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Redalyc.A Guide to Planning Qualitative Research Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría ISSN: 0034-7450 [email protected] Asociación Colombiana de Psiquiatría Colombia Syed, Rebecca J. A Guide to Planning Qualitative Research Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, vol. XXXV, núm. 3, 2006, pp. 419-427 Asociación Colombiana de Psiquiatría Bogotá, D.C., Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=80635310 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative A Guide to Planning Qualitative Research ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ A Guide to Planning Qualitative Research Rebecca J. Syed1 Abstract Introduction: Research in psychiatry overwhelmingly relies on quantitative methodology. However, qualitative research may be an invaluable tool in psychiatry. Its potential under utilisation is multi factorial: it is still regarded by some as a “soft option”, relatively few qualita- tive papers are accepted for publication in medical journals, some assert that health researchers would benefit from training in or collaboration with appropriately trained social scientists and numerous social scientists have produced various checklists, guidelines or manuals for qualitative research, which can be confusing and even contradictory. Aims: This article seeks to describe how to plan a qualitative study, with the aim of reducing apprehension and encouraging further qualitative research in the field of psychiatry. Methods: The main considerations when planning qualitative research will be outlined particularly with regard to: the question and background of the research area, the underlying philosophy, bias, ethical consideration followed by a nuts and bolts description of the methods. Discussion: There are many potential pitfalls in conducting qualitative research. These may involve poor planning, attempting unselectively to fulfill all of the quality criterion suggested in all the various checklists, or under estimating the resources necessary to meaningfully analyze qualitative data. Conclusion: With adequate planning, training and supervision, qualitative methodology is a valid, useful and publishable tool for those researching within the field of psychiatry. Key words: Qualitative research, depression, adolescents. Título: Guía para planear una investigación cualitativa. Resumen Introducción: Aunque la investigación en psiquiatría se apoya predominantemente en metodologías cuantitativas, la investigación cualitativa también constituye una herramien- ta invaluable. Sin embargo es subutilizada por diferentes causas: algunos la consideran una opción “blanda”, se publican pocos trabajos cualitativos en revistas médicas, algunos afir- man que los investigadores en salud se beneficiarían al trabajar en colaboración con los de las ciencias sociales, y las ciencias sociales han producido encuestas, guías y manuales de investigación cualitativa que pueden ser confusos o incluso contradictorios. Objetivos: Des- cribir cómo planear un estudio cualitativo para reducir la aprensión y estimular la investi- gación cualitativa en psiquiatría. Métodos: Las consideraciones principales al planear una investigación cualitativa se definirán particularmente por la pregunta y el trasfondo del área de investigación, la filosofía subyacente, los sesgos y las consideraciones éticas, seguidas de una descripción básica de los métodos. Discusión: Existen riesgos potenciales al llevar a ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ 1 B.A., M.A., MRCPsych, Visiting Professor of Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biosta- tistics, Javeriana University. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, vol. XXXV / No. 3 / 2006 419 Syed R. ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ cabo una investigación cualitativa, como that relatively few qualitative papers mala planeación, intentar de manera poco are accepted for publication in me- selectiva completar los criterios cualitativos dical journals (3) may reduce its pro- de las encuestas o subestimar los recursos necesarios para analizar los datos cualita- duction. Also, for health researchers, tivos de manera significativa. Conclusión: discouragement may result from the Con la planeación adecuada, entrenamiento assertion that they would benefit y supervisión, la metodología cualitativa es from training in or collaboration with una herramienta válida, útil y publicable appropriately trained social scien- para las investigaciones en el campo de la tists (4). Numerous social scientists psiquiatría. have produced various checklists, Palabras clave: investigación cualitativa, guidelines or manuals for qualita- depresión, adolescentes. tive research, which can be confu- sing and even contradictory (5). Tho- Introduction se working in psychiatry may the- refore come to the conclusion that Qualitative research is an um- qualitative research is not worth brella term describing several spe- even attempting, and should be left cific research methods that rely on to social scientists. the collection, analysis and interpre- tation of non-mathematical data. Aims Research in psychiatry overwhel- mingly relies on quantitative metho- This article attempts to provide dology (1). However, qualitative re- an outline of how those in the field search may be an invaluable tool in of psychiatry can go about planning psychiatry not only to assist in the high quality qualitative research resolution of current policy impera- whilst avoiding potential pitfalls, tives, such as calls for patient invol- using examples from the protocol “A vement and more thorough evalua- qualitative study investigating de- tion of services but also providing pressive prodrome in adolescents” insights into the phenomenology, which is published in this edition. diagnosis, treatment, management, prevention, and general understan- Methods ding of psychiatric disorders. Many factors may contribute to The main considerations when this potential under utilisation of planning qualitative research will be qualitative methods in psychiatry. outlined particularly with regard to It is still regarded by some as a “soft the question and background of the option”, lacking scientific rigour, research area, the underlying philo- open to possible bias or even fraud sophy, bias, ethical consideration (2) and a form of research unsuited followed by a nuts and bolts descrip- to evidence based practice. The fact tion of the methods. 420 Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, vol. XXXV / No. 3 / 2006 A Guide to Planning Qualitative Research ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ The study background and question qualitative study investigating de- Is the area being considered pressive prodrome in adolescents”. important and relevant? Qualitative methods may be more suited than quantitative me- Considerable time and expertise thods for describing many kinds of can be saved if these essential ques- complex settings and interactions; tions are thought about at the pla- including interactions amongst pa- nning stage. Research can be relevant tients, families, clinicians, within when it either adds to knowledge or and between professional groups increases the confidence with which and organizations, in communities existing knowledge is regarded. and within markets (7). This may be Another important dimension to rele- useful in psychiatry in exploring vance is the extent to which the areas such as attitudes, stigma (8), findings can be generalized beyond relationships and social interactions. the setting in which they were gene- rated, this also needs to be considered Underlying Philosophy in planning the sampling strategy. As stated earlier there are con- trasting ideas on quality assurance How will conducting a qualitative and assessment in qualitative re- study contribute to the field of study? search, as evidenced by the contras- ting and sometimes even contradic- Often qualitative research gene- tory guidelines, checklists and ma- rates hypotheses. If we were to con- nuals. These spring from different ceptualize research as reducing views on the philosophical founda- uncertainty, when a field is evolving, tion of qualitative methods held by not only is there uncertainty about different academics. Some believe answers but about what the right that qualitative research has entire- questions might be and how to fra- ly different theoretical under- me them in order to get answers and pinnings to quantitative research about where and to whom these and therefore cannot be assessed in questions should be addressed. the same way. Others believe that Therefore qualitative studies are although there are some differences invaluable in new fields of study and in the underlying theory, qualitative are often used when developing research can be assessed using si- theories or conceptual frameworks. milar ideas as quantitative research. For example, they have been useful On one end of the spectrum are in the developing field of early those that say that each research intervention research in psychotic perspective is unique and equally va- disorders (6) and have potential for lid in its own terms. This would mean similar use in depression, hence the that research could provide no development of the protocol for “A unequivocal insights relevant to Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, vol. XXXV / No. 3 / 2006 421 Syed R. ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○ action, and would therefore be of quently by
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