413

Index

NOTE: Weeds are listed under their latin names, crops under their common names. Individual are listed under ‘’ and biocontrol agents under ‘weed biocontrol agents’. For a full list of weed control methods mentioned see under ‘weed control methods’.

a Alliaria petiolata 284 herbicide resistance 183, Abutilon theophrasti 77 Allium spp. 390 184, 209 in horticultural crops 362 Alopecurus spp. 7 in horticultual crops 362 in Italy & Spain 71, 362 Alopecurus aequalis 76 in maize 71 seed germination 89 Alopecurus japonicus 76 Amaranthus albus 358 in Switzerland 297 Alopecurus myosuroides 5, Amaranthus blitoides 358 Acacia dealbata 220, 295 75, 121 Amaranthus deflexus 358 Acacia longifolia 228 ACCase resistance 63, 65 Amaranthus hybridus 77 Adonis annua 19 biology 16 in horticultural crops 362 Aethusa cynapium 360 in cereals 11, 67, 68 seed germination 89 agri‐chemical industry 17 climate change 52–5 in tomato 358 Agricultural Development competitive interactions 15, Amaranthus lividus 358 Advisory Service 52–5 Amaranthus palmeri 65, (ADAS) 15, 16, 17 eradication 20 77, 191 agri‐environmental herbicide effects 7, 156, Amaranthus retroflexus 77, 364 schemes 23, 135, 137 157, 166 biocontrol 223–4 Agrostemma githago 1, 3, 123 herbicide resistance 8, 52, in European cereals 69 Agrostis gigantea 15 184, 185, 191, 193, 196–7, in horticultural crops 367 Agrostis stolonifera 19, 393 198, 205–9 in maize 71 Ailanthus altissima 220, 295 in herbicide‐tolerant in tomato crops 358 Aizoaceae 296 crops 10 Amaranthus rudis 65 Albania 296 in horticultural crops 359 Amaranthus tuberculatus 65 Alectra spp. 314, 315 incidence 9, 15 ambrosia see Ambrosia Alertinf software 99 modelling 52–5, 98, 99 artemisiifolia alfalfa see lucerne COPYRIGHTEDnational campaign for MATERIAL Ambrosia artemisiifolia 55, 65, Alismataceae 184 eradication (UK) 15 271–3, 288–9, 295, 302 alkaloids 33 non‐chemical control 5 allergies 272 allelochemicals 251, 252, 329 seed germination 74, 98, 99 in Austria 288 allelopathy 2, 283, 366, seed production 87 biocontrol 220, 228–30, 272 397, 399 in winter wheat 4, 15, 39, in cereals 69 in invasive plants 284–5, 300 52–3, 76 control 272, 289 RNA interference 23 Amaranthaceae 184 distribution 272 selection for in crops 22, Amaranthus spp. 20, 77 EUPHRESCO 288 249, 368 biocontrol 222–4 in France 272, 288, 360 in trap crops 367 in eastern Mediterranean 76 in game cover crops 20 weed suppressive mulches 23 in European cereals 69 in Germany 288

Weed Research: Expanding Horizons, First Edition. Edited by Paul E. Hatcher and Robert J. Froud-Williams. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Ambrosia artemisiifolia (cont’d ) asparagus 356 competition and herbicide resistance 65 herbicide use 371, 372, 374 effects 158 in horticultural crops 360 Asteraceae 295, 297, 358, 376 crop rotations 366 in Hungary 10, 69, 75, 288, herbicide resistance 184 herbicides 155–6 360 in horticultural crops 359 organic 248, 395 invasion 271–3 Atriplex patula 13 residues 248 in Italy 229, 288, 360 Australia 221, 228 with Sinapis alba 44 in maize 70–1 Biocontrol Act 1986 234 weed control 103 modelling invasion 55 herbicide‐resistant weeds in Denmark 9–10 pests in 361 weeds 185 yield loss modelling 44 pollen 272–3, 289, 290 invasive plants 295 barnyard grass see Echinochloa in Russia 229 Lolium rigidum herbicide crus‐galli seed contamination with 302 resistance 187, 200 barren brome see Anisantha seed germination 89, 303 parasitic weeds 323, 324 sterilis SMARTER 229, 288–9 weed prioritisation 278 BASF 17, 341 in Switzerland 64, 229, 272–3, Austria 216, 288, 296, 399 Bayer Code for weeds 76 279, 288, 290, 297, 302 automated cultivation 245–6 Bayer Crop Science 17 in wheat 10 Avena spp. 3 Belgian Biodiversity Ambrosia trifida 65 in European cereals 68 Platform 286 amenity weed control 259–63 herbicide resistance 184, 201 Belgium American willowherb see herbicides 7, 15, 165 aquatic weeds 275 Epilobium ciliatum (see also herbicide Belgian Biodiversity Ammi majus 358, 360 resistance) Platform 286 amphibious bistort see in horticultural crops 359 horticultural crop Polygonum cuspidatum incidence 77 weeds 359–63 Anisantha sterilis 5, 9, 16 in UK 15 invasive plants 275, 296 annual nettle see Urtica urens Avena fatua 77, 122, 124 invasive species website 63 Anthemis spp. 71, 358 in cereals 3 weed biocontrol 226 Anthemis arvensis 68, 359 distribution in Europe 67, Benin 325 Anthriscus sylvestris 300 68, 75 Bermuda-grass see Cynodon antioxidants 355 herbicide effects 7 dactylon Apera spica‐venti 67, 68, 75 herbicide resistance 197 Bern Convention 285 Aperetalia spicae‐venti 75 population diversity 121 Bidens pilosa 77 Aphyllon spp. 315 seed germination 89 Bidens tripartita 360 Apiaceae 295, 358, 360–1 Avena ludoviciana 77 Bifora testiculata 360 APSIM 341 Avena sterilis 3–4, 75 BioChon 224 aquatic weeds 15, 78, 272, 275, in cereals 104 biodiversity 291, 293 distribution in Europe 67, 68 arable weeds 116–35 distribution 78 germination 16 functional biodiversity 116 invasive species 275–6, population modelling 102–3 genetic diversity 117–21 291, 293 AVENA‐PC 104 public interest 136–7 water quality 276 awned canary-grass see Phalaris UN Convention on Biological Arabidopsis thaliana 96 paradoxa Diversity 115 arable crops 19–20 see also Azolla caroliniana 226 biofuels 282, 324 individual crop species Azolla filiculoides 21, 220, 224–6 Biston betularia 282 arbuscular mycorrhizal Azores 293–6 black-currant crop 8 fungi 330 black‐grass see Alopecurus Arceuthobium spp. 314 b myosuroides ArcGIS/ArcView 66, 72–3 Baccharis halimifolia 220 black nightshade see Solanum ARC Unit of Agronomy, Balsaminaceae 296, 297 nigrum Oxford 7, 14, 17 Baltic States agriculture 67, 68 Bonnemaisoniaceae 293 Argentina 227, 399 banana 252 Bonnemaisonia hamifera 293 Arrhenatherum elatius 19 Bangladesh 356 Botanical and Rotational Effects Artemisia vulgaris 360 barley 5, 10 of Genetically Herbicide artichoke 357, 370 breeding for weed Tolerant Crops herbicide use 371, 372, 374 competitiveness 45, 249 (BRIGHT) 17

0003112159.INDD 414 5/8/2017 6:18:00 PM Index 415

Botanical Society of the British c parasitic weeds 319, 324, Isles 9 Cabbage 318, 357, 358, 376 334, 340 bovine enzootic crop rotation 366 steam weeding 370 haematuria 301 flame weeding 370 weed control 368 Boxworth Experimental herbicide use 372, 374 weed flora 358–63 Farm 16 IWM 368 Caryophyllaceae 184 bracken see Pteridium aquilinum CABI catch crops 264 Brassicaceae 151, 171, 297 Fallopia japonica 63 Caucalidon platycarpi 75 herbicide resistance 184 invasive species website Caucalis platycarpos 20, 75 in horticultural crops 63, 287 Caulerpaceae 293 360, 376 weed biocontrol 222, 227 Caulerpa racemosa 293 Brassica crops 12, 356 Cabomba caroliniana 275 Caulerpa taxifolia 293 herbicides 12 Cactaceae 296 cauliflower 327, 357, 368 herbicide use 372, 374 Calendula arvensis 360 herbicide use 372, 374 Brassica napus 10, 157 Callistemon citrinus 23 celery 365, 366 Braun‐Blanquet 74–6, 129 Callisto 23 hand weeding 371 Brazil 185, 301, 356 callose production 233 intercropping with leeks 249 Brenchley, Winifred 2 Calystegia sepium 222, 337, 358 Centaurea cyanus 1, 20, 123 British Agrochemicals in horticultural crops Centaurea maculosa 283–4 Association 19 361, 364 Centaurea solstitialis 198, 232 broad‐leaved dock see Rumex Camelina sativa var. Centaurea stoebe 284 obtusifolius linicola 123 Centre for Ecology & Hydrology broccoli 357 Cameroon 356 (CEH) 227 herbicide use 371, 372, 374 Campylopus introflexus 295 charlock see Sinapis arvensis Bromus spp. 77 Canada 158, 376 Chenopodiaceae 184 Bromus commutatus 11, 13 ambrosia pollen 272 Chenopodium spp. 77 Bromus diandrus 11, 97, 103 herbicide‐resistant in European cereals 69 Bromus grossus 123 weeds 181, 185 in horticultural crops 362 Bromus interruptus 13 reduced tillage 403 in maize 70–1 Bromus japonicum 77 weed biocontrol 230 Chenopodium album 77 Bromus mollis 13 weed introduction 282 biocontrol 222–3 Bromus secalinus 11 weed species 76 competiton with sugar Bromus sterilis 11, 13 Canadian Pest Management beet 37 Bromus tectorum 77 Regulatory Agency 376 emergence 89, 98 Broomrapes see Orobanche spp.; Canadian pondweed see Elodea in European cereals 68–9 Phelipanche spp. canadensis in Finland 10 Broom’s Barn Experimental Canary Islands 293 herbicide resistance 121, 184 Station 16 Capsella bursa‐pastoris 121 herbicides 7, 156, 157 bruising (weed control) 401 in horticultural crops in herbicide‐tolerant Brussels sprouts 44 360, 364 crops 10 bryophytes 329 seed germination 96 in horticultural crops BTH 327 seeds 121 364, 367 bud‐bank 85, 101, 389–91 soil steaming 261 in maize 13, 70–1, 73 Buddleja davidii 220, Carduelis cannabina 127 modelling 35, 98 283–4, 303 Carolina fanwort see Cabomba seed germination 90 in Switzerland 297 caroliniana in tomato crops 358 buffer strips 136 carotenoids 332 Chenopodium hybridum 77 bulbs 85, 390–1, 392 Carpobrotus edulis 220, 295 Chenopodium murale 358 Bulgaria carrots 11, 357 Chenopodium opulifolium 358 invasive plants 296 crop rotation 366–7 Chenopodium parasitic weeds 319, 327 flame weeding 370 polyspermum 358 perennial weeds 398 hand weeding 371 chickpea crops 247 Bunias orientalis 297 herbicides 8, 12, 340, parasitic weeds 319, 323, 324 burning (weed control) 325 376, 377 chickweed see Stellaria media butterfly bush see Buddleja herbicide use 371, 372, 374 chicory 357, 372, 374 davidii IWM 368 chilies 324, 357

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China Codium fragile 293 strigol 329 herbicide‐resistant Colchicaceae 297 weed loss 1 weeds 185 Colchicum autumnale 297 weed mapping 71 horticultural crop Common Agriculture Policy cotylenol 331 production 355, 356 Reform 20 couch grass see Elymus repens parasitic weed control 327 common groundsel see Senecio Council of Europe 277 weed biocontrol 229, 327 vulgaris cover crops 246, 250–3, 398 see weed regions 76 common purslane see Portulaca also mulches weeds in wheat 76 oleracea and biocontrol 231 chives 365 common sunflower see crop competitiveness 158 Chrysanthemum spp. 360 Helianthus annuus ecological services 251, 253 Chrysanthemum segetum 1, 5, 9 common vetch see Vicia sativa green manure 251, 367 Cirsium spp. 1, 7, 389 Complete Boke of Husbandry 1 horticultural crops 251, Cirsium arvense Conium maculatum 4 395, 398 biocontrol 218, 219–21, 226, connectivity 134–6 mulch 367, 378 231–2 Convention of Biological in organic systems 249, climate change 402 Diversity 286 251, 253 dormancy 392 Convolvulaceae 222, 314, perennial weeds 395, 398 in European cereals 69 315, 361 rye 251, 398 in field margins 19 Convolvulus spp. 358 Vicia villosa 251 genetic diversity 120, 299 Convolvulus arvensis cow parsley see Anthriscus in grassland 12, 392–4 biocontrol 222 sylvestris grazing 394 climate change 402 cowpea 45, 315 herbicide effects 157, 394 in eastern Mediterranean 76 cranberry 324 in horticultural crops 359 in fruit crops 12 Crassulaceae 297 invasive plants 280, 282–3 in horticultural crops 361, 364 Crassula helmsii 220, 228, 293 mowing 231, 394 in maize 70–1 creeping roots 85, 96 in organic arable 395 population diversity 120 Croatia 359–63 reduced tillage 395, 403 reduced tillage 403 crop density 40–3, 368 regrowth ability 391 vegetative spread 390 Crop Protection Online‐ in Switzerland 297, 303 in vineyards 120 weeds 155, 164, 170 tillage 395–6 Conyza spp. 183, 184, 209 crop residues 248 vegetative spread 390, 391, 393 Conyza bonariensis 97 crop rotation 3–4, 10, 88, 102, Cirsium vulgare 9 Conyza canadensis 65, 161 121, 130, 131, 202, 204, 205, citizen science 77 corms 390 246, 247, 248, 325, 366–7 Citrus spp. 324 corn cleavers see Galium crop seed contamination 302 cleavers see Galium aparine tricornutum crop spacing 246, 248 climate change 281–3, 401–2 corncockle see Agrostemma crops, volunteer see volunteer Alopecurus myosurioides in githago crops winter wheat 52–3 cornflower see Centaurea cyanus crop–weed competition 18–9, crop competiton 51–5, 283 corn gromwell see Lithospermum 33–60, 246, 358–63 HadCM3 53 arvense climate change 51–5, 283 increasing CO2 52, 402 corn marigold see critical period for weed invasive plants 280–3, 289 Chrysanthemum segetum control 364–5, 368 parasitic plants 324 cornsalad 365 crop competitive perennial weeds 283, 401–2 corn spurrey see Spergula ability 45–6, 157, 248, 249, weed adaptations 23 arvensis 264, 380 weed distribution 51–5, 283 Corsica 295 crop density 40–3, 368 weed emergence 105 Cortaderia selloana 295 ecological neighbourhood weed flora 52, 61 Corynebacterium area 42 weed models 51–5, 283 michiganense 364 fertiliser effects 158 weed populations 105 cotton herbicide effects 157–8 weed shifts 61 climate change 402 herbicide resistance clovers 324, 341 genetically modified 187 effects 198 Cochlearia danica 20 intercropping 398 in horticultural crops 364 Codiaceae 293 perennial weeds 399, 402 modelling 33–60

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niche differentiation 40 seed germination 317 Cyprus 295 perennial weeds 391 seed production 318 Czech Republic phenology 47 Cuscuta australis 328 herbicide‐resistant relative time of Cuscuta campestris 318, 324, 329 weeds 188 emergence 37–9 in horticultural crops 361 invasive plants 295 resource availability 39–40, Cuscuta chinensis 328 pasture weed control 393–4 49, 158 Cuscuta epilinum 123, 324 weed mapping 77 resource pool diversity Cuscuta epithymum 324, 328 hypothesis 40 Cuscuta gronovii 324, 328 d for water 48–9, 52–3 Cuscuta pentagona 318, 328 Dactylis glomerata 20 weed density 364 cut‐leaved cranesbill see dandelion see Taraxacum crop–weed interactions Geranium dissectum officinale climate change 51–5 cut‐leaved ground cherry see darnel see Lolium temulentum competition 33–61, 100 Physalis angulata Datura stramonium 297, cover crops 158 cutting (weed control) 231, 321, 361, 364 in horticultural 391, 392, 393, 396, 398 Daucus spp. 358, 361, 364 crops 358–65 Cynodon dactylon 396 Daucus carota 181 modelling 33–60, 100 climate change 402 decision support systems resource capture 47, 358 in horticultural crops 358, 359 23, 104 weed suppressive reduced tillage 403 AVENA‐PC 104 ability 45–6, 50–1 in southern Europe 76, Crop Protection Online‐ crop–weed models 33–60, 100 389, 397 weeds 155, 164, 170 climate change 51–5 vegetative spread 390 GESTINF 104 crop yield loss 33–60 Cyperaceae 297, 359, 396 in horticultural crops descriptive 34–46 herbicide resistance 184 364–5, 377 empirical 34 Cyperus spp. 15, 77, 364, for mechanical weed in horticultural crops 366 389, 402 control 259 INTERCOM 47, 52 tubers 390 for parasitic weeds 323, 340 mechanistic 34, 46–56 in vegetable crops 358 PIKIT 342–4 model sensitivity analysis 50 vegetative spread 390–1 WEEDSIM 104 process‐based 34, 46–56 Cyperus esculentus 77, 396–7 DEFRA 228 relative damage climate change 402 delayed drilling 171, 202, 204, coefficient 37–9 control 367, 398 206–7 relative leaf area distribution in Europe 397 Delivering Alien Invasive Species approach 37, 38 genetic diversity 120 Inventories for Europe resource capture 47 in horticultural crops (DAISIE) 63, 286, 294 role in policy 299, 359 Denmark 76 development 56 mowing 391, 398 aquatic weeds 293 simulation 34 in the Netherlands 299 catch cropping 264 Sirius wheat growth reduced tillage 403 ‘Crop Protection Online’ 155, model 34 in Switzerland 297 164, 170 species distribution tubers 282, 303, 398 horticultural crop weeds models 52 vegetative spread 390 359–63 CSIRO 222 Cyperus iria 77 organic arable weeds 395 cucumber 357, 366 Cyperus rotundus 77, 396–8 susceptibility of weeds to herbicide use 371, 372, 374 bud‐bank 390 herbicides 155 mulches in 369 climate change 402 weed seeds 128 solarisation 369 control 367, 398 weeds in barley 9–10 cultivation regime 3, 5, 10, 40, distribution in Europe 397 Descurania sophia 13 202, 204, 326 dormancy 392 Desmodium uncinatum 329 Curcurbitaceae 295, 319 in eastern Mediterranean 76 Dicranaceae 295 Cuscuta spp. 1, 313, 314, 315, in horticultural crops 359 Digitaria sanguinalis 359 324, 334 mowing 391, 398 dihydrosorgoleone 331 biocontrol 327–8 reduced tillage 403 Diplotaxis erucoides 360 haustorium 317, 337 vegetative reproduction dodder see Cuscuta spp. life‐cycle 317–8 390, 392 dormancy 96–7, 105, 392

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Dow 17 Elytrigia repens see Elymus invasive plants working Dupont 17 repens group 64, 289–90, 291 dwarf mistletoe see Emberiza citronella 126 official journal, Weed Arceuthobium spp. Emberiza schoeniclus 127 Research 17–8 Emex spp. 221 origins 17–8 e Epilobium spp. 8, 10, 403 physical and cultural weed Echinochloa spp. 20, 77 Epilobium ciliatum 390 control working group 245 in Denmark 76 Equisetaceae 363 weed management systems in herbicide resistance 183, 184, Equisetum arvense 6, 358, 363 vegetables 358 194, 209 Ericaceae 296 weed mapping working in maize 76 Erigeron annuus 297 group 62, 65–6, 74 Echinochloa colona 76, 77 Erodium cicutarium 94 working groups 18 Echinochloa crus‐galli 77, 274 Ethiopia 356 Eye on Earth 77 in cultivated rice 274 Euphorbiaceae 362 in horticultural crops 359 Euphorbia spp. 362 f in maize 14, 36, 39, 70, 76 Euphorbia esula 230, 232 Faba bean 314, 319, 323, 324, Echinocystis lobata 295 EUPHRESCO 288 327, 329, 341 ecological neighbourhood European and Mediterranean Fabaceae 295 area 42 Plant Protection Fallopia convolvulus 77, 361 ecosystem services 115–8 Organisation (EPPO) Fallopia japonica 295, 298, from cover crops 251, 253 286, 291 300–1, 303 cultural 117 biocontrol 234–5 biocontrol 209, 220, 226, natural enemies 117–25, 251 exotic organisms 277, 285–8 231, 294 pollination 117, 125 prioritisation 278–9 distribution in UK 63 from weeds 117–25 European corn borer 22 effect on invertebrate Edinburgh Royal Botanic European Environment abundance 301 Gardens 13 Agency 77, 286 invasion by 76 eggplant crops 323, 357, 369 European Food Standards on railways 301 herbicide use 372, 374 Agency 228, 286, 288 in Switzerland 297, 300 Egypt 319, 323, 327 European Strategy on Invasive Fallopia sachalinensis 226 horticultural crop Alien Species 285–6 Fallopia x bohemica 226 production 356 European Union (EU) 149, 202, fallow 4–5, 121, 128, 202, 204, Eichhornia crassipes 232 215, 259 206, 325 electrocution (weed COST‐816 222, 224 false seed‐bed 171, 366 control) 368, 378, 380 Directive 91/414 12, 149, FAO 287, 355 Eleusine indica 184, 197 376, 400 fat-hen see Chenopodium album Ellenberg, Heinz 129 Directive 2000/29/EU 234–5 fennel 365, 368, 371 Elodea canadensis 78, 220, EU1007/2009 149 fenugreek 329 275, 293 EU1107/2009 12, 376 fertilisers 40, 47, 248 Elodea nuttallii 293 EU1143/2014 invasive alien crop competitiveness 158 Elymus repens 3, 4, 15 species 228, 279, 282 increased input 123–4 bud‐bank 391 Giant Alien 226, 273 nitrogen 61, 130, 136, 248 climate change 402 SMARTER COST weed control 5–6, 10, 40, distribution 67, 68 action 229, 288–9 246, 248, 325 dormancy 392 Standing Committee on Plant Festuca rubra 20, 401 in grassland 393 Health 228 field bindweed see Convolvulus herbicides 159 Sustainable Use Directive 12, arvensis in horticultural crops 358, 359 21, 105, 235, 251, 263 field margins 19–20, 136–7 in maize 70 Water Framework field poppy see Papaver rhoeas mechanical control 257 Directive 12 field speedwell see Veronica in organic arable 395 European Weed Research persica reduced tillage 403 Council 17–8, 291 finger weeders 255–7 regrowth ability 391 European Weed Research Society Finland thermal weeding 260 (EWRS) 2, 23, 389 aquatic weeds 275 tillage 396 biocontrol working horticultural crop vegetative propagation 390–2 group 215, 222 weeds 359–63

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organic arable weeds 395 increase with reduced weed biocontrol 218–35 reduced tillage 403 tillage 10 weed flora 12, 231–2, 389, weed biocontrol 216 in oilseed rape 4, 10, 11 394, 395 weed flora 10 seed production 87 weed seeds 127 weeds and climate change 52 seed size 87 Grassland Research Institute 16 weeds in spring cereals 68 in spring barley 10 grass leys 206, 247, 395 fire (weed control) 231 in spring cereals 68–9 grazing 393–4 flame weeding 368–70, 378 in wheat 10, 11 great brome see Bromus diandrus flax 123, 324 Galium tricornutum 19 Greece 75 flexi‐tine weeders 368 game cover crops 20 herbicide‐resistant floating pennywort see garlic crop 357, 366, 367 weeds 188 Hydrocotyle ranunculoides herbicide use 372, 374 horticultural crop FloraWeb 63, 286 generic impact scoring system weeds 359–63 FLORSYS 103–4 (GISS) 278 invasive plants 293, 296 food webs 129 gene silencing 334, 337 parasitic plants 293, 296 forage crops 247, 249 genetically modified (GM) perennial weeds 397, 398 forestry 188 crops 339 weed biocontrol 216 France 67 cotton 187 green beans 357, 369 Ambrosia artemisiifolia 272, maize 22, 187 herbicide use 371, 372, 374 288, 360 geographic information green bristle‐grass see Setaria aquatic weeds 293 systems 325 viridis catch cropping 264 Geraniaceae 155 green foxtail see Setaria viridis Fallopia japonica 300 Geranium dissectum 4, 9 green manure 251, 367 herbicide‐resistant Geranium lanuginosum 94 grey partridge 19 weeds 149, 185, 188, 196 Germany groundsel see Senecio vulgaris horticultural crop cereals 75 Grupo Especialista en Invasiones weeds 358–63 crop rotation 247 Biológicas (GEIB) 286 invasive plants 275, 295, 296 Fallopia japonica 300 perennial weeds 397 FloraWeb 63, 286 h weed biocontrol 216, 226, 228 herbicide‐resistant Hairy vetch see Vicia villosa weed mapping 62 weeds 149, 185, 191 Halophila stipulacea 293 freezing (weed control) 368, horticultural crop hand‐weeding 325, 371, 379, 378, 380 weeds 359–63 393, 395, 396 French beans 371 invasive plants 286, 293, harrowing 171, 259 fruit crops 12 295, 296 haustorium 313, 316–7, Fumaria spp. 1 NeoFlora 63 336–7, 338 Fumaria officinalis 12, 87, 361 parasitic weeds 327 hedge bindweed see Calystegia Fumaria purpurea 20 Umweltbundesamt 286 sepium fumitory see Fumaria spp. weed biocontrol 216, 327 hedge garlic see Alliaria petiolata functional biodiversity 116 weed flora 7–8, 288 hedge mustard see Sisymbrium furanocoumarins 274 weed mapping 62 officinale fusicoccin 331 GESTINF 104 hedgerows 127 gherkins 357 Hedychum gardneriana 295 g Global Invasive Species Helianthus annus 274 Galeopsis spp. 10, 88, 361 Information Network 286 hemlock see Conium maculatum Galeopsis speciosa 88 Gnaphalium uliginosum 6 hemp 318 Galeopsis tetrahit 88 goats 393 hemp sesbania see Sesbania Galinsoga spp. 358, 360 GPS‐controlled patch exaltata Galinsoga parviflora 359 spraying 71–2 Heracleum Galium aparine 3, 6, 7, 9 grapevine 246, 399 mantegazzianum 20, 272, in China 76 grasshoppers 396 273–4, 295, 303 emergence models 97 grassland biocontrol 220, 226, 273 in field margins 20 invasive plants 12, 300, control 226, 274 herbicides 11 393, 399 GIANT ALIEN project in horticultural crops 361 mowing 321 226, 273 in Hungary 10 perennial weeds 389, 392–4 invasion by 273

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Heracleum sphondylium 12 herbicide mode of action herbicide rate 151–72 herbicide adjuvants 166–8, 169 (types) 186 herbicide registration 22 carrier volume 165–6 ACCase inhibitors 8, 11, 63, herbicide resistance climate effects 159, 402 65, 150, 166, 183, 185, 186, (mechanisms) 118, 188–94 combining with biocontrol 187, 190–1, 195, 196, 199, enhanced herbicide agents 171, 231 205 metabolism 8, 188, 191–2, combining with non‐chemical ALS inhibitors 8, 150, 183, 194, 197–8, 204–5 control 171, 231 185, 186, 187, 188, 190, 195, limited cellular uptake 8, diammonium sulphate 148 196, 204–5 187, 192 droplet size 165 carotenoid biosynthesis metabolic resistance 194 EDTA 168 inhibitors 150, 169, 186 non‐target‐site effects on biocontrol cellulose inhibitors 150, 186 resistance 188, 190, 191–4, agents 232 dihydropteroate synthetase 195, 205 effects on herbicide inhibitors 150 rapid necrosis response 187 uptake 162 EPSP synthase reduced translocation foliage applied 150–1, inhibitors 150, 186, 187, 187, 192–4 156, 165 191, 199 reduced uptake 192–3 herbicide application 21, 103, glutamine synthetase target‐site gene 157, 165–6, 200–1 inhibitors 150 duplication 191 in horticultural crops 371–7 HPPD inhibitors 169 target‐site mutations 187, humidity effects 161–2 lipid synthesis inhibitors 194, 200, 204 leaching 377 150, 186 target‐site resistance 22, nanotechnology 332–4 microtubule inhibitors 186, 188–91, 194, 197 parasitic plants 337, 342 191 weed flora 11 rain effects 162–3 mitosis inhibitors 150, 185 herbicide resistance (specific) 8, soil applied 150–1, 156, 158, protoporphyrinogen oxidase 184, 186 see also individual 159, 165 (PPO) inhibitors 150, weed species spray distribution 165 186, 191 ACCase inhibitors 8, 11, 63, spraying systems 21, 166 PSI electron diverters 150, 65, 183, 185, 186, 187, 188, herbicide classification 150–1 159, 186, 188, 199 190–1, 195, 196, 199, 205 herbicide drift 167–8 PSII inhibitors 150, 159, 169, 186 herbicide environmental 185, 186, 187, 189–90, 191, ALS inhibitors 8, 183, 185, impact 104 196, 198 186, 187, 188, 190, 195, 196, herbicide losses 12 synthetic 150, 186, 204–5 herbicide mixtures 168–70 187, 191, 199 amitrole 186 additive dose model 169–70 very long chain fatty acid 8, 181, 186, 199 effects on herbicide inhibitors 186 186 resistance 200, 205 herbicide performance carotenoid biosynthesis insecticide effects 169 151–72, 377 inhibitors 186 multiplicative survival canopy penetration 156 cellulose inhibitors 186 model 168–9 climatic conditions 154, chlorotoluron 8, 16, 194 with plant growth 159–65 chlorsulfuron 186 regulators 169 crop competition 157–8 cycloxydim 186 herbicide mode of action dose response curve 151–4 2,4‐D 181, 187 (topics) 233 humidity effects 159, 161–2 dichlobenil 186 effects on resistance 185–8 light 159–60 diclofop‐methyl 188, 200 natural products 328–32 plant growth rate 165 diflufenican 186 non‐systemic 151, 156, 165 precipitation effects 159, EPSP synthase parasitic weeds 339 162–3, 168 inhibitors 186, 187, perennial weeds 157, 159, soil effects 158, 159, 161, 191, 199 160, 170 163–5 flamprop 186 phloem mobility 151, 159 sub‐lethal effects 171 glyphosate 12, 22, 63, 65, residual 151 temperature effects 159–61 161, 186, 187, 188, 191, 193, systemic 151, 156, 165 weed growth stage 156–7 200, 253, 399 translocation 151, 156, 157, weed species 154–5 imidazolinones 190 159, 160, 163 wind effects 159, 164 isoproturon 186

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lipid synthesis inhibitors 186 seed‐bank 181, 195, 201 4, 20, 158, 159, MCPA 186, 187 selection pressure 183, 162, 163 186 199–201 DNOC 7 microtubule inhibitors surveys 62–3 ethylene dibromide 339 186, 191 weed diversity 133 fenoxaprop‐ethyl 15, 170 186, 193, 200 herbicide retention 156, 159, ferrous sulphate 6 196 160, 166–8 flamprop 186 PPO inhibitors 186, 191 herbicides (specific) flamprop‐isopropyl 15 194 (see also herbicide resistance) flamprop‐methyl 15 PSI electron diverters 186, acifluorfen 161, 186 flamprop‐m‐isopropyl 15 188, 199 amidosulfuron 11 florasulam 11, 155 PSII inhibitors 185, 186, 187, aminotriazole 4 ‐butyl 160 189–90, 191, 196, 198 amitrole 186 flupyrsulfuron 155 pyrimidinyl‐ amurca 7 11 thiobenzoates 190 aryloxyphenoxyproprionates 12 pyroxasulfone 200 170 168, 328 8, 181, 186 12, 219, 340, glufosinate‐ammonium sulfonyl‐aminocarbonyl‐ 400, 401 161, 162 triazolinones 190 atrazine 8, 181, 186, 199 glyphosate 4, 5, 12, 22, 24, sulfonylureas 190 barban 15 63, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, synthetic auxins 186, 187, bentazone 159, 162, 163 163, 166, 167, 168, 170, 191, 199 benzoylprop‐ethyl 15 171, 186, 187–8, 191, 193, tri‐allate 186 328 201, 233, 253, 254, 329, 339, triazines 189–90 bromoxynil 8, 161, 186 340, 368, 399, 400, 401, triazolopyrimidines 190 bromoxynil+ioynil 155, 157 402, 403 186 carbetamide 12 IAA 7 in USA 65 carfentrazone 11 339, 341–3 herbicide resistance (topics) 16, 12 20, 340 118, 133, 149, 171, 181–204, chlorfenprop‐methyl 15 iodosulfuron 170 366, 371 chloridazon 8 ioxynil 8, 159, 161, 376 application rate 200–1 chlorotoluron 5, 8, 16, isoproturon 57, 186 creeping resistance 195 193, 194 lenacil 8 cross‐resistance 181, 183, chlorpropham 11 8, 376 189, 190, 191–2, 193, 195, chlorsulfuron 155, 186, MCPA 7, 14, 155, 157, 170, 205, 250, 264 339, 340 186, 187 dectection of 183, 203–9 cinidon‐ethyl 11 7, 11, 157 environmental effects 161 clethodim 205 mesosulfuron 170 evolution of 182, 185–6, clodinafop 190 23 194–7 clodinafop‐propargyl 16, metamitron 8 farmer psychology 206–9 157, 166, 170 metazachlor 11, 12 fitness costs 198 1 metham sodium 339 genetic basis 187, 194–5, copper sulphate 6 methyl bromide 339, 397 197–8 12 methyl iodide 339 herbicide mixtures 200 cycloxydim 186, 190, 205 metolachlor 186 horticultural crops 377 2,4‐D 7, 155, 170, 181, 187 metoxuron 5, 12 management of 203–9 dazomet 339 376 mapping 13 desmetryne 12 metsulfuron 155 modelling 102 dichlobenil 186 8, 12 mode of action 185–8 dichloropropene 339 NAA 7 (see also individual mode 8 paraquat 5, 8, 158, 159, 162, of action) diclofop‐methyl 15, 163, 170, 163, 170, 186, 188, 193, 200 multiple resistance 183, 204 188, 200 pendimethalin 5, 152, 193, mutation rate 196–7 difenzoquat 15, 201 196, 204, 376 occurrence 183–5 diflufenican 152, 186 phenmedipham 8 prevention 203–9, 377 ‐p 11 phenoxy alkanoic acids risk of developing 201–2 dinitroanilines 185 162, 170

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herbicides (specific) (cont’d ) herbicide‐resistant integrated weed management 158 weeds 189 (IWM) 103, 150, 156, 171, picolinaflen 11 integrated weed 356, 368 pinoxaden 16, 190 management 356–8, 364, biocontrol 231 prometryn 12 365–77, 380 herbicide resistance 203–9 12 intra‐row weeders 246, 254 horticultural crop propanil 194 mechanical weed control 157 production 356, 357, 358, propham 8 non‐chemical weed 364, 365–77, 377, 380 propoxycarbazone‐sodium 4 control 189, 246, 263 INTERCOM 47, 52 propyzamide 12 preventative control 366–8 intercropping 246, 249, 329, pyroxasulfone 200 production 355–7 357–8, 367, 398 pyroxsulam 11, 16 thermal weed control 262 International Herbicide quinmerac 11 transplantation 248 Resistance Action 160 weed control 355–80 Committee (HRAC) simazine 8, 181, 186 weed flora 78, 357–63 185, 187 sodium chlorate 6 hot water (weed control) 368 International Herbicide Resistant sodium chloride 6 Hungary 10 Weeds Database 183 sulfonylureas 169, 333 Ambrosia artemisiifolia 10, International Research Group on sulfosulfuron 4, 341–3 69, 75, 288, 360 Weed Control 17 sulphuric acid 7 horticultural crop International Rice Research terbutryn 12 weeds 359–63 Institute (IRRI), tralkoxydim 16 invasive plants 295 Philippines 50 tri‐allate 5, 186 parasitic weeds 319 International Union for tribenuron 155 weed biocontrol 216 Conservation of Nature trietazine 12 Hydrocharitaceae 293 (IUCN) 63, 64, 287 trifluralin 186, 193, 376 Hydrocotyle ranunculoides 20, inter‐row cultivation 254–6 triflusulfuron 12 220, 227–8 interrupted brome see Bromus tryclopyr 20 hyperbolic yield loss–weed interruptus herbicide safeners 169, 191 density curve 34–6 intra‐row weeding 246, 254–6 herbicide‐tolerant crops 10, 12, invasive plants 2, 23, 105, 121, 17, 22, 63, 274 i 271–312 BRIGHT 17 Iceland 293, 295 allelopathy 284–5, 300 FSE 17 image analysis systems 38 aquatic systems 275–6, glyphosate‐resistant 63, 187, Impatiens glandulifera 20, 76, 291, 293 188, 399 296 biocontrol 23, 226 parasitic weeds 340–1 biological control 21, 219, bracken 399–401 soybean 399 220, 226–7, 234 changing land use 276, weed flora 10, 133 in Switzerland 297 281–3 herbicide uptake Imperata cylindrica 396–7 climate change 280–3, 289 adjuvant effects 167–8 Imperial Chemicals Industry control strategies 298–300, climate effects 160–2 (ICI) 7 302–3 foliage effects 160 India 323, 397 databases 285–8 humidity effects 160–2 horticultural crop definitions 291–4 rain effects 163 production 355, 356 detection 279–80 temperature effects 160–1 Indian goosegrass see Eleusine dispersal 276 Hibiscus trionum 94 indica exotic plants 276–7 high brown fritillary 219 Indonesia 356 mapping 62–5 horticultural crops 355–80 Info Flora 286 prediction 284–5 chemical weed control 157 infra‐red (weed control) 368, prioritisation 278–9 cover crops/mulches 251, 378, 380 threats 271–6 395, 398 INRA 75 trajectory 294 crop density 248 Institute of Grassland and inversion tillage 10, 88, 131, crop rotations 366–7 Environment Research 16 247 decision support integrated pest Iran 76, 323, 355, 356 systems 364–5, 377 management 251, 252, Ireland 293, 295, 296 herbicide application 371–7 263–4 isoschaftoside 329

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Israel lasers (weed control) 368, herbicide resistance 183–5, herbicide‐resistant 378, 380 187, 194, 197, 198, 200 weeds 185 Lavatera arborea 282 Lolium temulentum 1, 68 horticultural crop weeds 358, law of constant final yield 40 London rocket see Sisymbrium 359–63 leafy spurge see Euphorbia irio parasitic weeds 319, 325, esula Long Ashton Research 327, 341 Lebanon 319 Station 16, 17 perennial weeds 397, 398 leeks 357, 365 loose silky bent see Apera Italian rye‐grass see Lolium crop rotation 366 spica‐venti multiflorum hand weeding 371 lucerne Italy herbicides 8, 12 in crop rotations 247, 248 Ambrosia artemisiifolia 229, herbicide use 372, 374 parasitic weeds 323, 324, 367 288, 360 intercropping with Ludwigia spp. 228 GESTINF 104 celery 249 Ludwigia grandiflora 20, 220, hand weeding 371 steam weeding 370 275–6 herbicide‐resistant Legousia hybrida 6, 19 Lythrum salicaria 20, 230 weeds 185, 188 legume crops horticultural crop herbicides 12, 191 m production 355, 356 parasitic weeds 314, 319 Macauley Land Use Research horticultural crop weeds 358, Lemna minor 275 Institute 16 359–63 lentil crop 319, 324, 338 Macedonia 296 invasive plants 295, 296 Leptospermone 23 maize perennial weeds 397, 399 lettuce 357, 368 area in Europe 66 soybean 104 crop rotation 366 Callisto 23 weed biocontrol 216, 327 hand weeding 371 Chenopodium album 13, wheat 104 herbicide use 371, 372 70–1, 73 ivy‐leaved speedwell see Veronica IWM 368 competition and herbicide hederifolia mechanical weed control effects 157 257 competition with weeds 248 j perennial weeds 374, 398 crop rotation 247, 248, 366 James Hutton Institute 16 solarisation 369 Echinochloa crus‐galli 14, 36, Japan 186, 226, 356 weed flora 11, 358, 359–63 39, 70, 76 Japanese knotweed see Fallopia lignification 337 genetically modified 22, 187 japonica liming 5, 9, 10 green maize 357, 372, 374 Johnson-grass see Sorghum LINK Programme 17 herbicide‐resistant halepense linnet see Carduelis cannabina weeds 183, 186, 189 Jordan 359–63 Listronotus oregonensis 364 herbicide use 372 Lithospermum arvense 6 intercropping 329 k Lolium spp. 77 non‐chemical weed Kickxia spp. 9, 19 in European cereals 68 control 232, 254–5, 262 knotgrass see Polygonum herbicide resistance 22, 65, parasitic weeds 315, 367 aviculare 183, 184, 188, 209 perennial weeds 398, 399 Kochia scoparia 65, 184 Lolium multiflorum 77 tillage 403 Korea, Republic of 356 in cereals 11, 68 weed biocontrol 223 herbicide resistance 11, 185 weed control 251 l in horticultural crops 359 weed flora 8, 14, 70–1, Lactuca serriola 4 Lolium perenne 77, 231–2 75, 76 Lagarosiphon major 228 cover crop 398 weed loss 1–2, 36, 44 Lamiaceae 361 herbicide effects 156, weed mapping 66 Lamium spp. 95, 361 157, 166 maize dwarf mosaic virus 399 Lamium amplexicaule 95–6 herbicide resistance 185 Malta 293, 319 Lamium confertum 95 soil steaming 261 Malvaceae 297, 362 Lamium hybridum 95 Lolium persicum 185 Malva sylvestris 12, 362 Lamium purpureum 11, 95 Lolium rigidum 77 manuring 248 landscape ecology 133–5 in cereals 68 marsh cudweed see Gnaphalium Lapsana communis 282 herbicide effects 161 uliginosum

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Matricaria spp. 1, 7 allelopathy 23, 283 Nordic Association of in European cereals 11, in horticultural crops 251, Agricultural Scientists 68–9, 87 369, 378, 380 (NJF) 389 in herbicide‐tolerant living mulches 249, 250–3 Norfolk Agricultural Station 16 crops 10 non‐living mulches 369, Northern Ireland 15, 16 in lettuce 11, 358 378, 398 North European and Baltic in oilseed rape 4, 71, 73 in organic systems 251, 369 Network on Invasive Alien in onions 12 against perennial weeds 398 Species (NOBANIS) 63, 286 Matricaria chamomilla Vicia villosa 251, 253 Norway 293, 300, 391 358, 359 multiple‐stress systems 249 no‐tillage systems 13, 103, 130, Matricaria perforata 7, 13 Myosotis arvensis 155 247–8, 250, 253 emergence 89 Myriophyllum aquaticum 220 herbicides 156, 157 Myxomatosis 282 o in Hungary 10 Myzorrhiza spp. 315 Official Seed Testing Station 3 seed production 87 oilseed rape 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 248 in wheat 87 n area in Europe 66 meadow brome see Bromus Nanosensors 334 area in UK 5 commutatus nanotechnology 332–4, 337 biofuel 324 mechanical weed control 2, 5, National Agricultural Advisory herbicide‐resistant weeds 190 10, 13, 45, 88, 89, 130, Service 15 herbicides 11, 156 131–2, 171, 202, 206–8, 231, National Agricultural Research non‐chemical weed 245, 246, 247, 253–9, 260–2, Systems (NARS) 325 control 248 325, 366, 368–70, 371, 378, National Vegetable Research parasitic weeds 318, 319, 331 380, 391, 392, 393, 395, 396, Station 16 volunteer 5, 11, 12, 171, 363 398, 399, 402–3 see also natural enemies 125 weed control 202 weed control methods NatureServe 278 weed flora 4, 9, 71, 73 Medicago lupulina 6 NEOBIOTA 291 weed mapping 66–71 Mediteranean rye‐grass see NeoFlora 63 weeds in France 62 Lolium rigidum Nepal 323 weeds in Germany 62, 71 melons 327, 357, 366–7 the Netherlands 299 okra 357, 372, 374 herbicide use 372, 374 aquatic weeds 275, 293 olive jift 329 mulches 369 bracken 400 olives 7 Mercurialis annua 362 hand weeding 371 onions 11, 357, 365 Mexico 356 horticultural crop weeds crop rotation 366 microorganisms 89 359–63 hand weeding 370 microwaves (weed control) 368, invasive plants 275, 295, herbicides 12, 376, 377 378, 380, 396 296, 299 herbicide use 371, 372, 374 mile‐a‐minute weed see perennial weeds 397 IWM 368 Persicaria perfoliata robot weeding 396 steam weeding 370 minute duckweed see Lemna weed biocontrol 226 weed control 368 minor weed‐seed production 126 weed flora 12, 358, 359–63 mistletoe see Phoradendron spp.; New Zealand Opuntia ficus‐indica 296 Viscum spp. grassland weeds 231–2, orchards 8, 183, 188 Moldavia 319 394, 395 organic agriculture 134 Molinia caerulea 301 Hazardous Substances and bracken control 401 Monaco 293 New Organism Act, cereals 248, 295, 394–6 Monsanto 17, 22, 341 1996 234 cover crops 249, 251, 253 Morley Research 16 weed biocontrol 228, 232 crop residues 248 Morocco 319, 356 niche differentiation 40 fallow 128 horticultural crop weeds 358, Nigeria 355, 356 grass leys 395 359–63 night flowering catchfly see Silene horticultural crops 355, 365, mould‐board ploughing 5, 88, noctiflora 367, 368, 376, 380 89, 206–8, 254, 256, 398 nipplewort see Lapsana manuring 248 mowing see cutting communis mechanical weed control mulches 250–3, 369 see also non‐inversion tillage 5, 10, 253–9, 370–1 cover crops; solarisation 131, 132 mulches 251, 369

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non‐chemical weed control 4–5, 103, 204 pepper crops 323, 357 control 131, 248 herbicide resistance 8, 204 crop rotation 369 perennial weeds 389, 393, in horticultural crops 361 herbicide use 372, 374 394–6 origins 278 IWM 368 reduced tillage 403 population dynamics 13 solarisation 369 Rumex spp. 221–2 seeds 87, 103 weed flora 358, 359–63 thermal weed control 262–3 Papaveraceae 361 peppered moth see Biston weed control 22, 250 Papaveretalia rhoedalis 75 betularia weed emergence 100 parasitic weeds 313–46, Percival, Sir John 1 weed flora 10, 131, 132, see also Cuscuta spp.; perennial leys 88 249, 395 Orobanche spp.; Striga spp.; perennial weeds 4, 247, weed‐seed production 126, Viscum spp. 389–403 127, 128 biocontrol 222, 224, biocontrol 217–35 weed species 14 325–32, 334 bud‐bank 389–90 Orobanchaceae 314, 315, 363 chemcial control 337–41 climate change 283, 401–2 Orobanche spp. 15, 314, classification 315 control 254, 399 315, 334 climate change 324 cover crops 395, 398 biocontrol 222, 224 defensive mechanisms 335–7 cutting 391–2, 398 control 340 descision support dormancy 96–7, 105, 392 detection 334 systems 323, 340 in grassland 12, 389, 392–4 germination 316–7, 329 detection 334 grazing 393–4 haustorium 316–7 distribution 318–24 herbicide control 151, 157 in horticultural crops facultative parasites 313 herbicide performance 363, 367 genetic resistance 334–5 159, 170 life‐cycle 316–7 germination 316–7, in horticultural crops seeds 316 328–32, 335 358, 359 Orobanche cernua 315, 318, haustorium 313, 316–7, mechanical control 231, 322, 323 336–7, 338 255–6, 394, 398 Orobanche crenata 314, 315, hemiparasites 313, 315 in organic systems 389, 393, 318, 324, 329 herbicide application 394–6 biocontrol 327 337, 342 reduced tillage 395, 402–3 distribution in Europe 321 herbicide‐tolerant regrowth ability 391 host range 319 crops 340–1 rhizomes 283, 301 Orobanche cumana 315, 318, holoparasites 313 Scandinavia 105 319, 323, 336, 339 in horticultural crops 361, seed‐bank 90, 101, 391 biocontrol 326, 327, 334 363, 367 seed production 389, 390 control 341–2 life‐cycle 316–8, 341 in southern Europe 396–9 distribution in Europe 321 management 325–34, 340–2 sprouting 105 host range 319 nanotechnology 332–4 vegetative regrowth 96–7, Orobanche foetida 315, natural products 328–32 390–3 318, 323 obligate parasites 313 Persian darnel see Lolium distribution in Europe 322 seed‐bank 316, 324, 329–32 persicum Orobanche minor 315, seed production 316, 318 Persicaria maculosa 7 318, 331 trap crops 325, 367 Persicaria perfoliata 230 control 341 parsley crops 319, 334, 365, 370 pesticide action plans 264 distribution in Europe 323 parsnips 11, 226 Phalaris paradoxa 13 Orobanche nana 338 Paspalum paspaloides 296 Pheasant’s eye see Adonis annua Oxalidaceae 296, 362 pearl‐bordered fritillary 219 Phedimus stoloniferus 297 Oxalis pes‐caprae 296, 362 pearl millet 315 Phelipanche spp. 314, 315, 334 peas 11, 248, 357, 358 Phelipanche aegyptiaca 315, p crop rotation 247 318, 325 Pakistan 323 herbicides 12 biocontrol 327 Panicum spp. 359 herbicide use 371, 372, 374 chemical control 325, 341–2, Panicum miliaceum 249 parasitic weeds 319, 331, 345 Papaver spp. 68–9 338, 367 distribution in Europe 320 Papaver rhoeas 4, 8, 9, 75 weed flora 358, 359–63 host range 319

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Phelipanche mutelii 324 Polygonum persicaria 7 purple loosetrife see Lythrum Phelipanche ramosa 315, 318 Portugal salicaria biocontrol 327 herbicide‐resistant weeds 188 purple moor grass see Molinia distribution in Europe 320 horticultural crop weeds 358, caerulea host range 318 359–63, 364 natural products against 329 invasive plants 295, 296 r Philippines 356 parasitic weeds 319 Radish 366, 397 Phleum pratense 20 perennial weeds 397 ragweed see Ambrosia Phoradendron spp. 314 Plantas Invasoras em artemisiifolia Physalis angulata 76 Portugal 286 railways 188, 200, 276, 301 physical weed control see weed weed biocontrol 216, 228 Ranunculus arvensis 9 control methods Portulaca oleracea Ranunculus bulbosus 9, 390 phytoalexins 336–7 in eastern Mediterranean 76 Raphanus raphanistrum 8, 9 phytohormones 330 in horticultural crops herbicides 158 phytosociology 129 362, 367 in horticultural crops 360 PICKIT 342–4 as virus host 364 Rapistrum rugosum 360 Picris echioides 360 Portulaceae 362 red clover see Trifolium Plantago lanceolata 9 potato 248 pratense Poa spp. 68 crop rotation 366 red dead nettle see Lamium Poa annua 124 groundkeeper potatoes purpureum control models 99 11, 363 red root pigweed see Amaranthus in horticultural crops herbicides 8 retroflexus 359, 364 non‐chemical weed reduced tillage systems 2, 10, in northern Europe 67 control 248 13, 88, 89, 132, 283, 402–3 Poa trivialis 19 organic agriculture 248 Reducing the Impact of Invasive Poaceae 155, 293, 295, 296, parasitic weeds 318 Species in Europe 297, 396 weed loss 1–2 (RINSE) 226 herbicide‐resistant precision agriculture 103 reed bunting see Emberiza weeds 183–4 preventive weed control schoeniclus Poland 245–63, 366–8 remote sensing 21, 325 Alien Species in Poland 286 prickly lettuce see Lactuca Reseda lutea 11, 362 herbicide‐resistant serriola Resedaceae 362 weeds 188 Processors and Growers resource pool diversity horticultural crop Research Organisation 16 hypothesis 40 weeds 359–63 Prunus serotina 296 Reynoutria japonica 20 reduced tillage 403 Psila rosae 364 rhizomes 85, 96, 120, 226, 283, pollen 271–3, 289, 290 ptaquiloside 400 301, 303, 390–3, 396, pollination 117, 125 Pteridium aquilinum 301, 389, 399–400 pollinators 125–7 399–401 Rhododendron ponticum Polygonaceae 226, 295, 297 allelopathy 399 220, 296 herbicide resistance 184 asulam control 400 rice 274–5 in horticultural crops 361 biocontrol 218–9, 226, 401 aerobic production 45–6 Polygonum spp. 3, 77 bruising 401 breeding for weed in horticultural crops 361 chemical control 400 competitiveness in maize 71 competition 401 45–7, 50–1 Polygonum aviculare 9 distribution in the UK competition models beneficial fauna associated 399, 400 45–7, 50–1 with 19 in grassland 12, 393, 399 competition with purple in field margins 20 invasion by 301, 400 rice 50 herbicides 8, 155 mechanical control 400 growth models 45–7 in herbicide‐tolerant crops 10 in organic systems 401 herbicide‐resistant weeds in horticultural crops 361 rhizomes 301, 399–400 183, 274 Polygonum convolvulus 152 toxicity 301, 399–400 parasitic weeds 331 Polygonum cuspidatum 6 pumpkins 357 weed loss 1–2 Polygonum hydropiper 6 herbicide use 373, 375 weedy rice 274–5 Polygonum lapathifolium 77 perennial weeds 399 Ridolfa segetum 361

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rigid rye‐grass see Lolium Scandix pecten‐veneris 19, 20 site‐specific weed management rigidum in carrots 358 21, 71–2, 342–7, 377, 379, 393 riparian corridors 226 in horticultural crops 361 Skudden sheep 393 RNA interference 23, 337 Scotland 15 Slovakia 324, 403 Robinia pseudoacacia 220, 296 Scottish Agricultural Colleges 16 Slovenia 359–63 robot weeders 21, 246, 396 Scottish Crop Research small bur parsley see Caucalis Romania Institute 16 platycarpos invasive plants 296 Scottish Horticultural Research SMARTER 229, 288–9 parasitic weeds 319 Institute 16 smother crops 395 perennial weeds 396, Scrophulariaceae 184, 297, 315 soil amelioration 5–6 399, 402 Seeking Confirmation about Solanaceae see also eggplant Rorippa sylvestris 360 Results at Boxworth crops; pepper crops; tomato Rosa rugosa 296 (SCARAB) 17 crops 315 Rosaceae 296 Senecio spp. 303 in horticultural crops 361, 363 Rothamsted Experimental Senecio aquaticus 297, 303 parasitic weeds 318, 323 Station 2, 15, 16 Senecio inaequidens 220, 297 weeds 358 Broadbalk experiment 2–4, Senecio jacobaea 33, 224, 303 Solanum spp. 40, 358 6, 8, 13, 16, 19, 124, 196 biocontrol 232 Solanum carolinense 403 herbicide development 7 in grassland 12 Solanum elaeagnifolium 220, 358 herbicide resistance in Switzerland 297, 305 Solanum luteum 358 work 196 Senecio vulgaris Solanum nigrum 8, 33, 358 weed population biocontrol 222, 224 in eastern Mediterranean 76 dynamics 13 herbicide resistance 8, 181 in horticultural crops 361, 364 Rothamsted Research 16 in horticultural crops 360 in spinach 358 Rough cocklebur see Xanthium in lettuce 358 in tomato crops 358, 376 strumarium non‐chemical control 249 Solanum physalifolium 358 Rubus spp. 303 Serbia 216 Solanum sarrachoides 358 Rumex spp. 1, 7, 389, 390, 392 sesame 398 solarisation 262–3, 325, biocontrol 218, 221, 231 Sesbania exaltata 233 348–70, 378, 398, 399 germination 394 Setaria spp. 76, 77, 359 Solidago spp. 303 grass competition 393–4 Setaria faberi 77 Solidago canadensis 360, 389 grazing 393 Setaria glauca 77 Sonchus spp. 4, 10 in horticultural crops 361 Setaria viridis 76, 77, 197 Sonchus arvensis mowing 393 set‐aside 19–20 climate change 401–2 in organic systems 221–2 shallow‐tine cultivation 10, 399 dormancy 97, 392 Rumex crispus 221, 392–4 shepherd’s purse see Scandix herbicide efficacy 157 Rumex longifolius 221, 222, 392 pecten‐veneris mechanical control 396 Rumex obtusifolius 9 shikimic acid pathway 233 in organic arable 395 biocontrol 221, 231–2 Sicily 293 reduced tillage 403 climate change 402 Silene gallica 20 regrowth ability 391–2, 401–2 in grassland 12, 392–4, 395 Silene linicola 123 Sonchus asper 20 grazing 393–4 Silene noctiflora 9, 10 Sonchus oleraceus 358 mechanical control 393 Simaroubaceae 295 sorghum 398, 399 in organic grassland 395 Sinapis spp. 73 Sorghum spp. 315, 331, 367 robotic control 396 Sinapis alba 44 Sorghum halepense 15, 389, in Switzerland 297, 304, Sinapis arvensis 1, 7, 9 396, 398–9 395, 402 herbicide effect 7, 8, 155, climate change 402 Russell, E.J. 1 164–5 control 398 Russia 76, 185, 229, 319 in horticultutral crops 360 in Europe 70, 76 Russian Federation 356 mechanical control 171, 258 herbicide efficacy 161 rye 158, 251, 398 seed production 87 herbicide resistance 65, 184 rye brome see Bromus secalinus in spring cereals 68–9 in horticultural crops 358, 359 in wheat 6 in maize 70 s Sirius wheat growth model 34 regrowth ability 391–2 Santalaceae 314 Sisymbrium irio 13 in Switzerland 297 Scandinavian agriculture 67–8 Sisymbrium officinale 4 vegetative spread 390–2

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Sorghum x drummondi 395 in Finland 10 Switzerland 297, 303 South Africa in grass leys 10 Abutilon theophrasti 297 cover crops 398 herbicide effect 7, 155 Ambrosia artemisiifolia 64, weed biocontrol 218, 224, herbicide resistance 8 229, 272–3, 279, 288, 290, 228, 232 in horticultural crops 297, 302 weed prioritisation 278 362, 364 climate change effects 402 Soviet Union 324, 326, 327 origins 280 Fallopia japonica 297, 300 soybean 104, 248, 324 seed germination 90 horticultural crop breeding for weed seed production 87 weeds 359–63 competitivness 45 stinging nettle see Urtica dioica invasive plants 294, GENTINF 104 stolons 85, 303, 390 295, 297 herbicide resistance 187, 399 strawberry 369, 398 NatureServe 278 herbicide‐resistant Striga spp. 313, 314, 315, 326, organic grass leys 395 weeds 183 329, 331, 340 perennial weeds 397, 402 intercrop 398 Striga hermonthica 329, 331 reduced tillage 403 parasitic weeds 328, 367 strigol 329 Rumex obtusifolius 297, 304, reduced tillage 403 strigolactones 329–32 395, 402 weed loss 1–2 string beans 357, 373, 375 weed prioritisation 278 Spain STRUCTURE, software Syngenta 17, 341 aquatic weeds 293 package 120 Syria 319 GEIB 286 stubble burning 5 herbicide‐resistant stubble cultivation 245, 256 t weeds 185, 188 successional change 3 Tanzania 325 horticultural crop weeds 358, Sudangrass see Sorghum x tap roots 85, 392–3 359–63 drummondi Taraxacum spp. 87, 390 invasive plants 295, 296 sugar beet 12, 37 Taraxacum creatophorum parasitic weeds 319 herbicides 8, 157 283 perennial weeds 397, 398, 399 parasitic weeds 324 Taraxacum officinale 283, weed biocontrol 216 perennial weeds 399 395, 403 weed population physical weed control 21 Tasmania 293 dynamics 13 weed beet 120 Thailand 356 weed‐seed production 126 weed‐seed production 126 thermal weed control 21, weed surveys 10 sunflower crops 259–63 Spartina anglica 293 biofuel 324 Thlaspi arvense 360 spelt 123, 403 genetic resistance to parasitic tillage 5, 10, 13, 88–9, 130, Spergula arvensis 10, 75 weeds 334–5 131–2, 171, 206–8, 245–7, Sperguletalia arvensis 75 parasitic weeds 314, 319, 253–9, 283, 366, 391, 395–6, spinach 299, 357, 365 323, 327, 331, 336, 339 398, 399, 402–3 crop rotation 366 perennial weeds 403 tobacco 318, 323, 327 hand weeding 371 sustainability 136 tomato 357 herbicide use 371, 373, 375 Sustainable Arable Farming for crop rotation 366 weed control 368 an Improved Environment‐ herbicide use 371, 373, 375, spotted knapweed see Centaurea Enhancing Biodiversity 376, 377 maculosa (SAFFIE) 17 intercropping 367 spring‐tine harrowing 254–5 Sustainable Use Directive see mulches 369 squash 357, 366 European Union parasitic weeds 318, 319, herbicide use 373, 375 Sweden 323, 324, 327, 331, 334, 337, Stachys annua 123 crop rotation 247 341–2 stale seed‐bed 99, 368–9, horticultural crop perennial weeds 397, 398 378, 380 weeds 359–63 solarisation 369 steam weeding 260–2, 368, invasive plants 293 weed flora 358, 359–63, 370, 378 perennial weeds 391, 402 367, 376 Stellaria spp. 69, 73 weed biocontrol 216 weed loss in 40 Stellaria media 6, 7, 124 sweetcorn 370 tomato spotted wilt virus 364 in cereals 11, 69, 87 sweet pepper 367 Torilis spp. 358, 361 emergence 89, 98 Swiss chard 365 torsion weeders 255–7

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Towards a Low Input System Urticaceae 362 w Minimising Agro‐Chemicals USA 397 Wales 15 and Nitrogen climate change 402 water hyacinth see Eichhornia (TALISMAN) 17 crop rotations 247 crassipes transplanting 248, 325, 368, 380 herbicide‐resistant watermelon 326, 357, 366, 369, trap crops 367 weeds 185, 399 373, 375 tree mallow see Lavatera arborea horticultural crop water pepper see Polygonum Trifolium pratense 232, 248, 395 production 355, 356 hydropiper Trifolium repens 9 invasive plants 283 weed biological control 20–1, trigoxanane 329 reduced tillage 403 125, 130, 215–35, 246, Tripleurospermum spp. 71–2 weed biocontrol 230, 234 325–32 see also individual triticale 127 weed control 398 weeds tubers 282, 303, 390, 392, 398 USA‐Canada Regulatory application methods 326 Tull, Jethro 1 Cooperation Council 376 classical biocontrol 217–8, Tunisia 293, 323 USDA 74, 222, 226 224–35 TURBOVEG software 129 US Southern Weed Science combining with other control Turkey 75 Society 61 methods 171, 230–4 horticultural crop UV‐radiation (weed control) conservation biocontrol production 356 368, 378, 380 217, 248 horticultural crop Uzbekistan 356 in horticultural crops 371 weeds 359–63 interactions with invasive plants 293, 295, 296 v pesticides 231–4, 326 parasitic weeds 319 Vavilov, Nikolai 274 inundative biocontrol perennial weeds 397, 399 vegetable crops see horticultural 217–8 weeds in maize 70–1 crops of invasive plants 294–8 turnips 357 velvetleaf see Abutilon theophrasti legislation 234–5 Tussilago farfara 7 Venus’s looking‐glass mycoherbicides 218, 223, see Legousia hybrida 226, 231, 233, 326–7 u Veronica spp. 20, 362, 364 parasitic weeds 222, 325–32 Ukraine 295–6, 319, 356 Veronica agrestis 155 phytotoxins 223 ultrasonic sensors 257 Veronica arvensis 89, 155 risk assessment 234 Umweltbundesamt 286 Veronica hederifolia 18, 89, 155 seed predation 125 UN Convention on Biological Veronica persica source of agents 215–6 Diversity 115 in cereals 11 systems management United Kingdom herbicide effects 7, 155 218, 221 Alopecurus herbicide in horticultural crops 11 weed biological control resistance 205–9 seed germination 89 agents 217–35 aquatic weeds 293 Veronicaceae 362 Alternaria alternata bracken 399, 400 Verticilium dahliae 394 223–4, 326 herbicide practice 7 vetch crops 323, 329, 331 Alternaria destruens 328 herbicide‐resistant weeds Vicia cassubica 401 Aphalora itadori 20, 226, 149, 185, 191, 205–9 Vicia sativa 331 227, 231 horticultural crop Vicia villosa 251, 253, 367 Aphthona spp. 232 weeds 359–63 Vietnam 356 Apion spp. 231 invasive plants 63, 295, 296 vineyards 120, 188 Ascochyta caulina 223 reduced tillage 402 Viola arvensis BioChon 224 spring cereals 75 in European cereals 69 Brachycaudus weed biocontrol 216, 218–9, in Finland 10 rumexicolens 221 220, 226, 227 in horticultural crops 11, 362 Cassida rubiginosa 219, weed flora 15 Violaceae 362 220, 232 weed‐seed production 126, viruses 334, 364 Ceratapion onopordi 128 Viscum spp. 313, 314 219, 220 winter wheat 75 vision guidance steerage Chondrostereum Urtica spp. 1 systems 255–7 purpureum 224 Urtica dioica 273 volunteer crops 5, 11, 12, 33, Chrysomelidae 217 Urtica urens 8, 362 71–2, 171, 363 Coleoptera 217

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weed biological control Stagonospora convolvuli hand weeding 325, 371, 379, agents (cont’d ) 222–3, 232 393, 395, 396 Colletotrichum Stenopelmus rufinasus 224–6 harrowing 171, 259 destructivum 328 Synansphecia herbicides (see individual Colletotrichum doryliformis 221 herbicides) gloeosporioides 327 Tarachidia candefacta 229 hot water 368 Colletotrichum Trichilogaster infra‐red 368, 378, 380 truncatum 233 acaciaelongifoliae 228 intercropping 246, 249, 329, Conservula cinisigna 218 Trigonorhinus 357–8, 367, 398 Curculionidae 217 tomentosus 229 inter‐row cultivation 254–6 Diptera 217 Tyria jacobaeae 224 intra‐row weeding 246, 254–5 Euaresta bella 229 Uromyces rumicis 222, 231 inversion tillage 10, 88, fungi 217, 218 Zygrogramma disrupta 229 131, 247 Fusarium spp. 326 Zygogramma suturalis 229 lasers 368, 378, 380 Fusarium weed bud‐bank 85, 101, 389–91 liming 5, 9, 10 arthrosporioides 327 WeedCast software 99 living mulches 249 Fusarium oxysporum 326–7 weed communities 135, 246, manuring 248 Fusarium tricinctum 328 249–50 mechanical 2, 5, 10, 13, 45, Fusarium verticillioides 327 weed competition see crop–weed 88, 89, 130–2, 171, 202, Gastrophysa viridula competition 206–8, 231, 245–7, 253–9, 221–2, 231 weed control methods 245–54 260–2, 325, 366, 368–70, Haltica carduorum 219 automated cultivation 245–6 371, 378, 380, 391–3, 395, Hydrellia lagarosiphon 228 brusing 401 396, 398, 399, 402–3 Lepidoptera 217 burning 325 microwaves 368, 378, 380, 396 Listronotus elongatus 227–8 catch crops 264 mould‐board ploughing 5, Lixus cribricollis 221 clean seed 3 88, 89, 206–8, 254, 256, 398 Longitarsus jacobaeae cover crops 158, 231, 246, mulches 23, 246, 248, 250–3, 224, 232 249–53, 367, 378, 395, 398 283, 364, 367–9, 378, 380, Macrophomina (see also cover crops) 398 (see also specific phaseolina 326 crop cultivars 246 mulches) Mycosphaerella polygoni crop residues 248 multiple‐stress systems 249 cuspidati 226 crop rotation 3–4, 10, 88, non‐chemical 171, 189, Ophraella communa 229, 230 102, 121, 130, 131, 202, 204, 246, 263 Ophraella slobodkini 229 205, 246–8, 325, 366–7 non‐inversion tillage 5, 10, Panotima spp. 218 crop spacing 246, 248 131, 132 Phloeospora spp. 226 cultivation regime 3, 5, 10, no‐tillage 13, 103, 130, Phoma spp. 328 40, 202, 204, 326 247–8, 250, 253 Phoma destructiva 219 cutting/mowing 231, 321, preventive 245–63, 366–8 Phomopsis cirsii 219 391–3, 396, 398 reduced tillage 2, 10, 13, 88, Phomopsis cuscutae 328 delayed drilling 171, 202, 89, 132, 283, 402–3 Phytomyza 204, 206–7 RNA interference 23, 337 orobanchia 325–6 electrocution 368, 378, 380 robots 21, 246, 396 Puccinia heraclei 226 fallow 4–5, 121, 128, 202, shallow‐tine cultivation Puccinia kormarovii var. 204, 206, 325 10, 399 glanduliferae 227 false seed‐bed 171, 366 site‐specific 21, 71–2, 342–7, Puccinia lagenophorae 224 fertilisation 5–6, 10, 40, 246, 377, 379, 393 Puccinia punctiformis 219, 248, 325 smother crops 395 220–1, 231 finger weeders 255–7 soil amelioration 5–6 Pyropteron fire 231 solarisation 262–3, 325, chrysidiformis 221–2 flame weeding 368–70, 378 368–70, 378, 398, 399 Ramularia rubella 222 flexi‐tine weeders 368 spring‐tine harrowing 254–5 Rhizoctonia solani 326 freezing 368, 378, 380 stale seed‐bed 99, 368–9, Septoria epambrosiae 229 gene silencing 334, 337 378, 380 Smicronyx spp. 326, 328 grass leys 206, 247, 395 steam weeding 260–2, 368, Smicronyx perpusillus 229 grazing 393–4 370, 378 Stagonospora cirsii 219 green manure 251, 367 stubble burning 5

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stubble cultivation 245, 256 Africa 62 weed‐seed biology 85–113, targetted eradication 246 arable 61–80 124–8, 134, 262 thermal 21, 259–63 ArcGis 72–3 herbicide resistance 198 tillage 5, 10, 13, 88–9, 130–2, barley 62 mimicry 123 171, 206–8, 245–7, 253–9, citizen science 77 weed‐seed dispersal 14, 86–7, 283, 366, 391, 395–6, 398, crop seed position 246 134, 135 399, 402–3 DAISIE 63 weed‐seed dormancy 14, 85, torsion weeders 255–7 Europe 61–80 88, 90–7, 274 transplanting 248, 325, European Environment weed‐seed germination 16, 74, 368, 380 Agency 63 85, 88, 89, 90–7, 98, 99, 245, trap crops 367 field‐level 71–2 252, 303, 330–1 ultrasonic sensors 257 FloraWeb 63 weed‐seed predation 88–9, UV‐radiation 368, 378, 380 France 62 125–8, 246–8, 367 vision guidance steerage geo‐referencing 72–4 weed shifts 61, 78 systems 255–7 GPS 71–2 WEEDSIM 104 weed density 35 herbicide resistance 62, 63 weeds in food chains 124–8 weed detection 156 invasive species 62 weeds, invasive 20–1 weed distribution 13–4, 20–1, inverse distance weighting 74 weed spatial dynamics 100 51–5, 283 maize 62 weeds, rare 78, 122–4, 133, 136 weed diversity 78, 117–24, 127, NeoFlora 63 weed‐supressive soils 23 129–37 NOBANIS 63 weed surveys 9–12, 130 see also weed emergence 36–9, 87–100, North America 61, 62 weed mapping 101, 104, 105, 249, 250, 252, parasitic weeds 344 Asia 61 395–6 participatory approaches 71 Australia 77 Alertinf 99 rare weeds 78 Baltic States 77 effect of burial depth 247 remote sensing 62, 74 Canadian prairies 61 effect on crop production 36–9 resistant weeds 77 Czech Republic 61, 77 hydrothermal time sampling parameters 74 Denmark 9–10 model 97–8 site‐specific management 62 Finland 10, 61 modelling 97–9, 101–2 techniques 71–4 France 62 parasitic weeds 317–8 timing 74 Germany 62, 63 prediction 97–100, 365 WeedMap 77 Hungary 10, 61, 74, 75 WeedCast 99 wheat 62 India 77 weed flora 2–3 see also weed weed population dynamics Pakistan 77 surveys 100–05 Russia 61 in arable crops 2–3, 19, 249 Weed Research Organization 2, Serbia 77 BSBI survey 9 9, 14–7 southern central England 9, 11 changing status 2–3, 9–12, Weeds Act 1959, 12 Spain 10 61, 62 weeds, attitude to 18–9 Sweden 77 France 8 weed seed‐bank 10, 11, 14, UK 9, 62, 77 Germany 7–8 88–90, 101, 126, 249, 250 USA 61 and herbicides 154–6 in arable crops 6, 103 weed vegetative spread 85, in herbicide‐tolerant estimation 89–90 96–7, 390–3, 401–2 crops 10 Europe 90 bulbs 85, 390–1, 392 in horticultural crops 11 herbicide resistance 181, corms 390 organic systems 249 195, 201 creeping roots 85, 96 species shifts 61 in horticultural crops dormancy 96–7, 105, 392 at WRO 9 366–7, 380 fragmentation 390–2 weed‐free period 250 in organic fields 90 rhizomes 85, 96, 120, 226, 283, weed functional traits 124 parasitic weeds 316, 324, 301, 303, 390–3, 396, 399–400 weed genetic diversity 329–32 runners 390 117–24, 299 perennial species 90, 101, 391 stolons 85, 303, 390 weed identification 156 persistent 88 tap roots 85, 392–3 WeedMap 77 transient 88 tubers 282, 303, 390, 392, 398 weed mapping 13–4, 61–80 US maize 90 underground stems 390 see also individual crops weed control 157, 247 Welsh Development Agency 226

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wheat 104 weeds in France 62 Xanthium strumarium 76 Alopecurus myosuroides 4, weeds in Hungary 10 Xanthomonas 15, 39, 52–3, 76 weed suppressive abilities 45 campestris 364 competition and herbicide white mustard see Sinapis alba interactions 158 wild carrot see Daucus carota y crop rotation 247, 366 Wildlife and Countryside yellowhammer see Emberiza herbicide‐resistant Act 1981 20 citronella weeds 183, 188 wild mignonette see Reseda lutea yellow nutsedge see Cyperus parasitic weeds 318 wild oats see Avena spp. esculentus reduced tillage 403 wild radish see Raphanus yellow primrose see Ludwigia Sirius wheat growth raphanistrum grandiflora model 34 witchweed see Striga spp. yellow star‐thistle see Centaurea stale seed‐bed 99 woad 280–1 solstitialis volunteers 363 Yugoslavia 323, 397 weed flora 10, 11, 76, 87 x weed loss 1–2 Xanthium spp. 360 z weed‐seed production 126 Xanthium italicum 364 Zingiberaceae 295

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