINACElE. Genus ClESALPINIA Linne. Genus PISONIA Linne. Cresalpinia sellardsi Berry, n. sp• . Pisonia apalachicolensis Berry, n. sp. Plate IX, figures 1, 2. Plate X, figure 1. L~aflets small,' sessile, inequilateral, ellipti­ Leave~ of relatively large size for this genus, cal In outline, 7.5 millimeters in lenO'th and ob~va~e In general outline, wit.h a broad apex, 4.2 millimeters in greatest Apex whiCh Is evenly rounded or bluntly pointed, and width~ broadly rounded. Base strongly inequilater­ a gradually narrowed, sharply cuneate base. ally truncated, one margin ascending and the Length about 5.75 centimeters; maximum opposite margin subauriculate. Midrib slen­ width, above the middle; about 2.4 centimeters. der. Secondaries two or more slender ascend- Margins entire. Texture coriaceous. Petiole . ' ' Ing, camptodrome. Margins entire. short and stout, about 6 millimeters in length. Midrib stout but immersed in the thick leaf This species, which is obviously new, is clearly the leaf of some shrub or tree of the substance, curved. Secondaries entirely im­ family Cresalpiniacere. Though only a few mersed and obsolete. specimens were observed, this can not be The modern species of Pisonia are numerous; considered as indicating scarcity, for the plant they occur chiefly in the Tropics in both hemi­ material at Alum Bluff is all rather meager spheres and are largely coastal types. They are abundantly developed in Central America and and poorly preserved. It seems probable that the present species was a member of the tropic~l South America, and several species occur In the West Indies and Antilles. About strand flora, the strand being the habitat 15 fossil species have been described, the ear­ preferred by a number of species of this genus liest recorded being fr01n the Upper Cretaceous In the modern tropica 1 American flora. of both America and Europe. The lower The fossil species may be compared with a Eocene of southeastern North America has fur­ number of existing species, with which it nished two well-marked species, there is a spe­ shows a very close agreement. Among pre­ cies said to be represented by both leaves and viously described fossil species it is very close 2 fruit in the basal Eocene of the Rocky Moun­ to what has been identified bv Schenk as tain area, a fourth species occurs in the Clai­ Otesalpinia townshendi Heer, fro~ the Stampian 3 borne group, and a fifth has been found in the of Sieblos, originally described by Heer from Jackson. Perhaps the most similar fossil form the Aquitanian and Tortonian of Switzerland based on both leaves and fruits, is Pisani~ and Baden and identified by Geyler from the eocenica Ettingshausen/ from the lignites of Messinian of Sicily. Haering, in Tyrol, which is upper Eocene or There is a very notable display of Mimo­ lower Oligocene in age, occurring also as early sacere and Cresalpiniacere in the flora of the as the Lutetian of England. Wilcox group, and these elements probably Among existing species several are close to continued to be prominent throughout the? the present form. Pisonia longifolia Sargent, remainder of the Eocene and the Oligocene, of the beaches and shores of lagoons from the 2 Schenk, August, in Zittel, K. A., Handbuch der Palaeontologie Abth. 2, Palaeophytologie, p. 700, fig. 369 (4), 1890. ' 1 Ettingshausen, Constantin, Die tertiare Flora von Haring in Tirol, 3 Heer, Oswald, Flora tertiaria Helvetire, vol. 3, 1Jl. 137, figs. 26-37, p. 43, pl. 11, figs. 1-22, 1853. 1859. 50 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1916. although the record is much less completely several different forms from the Eocene and preserved in the post-Wilcox sediments. The Oligocene having been described. The genus present species is probably but one of many appears to have been especially prominent in related forms that inhabited southeastern the torrid flora of the Vicksburg group, and North America during the deposition of the the leaflets are very abundant in the clays of Alum Bluff formation. It is more inequilateral that age. The present species i:;;; clearly unlike than any of the known Tertiary species from any of these, being especially different in its this general reg,ion, although it might perhaps broad apex and narrowed base, and might be considered a descendant of Ocesalpinites readily be confused with the small entire pinsonensis Berry, a somewhat smaller, less leaves of some live oak. The scarcity of leaf oblique, and more coriaceous form, from the remains in the Alum Bluff formation renders sands of middle Wilcox age in Madison County, any remarks on the relative abundance ~f Tenn. It is named for Dr. E. H. Sellards, State their described flora without much significance. geologist of Florida, who visited this celebrated Occurrence: Alum Bluff formation, Alum locality with me and helped collect the fossil Bluff, Liberty County, Fla. (collected by E. W. plants. Berry), and Boynton Bluff, Choctawhatchee Occurrence: Alum Bluff formation, Alum River, Fla. (collected by E. H. Sellards). Bluff, Fla. (collected by E. W. Berry). Collection: United States NationalMuseum. Collection: United States National Museum. Order RHAMNALES. Order GERANIALES. Family RHAMNACE.l.E. Family RUTACE.l.E. Genus RHAMNUS Linne. Genus FAGARA Linne. Rhamnus apalachicolensis Berry, n. sp. Fagara apalachicolensis Berry, n. sp. ·Plate IX, figure 8. Plate IX, figure 2. Leaves rather large for this genus, broadly Leaves compound. Leaflets sessile, of me­ elliptical in general outline, with a broad and dium size for this genus, elliptical in general evenly rounded apex and base. Length about outline, with a broadly rounded apex and a 8 centimeters; maximum width, in the middle broadly pointed base. Length about 3 centi­ part of the leaf, about 4.6 centimeters. Mar­ meters; maximum width, above the middle, gins entire, evenly rounded. Texture subcoria­ about 1. 7 5 centimeters. Margins entire. Tex­ ceous. Midrib stout. Secondaries stout, four ture coriaceous. Midrib stout, somewhat or five alternate pairs, diverging from the mid­ flexuous. Secondaries four or five, suboppo­ rib at angles of about 55° to 60°, curving up­ site to alternate pairs, irregularly spaced, ward almost immediately in a broad, sweeping diverging from the midrib at angles varying curve, becoming subparallel with the lateral from 35° to 50°, rather straight in their margins, along which they arch camptodromely. courses, abruptly camptodrome close to the Tertiaries thin, closely set, subparallel, mostly margins. Tertiaries thin, more or less im­ percurrent at right angles to the midrib. mersed, forming small quadrangular or polyg­ This large leaf is distinct from the numerous onal meshes. fossil species of Rhamnus previously described, The genus Fagara, which contains more than although it resembles a number of them more 150 living species of shrubs and trees, is or less closely. The genus has about 60 exist­ cosmopolitan in tropical and subtropical coun­ ing species, widely distribut.ed in nearly all tem­ tries. A few forms more properly referable to perate and many tropical parts of the world and Xanthoxylum range for considerable distances found on all the continents except Australia. in the Temperate Zone, particularly in south­ The genus Rhamnus is fairly prominent in eastern North America. Fossil forms based Tertiary floras of southeastern North America, on foliage are usually confused with the the Rhamnacem being also represented by closely allied genus Xanthoxylum Linne. Leaf­ forms of Zizyphus and Paliurus of tropical lets referable to Fagara are not uncommon type. Six species from the Wilcox group have throughout our southern Tertiary deposits, been described, but none are yet known from PHYSICAL CONDITIONS AND AGE INDICATED BY FLORA OF ALUM BLUFF FORMATION. 51

the Claiborne, Jackson, Vicksburg, or Cata­ teri31 is common in the type area in both the houla. Aquitanian and the Burdigalian. Only the Occurrence: Alum Bluff formation, Alum original description of Heer, which is accom­ Bluff, Liberty County, Fla. (collected by E. W. panied by ample figures, is cited above, for Berry). sanguine students have fancied that they had Collection: United States National Museum. found this species at all horizons from the Up­ per Cretaceous to the Pliocene, and at a very Order THYMELEALES. large number of localities throughout the Family LAURACEJE. Northern Hemisphere. Some of these identi­ Genus NECTANDRA Roland. fications are undoubtedly correct, and the N ectandra apalachicolensis Berry, n. sp. species certainly had a wide geographic and Plate IX, figure 3. geologic range. Other identifications are un­ questionably erroneous, but it is impossible to Leaves oblong-ovate in general outline, sift the good from the bad without access to broadest near the middle and tapering to the the original material, and I have therefore not bluntly pointed apex and base. Length about attempted to give the synonymy or range. 8 centimete:rs; maximum width, halfway be­ The Alum Bluff material appears to be iden­ tween the apex and the base, about 2.5 centi­ tical with a part of Heer's material from the meters. Margins entire, evenly curved. Tex­ type area, and it is also of the same age, so ture coriaceous. Midrib stout. Secondaries that I have no hesitation in identifying it with about 10 subopposite pairs, diverging from the Heer's species. It denotes an ovate-lanceolate midrib at wide angles, about 60°, rather leaf, rather abruptly pointed at the extremi­ straight in their courses two-thirds of the dis­ ties, the base being broader than the apex. tance to the margins, where they curve abruptly Length about 8 centimeters; maximum width, upward and form a succession of small camp­ in the middle part of the leaf, 2. 7 centimeters. todrome arches along the margins. Tertiaries Margins entire. Texture coriaceous. Midrib obsolete. stout. Lateral primaries one on each side, sub­ The genus N ectandra has about 70 existing opposite, suprabasilar, camptodrome. Second­ species confined to tropical and subtropical aries thin, three or four camptodrome pairs in America, several of which are practically iden­ upper half of the leaf. tical with this Alum Bluff species. There are Occurrence: Alum Bluff formation, Alum numerous fossil species, the genus being well Bluff, Liberty County, Fla. (collected by E. W. represented throughout the Eocene of south­ Berry). eastern North America, especially in the sedi­ Collection: United States National Museum. ments of the Wilcox group, from which at least five species are known. It is represented in the Order EBENALES. Claiborne and Jackson but has not yet been found in the Vicksburg or Catahoula. The Family SAPOTACEJE. present species is not particularly close to any Genus BUMELIA Swartz. of the described fossil forms. Bumelia apalachicolensis Berry, n. sp. Occurrence: Alum Bluff formation, Alum Bluff, Liberty County, Fla. (collected by E. W. Plate IX, figure 4. Berry). Leaves oblong-obovate in genera-l outline, Collection: United States National Museum. with an evenly rounded apex and a narrowed cuneate base. Length about 4 centimeters; Genus CINNAMOMUM Blume. maximum width, above the middle of the leaf, Cinnamomum scheuchzeri Heer. about 1.9 centimeters. Margins entire, rather Plate X, figure 4. full. Texture coriaceous. Petiole short and Cinnamomu.m 8cheuchzeri. Heer, Flora tertiaria Helvetire, stout, about 2.5 millimeters in length. Midrib vol. 2, p. 85, pl. 91, figs. 4-22; pl. ~2; pl. 93, figs. 1, 5, stout, especially proximad, curved. Seconda~ 1856. ries thin, numerous, 10 to 12 subopposite to This species was described by Alexander Braun alternate pairs, subparallel, at approximately from both calyx and leaves, obtained in the regular intervals; they diverge from the mid­ Tortonian of Oeningen, Baden. Typical rna- rib at angles of about 40° and are camptodrome 52 SHORTER CONTRIBU'riONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1916.

in the marginal region. Tertiaries immersed about 2. 75 centimeters. Margins entire. Tex­ in the leaf substance. ture coriaceous. Petiolar portion missing. In the modern flora the genus Bumelia em­ Midrib stout but more or less immersed. braces about 20 species of shrubs and mostly Secondaries obsolete by immersion. Ter­ small trees, confined to the Western Hemis­ tiaries shown in microscopic preparations to phere, where they are distributed from the form a very close meshed areolation. southern United States through the West In­ Sapotacites is a form genus for genericaJly dies, Mexico, and Central America to Brazil. undifferentiated or undeterminable members Some of the species range northward to Vir­ of the family Sapotacere, and numerous species ginia and southern Illinois. They inhabit for that range from the Upper Cretaceous through the most part the strand, sandy soil near the the Tertiary have been described. It is pos­ coast, river bottoms, and the borders of swamps. sible to refer many of these ancient species, Fossil species of Bumelia are numerous and the such as the numerous forms in the flora of the genus was probably cosmopolitan during the Wilcox group, to Bumelia, Mimusops, Side­ Tertiary-it was certainly common in the Eu­ roxylon, Chrysophyllum, and other allied ·gen­ ropean area. It has been continuously repre­ era. The present form is much like a number sented in southeastern North America since the of existing species of Mimusops as well as some Upper Cretaceous. Four lower Eocene species forms of Bumelia. The family is chiefly trop­ from this area have been described, one of ical and subtropical. which, Bumelia pseudotenax Berry, from the No fossil species are especially close to the Wilcox group of northern Mississippi, is not present one, although it shows considerable unlike the Alum Bluff species but somewhat resemblance to Ohrysophyllum sagorianum Et­ smaller and relatively narrower. Other spe­ tingshausen/ from the Aquitanian of Sagor, in cies are present in the deposits of the Claiborne Carniola. and Vicksburg groups. Occurrence: Alum Bluff formation, Alum Compared with existing American species the Bluff, Liberty County, Fla. (collected by E. W. present form is closer to the temperate than to Berry). the tropical species. It is intermediate between Collection: United States National Museum. Bumelia tenax Willdenow and B. lanuginosa Persoon and may stand in an ancestral rela- Family EBENACElE. , tionship to these modern forms. The former Genus DIOSPYROS Linne. ranges along the coast from Cape Canaveral to North Carolina and the latter from northern Diospyros brachysepala Alex. Braun. Florida along the Gulf coast and up the Mis­ · Plate X, figure 3. sissippi Valley to southern Illinois and is abun­ dant and of its largest size in the river bottoms Diospyros brachysepala. Alex. Braun, Die Tertiar-Flora of eastern Texas. von Oningen: Neues Jahrb., 1845, p. 170. Diospyros brachysepala. Heer, Flora tertiaria Helvetire, Occurrence: Alum Bluff formation, Alum vol. 3, p. 11, pl. 102, figs. 1-14; pl. 153, fig. 39b, 1859. Bluff, Liberty County, Fla. (collected by E. W. Diospyros brachysepala. Friedrich, Beitrage zur Kennt­ Berry). niss der Tertiarflora der Sachsen, pp. 63, 119, 126, 253, Collection: United States National Museum. 255, pl. 6, fig. 1, 1883. Diospyros brachysepala. Ward, Types of the Laramie Genus SAPOTACITES Ettingshausen. flora: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 37, p. 104, pl. 49, figs. 1, 2, 1887. Sapotacites spatulatus Berry, n. sp. This early described species has been re­ Plate X, figure 2. corded from a large number of American and Leaves of medium size, obovate or spatulate Eurasian localities ranging in age from basal in general outline, with a broadly rounded Eocene to Pliocene. It is improbable that a apex, from which it narrows gradually with single species existed for so long a period, and nearly straight lateral margins to the sharply I have therefore reduced the synonymy of cuneate base. Length about 7 centimeters; 1 Ettingshausen, Constantin, Die fossile Flora von Sagor in Krain, maximum width in the upper part of the leaf, pt. 2, p. 14, pl. 12, figs. 19-21, 1877. PHYSICAL CONDITIONS AND AGE INDICATED BY FLORA OF ALUM BLUFF FORMATION. 53 this species to a few representative citations.1 most elliptical. The midrib is stout and the The species has been recorded by Lesquereux, secondaries thin, numbering six or seven sub­ Ward, and others from the lower Eocene .of opposite to alternate camptodrome pairs. The the Rocky Mountain area, as well as by leaves here described are close to a number of Heer from West Greenland. I am not cer­ examples figured by Heer from the type local­ tain that aU these records are correct, for ity, but are relatively slightly broader than Diospyros brachysepala is typically an Oligo­ some of the forms referred to this species by cene-Miocene form. It is found in the type different authors. In some respects they are area in both the Aquitanian and Burdigalian. very similar to Diospyros lamarensis Knowl­ The Alum Bluff leaves, like most of the ton,Z from Lamar (probably upper Miocene), material referred to this species, are relatively in Yellowstone Park. · small, about 5.5 centimeters in length and 2.8 Occurrence: Alum Bluff formation, Alum centimeters in maximum width, midway be­ Bluff, Liberty County, Fla. (collected by E. W. tween the apex and the base, which are about Berry). equally pointed, the general outline being al- Collection: United States National Museum.

1 A much more complete synonymy is given in my paper The lower 2 Knowlton, F. H., U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 32, pt. 2, p. 751, pl. 95, Eocene floras of southeastern North America: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. figs. 5, 6; pl. 96, fig. 4, 1899. Paper 91 (in press).

PLATES VII-X.

55

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 98 PLATE VII

A. PLANT-BEARING BEDS IN THE HATTIESBURG CLAY NEAR RAGLAN, FORREST COUNTY, MISS.

B. PLANT-BEARING BEDS AT THE TYPE LOCALITY OF THE ALUM BLUFF FORMATION, ALUM BLUFF, APALACHICOLA RIVER, LIBERTY COUNTY~ FLA. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 98 PLATE VIII

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE ALUM BLUFF FORMATION AT ALUM BLUFF, FLA. PLATE VIII.

FIGURES 1-5. Sabalites apalachicolensis Berry, n. sp., from the Alum Bluff formation, Alum Bluff, Liberty County, Fla. Figures 2 and 5 show prolongation of the rachis as a midrib on the under side of the leaf. Figure 3 shows fragment of a leaf infested with Pestalozzites sabalana Berry, n. sp. Figure 4 shows the upper side of a leaf base and the termination of the rachis as a truncate ligule. 57 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 98 PLATE Ill

METAMORPHIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS IGNEOUS ROCKS ORDOVICIAN EARLY CAMBRIAN ORDOVICIAN CAMBRIAN PRE-CAMB RIAN OR YOUNGER OR OLDER '\

/ ~ ~ f01~€i~ ~>( Octoraro Shenandoah Ch i ckies W i ssa hi cko n Ba lt i mor e mPegmati te Metaga bbro schist l imestone formation m ic a g n eiss g n e iss ( -tgn e ous ,"n pare) t 'n '-' cal ~~ 2:tvhle · ' " 0

STRUCT1TRE SECTIO · :- ~ OF DOE RUN AND A ' r o~D .ALE REG10N, C HE~TEH COrNT.Y, P.A. l •~o 1· lin <· ~ · ot' :-;p ·tions . ~ c geulogi nutp tPJate Il. PLATE IX

FIGURE 1. C'£ salpinia sellardsi Berry, n. sp. FIGURE la. The same, X 5. FIGURE 2. Fagara apalachicolensis Berry, n. sp. FIGURE 3. Nectandra apalachicolensis Berry, n. sp. FIGURE 4. Bumelia apalachicolensis Berry, n. sp. FIGURES 5-7. Ulmus.floridana Berry, n. sp. FIGURE 8. Rhamnus apalachicolensis Berry, n. sp. FIGURE 9. Sabalites apalachicolensis Berry, n. sp. Portion of a very large leaf infested with Pestalozzites sabalana Berry, n. sp. 58 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 98 PLATE IX

...,.,/.... -----r·" _,,/"'

/ / / 1 I I I I ! I I 2 I

3

6

7

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE ALUM BLUFF FORMATION AT ALUM BLUFF, FLA. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 98 PLATE X

1 2

5 /'\ I ' I ,I \ \ I '

4

... ------)

/1 / ------~ -. / 6

FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE ALUM BLUFF FORMATION AT ALUM BLUFF, FLA. PLATE X.

FIGURE 1. Pisonia apalachicolensis Berry, n. sp. FIGURE 2. Sapotacites spatulatus Berry, n. sp. FIGURE 3. Diospyros brachysepala Alexander Braun. FIGURE 4. Cinnamomurn scheuchzeri Heer. FIGURES 5-7. Artocarpus lessigianafloridana Berry, n. var. 59