Agroland : The Agriculture Science Journal, 2019 June 6 (1) 49 - 56 ISSN : 2407 – 7585 E-ISSN : 2407 – 7593 FARMER PERCEPTION TO ISPO IN OIL PALM PLANTATION IN WEST

1)Ernah, 1)Apong Sandrawati, 1)Melania Fadillah, 1)Dewi Rengganis, 1)Sudarjat Sudarjat

1)Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University Email:[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Palm oil is one of the leading commodities in the world market that contributes to the Indonesian economy. In fulfilling market demand but environmental friendly, the Indonesian government issued a policy of sustainable standards known as the Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) principle. This study aims to determine the farmers' perception of ISPO in the community of oil palm farmers in . This study designed as qualitative research. The results show that not all standards were sustainable. ISO has been applied to oil palm plantations in West Java. For this reason, government efforts were needed to assist farmers in implementing the ISPO.

Keywords: Farmers, Oil Palm, Sustainable, West Java, ISPO.

INTRODUCTION Table 2 Area of Oil Palm Plantations in 2015. No Area (Ha) is of the largest palm oil producer in the world. Based on the status 1 Subang 158 2 Garut 80 of the concession in 2015, about 18 million 3 15 tons of palm oil came from large private 4 Pangandaran 6 plantations. A 10 million tons from smallholder plantations and 2 million tons Source: Directorate General of Plantations 2015 came from large state plantations (Indonesian Plantation Statistics, 2015). Table 2 shows that Subang and West Java is one of the provinces in Tasikmalaya Regencies are smallholder Indonesia which has the potential to plantations in West Java that can already develop the oil palm plantations. Table 1 produce fresh fruit bunches (FFB). The shows the development of oil palm largest oil palm plantation in Subang production and area in West Java, which Regency with an area of 158 Ha. increased from 2011 to 2014 in the area Good economic prospects for palm and production. In 2011 amounted to 9 oil commodity, examined from the hectares and 16 thousand tons of increasing consumption and production of production. It increased in 2014 to 14 palm oil in the global market. It implicates hectares and 33 tons. the decrease of environmental quality and social inequality (Obidzinski, et al (2012); Rist, et al (2010)) Therefore, awareness is Table 1. Area and Palm Oil Production in West needed to manage palm oil production and Java in 2011 - 2014 consumption sustainably. This awareness Year Area (Ha) Production (Ton) led to initiatives from the Indonesian 2011 9,196 16.793 government to issue sustainable standards. 2012 9,039 20.072 In 2011 the Indonesian government issued a 2013 13,611 32.643 regulation regarding the Minister of 2014 14,077 33.518 Agriculture Number 19/Permentan/ OT.14/ Source: Directorate General of Plantations 2015 3/2011/March 29, 2011 concerning the 49 Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil Plantation environmentally friendly oil palm products Guidelines. It is called Indonesia Sustainable (Agustina et al., 2014; Ernah, 2015; Fuadah Palm Oil (ISPO). ISPO is a reference in and Ernah, 2018). Smallholder oil palm developing sustainable oil palm plantations plantations contribute 40% of national in Indonesia where in the ISPO guidelines production (Directorate General of there are various laws and regulations Plantations, 2015). relating to the exploitation of oil palm Various problems faced by oil palm plantations in Indonesia. (Imansari, 2015). farmers in Indonesia, especially independent This regulation was updated on March 2015 smallholders, include (1) farmers having a to become the Sustainable Palm Oil low bargaining value on the price of fresh Certification System. Regulations regarding fruit marks (FFB); (2) farmers often use ISPO standards are mandatory for all seeds that are not qualified and organized, plantation companies but voluntary for so it is difficult to get capital (Pramudya, et smallholder businesses (Ministry of al, 2015). Farmers, especially independent Agriculture, 2015). smallholders who implement ISPO, are still The ISPO standard consists of 7 few in Indonesia due to several reasons, principles as follows: including the lack of ISPO socialization to 1. Plantation management and licensing farmers (Astari and Lovett 2019; Higgins system and Richards 2019) 2. Application of technical guidelines for palm oil processing culture RESEARCH METHOD 3. Environmental management and monitoring The object of this study was farmers 4. Responsibility towards workers who have and were still working independently 5. Responsibility towards individuals and on palm oil in Serang panjang Regency, communities Subang Regency, and Panca tengah District, 6. Empowering community economic by using census activities method. This investigation was conducted 7. Commitment to continuous economic from June to September 2017 using a improvement qualitative approach. Qualitative research In Government Regulation Number design intended to understand the 11/Permentan/OT.140/3/2015, the ISPO phenomena about what was experienced by principle consists of several attachments the research subjects such as behavior, perception, motivation, actions and so on depending on the type of business, namely: holistically (intact) by describing data in the a. Appendix II for plantation companies form of words, and language and utilizing that carry out integrated plantation various natural methods . Determination of cultivation business with processing location was done intentionally based on and renewable energy observations and secondary data. Data b. Appendix III for plantation companies that carry out plantation cultivation sources used in this study consisted of business primary data and secondary data (Sachan et c. Appendix IV for companies engaged in al. 2018; Chen and Rui 2018). Primary data the processing of plantation products obtained from surveys and in-depth d. Appendix V for the plasma plantation interviews, while secondary data originated business from literature. e. Appendix VI for the independent RESULTS AND DISCUSSION garden business One of the objectives of ISPO The local farmer oil palm implementation is the achievement of plantations in Subang Regency were the

50 largest in West Java, located in Serang gender, age, level of education, length of panjang District with an area of farming, and farming status (Chin et al. approximately 115 Ha, which covers three 2019; Jelsma et al. 2019). The survey villages, Cinta mekar, Talagasari, and showed the majority of oil palm farmers are Leles. The first land clearing was carried male, aged 41-50 years old, have planted oil out in 2007, together with the formation of palm for 12 years, and make this oil palm the Cinta mekar farmer group. Then in farming as the primary income (Table 3). 2008, oil palm was planted using seeds Principles of Indonesia Sustainable from PTPN VIII and the Medan Palm Oil Palm Oil (ISPO). In this case, the Research Center (PPKS). ISPO principles that used were the Tasikmalaya Regency is one of the legality of plantations, the organization of areas that develop oil palm plantations in farmers and the management of farmers, West Java. The location is in the Panca the management, monitoring of the tengah District, precisely in Neglasari environment, and sustainable business Village with an area of 30 Ha, including 10 improvement. The results of interviews with Ha for TM and 20 Ha for TBM where oil farmers illustrate the application of policies palm cultivation in Neglasari Village began made by the government regarding in 2008. guidelines for conducting sustainable palm Characteristics of Oil Palm Farmers. The oil plantation business. (Setiawan et al. characteristics of oil palm growers include 2016; Larsen et al. 2014)

Table 3. Characteristics of Oil Palm Farmers

No Characteristics Number of people 1 Gender Male 30 Female 4 2. Age (year) 30 – 40 12 41 – 50 13 51 – 60 8 61 – 65 1 3. Education Elementary 24 Junior high school 4 Senior high school 5 Bachelor 1 4 Long work (year) 3 12 5 4 7 5 8 1 9 5 10 7 5 Farming Status Main income 21 Side income 13 Total 34 Source: Survey 2017

51 Farmers' Perception of Indonesian best practices will be able to maintain and Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO). Perception improve the quality of oil palm. is a process in organizing and interpreting Oil Palm Farmers 'Perception on the stimulus that will be received by Farmers' Organization and Plantation organisms or individuals so that it can be Management. According to Robbins meaningful as the most intimate activity in (2006), the organization is a forum formed individuals (Walgito, 2004). If related to by the community in achieving results that farmers' perceptions of ISPO, it can be previously could not be achieved individually. interpreted that these perceptions were the This organization will relate to work and views that farmers have in seeing the environmental situations so there will be benefits derived from the ISPO principles as many interrelated behaviors such as tasks, guidelines in their oil palm plantation work, attendance, work shifts, productivity, business. human appearance and management that Four ISPO principles can be used for aim to achieve common goals. independent oil palm plantations, namely: The majority of farmers agreed with the legality of independent smallholders the organization of farmers and nursery the organization of smallholders and the management. With the existence of an management of independent smallholders, organization or farmer group, it is easier for environmental management and monitoring, oil palm farmers to obtain information on sustainable business improvement. Farmers' care to market prices. Besides, with the perceptions illustrate their views on policies management based on ISPO standards, made by the government regarding farmers are expected to be able to do their guidelines for sustainably conducting oil farming business better. palm plantations. The oil palm farmer said that in an Oil Palm Farmers' Perception on agricultural activity an organization is Plantation Legality. The existence of needed, which can help farmers to improve legality can provide a guarantee or their farming, such as the presence of an protection for individuals to avoid problems organization or farmer group of oil palm (Jamaludin, Muis, and Hashim 2019; farmers will be easier to exchange and Afriyanti, Kroeze, and Saad 2016),. Based obtain information about care or prices in on surveys and interviews, the majority of the market. Management of oil palm oil palm farmers in West Java agreed with plantations can be done by maintaining the the legality of the plantation. This was due plantation and monitoring the condition of to the protected land ownership status of the plantation so that it can suppress pests farmers. Based on the facts in the field, the and diseases that attack plants. Maintenance oil palm farmers already have proof of land that can be done by farmers is to make ownership, such as the deed of sale and terraces before planting on sloping land, purchase certificates and land. It aims to making dishes and maintaining dishes can protect farmers legally, from problems simplify the process of fertilizing and caused by other parties that will be harvesting, planting ground cover crops detrimental. In carrying out planting, (such as beans) can add nutrients in the soil farmers must know and pay attention to the while in order to reduce interference from existence of the location of the plantation pests and plant diseases, farmers can provide fertilizer or pesticides, besides under the determination of spatial planning, farmers can weed or remove weeds. access to the location of the farm to (Alwarritzi, Nanseki, and Chomei 2015; transport most farmers have a good view of Santika et al. 2019) the legality of the gardens contained in this ISPO principle. Farmers realize that the Farmers' Perceptions of Environmental legality of managing their plantations with Management and Monitoring. Environmental

52 management is an effort that is done farmer groups in improving their plantation consciously in maintaining or improving business (Tan and Lim 2019; Pye 2019). environmental quality, it aims to meet basic Constraints faced by Oil Palm Farmers. human needs in order to be fulfilled Independent palm oil farmers have several (Soemarwoto, 1989). Within the ISPO obstacles in conducting farming, such as principles, there are provisions for oil the lack of a forum to obtain information palm growers or entrepreneurs to carry and insights from farmers. This is due to out environmental management and the absence and non-operation of farmer monitoring. This can be seen from the groups, which makes it difficult for farmers excellent response of farmers and based on to exchange information and assistance. survey data obtained in the field. Another obstacle is the lack of capital and (Jamaludin, Muis, and Hashim 2019; Papilo assistance for capital loans, making it et al. 2018) Farmers are of the view that difficult for farmers to take good care. environmental management and monitoring Also, the lack of socialization from the can maintain and reduce negative impacts government and other relevant agencies, on the community and the surrounding causes palm oil farmers are less aware of environment. Management and monitoring the ISPO standard as a guide in sustainably of the environment, together with the conducting oil palm farming. farmers, can be done, for instance, by fire prevention in the plantation(Jimu and CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS Nyakudya 2018; Keizer et al. 2018) . In addition, farmers also have to pay attention Based on the results of the to the biodiversity conservation in oil palm discussion, it can be concluded that oil plantation. palm farmers in West Java can make ISPO as a reference in developing and managing Farmers' Perceptions of Sustainable sustainable community oil palm Business Improvement. Mostly, farmers plantations. However, independent oil palm agreed to the sustainable business growers have several obstacles, particularly improvement contained in ISPO where they lack of information on the standards of have the view that with the evaluation or sustainable oil palm plantations and lack of advice is given from various relevant capital for farmers to take care and manage agencies can improve and improve the good farming. performance of farmers. Also, the existence For this reason, more serious of farmer groups can help in increasing attention is needed from the government to plantation business while affecting farmers' provide guidance or provide socialization income. regarding ISPO to oil palm farmers. It is The continuous increase in business also hoped that existing farmer groups will is because farmers have the view that with be activated more so that they can assist the evaluation or advice given from various farmers in obtaining various information to relevant agencies will be able to improve improve the quality and quantity of oil and improve the performance of farmers or palm

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors thank the Chancellor of Padjadjaran University and UNPAD's DRPMI for the assistance of the 2017 Unpad Internal Grants (HIU) grant scheme. The authors also thank all those who have provided the information needed for this study.

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