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(Open Access), Un Modelo Necesario De Comunicación Científica Pediatría Atención Primaria, Vol Pediatría Atención Primaria ISSN: 1139-7632 [email protected] Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria España San José Montano, B. Acceso abierto (open access), un modelo necesario de comunicación científica Pediatría Atención Primaria, vol. XI, núm. 42, abril-junio, 2009, pp. 299-311 Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria Madrid, España Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=366638711011 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina, el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Colaboraciones especiales Acceso abierto (open access), un modelo necesario de comunicación científica B. San José Montano Bibliotecaria Ciencias de la Salud. Biblioteca, Hospital de Móstoles. Móstoles, Madrid. España. Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria. 2009;11:299-311 Blanca San José Montano, [email protected] Resumen La comunicación científica es imprescindible para el desarrollo de la ciencia, y su núcleo fundamental de difusión son las revistas científicas. En el actual ambiente electrónico, como res- puesta al continuo aumento de información científica, su elevado coste y la crisis económica, nace el movimiento de acceso abierto. Este movimiento pretende eliminar barreras económicas y legales en la difusión de los resultados de la investigación. Su objetivo es maximizar el impacto de la investigación facilitando su acceso. Este trabajo describe su origen, desarrollo, apoyos, fu- turo inmediato y, también, los mecanismos para la publicación en acceso abierto, el autoarchi- vado y el uso de los recolectores y buscadores específicos. Palabras clave: Acceso abierto, Comunicación científica, Revistas electrónicas, Repositorios, Recolectores. Abstract Scientific communication is essential for the development of the science practice and its co- re is the scientific journals. The open access movement appears within the current electronic en- vironment as an answer to the continuous growing of information, its high cost and the econo- mic crisis. This movement seeks to eliminate economic and legal barriers in the dissemination of the research results. Its objective is to maximize the impact of research by facilitating its access. This paper describes its origin, development, support and future; and it also describes the pro- cess to open access publishing and self-archiving in repositories, the search engines and collec- tors specific to open access. Key words: Open access, Scientific communication, E-journals, Repositories, Collectors. Introducción investigación es imprescindible en el de- La comunicación científica como ins- sarrollo de la práctica de la ciencia. En el trumento de difusión de los resultados de ámbito científico, técnico y médico, el La autora declara no presentar conflictos de intereses en relación con la preparación y publicación de este texto. 299 Revista Pediatría de Atención Primaria Volumen XI. Número 42. Abril/junio 2009 San José Montano B. Acceso abierto (open access), un modelo necesario de comunicación científica núcleo fundamental del sistema de co- de desarrollo del país al que pertenece municación son las revistas científicas, las el investigador. cuales no son de acceso universal y gra- Las innovaciones tecnológicas y el uso tuito. Aunque la mayoría de la informa- de Internet han trasformado la comuni- ción que contienen las revistas está crea- cación científica en todos sus procesos. da por investigaciones financiadas con Las revistas electrónicas dejan de ser un fondos públicos, sus resultados no revier- producto para convertirse en un servicio ten como tal en beneficio de la sociedad. que facilita a los usuarios finales y a los Las instituciones y universidades pagan autores, la comunicación a través de en- dos veces, una por crear la información a laces y el empleo de nuevas herramien- través de sus investigaciones y otra por tas de información. adquirir el acceso a la información a tra- En este ambiente y contextualizado vés de sus bibliotecas para los investiga- dentro de la creciente necesidad de facili- dores. tar el acceso inmediato y sin restricciones Cada año aumenta el número de títu- al material digital educativo y académico, los de revistas científicas, así como el nace el movimiento de acceso abierto coste de su suscripción, a pesar del aba- (open access). Este movimiento pretende ratamiento de su actual edición en for- eliminar las barreras económicas y las le- mato electrónico. Además, en los últi- gales (copyright y licencias de acceso) mos años se ha producido un cierto principalmente en la difusión de artículos monopolio editorial, al fusionarse la pu- de investigación. blicación de las revistas más prestigiosas en unas pocas empresas comerciales. Origen y desarrollo del movimiento Por su parte, las bibliotecas viven inmer- open access sas en una crisis con la reducción o Su configuración y fundamentos1 se mantenimiento de sus presupuestos, el originan principalmente en tres reunio- aumento de las necesidades de sus nes (BBB), que concluyen cada una con usuarios y el crecimiento de sus activi- una declaración. dades y servicios para facilitar el acceso La conceptualización del movimiento a los recursos de información en cual- se origina en diciembre de 2001 en Bu- quier formato. Todo esto provoca que dapest, en una reunión organizada por el se mantengan las diferencias de acceso Open Society Institute (OSI). El objetivo a la información dependiendo del nivel de esta reunión era potenciar la libre dis- 300 Revista Pediatría de Atención Primaria Volumen XI. Número 42. Abril/junio 2009 San José Montano B. Acceso abierto (open access), un modelo necesario de comunicación científica posición de información científica en la to que establece términos y condiciones red. Esta reunión finalizó con la Declara- de uso). ción de Budapest sobre Acceso Abierto 2. Depositar los documentos en repo- (DOAI), que es una propuesta para ace- sitorios que tengan un procedimiento lerar el esfuerzo internacional para con- normalizado (no en páginas personales seguir el acceso libre a los artículos de in- o simples archivos digitales), ya que es- vestigación por Internet. La declaración te tipo de repositorio facilitará la pre- se realiza en base a dos pilares básicos: servación a largo plazo y la interopera- 1. Aboga por la supresión de barreras bilidad. que limiten el acceso al fruto de la inves- En octubre de 2003 en Berlín se pro- tigación como un bien universal al que duce la tercera declaración, que aboga todos tienen derecho, permitiendo a por la necesidad de desarrollar políticas cualquier usuario leer, descargar, copiar, de implicación de los investigadores con distribuir, imprimir, buscar o usar con el acceso abierto. Para ello se considera cualquier propósito legal, sin ninguna fundamental que a los investigadores se barrera financiera, legal o técnica fuera les requiera el depósito de una copia de de lo que es acceder a Internet. todo lo que publiquen en un repositorio 2. Proporcionar a los autores y a su de acceso abierto o su compromiso de obra un nuevo escenario, donde difun- publicar en revistas de acceso abierto. dirla y darle mayor visibilidad e impacto. Esta es la declaración que mayor impac- La única limitación en cuanto a repro- to ha tenido en la política científica ac- ducción, distribución y copyright será dar tual. a los autores el control sobre la integri- El objetivo principal de este movimien- dad de sus trabajos y el derecho de ser to es maximizar el impacto de la investi- adecuadamente reconocidos y citados. gación al maximizar el acceso a ella. Se En abril de 2003 se realiza la declara- han realizado estudios al respecto que ción de Bethesda con el fin de concretar muestran que los artículos disponibles en cómo se deben regular los derechos de línea aumentan la posibilidad de ser cita- autor en el entorno del acceso abierto. dos (336%)2. Este tema, en la actualidad, Las dos aportaciones más importantes de ha creado controversia por la posible esta reunión fueron: confusión en los estudios entre acceso 1. Establecer que el derecho de autor abierto y acceso electrónico3, pero en las estará garantizado bajo licencias (contra- conclusiones finales siempre se incre- 301 Revista Pediatría de Atención Primaria Volumen XI. Número 42. Abril/junio 2009 San José Montano B. Acceso abierto (open access), un modelo necesario de comunicación científica menta su citación aunque no tanto como Revistas de acceso abierto (vía dorada) se creía en un principio, ya que incluso Hoy en día, la publicación en abierto se este aumento puede ser debido a otras ha convertido en una opción alternativa causas4. Además, el impacto es un índice que convive con las formas tradicionales. de importancia que contribuye tanto al Pero este tipo de publicación también prestigio de los centros de investigación, tiene un coste. Dependiendo de la forma como al estímulo del progreso científico. en que se gestiona el coste de su publica- ción podemos dividirlas en: Rutas hacia el acceso abierto 1. El caso más puro de acceso abierto En Budapest se perfilan las dos grandes son las revistas que ni el lector paga por vías encaminadas a publicar en acceso acceder ni el autor paga por publicar y abierto que son: los autores mantienen el copyright sobre Vía dorada: publicar en revistas de ac- su trabajo, cediéndolos, sin exclusividad, ceso abierto, es decir, de acceso gratui- a la revista. Estas revistas suelen pertene- to y universal para el usuario final. En cer a instituciones académicas o socieda- los últimos años este tipo de revistas des profesionales que son las que asu- han tenido un importante desarrollo men su coste y mantenimiento y se con 3.890 revistas registradas en el Di- recogen en el DOAJ. rectory Open Access Journals (DOAJ). 2. Revistas incluidas en plataformas o Este directorio lista todas las revistas pu- portales de acceso abierto con financia- blicadas en acceso abierto y revisadas ción pública.
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