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Asia's Energy Security
the national bureau of asian research nbr special report #68 | november 2017 asia’s energy security and China’s Belt and Road Initiative By Erica Downs, Mikkal E. Herberg, Michael Kugelman, Christopher Len, and Kaho Yu cover 2 NBR Board of Directors Charles W. Brady Ryo Kubota Matt Salmon (Chairman) Chairman, President, and CEO Vice President of Government Affairs Chairman Emeritus Acucela Inc. Arizona State University Invesco LLC Quentin W. Kuhrau Gordon Smith John V. Rindlaub Chief Executive Officer Chief Operating Officer (Vice Chairman and Treasurer) Unico Properties LLC Exact Staff, Inc. President, Asia Pacific Wells Fargo Regina Mayor Scott Stoll Principal, Global Sector Head and U.S. Partner George Davidson National Sector Leader of Energy and Ernst & Young LLP (Vice Chairman) Natural Resources Vice Chairman, M&A, Asia-Pacific KPMG LLP David K.Y. Tang HSBC Holdings plc (Ret.) Managing Partner, Asia Melody Meyer K&L Gates LLP George F. Russell Jr. President (Chairman Emeritus) Melody Meyer Energy LLC Chairman Emeritus Honorary Directors Russell Investments Joseph M. Naylor Vice President of Policy, Government Lawrence W. Clarkson Dennis Blair and Public Affairs Senior Vice President Chairman Chevron Corporation The Boeing Company (Ret.) Sasakawa Peace Foundation USA U.S. Navy (Ret.) C. Michael Petters Thomas E. Fisher President and Chief Executive Officer Senior Vice President Maria Livanos Cattaui Huntington Ingalls Industries, Inc. Unocal Corporation (Ret.) Secretary General (Ret.) International Chamber of Commerce Kenneth B. Pyle Joachim Kempin Professor; Founding President Senior Vice President Norman D. Dicks University of Washington; NBR Microsoft Corporation (Ret.) Senior Policy Advisor Van Ness Feldman LLP Jonathan Roberts Clark S. -
Chinabrief in a Fortnight
ChinaBrief Volume XIV s Issue 13 s July 3, 2014 VOLUME XIV s ISSUE 13 s JULY 3, 2014 In This Issue: IN A FORTNIGHT Brief by David Cohen 1 WITH ZHOU’S CIRCLE DOWN, XI’S PURGE MAY TURN TO HU By Willy Lam 3 CHINA’S STRATEGIC ROCKET FORCE: SHARPENING THE SWORD (PART 1 OF 2) By Andrew S. Erickson and Michael S. Chase 6 China’s PLA Second Artillery appears more confident, having made progress CHINESE HIGH SPEED RAIL LEAPFROG DEVELOPMENT on the “conventionalization of deter- By Clark Edward Barrett 10 rence” (Source: China Military Online) INDONESIA AVOIDS OPEN TERRITORIAL DISPUTE WITH CHINA, DESPITE CONCERNS China Brief is a bi-weekly jour- By Prashanth Parameswaran 13 nal of information and analysis CORRECTIONS 16 covering Greater China in Eur- asia. China Brief is a publication of In a Fortnight The Jamestown Foundation, a private non-profit organization ON PARTY’S BIRTHDAY, PROMISES OF A CONTINUED PURGE based in Washington D.C. and is edited by David Cohen. By David Cohen The opinions expressed in China Brief are solely those On the 93rd anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party of the authors, and do not (CCP), General Secretary Xi Jinping highlighted his campaign to fight corruption necessarily reflect the views of and improve cadres’ “work style,” making it the focus of a speech delivered at The Jamestown Foundation. a Politboro meeting the day before the anniversary (Xinhua, June 30). Official commentary surrounding top-level arrests approved at the same meeting makes it clear that this purge is intended to continue indefinitely. -
China Turns up Heat on Ex-Security Chief with Crash Probe
CHINA PRIME TARGET: Zhou Yongkang was head of domestic security and a member of the Communist Party Standing Politburo Committee, making him one of the most powerful people in China, until he stepped down in 2012. REUTERS/STRINGER Authorities have begun investigating a crash in 2000 that killed the first wife of Zhou Yongkang, the prime target in China’s biggest corruption scandal, Reuters source says. China turns up heat on ex-security chief with crash probe BY BENJAMIN KANG LIM, CHARLIE ZHU AND DAVID LAGUE SPECIAL REPORT 1 CHINA’S POWER STRUGGLE BEIJING/HONG KONG, SEPTEMBER 12, 2014 ittle is known about the exact circum- stances in which Wang Shuhua was Lkilled. What has been reported, in the Chinese media, is that she died in a road ac- cident sometime in 2000, shortly after she was divorced from her husband. And that at least one vehicle with a military license plate may have been involved in the crash. Fourteen years later, investigators are looking into her death. Their sudden inter- est has nothing to do with Wang herself. It has to do with the identity of her ex-hus- band – once one of China’s most powerful men and now the prime target in President Xi Jinping’s anti-corruption campaign. Investigators are probing the death of the first wife of Zhou Yongkang, China’s HUNTING TIGERS: President Xi Jinping has launched the biggest corruption crackdown since the retired security czar, a source with di- communists came to power in 1949, going after “tigers” or high-ranking officials as well as “flies”. -
Sopa-Scoopzhoutarget
Friday, August 30, 2013 A3 Beam me up LEADING THE NEWS K-pop stars are embracing hologram COMMERCE Oil giants technology to reach a wider audience > L I F E C 7 banned Unwelcome guest Create your dream home Health headache from new Aquino cancels visit to China: Chic, stylish furniture Migraines can cause INVESTMENT TEAMS TO BE REINED IN Beijing says he was never and accessories for permanent brain damage projects invited in the first place discerning buyers and raise risk of strokes Commerce Ministry targets extravagance by delegations sent Foreign direct investment is a Previously, investment jun- key economic indicator used to kets were believed to be immune > LEA D ING T HE N EWS A 3 > 20-PAG E SPE CIA L REP O R T > WORLD A15 to Hong Kong and Macau to seek investment for their regions gauge officials’ performance, and from the campaign against offi- Beijing makes state ................................................ dozens of delegations from local cial extravagance. overstated the number of partici- His remarks followed the flag- governments flock to Hong Kong The The People’s Daily said busi- energy companies pay Daniel Ren pants and the value of deals ship newspaper’s harsh criticism every year to seek such invest- ness delegations stayed in five- [email protected] phenomenon the price for failing to signed during their promotional on Monday of investment dele- ments. star hotels and invited business- activities. gations travelling to Hong Kong. Yao admitted that the delega- reflects a severe men to expensive restaurants, meet pollution targets The Ministry of Commerce has “They were desperate to get This was the first time that a tions played a positive role in level of spending as much as 1,000 yuan pledged to rein in extravagance abig number of foreign business- Communist Party mouthpiece spurring the nation’s economic (HK$1,260) per head for a break- ............................................... -
China Politics Update – July 2014
China Politics Update – July 2014 Premier Li Keqiang paid his first official visit as Premier to London, 16-19 June for the annual UK-China Summit. Li was received by the Queen and held wide ranging talks with Prime Minister David Cameron covering bilateral, prosperity and global issues. They discussed improvement to UK visa services. There was a discussion of economic cooperation covering Chinese investment in UK infrastructure; a clearing bank in London for the RMB; and the concept of EU/China FTA. On foreign policy they discussed Iraq, Iran and Ukraine and regional security in Asia Pacific. They also covered climate change, cyber issues and Hong Kong. A wide range of agreements were signed during the summit from a £12Bn LNG deal between CNOOC and BP to a £400m joint venture on solar energy. The total commercial value was £14Bn. During his speech at Chatham House, Li said “China will work more closely with the UK in infrastructure, manufacturing, urbanization and other areas to increase two-way trade and investment.” In a joint conference, the Prime Minister acknowledged the commitment with China to ensure the growing economic and political ties of the two countries also contribute to much stronger links between the people. General Secretary Xi Jinping presided over a meeting of the Central Leading Group on Financial and Economic Affairs, urging greater efforts to improve energy technology. Analysts said Xi’s leading role in the body implies he has further consolidated his powers. In recent years the key policy coordinating body has been run by the Premier not Party Secretary. -
Final Report
25 June 2015 Final Report Assessment of the normative and policy framework governing the Chinese economy and its impact on international competition For: AEGIS EUROPE Brussels Belgium THINK!DESK China Research & Consulting Prof. Dr. Markus Taube & Dr. Christian Schmidkonz GbR Merzstrasse 18 81679 München Tel.: +49 - (0)89 - 26 21 27 82 [email protected] www.thinkdesk.de 1 This report has been prepared by: Prof. Dr. Markus Taube Peter Thomas in der Heiden 2 Contents Executive Summary ························································································· 11 1. Introduction ······························································································ 27 Part I: The Management of the Chinese Economy: Institutional Set-up and Policy Instruments 2. Centralised Planning and Market Forces in the Chinese Economy ··················· 32 2.1 The Role of Planning in the Chinese Economy ············································ 32 2.1.1 Types of Plans ··············································································· 32 2.1.2 Plans and Complementary Documents················································ 41 2.2 Dedicated Government Programmes for Industry Guidance ··························· 45 2.2.1 Subsidies – An Overview ································································· 45 2.2.1.1 Examples for Preferential Policies and Grant Giving Operations by Local Governments ································································ 51 2.2.1.2 Recent Initiatives by the Central Government -
Chinese Politics in the Xi Jingping Era: Reassessing Collective Leadership
CHAPTER 1 Governance Collective Leadership Revisited Th ings don’t have to be or look identical in order to be balanced or equal. ڄ Maya Lin — his book examines how the structure and dynamics of the leadership of Tthe Chinese Communist Party (CCP) have evolved in response to the chal- lenges the party has confronted since the late 1990s. Th is study pays special attention to the issue of leadership se lection and composition, which is a per- petual concern in Chinese politics. Using both quantitative and qualitative analyses, this volume assesses the changing nature of elite recruitment, the generational attributes of the leadership, the checks and balances between competing po liti cal co ali tions or factions, the behavioral patterns and insti- tutional constraints of heavyweight politicians in the collective leadership, and the interplay between elite politics and broad changes in Chinese society. Th is study also links new trends in elite politics to emerging currents within the Chinese intellectual discourse on the tension between strongman politics and collective leadership and its implications for po liti cal reforms. A systematic analy sis of these developments— and some seeming contradictions— will help shed valuable light on how the world’s most populous country will be governed in the remaining years of the Xi Jinping era and beyond. Th is study argues that the survival of the CCP regime in the wake of major po liti cal crises such as the Bo Xilai episode and rampant offi cial cor- ruption is not due to “authoritarian resilience”— the capacity of the Chinese communist system to resist po liti cal and institutional changes—as some foreign China analysts have theorized. -
Chapter 3 China: Xi Jinping's Administration— Proactive Policies
Chapter 3 China: Xi Jinping’s Administration— Proactive Policies at Home and Abroad or China, 2014 was a year when initiatives of the Xi Jinping administration Fcame to the forefront. In domestic politics, it was a year of important changes, as the anti-corruption campaign continued to make itself felt, resulting, for example, in Zhou Yongkang, a former member of the Politburo Standing Committee, and Xu Caihou, former vice chairman of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Military Commission (CMC), being expelled from the party. Xi Jinping, who was already president as well as general secretary of the party, took the position of chairman of the new National Security Commission and created a number of small leading groups, part of his efforts to strengthen his structural authority. Meanwhile elements of instability grew as well, such as the number of bombings that took place in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and the CPC is cracking down vigorously. President Xi has assertively engaged in foreign policy, leading at times to strong unilateral positions such as China’s location of oil drilling equipment in the South China Sea. China is seeking to form “a new type of major-power relations” with the United States, but China’s actions in the South China Sea and the confrontation over cyber spying make it unclear whether China will be able to achieve the kind of US-China relations it desires. President Xi is also engaging in periphery diplomacy, seeking to ensure China’s peaceful development by reinforcing its economic relations with its neighbors and calling for an Asian New Security Concept, while strengthening its criticism of the system of alliances centered on the United States. -
Depleted Oil Field Is Window Into China's Corruption Crackdown
CHINA An $85 million deal involving three blocks in southern Sumatra and a Chinese oil giant is under investigation. Depleted oil field is window into China’s corruption crackdown BY CHARLIE ZHU, DAVID LAGUE AND FERGUS JENSEN SPECIAL REPORT 1 CHINA CORRUPTION CRACKDOWN LIMAU, INDONESIA, DECEMBER 19, 2014 n a muddy clearing in southern Sumatra, a portable diesel power plant hammers Iaway alongside a wellhead, struggling to extract crude from a depleted reservoir that lies below farmland and rubber plantations. It was much easier to extract cash from a state-owned Chinese oil giant. A subsidiary of China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), PetroChina Daqing Oilfield, paid $85 million to pump from three blocks in the ageing Limau field un- der a 2013 contract with Indonesia’s state- owned oil company, Pertamina, according to senior Chinese oil industry officials with knowledge of the transaction. Today, the three Limau blocks squeeze PETRO PURGE: At least a dozen former top managers at China National Petroleum Corporation have out less than three percent of the oil been arrested as part of President Xi Jinping’s anti-corruption drive. Zhou Yongkang (below), a former pumped when output peaked in the 1960s. CNPC boss and rival to Xi, faces charges of corruption and leaking state secrets. A wellhead atop the When PetroChina Daqing announced the depleted Limau field in Indonesia (cover). REUTERS/BOGDAN CRISTEL/JASON LEE/FERGUS JENSEN deal, it didn’t disclose the seller, the price or any other financial details. “We all know it is a ridiculous invest- ment, but I have no idea where the mon- ey has actually ended up,” says a senior billion Chinese oil industry official who has seen $25 The amount that CNPC spent on budget figures for the Limau wells. -
Section 3: China's Domestic Stability
SECTION 3: CHINA’S DOMESTIC STABILITY Introduction Twenty-five years after the Tiananmen Square massacre, many of the same underlying causes of unrest persist today. Land sei- zures, labor disputes, wide-scale corruption, cultural and religious repression, and environmental degradation have led to hundreds of thousands of localized protests annually throughout China since 2010. The Chinese leadership has consistently responded to in- creased unrest with repression, censorship, and, occasionally, lim- ited accommodation. Over the past year, ethnic unrest escalated in response to excessive force by China’s internal security forces and the growing radicalization of disenfranchised Uyghurs in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Militant Uyghur separatists also shifted their tactics from attacking Chinese authorities to tar- geting civilians and public spaces. President Xi Jinping, like his predecessors, has made the preser- vation of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) rule and domestic sta- bility his top priorities. He has issued a series of policy directives and institutional changes to centralize the domestic stability main- tenance apparatus under his personal oversight and to expand its scope and capabilities. The growth of Internet connectivity and social media in China has provided Chinese citizens with new tools to express grievances and organize larger, more numerous, and better coordinated pro- tests. To contain this rising threat to authority, President Xi has instituted new constraints on Internet criticism of the CCP, launched high-profile judicial cases against popular online com- mentators and advocates, and further tightened news media and Internet controls. This section—based on a Commission hearing in May 2014 on China’s domestic stability and briefings by U.S. -
The Third Chinese Revolutionary Civil War, 1945–49
Downloaded by [University of Defence] at 20:24 09 May 2016 The Third Chinese Revolutionary Civil War, 1945–49 This book examines the Third Chinese Revolutionary Civil War of 1945–49, which resulted in the victory of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) over Chiang Kaishek and the Guomindang (GMD) and the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. It provides a military and strategic history of how the CCP waged and ultimately won the war, the transformation of its armed forces, and how the Communist leaders interacted with each other. Whereas most explanations of the CCP’s eventual victory focus on the Sino- Japanese War of 1937–45, when the revolution was supposedly won as a result of the Communists’ invention of “peasant nationalism,” this book shows that the outcome of the revolution was not a foregone conclusion in 1945. It explains how the eventual victory of the Communists resulted from important strategic decisions taken on both sides, in particular the remarkable transformation of the Communist army from an insurgent / guerrilla force into a conventional army. The book also explores how the hierarchy of the People’s Republic of China developed during the war. It shows how Mao’s power was based as much on his military acumen as his political thought, above all his role in formulating and implementing a successful military strategy in the war of 1945–49. It also describes how other important figures, such as Lin Biao, Deng Xiaoping, Nie Rongzhen, Liu Shaoqi, and Chen Yi, made their reputations during the conflict, and reveals the inner workings of the First generation political-military elite of the PRC. -
He Jiahong Corruption Assessment
He Jiahong Corruption Assessment Assessment and Analysis of Corruption in China He Jiahong (Published in China Legal Science, No. 5, Vol.3, September 2015) Abstract Criminal corruption refers to instances in which employees of the government, private companies or other work units take advantage of their position to embezzle funds or accept bribes. The state of criminal corruption can be assessed both objectively and subjectively; both methods exhibit insufficient accuracy in some respects. Presently, criminal corruption is a severe problem in China,1 having become both systemic and socially ingrained. Causes of corruption can be traced back to human nature and instincts, social practices, and the general operation of the systems in question. A clear understanding of these causes can provide us with a method for developing countermeasures. Keywords: Corruption, crime, assessment, cause China’s current government has already sounded the alarm regarding the problem of corruption, and fighting it has become the ruling party’s most serious challenge. The situation is indeed as President Xi Jinping described in his 17 November 2012 address before the first collective study session of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC): HE Jiahong, SJD (1993, Northwestern University, USA), Professor of Law, Director of the Centre for Common Law and Deputy Director of the Research Center for Criminal Law, the Law School of Renmin University of China. The author hereby expresses his heartfelt thanks to Mr. Jesse Field, Ms. Kelly Falconer, and Mr. Canaan Morse who helped with the writing in English. 1 Except when specifically noted, “China” in this article refers to mainland China.