Chiswick Text

The explosion in lettering in Britain in the 1700s was driven by an expanding society and economy at the beginning of the industrial revolution. Chiswick is a letter that is borne of this time, as suited to the country pastoral as it was to the nascent urban industrial landscape.

PUBLISHED 2017 Even at small sizes, such as on a watch face or the caption of an engraving, vernacular style letterforms bear a DESIGNED BY PAUL BARNES remarkable similarity to the letters applied at the largest

10 STYLES sizes, such as on a shopfront. Chiswick Text is intended 5 WEIGHTS W/ ITALICS for use up to 14 , and brings a remarkably warm FEATURES PROPORTIONAL OLDSTYLE FIGURES character to text. Comfortable for long-form reading, PROPORTIONAL LINING FIGURES FRACTIONS (PREBUILT AND ARBITRARY) its personality is equally well-suited to short bursts of SUPERSCRIPT/SUBSCRIPT text on menus and invitations. Chiswick Text has been (ROMAN & ITALIC) CAPITALS & LETTERS adapted from the display versions, toning down the style DISCRETIONARY LIGATURES without becoming characterless. With multiple figure styles and small capitals, it will satisfy the needs of even the most rigorous microtypography.

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Chiswick Text Extralight Chiswick Text Extralight Italic Chiswick Text Light Chiswick Text Light Italic Chiswick Text Regular Chiswick Text Regular Italic Chiswick Text Semibold Chiswick Text Semibold Italic Chiswick Text Bold Chiswick Text Bold Italic

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TEXT, 8 – 18 PT The old English East India Company was established in mid-1600 through Royal Charter by Queen Elizabeth. In their first four voyages they’d fitted out for India, their central concentrations being in cotton silk, and opium. A joint venture in 1637 gave an

DECK, 18 – 48 PT Even after several mishaps some by way of The Dutch East India Company With a few calamities

HEADLINE, 30 – 90 PT Knowledgeable Commons

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ER VERFASSTE GEDICHTE SOWIE ROMANE UND DRAMEN UND A tanítási szünetnek köszönhetően, nyáron érezhetően csökken a város ÆTIOLOGI PLEJER MAN AT DELE SYGDOMMENS ÅRSAGER I DE Activities include hiking, kayaking, walks atop glaciers, and dog sledding CHISWICK TEXT EXTRALIGHT, EXTRALIGHT ITALIC, 14 PT

DI QUI L’IMPRESSIONE CONTRADDITTORIA CHE OFFRONO LA La segunda y quizás la más famosa es fruto de la decepción ideológica THE 3 KEYSTONE BENCHMARKS OF THEIR NOBLE RETAILER Announced the “new version” found online on the tenth of January CHISWICK TEXT LIGHT, LIGHT ITALIC, 14 PT [TITLING ROMAN g y, ITALIC A B J R Y f y of 3]

FINED £28.758 MILLION FOR ANTI-COMPETITIVE PRACTICES Een grote machtige handelsstad, met een imposante burcht op de THE FIRST 7 YEARS OF ITS EXISTENCE WERE VERY FRUITFUL Est l’étude des signes linguistiques, à la fois verbaux ou non verbaux CHISWICK TEXT REGULAR, REGULAR ITALIC, 14 PT [SWASH T st 7, ALTERNATE g]

CHOCIAŻ TERENY WOKÓŁ ÇANAKKALE ZAMIESZKANE BYŁY On average, 9,500 – 14,800 students were registered at the University ALLOWANCES OF UP TO £40,000 IN CREDIT INSTRUMENTS Some predicted that 72% of the public would take the sixth choice CHISWICK TEXT SEMIBOLD, SEMIBOLD ITALIC, 14 PT [OLDSTYLE FIGURES, ALTERNATE ROMAN R K g y, ITALIC S k p v]

DINS DE LA NOBLESA NAVARRESA DEL SEGLE XVI EXISTIEN A series chronicling their experience of becoming Danish citizens DINAMARQUÊS OCUPOU A CONDIÇÃO DE LÍNGUA OFICIAL Yeni bir dil olarak Norveççenin oluşturulması, milliyetçilik ve CHISWICK TEXT BOLD, BOLD ITALIC, 14 PT [TITLING ITALIC Y, ALTERNATE ITALIC C Q R a b d i k l m n r t u y]

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CHISWICK TEXT EXTRALIGHT, EXTRALIGHT ITALIC, REGULAR, 16/20 PT

EXTRALIGHT SMALL CAPS the spanish war, which began in 1739, and the EXTRALIGHT French war which soon followed it occasioned further increase of the debt, which, on the 31st of December 1748, after it had been concluded REGULAR by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, amounted to £78,293,313. The most profound peace of the sev- enteen years of continuance had taken no more PROPORTIONAL LINING FIGURES than £8,328,354 from it. A war of less than nine years’ continuance added £31,338,689 to it (as EXTRALIGHT ITALIC referenced in James Postlethwaite’s History of the Public Revenue). During the administration of Mr. Pelham, the interest of the public debt was PROPORTIONAL OLDSTYLE FIGURES reduced from 4% to 3%; or at least measures were taken for reducing it, from four to three per cent; the sinking fund was increased, and some part of the public debt was paid off. In 1755, before the breaking out of the late war, the funded debt of Great Britain amounted to £72,289,673. On the 5th of January 1763, at the conclusion of the peace, PROPORTIONAL LINING FIGURES [CAP-HEIGHT] the funded debt amounted to £122,603,336. The unfunded debt has been stated at £13,927,589. But the expense occasioned by the war did not end with the conclusion of the peace, so that though, on the 5th of January 1763, the funded debt was increased (partly by a new loan, and partly by funding a part of the unfunded debt) to £129,586,782, there still remained (according to EXTRALIGHT ITALIC the very well informed author of Considerations on the Trade and Finances of Great Britain) an unfunded debt which was brought to account

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CHISWICK TEXT LIGHT, LIGHT ITALIC, SEMIBOLD, 16/20 PT

LIGHT SMALL CAPS the spanish war, which began in 1739, and the LIGHT French war which soon followed it occasioned further increase of the debt, which, on the 31st of December 1748, after it had been concluded SEMIBOLD by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, amounted to £78,293,313. The most profound peace of the sev- enteen years of continuance had taken no more PROPORTIONAL LINING FIGURES than £8,328,354 from it. A war of less than nine years’ continuance added £31,338,689 to it (as LIGHT ITALIC referenced in James Postlethwaite’s History of the Public Revenue). During the administration of Mr. Pelham, the interest of the public debt was PROPORTIONAL OLDSTYLE FIGURES reduced from 4% to 3%; or at least measures were taken for reducing it, from four to three per cent; SEMIBOLD the sinking fund was increased, and some part of the public debt was paid off. In 1755, before the breaking out of the late war, the funded debt of Great Britain amounted to £72,289,673. On the 5th of January 1763, at the conclusion of the peace, PROPORTIONAL LINING FIGURES [CAP-HEIGHT] the funded debt amounted to £122,603,336. The unfunded debt has been stated at £13,927,589. But the expense occasioned by the war did not end with the conclusion of the peace, so that though, on the 5th of January 1763, the funded debt was increased (partly by a new loan, and partly by funding a part of the unfunded debt) to £129,586,782, there still remained (according to LIGHT ITALIC the very well informed author of Considerations on the Trade and Finances of Great Britain) an unfunded debt which was brought to account in

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CHISWICK TEXT REGULAR, REGULAR ITALIC, BOLD, 16/20 PT

REGULAR SMALL CAPS the spanish war, which began in 1739, and the REGULAR French war which soon followed it occasioned further increase of the debt, which, on the 31st of December 1748, after it had been concluded BOLD by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, amounted to £78,293,313. The most profound peace of the seventeen years of continuance had taken no PROPORTIONAL LINING FIGURES more than £8,328,354 from it. A war of less than nine years’ continuance added £31,338,689 to it REGULAR ITALIC (as referenced in James Postlethwaite’s History of the Public Revenue). During the administra- tion of Mr. Pelham, the interest of the public PROPORTIONAL OLDSTYLE FIGURES debt was reduced from 4% to 3%; or at least mea- sures were taken for reducing it, from four to BOLD three per cent; the sinking fund was increased, and some part of the public debt was paid off. In 1755, before the breaking out of the late war, the funded debt of Great Britain amounted to £72,289,673. On the 5th of January 1763, at the conclusion of the peace, the funded debt PROPORTIONAL LINING FIGURES [CAP-HEIGHT] amounted to £122,603,336. The unfunded debt has been stated at £13,927,589. But the expense occasioned by the war did not end with the con- clusion of the peace, so that though, on the 5th of January 1763, the funded debt was increased (partly by a new loan, and partly by funding a part of the unfunded debt) to £129,586,782, there still remained (according to the very well REGULAR ITALIC informed author of Considerations on the Trade and Finances of Great Britain) an unfunded

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CHISWICK TEXT EXTRALIGHT, EXTRALIGHT ITALIC, REGULAR, 10/13 PT CHISWICK TEXT LIGHT, LIGHT ITALIC, SEMIBOLD, 10/13 PT

Every introduction to the problems of aes- Every introduction to the problems of aes- thetics begins by acknowledging the existence thetics begins by acknowledging the existence and claims of two methods of attack—the gen- and claims of two methods of attack—the gen- eral, philosophical, deductive, which starts from eral, philosophical, deductive, which starts from a complete metaphysics and installs beauty a complete metaphysics and installs beauty in in its place among the other great concepts; its place among the other great concepts; and and the empirical, or inductive, which seeks to the empirical, or inductive, which seeks to disengage a general principle of beauty from the disengage a general principle of beauty from the objects of aesthetic experience and the facts of objects of aesthetic experience and the facts of aesthetic enjoyment: an example of Fechner’s aesthetic enjoyment: an example of Fechner’s “aesthetics from above & from below.” “aesthetics from above & from below.” Methodologies of Aesthetics Methodologies of Aesthetics The first was the method of aesthetics par The first was the method of aesthetics par excellence. It was indeed only through the excellence. It was indeed only through the desire of an eighteenth-century philosopher, desire of an eighteenth-century philosopher, Baumgarten, to round out his “architectonic” of Baumgarten, to round out his “architectonic” of metaphysics that the science received its name, metaphysics that the science received its name, as designating the theory of knowledge in the as designating the theory of knowledge in the form of feeling, parallel to that of “clear,” logical form of feeling, parallel to that of “clear,” logical thought. Kant, Schelling, and Hegel, again, thought. Kant, Schelling, and Hegel, again, made made use of the concept of the Beautiful as a use of the concept of the Beautiful as a kind of kind of keystone or cornice for their respective keystone or cornice for their respective philo- philosophical edifices. Aesthetics, then, came sophical edifices. Aesthetics, then, came into into being as the philosophy of the Beautiful, being as the philosophy of the Beautiful, and it and it may be asked why this philosophical may be asked why this philosophical aesthetics aesthetics does not suffice; why beauty should does not suffice; why beauty should need for its need for its understanding also an aesthetics understanding also an aesthetics “von unten.” “von unten.” The answer is not that no system The answer is not that no system of philosophy of philosophy is universally accepted, but that is universally accepted, but that the general aes- the general aesthetic theories have not, as yet at thetic theories have not, as yet at least, succeed- least, succeeded in answering the plain ques- ed in answering the plain questions of “the plain tions of “the plain man” in regard to concrete man” in regard to concrete beauty. Kant, indeed, beauty. Kant, indeed, frankly denied that the frankly denied that the explanation of concrete explanation of concrete beauty, or “Doctrine of beauty, or “Doctrine of Taste,” as he called it, was Taste,” as he called it, was possible, while the possible, while the various definers of beauty various definers of beauty as “the union of the as “the union of the Real and the Ideal” “the Real and the Ideal” “the expression of the Ideal expression of the Ideal to Sense,” have done no to Sense,” have done no more than he. No one more than he. No one of these aesthetic systems, of these aesthetic systems, in spite of volumes in spite of volumes of so-called application of of so-called application of their principles to their principles to works of art, has been able to works of art, has been able to furnish a criterion furnish a criterion of beauty. The criticism of the of beauty. The criticism of the generations is generations is summed up in the mild remark summed up in the mild remark of Fechner, in of Fechner, in his “Vorschule der Aesthetik,” to his “Vorschule der Aesthetik,” to the effect that the effect that the philosophical path leaves one the philosophical path leaves one in concep- in conceptions that, by reason of their general-

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Every introduction to the problems of Every introduction to the problems of aesthetics begins by acknowledging the exis- aesthetics begins by acknowledging the exis- tence and claims of two methods of attack—the tence and claims of two methods of attack—the general, philosophical, deductive, which starts general, philosophical, deductive, which starts from a complete metaphysics and installs beau- from a complete metaphysics and installs beau- ty in its place among the other great concepts; ty in its place among the other great concepts; and the empirical, or inductive, which seeks to and the empirical, or inductive, which seeks to disengage a general principle of beauty from the disengage a general principle of beauty from the objects of aesthetic experience and the facts of objects of aesthetic experience and the facts of aesthetic enjoyment: an example of Fechner’s aesthetic enjoyment: an example of Fechner’s “aesthetics from above & from below.” “aesthetics from above & from below.” Methodologies of Aesthetics methodologies of aesthetics The first was the method of aesthetics par The first was the method of aesthetics par excellence. It was indeed only through the excellence. It was indeed only through the desire of an eighteenth-century philosopher, desire of an eighteenth-century philosopher, Baumgarten, to round out his “architectonic” of Baumgarten, to round out his “architectonic” of metaphysics that the science received its name, metaphysics that the science received its name, as designating the theory of knowledge in the as designating the theory of knowledge in the form of feeling, parallel to that of “clear,” logical form of feeling, parallel to that of “clear,” logi- thought. Kant, Schelling, and Hegel, again, made cal thought. Kant, Schelling, and Hegel, again, use of the concept of the Beautiful as a kind of keystone or cornice for their respective philo- sophical edifices. Aesthetics, then, came into CHISWICK TEXT BOLD, BOLD ITALIC, 10/13 PT being as the philosophy of the Beautiful, and it Every introduction to the problems of may be asked why this philosophical aesthetics aesthetics begins by acknowledging the does not suffice; why beauty should need for its existence and claims of two methods of at- understanding also an aesthetics “von unten.” tack—the general, philosophical, deduc- The answer is not that no system of philosophy tive, which starts from a complete metaphys- is universally accepted, but that the general aes- ics and installs beauty in its place among the thetic theories have not, as yet at least, succeed- other great concepts; and the empirical, or ed in answering the plain questions of “the plain inductive, which seeks to disengage a general man” in regard to concrete beauty. Kant, indeed, principle of beauty from the objects of aes- frankly denied that the explanation of concrete thetic experience and the facts of aesthetic beauty, or “Doctrine of Taste,” as he called it, was enjoyment: an example of Fechner’s “aesthet- possible, while the various definers of beauty ics from above & from below.” as “the union of the Real and the Ideal” “the expression of the Ideal to Sense,” have done no methodologies of aesthetics more than he. No one of these aesthetic systems, The first was the method of aesthetics par in spite of volumes of so-called application of excellence. It was indeed only through the their principles to works of art, has been able to desire of an eighteenth-century philosopher, furnish a criterion of beauty. The criticism of the Baumgarten, to round out his “architectonic” generations is summed up in the mild remark of of metaphysics that the science received its Fechner, in his “Vorschule der Aesthetik,” to the name, as designating the theory of knowl- effect that the philosophical path leaves one in edge in the form of feeling, parallel to that of conceptions that, by reason of their generality, “clear,” logical thought. Kant, Schelling, and

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The increase of stock, which raises wages, The increase of stock, which raises wages, tends to lower profit. Subsequently, when the tends to lower profit. Subsequently, when the stocks of many merchants are turned into the stocks of many merchants are turned into the same trade, their mutual competition natural- same trade, their mutual competition natu- ly tends to lower its profit towards zero. Given rally tends to lower its profit towards zero; that there is a like increase of stock in all the and when there is a like increase of stock in different trades carried on in the same society, all the different trades carried on in the same the same competition must produce the same society, the same competition must produce realized effect in them all. the same realized effect in them all. Monthly & Yearly Public Debts of 1693 Monthly & Yearly Public Debts of 1693 In 1692, during the reigns of King William and In 1692, during the reigns of King William and Queen Anne, an act was passed for borrowing Queen Anne, an act was passed for borrowing one million upon an annuity of 18 1/2 per cent, or one million upon an annuity of 18 1/2 per cent, or of £140,000 a year for sixteen years. Realizing of £140,000 a year for sixteen years. Realizing further growth was possible, in 1691 an act was further growth was possible, in 1691 an act passed for borrowing a million upon annui- was passed for borrowing a million upon an- ties for lives, upon terms which in the present nuities for lives, upon terms which in the pres- times would appear very advantageous. Justly, ent times would appear very advantageous. in 1695, the persons who had purchased those Justly, in 1695, the persons who had purchased annuities were allowed to exchange them for those annuities were allowed to exchange

CHISWICK TEXT REGULAR, BOLD, 10/13 PT CHISWICK TEXT REGULAR ITALIC, BOLD ITALIC, 10/13 PT [OLDSTYLE FIGURES, DISCRETIONARY LIGATURES, [OLDSTYLE FIGURES, DISCRETIONARY LIGATURES, ALTERNATE C J K P Q R g k t y & £ 0 2 3 5 6 9] ALTERNATE C J K Q R S Y a b d f g h i k l m n p q r t u v w y & £ 0 2 3 4 5 8] The increase of stock, which raises wages, The increase of stock, which raises wages, tends to lower profit. Subsequently, when the tends to lower profit. Subsequently, when the stocks of many merchants are turned into the stocks of many merchants are turned into the same trade, their mutual competition natural- same trade, their mutual competition natural- ly tends to lower its profit towards zero. Given ly tends to lower its profit towards zero; and that there is a like increase of stock in all the when there is a like increase of stock in all the different trades carried on in the same society, different trades carried on in the same society, the same competition must produce the same the same competition must produce the same realized effect in them all. realized effect in them all. Monthly & Yearly Public Debts of 1693 Monthly & Yearly Public Debts of 1693 In 1692, during the reigns of King William and In 1692, during the reigns of King William and Queen Anne, an act was passed for borrowing Queen Anne, an act was passed for borrowing one million upon an annuity of 18 1/2 per cent, or one million upon an annuity of 18 1/2 per cent, or of £140,000 a year for sixteen years. Realizing of £140,000 a year for sixteen years. Realizing further growth was possible, in 1691 an act was further growth was possible, in 1691 an act was passed for borrowing a million upon annui- passed for borrowing a million upon annuities ties for lives, upon terms which in the present for lives, upon terms which in the present times times would appear very advantageous. Justly, would appear very advantageous. Justly, in in 1695, the persons who had purchased those 1695, the persons who had purchased those annuities were allowed to exchange them for annuities were allowed to exchange them for

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CHISWICK TEXT REGULAR, BOLD, 10/13 PT CHISWICK TEXT REGULAR ITALIC, BOLD ITALIC, 10/13 PT [OLDSTYLE FIGURES, ALTERNATE C J K Q R g k y & £ 0 2 3 5 6 9] [OLDSTYLE FIGURES, ALTERNATE C J K Q R Y a b d h i k l m n p q r t u y & £ 0 2 3 5]

The increase of stock, which raises wages, The increase of stock, which raises wages, tends to lower profit. Subsequently, when the tends to lower profit. Subsequently, when the stocks of many merchants are turned into the stocks of many merchants are turned into the same trade, their mutual competition naturally same trade, their mutual competition natural- tends to lower its profit towards zero. Given ly tends to lower its profit towards zero; and that there is a like increase of stock in all the when there is a like increase of stock in all the different trades carried on in the same society, different trades carried on in the same society, the same competition must produce the same the same competition must produce the same realized effect in them all. realized effect in them all. Monthly & Yearly Public Debts of 1693 Monthly & Yearly Public Debts of 1693 In 1692, during the reigns of King William and In 1692, during the reigns of King William and Queen Anne, an act was passed for borrowing Queen Anne, an act was passed for borrowing one million upon an annuity of 18 1/2 per cent, or one million upon an annuity of 18 1/2 per cent, or of £140,000 a year for sixteen years. Realizing of £140,000 a year for sixteen years. Realizing further growth was possible, in 1691 an act was further growth was possible, in 1691 an act was passed for borrowing a million upon annui- passed for borrowing a million upon annuities ties for lives, upon terms which in the present for lives, upon terms which in the present times times would appear very advantageous. Justly, would appear very advantageous. Justly, in in 1695, the persons who had purchased those 1695, the persons who had purchased those annuities were allowed to exchange them for annuities were allowed to exchange them for

CHISWICK TEXT REGULAR, BOLD, 10/13 PT CHISWICK TEXT REGULAR ITALIC, BOLD ITALIC, 10/13 PT [OLDSTYLE FIGURES, TITLING ALTERNATES] [OLDSTYLE FIGURES, SWASH ALTERNATES]

The increase of stock, which raises wages, The increase of stock, which raises wages, tends to lower profit. Subsequently, when the tends to lower profit. Subsequently, when the stocks of many merchants are turned into the stocks of many merchants are turned into the same trade, their mutual competition natural- same trade, their mutual competition natu- ly tends to lower its profit towards zero. Given rally tends to lower its profit towards zero; that there is a like increase of stock in all the and when there is a like increase of stock in different trades carried on in the same society, all the different trades carried on in the same the same competition must produce the same society, the same competition must produce realized effect in them all. the same realized effect in them all. Monthly & Yearly Public Debts of 1693 Monthly & Yearly Public Debts of 1693 In 1692, during the reigns of King William and In 1692, during the reigns of King William and Queen Anne, an act was passed for borrowing Queen Anne, an act was passed for borrowing one million upon an annuity of 18 1/2 per cent, or one million upon an annuity of 18 1/2 per cent, of £140,000 a year for sixteen years. Realizing or of £140,000 a year for sixteen years. Real- further growth was possible, in 1691 an act was izing further growth was possible, in 1691 an passed for borrowing a million upon annui- act was passed for borrowing a million upon ties for lives, upon terms which in the present annuities for lives, upon terms which in the times would appear very advantageous. Justly, present times would appear very advanta- in 1695, the persons who had purchased those geous. Justly, in 1695, the persons who had annuities were allowed to exchange them for purchased those annuities were allowed to

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Every introduction to the problems of aesthetics Every introduction to the problems of aesthetics begins by acknowledging the existence and claims begins by acknowledging the existence and claims of two methods of attack—the general, philosophi- of two methods of attack—the general, philosophi- cal, deductive, which starts from a complete meta- cal, deductive, which starts from a complete meta- physics and installs beauty in its place among the physics and installs beauty in its place among the other great concepts; and the empirical, or induc- other great concepts; and the empirical, or induc- tive, which seeks to disengage a general principle tive, which seeks to disengage a general principle of beauty from the objects of aesthetic experience of beauty from the objects of aesthetic experience and the facts of aesthetic enjoyment: an example of and the facts of aesthetic enjoyment: an example of Fechner’s “aesthetics from above & from below.” Fechner’s “aesthetics from above & from below.” Methodologies of Aesthetics Methodologies of Aesthetics The first was the method of aesthetics par excel- The first was the method of aesthetics par excel- lence. It was indeed only through the desire of an lence. It was indeed only through the desire of an eighteenth-century philosopher, Baumgarten, to eighteenth-century philosopher, Baumgarten, to round out his “architectonic” of metaphysics that round out his “architectonic” of metaphysics that the science received its name, as designating the the science received its name, as designating the theory of knowledge in the form of feeling, parallel theory of knowledge in the form of feeling, parallel to that of “clear,” logical thought. Kant, Schelling, to that of “clear,” logical thought. Kant, Schelling, and Hegel, again, made use of the concept of the and Hegel, again, made use of the concept of the Beautiful as a kind of keystone or cornice for their Beautiful as a kind of keystone or cornice for their respective philosophical edifices. Aesthetics, then, respective philosophical edifices. Aesthetics, then, came into being as the philosophy of the Beautiful, came into being as the philosophy of the Beautiful, and it may be asked why this philosophical aesthet- and it may be asked why this philosophical aesthet- ics does not suffice; why beauty should need for its ics does not suffice; why beauty should need for its understanding also an aesthetics “von unten.” understanding also an aesthetics “von unten.” The State of Criticism The State of Criticism The answer is not that no system of philosophy is The answer is not that no system of philosophy is universally accepted, but that the general aesthetic universally accepted, but that the general aesthetic theories have not, as yet at least, succeeded in theories have not, as yet at least, succeeded in answering the plain questions of “the plain man” answering the plain questions of “the plain man” in regard to concrete beauty. Kant, indeed, frankly in regard to concrete beauty. Kant, indeed, frankly denied that the explanation of concrete beauty, or denied that the explanation of concrete beauty, or “Doctrine of Taste,” as he called it, was possible, “Doctrine of Taste,” as he called it, was possible, while the various definers of beauty as “the union while the various definers of beauty as “the union of the Real and the Ideal” “the expression of the of the Real and the Ideal” “the expression of the Ideal to Sense,” have done no more than he. No one Ideal to Sense,” have done no more than he. No one of these aesthetic systems, in spite of volumes of of these aesthetic systems, in spite of volumes of so-called application of their principles to works of so-called application of their principles to works of art, has been able to furnish a criterion of beauty. art, has been able to furnish a criterion of beauty. The criticism of the generations is summed up in The criticism of the generations is summed up in the mild remark of Fechner, in his “Vorschule der the mild remark of Fechner, in his “Vorschule der Aesthetik,” to the effect that the philosophical path Aesthetik,” to the effect that the philosophical path leaves one in conceptions that, by reason of their leaves one in conceptions that, by reason of their generality, do not well fitthe particular cases. And generality, do not well fitthe particular cases. And so it was that empirical aesthetics arose, which does so it was that empirical aesthetics arose, which does not seek to answer those plain questions as to the not seek to answer those plain questions as to the enjoyment of concrete beauty down to its simplest enjoyment of concrete beauty down to its simplest forms, to which philosophical aesthetics had been forms, to which philosophical aesthetics had been

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Every introduction to the problems of aesthetics Every introduction to the problems of aesthetics begins by acknowledging the existence and claims of begins by acknowledging the existence and claims of two methods of attack—the general, philosophical, two methods of attack—the general, philosophical, deductive, which starts from a complete metaphysics deductive, which starts from a complete metaphysics and installs beauty in its place among the other great and installs beauty in its place among the other great concepts; and the empirical, or inductive, which seeks concepts; and the empirical, or inductive, which seeks to disengage a general principle of beauty from the ob- to disengage a general principle of beauty from the jects of aesthetic experience and the facts of aesthetic objects of aesthetic experience and the facts of aesthetic enjoyment: an example of Fechner’s “aesthetics from enjoyment: an example of Fechner’s “aesthetics from above & from below.” above & from below.”

Methodologies of Aesthetics Methodologies of Aesthetics The first was the method of aesthetics par excellence. The first was the method of aesthetics par excellence. It was indeed only through the desire of an eighteenth- It was indeed only through the desire of an eighteenth- century philosopher, Baumgarten, to round out his “ar- century philosopher, Baumgarten, to round out his chitectonic” of metaphysics that the science received “architectonic” of metaphysics that the science received its name, as designating the theory of knowledge in its name, as designating the theory of knowledge in the form of feeling, parallel to that of “clear,” logical the form of feeling, parallel to that of “clear,” logical thought. Kant, Schelling, and Hegel, again, made use thought. Kant, Schelling, and Hegel, again, made use of the concept of the Beautiful as a kind of keystone of the concept of the Beautiful as a kind of keystone or or cornice for their respective philosophical edifices. cornice for their respective philosophical edifices. Aes- Aesthetics, then, came into being as the philosophy of thetics, then, came into being as the philosophy of the the Beautiful, and it may be asked why this philosophi- Beautiful, and it may be asked why this philosophical cal aesthetics does not suffice; why beauty should need aesthetics does not suffice; why beauty should need for for its understanding also an aesthetics “von unten.” its understanding also an aesthetics “von unten.”

The State of Criticism The State of Criticism The answer is not that no system of philosophy is The answer is not that no system of philosophy is universally accepted, but that the general aesthetic universally accepted, but that the general aesthetic theories have not, as yet at least, succeeded in answer- theories have not, as yet at least, succeeded in answer- ing the plain questions of “the plain man” in regard to ing the plain questions of “the plain man” in regard to concrete beauty. Kant, indeed, frankly denied that the concrete beauty. Kant, indeed, frankly denied that the explanation of concrete beauty, or “Doctrine of Taste,” explanation of concrete beauty, or “Doctrine of Taste,” as he called it, was possible, while the various definers as he called it, was possible, while the various definers of beauty as “the union of the Real and the Ideal” “the of beauty as “the union of the Real and the Ideal” “the expression of the Ideal to Sense,” have done no more expression of the Ideal to Sense,” have done no more than he. No one of these aesthetic systems, in spite of than he. No one of these aesthetic systems, in spite of volumes of so-called application of their principles volumes of so-called application of their principles to works of art, has been able to furnish a criterion of to works of art, has been able to furnish a criterion of beauty. The criticism of the generations is summed up beauty. The criticism of the generations is summed up in the mild remark of Fechner, in his “Vorschule der in the mild remark of Fechner, in his “Vorschule der Aes- Aesthetik,” to the effect that the philosophical path thetik,” to the effect that the philosophical path leaves leaves one in conceptions that, by reason of their gener- one in conceptions that, by reason of their generality, do ality, do not well fitthe particular cases. not well fitthe particular cases.

The Rise of the Empiricists The Rise of the Empiricists And so it was that empirical aesthetics arose, which And so it was that empirical aesthetics arose, which does not seek to answer those plain questions as to does not seek to answer those plain questions as to the enjoyment of concrete beauty down to its simplest the enjoyment of concrete beauty down to its simplest forms, to which philosophical aesthetics had been forms, to which philosophical aesthetics had been inadequate. But it is clear that neither has empirical inadequate. But it is clear that neither has empirical aesthetics said the last word concerning beauty. Criti- aesthetics said the last word concerning beauty. Criti- cism is still in a chaotic state that would be impossible cism is still in a chaotic state that would be impossible if aesthetic theory were firmly grounded. This situation if aesthetic theory were firmly grounded. This situation appears to me to be due to the inherent inadequacy and appears to me to be due to the inherent inadequacy and

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SITUATIONIST INTERNATIONAL (SI) was SITUATIONIST INTERNATIONAL (SI) was SITUATIONIST INTERNATIONAL (SI) a group of international revolutionar- a group of international revolutionar- was a group of international revolu- ies founded in 1957. With their ideas ies founded in 1957. With their ideas tionaries founded in 1957. With their rooted in Marxism and the 20th century rooted in Marxism and the 20th century ideas rooted in Marxism and the 20th European artistic avantgarde, they ad- European artistic avantgarde, they ad- century European artistic avantgarde, vocated experiences of life being alter- vocated experiences of life being alter- they advocated experiences of life be- native to those admitted by the capital- native to those admitted by the capital- ing alternative to those admitted by ist order, for the fulfillment of human ist order, for the fulfillment of human the capitalist order, for the fulfillment primitive desires and the pursuing of a primitive desires and the pursuing of a of human primitive desires and the superior passional quality. For this pur- superior passional quality. For this pur- pursuing of a superior passional qual- pose they suggested and experimented pose they suggested and experimented ity. For this purpose they suggested and with the construction of situations; the with the construction of situations; the experimented with the construction of setting up of environments favorable setting up of environments favorable for situations; the setting up of environ- for the fulfillment of such desires. Using the fulfillment of such desires. Using ments favorable for the fulfillment of methods drawn from the arts, they de- methods drawn from the arts, they de- such desires. Using methods drawn veloped a series of experimental fields veloped a series of experimental fields from the arts, they developed a series of study for the construction of such, of study for the construction of such, of experimental fields of study for like unitary urbanism. like unitary urbanism. the construction of such, like unitary The sense of constructing situations The sense of constructing situations urbanism. is to fulfill human primitive desires is to fulfill human primitive desires and The sense of constructing situations and pursue a superior passional qual- pursue a superior passional quality. is to fulfill human primitive desires ity. From Internationale Situationiste From Internationale Situationiste and pursue a superior passional qual- #1: “This alone can lead to the further #1: “This alone can lead to the further ity. From Internationale Situationiste clarification of these simple basic clarification of these simple basic #1: “This alone can lead to the further desires, and to the confused emer- desires, and to the confused emer- clarification of these simple basic gence of new desires whose material gence of new desires whose material desires, and to the confused emergence roots will be precisely the new reality roots will be precisely the new reality of new desires whose material roots will engendered by situationist construc- engendered by situationist construc- be precisely the new reality engendered

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SITUATIONIST INTERNATIONAL (SI) was a group SITUATIONIST INTERNATIONAL (SI) was a group SITUATIONIST INTERNATIONAL (SI) was a group of international revolutionaries founded in of international revolutionaries founded in of international revolutionaries founded in 1957. With their ideas rooted in Marxism and 1957. With their ideas rooted in Marxism and 1957. With their ideas rooted in Marxism and the 20th century European artistic avantgarde, the 20th century European artistic avantgarde, the 20th century European artistic avantgarde, they advocated experiences of life being they advocated experiences of life being they advocated experiences of life being alter- alternative to those admitted by the capitalist alternative to those admitted by the capitalist native to those admitted by the capitalist order, order, for the fulfillment of human primitive order, for the fulfillment of human primitive for the fulfillment of human primitive desires desires and the pursuing of a superior passional desires and the pursuing of a superior passional and the pursuing of a superior passional qual- quality. For this purpose they suggested and ex- quality. For this purpose they suggested and ex- ity. For this purpose they suggested and experi- perimented with the construction of situations; perimented with the construction of situations; mented with the construction of situations; the setting up of environments favorable for the setting up of environments favorable for the setting up of environments favorable for the fulfillment of such desires. Using methods the fulfillment of such desires. Using methods the fulfillment of such desires. Using methods drawn from the arts, they developed a series of drawn from the arts, they developed a series of drawn from the arts, they developed a series of experimental fields of study for the construc- experimental fields of study for the construc- experimental fields of study for the construc- tion of such, like unitary urbanism. tion of such, like unitary urbanism. tion of such, like unitary urbanism. The sense of constructing situations is to The sense of constructing situations is to The sense of constructing situations is to fulfill human primitive desires and pursue a fulfill human primitive desires and pursue a fulfill human primitive desires and pursue a superior passional quality. From Internatio- superior passional quality. From Internatio- superior passional quality. From Internatio- nale Situationiste #1: “This alone can lead to nale Situationiste #1: “This alone can lead to nale Situationiste #1: “This alone can lead to the further clarification of these simple basic the further clarification of these simple basic the further clarification of these simple basic desires, and to the confused emergence of new desires, and to the confused emergence of new desires, and to the confused emergence of new desires whose material roots will be precisely desires whose material roots will be precisely desires whose material roots will be precisely the new reality engendered by situationist the new reality engendered by situationist the new reality engendered by situationist constructions. We must thus envisage a sort of constructions. We must thus envisage a sort of constructions. We must thus envisage a sort of situationist-oriented psychoanalysis in which, situationist-oriented psychoanalysis in which, situationist-oriented psychoanalysis in which, in contrast to the goals pursued by the various in contrast to the goals pursued by the various in contrast to the goals pursued by the various currents stemming from Freudianism, each currents stemming from Freudianism, each currents stemming from Freudianism, each of the participants in this adventure would of the participants in this adventure would of the participants in this adventure would discover desires for specific ambiences in order discover desires for specific ambiences in order discover desires for specific ambiences in order to fulfill them. Each person must seek what he to fulfill them. Each person must seek what he to fulfill them. Each person must seek what he loves, what attracts him. Through this method loves, what attracts him. Through this method loves, what attracts him. Through this method

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The Spanish War, which began in 1739, and the The Spanish War, which began in 1739, and the French war which soon followed it occasioned further French war which soon followed it occasioned further increase of the debt, which, on the 31st of December increase of the debt, which, on the 31st of December 1748, after the war had been concluded by the Treaty 1748, after the war had been concluded by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, amounted to £78,293,313. The of Aix-la-Chapelle, amounted to £78,293,313. The most profound peace of seventeen years continuance most profound peace of seventeen years continuance had taken no more than £8,328,354. from it. A war of had taken no more than £8,328,354. from it. A war of less than nine years’ continuance added £31,338,689 to it. (Refer to James Postlethwaite’s The History of less than nine years’ continuance added £31,338,689 the Public Revenue.) During the administration of Mr. to it. (Refer to James Postlethwaite’s The History of Pelham, the interest of the public debt was reduced, the Public Revenue.) During the administration of Mr. or at least measures were taken for reducing it, from Pelham, the interest of the public debt was reduced, four to three per cent; the sinking fund was increased, or at least measures were taken for reducing it, from and some part of the public debt was paid off. In 1755, four to three per cent; the sinking fund was increased, before the breaking out of the late war, the funded and some part of the public debt was paid off. In 1755, debt of Great Britain amounted to £72,289,673. On the before the breaking out of the late war, the funded 5th of January 1763, at the conclusion of the peace, the debt of Great Britain amounted to £72,289,673. On the funded debt amounted to £122,603,336. The unfund- 5th of January 1763, at the conclusion of the peace, the ed debt has been stated at £13,927,589. funded debt amounted to £122,603,336. The unfund- ed debt has been stated at £13,927,589.

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The Spanish War, which began in 1739, and the The Spanish War, which began in 1739, and the French war which soon followed it occasioned further French war which soon followed it occasioned further increase of the debt, which, on the 31st of December increase of the debt, which, on the 31st of December 1748, after the war had been concluded by the Treaty 1748, after the war had been concluded by the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, amounted to £78,293,313. The of Aix-la-Chapelle, amounted to £78,293,313. The most profound peace of seventeen years continuance most profound peace of seventeen years continuance had taken no more than £8,328,354. from it. A war of had taken no more than £8,328,354. from it. A war of less than nine years’ continuance added £31,338,689 less than nine years’ continuance added £31,338,689 to it. (Refer to James Postlethwaite’s The History of to it. (Refer to James Postlethwaite’s The History of the Public Revenue.) During the administration of Mr. Pelham, the interest of the public debt was reduced, the Public Revenue.) During the administration of Mr. or at least measures were taken for reducing it, from Pelham, the interest of the public debt was reduced, four to three per cent; the sinking fund was increased, or at least measures were taken for reducing it, from and some part of the public debt was paid off. In 1755, four to three per cent; the sinking fund was increased, before the breaking out of the late war, the funded and some part of the public debt was paid off. In 1755, debt of Great Britain amounted to £72,289,673. On the before the breaking out of the late war, the funded 5th of January 1763, at the conclusion of the peace, the debt of Great Britain amounted to £72,289,673. On the funded debt amounted to £122,603,336. The unfund- 5th of January 1763, at the conclusion of the peace, the ed debt has been stated at £13,927,589. funded debt amounted to £122,603,336. The unfund-

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Ačkoli klimšova nenapsala knih mnoho, přece Der var en lille havfisk af god familie, navnet zná ji ta naše četbychtivá mládež tuze dobře. Zná husker jeg ikke, det må de lærde sige dig. Den lille ji zejména z knih: Z jara do léta, Kniha báchorek, fisk havde attenhundrede søskende, alle lige gamle; Paleček a Malenka, Z ráje, Rodinná skřínka a j., a de kendte ikke deres fader eller moder, de måtte pak z různých časopisů pro mládež, do nichž velice straks skøtte sig selv og svømme om, men det var en pilně přispívá. Její práce vesměs děti naše rády čítají, stor fornøjelse; vand havde de nok at drikke, hele poněvadž skutečně vynikají vším, čeho se na dobré verdenshavet, føden tænkte de ikke på, den kom nok; četbě žádá. Však Klimšova také pracuje s láskou, hver ville følge sin lyst, hver ville få sin egen historie, pracuje opravdově vážně a nevydá nic na světlo, co by ja det tænkte heller ingen af dem på. Solen skinnede důkladně nepodrobila soudu svému i soudu jiných. A ned i vandet, det lyste om dem, det var så klart, det to právě dodává jejím prácem té pravé ceny. Nuže se- var en verden med de forunderligste skabninger, og znammež se se životem této tiché a skromné pracov- nogle så gruelig store, med voldsomme gab, de kunne nice, seznammež se i s jejími pěknými spisy. Klimšova sluge de attenhundrede søskende, men det tænkte narodila se 7. dne měsíce prosince roku 1851. v Poličce. de heller ikke på, for ingen af dem var endnu blevet Otec její byl dosti zámožným a váženým měšťanem, slugt. De små svømmede sammen, tæt op til hver- měltě v Poličce dům a byl dlouhá léta členem obecní- andre, som sildene og makrellerne svømmer; men ho zastupitelstva, ba i městským radním. Při domě som de allerbedst svømmede i vandet og tænkte på měli Klimšovi zahrádku. Něžná matka Bohumilčina ingenting, sank, med forfærdelig lyd, ovenfra, midt milovala totiž velice květiny a při tom lnula také veli- ned imellem dem, en lang, tung ting, der slet ikke ville kou láskou ku zvířatům. Byla dobra, o vše, ale zvláště holde op; længere og længere strakte den sig, og hver o děti své starostliva, při tom pilna, šetrna a skoro až af småfiskene, som den ramte, blev kvast eller fik et příliš skromna. Podobala se, zvláště v pozdějším svém knæk, som de ikke kunne forvinde. Alle småfisk, de

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Sehen wir das Gesamtbild unseres heutigen En esta conferencia no pretendo, como en ante- Lebens nur mit unseren Augen an, so können wir die riores, definir, sino subrayar; no quiero dibujar, sino Folgerung ziehen, daß dieses Gebilde einen chaoti- sugerir. Animar, en su exacto sentido. Herir pájaros schen Charakter trägt, und es kann uns nicht wun- soñolientos. Donde haya un rincón oscuro, poner un dern, daß diejenigen, welche sich in diesem schein- reflejo de nube alargada y regalar unos cuantos espe- baren Chaos unwohl fühlen, der Welt entfliehen oder jos de bolsillo a las señoras que asisten. He querido sich in geistigen Abstraktionen verlieren wollen. Doch bajar a la ribera de los juncos. Por debajo de las tejas jedenfalls muß es uns klar sein, daß diese Flucht vor amarillas. A la salida de las aldeas, donde el tigre se der Wirklichkeit ein ebenso großer Irrtum ist wie jene come a los niños. Estoy en este momento lejos del Anlehnung an den reinsten Materialismus. Weder die poeta que mira el reloj, lejos del poeta que lucha con Flucht in das Mittelalter, noch der von verschiedenen la estatua, que lucha con el sueño, que lucha con la Kunsthistorikern empfohlene Wiederaufbau des anatomía; he huido de todos mis amigos y me voy con Olympos kann und die Lösung bringen. Unsere Zeit aquel muchacho que se come la fruta verde y mira hat eine andere Mission zu erfüllen als die des Mittel- cómo las hormigas devoran al pájaro aplastado por alters und des Hellenismus. Um die Aufgabe unserer el automóvil. Por las calles más puras del pueblo me Zeit richtig zu verstehen, ist es notwendig, daß wir encontraréis; por el aire viajero y la luz tendida de las nicht nur mit unseren Augen, sondern vielmehr mit melodías que Rodrigo Caro llamó “reverendas madres unseren innerlichen Sinnesorganen die Lebensst- de todos los cantares”. Por todos los sitios donde se ruktur erfassen. Haben wir einmal die Synthese des abre la tierna orejita rosa del niño o la blanca orejita Lebens aus der Tiefe unseres Wesens gewonnen und de la niña que espera, llena de miedo, el alfiler que als Inhalt von Kultur und Kunst anerkannt, so wird abra el agujero para la arracada. En todos los paseos es uns nicht schwer fallen an Hand von Dokumenten, que yo he dado por España, un poco cansado de

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Dada a son origine dans le dictionnaire. Dapprima, ripetendendo l’errore commesso C’est terriblement simple. En français cela signifie in gioventù, scrisse di animali che conosceva poco, e «cheval de bois». En allemand «va te faire, au revoir, le sue favole risonarono di ruggiti e barriti. Poi si fece à la prochaine». En roumain «oui en effet, vous avez più umano, se così si può dire, scrivendo degli animali raison, c’est ça, d’accord, vraiment, on s’en occupe», che credeva di conoscere. Così la mosca gli regalò una etc. C’est un mot international. Seulement un mot et gran quantità di favole dimostrandosi un animale ce mot comme mouvement. Très facile à comprendre. più utile di quanto si creda. In una di quelle favole Lorsqu’on en fait une tendance artistique, cela revient ammirava la velocità del dittero, velocità sprecata à vouloir supprimer les complications. Psychologie perchè non gli serviva nè a raggiungere la preda nè Dada. Allemagne Dada y compris indigestions et a garantire la sua incolumità. Qui faceva la morale crampes brouillardeuses, littérature Dada, bourgeoi- una testuggine. Un’altra favola esaltava la mosca che sie Dada et vous, très vénérés poètes, vous qui avez distruggeva le cose sozze da essa tanto amate. Una toujours fait de la poésie avec des mots, mais qui terza si meravigliava che la mosca, l’animale più n’en faites jamais du mot lui-même, vous qui tour- ricco d’occhi, veda tanto imperfettamente. Infine una nez autour d’un simple point en poétisant. Guerre raccontava di un uomo che, dopo di aver schiacciato mondiale Dada et pas de fin, révolution Dada et pas una mosca noiosa, le gridò: “Ti ho beneficata; ecco de commencement. Dada, amis et soi-disant poètes, che non sei più una mosca”. Con tale sistema era très estimés fabricateurs et évangélistes Dada Tzara, facile di avere ogni giorno la favola pronta col caffè Dada Huelsenbeck, Dada m’dada, Dada m’dada, Dada del mattino. Doveva venire la guerra ad insegnar- mhm, dada dera dada, Dada Hue, Dada Tza. Com- gli che la favola poteva divenire un’espressione del ment obtenir la béatitude ? En disant Dada. Com- proprio animo, il quale così inseriva la mummietta ment devenir célèbre? En disant Dada. D’un geste nella macchina della vita, quale un suo organo. Ed

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Hajnali két órakor a segédtiszt belépett a Od wczoraj jakiś niepokój panuje w uliczce. Stary tábornok szobájába és jelentette, hogy a járőrök elin- Mendel dziwi się i częściej niż zwykle nakłada krótką dultak a hodricsi úton. Az asztalra állított petróleum- łajkę patrząc w okno. Tych ludzi nie widział on tu lámpa körül szétteregetett tereprajzok és jelentések jeszcze. Gdzie idą? Po co przystają z robotnikami, hevertek, rajtuk keresztbe dobva egy ezüstgombos śpieszącymi do kopania fundamentów pod nowy dom lovaglópálca. A tábornok a szoba közepén állt és niciarza Greulicha? Skąd się tu wzięły te obszarpane hideg arccal hallgatta a segédtiszt szavait. Kurtára wyrostki? Dlaczego patrzą tak po sieniach? Skąd nyírt szakála rőtesen csillogott a lámpafényben. mają pieniądze, że idą w pięciu do szynku? Stary Aranykeretes szemüvege mögül jeges nyugalommal Mendel kręci głową, smokcząc mały, silnie wygięty csillámlottak elő kék szemei. Csupa energia volt ez wiśniowy cybuszek. On zna tak dobrze tę uliczkę a hat láb magas, karcsú ember, aki egy hónap előtt cichą. Jej fizjonomię, jej ruch. jej głosy, jej tętno. Wie, vette át a feldunai hadtest parancsnokságát. De kiedy zza którego węgła wyjrzy w dzień pogodny most mégis, mintha valami fáradtságot vagy inkább słońce; ile dzieci przebiegnie rankiem, drepcąc do fásultságot árultak volna el mozdulatai. Némán ochronki, do szkoły; ile zwiędłych dziewcząt w bólintott s mikor a segédtiszt mögött becsukódott az ciemnych chustkach, z małymi blaszeczkami w ręku ajtó, kimerülten dobta magát a kopott díványra. Két przejdzie po trzy, po cztery, do fabryki cygar na nap óta mindig talpon volt s egyik izgalom a másik robotę; ile kobiet przystanie z koszami na starym, után érte. A Szélakna irányában fekvő főcsapat felé wytartym chodniku, pokazując sobie zakupione haladó ellenség már egy napi előnyt nyert a Zsarnócra jarzyny, skarżąc się na drogość jaj, mięsa i masła; ilu kirendelt zászlóalj parancsnokának ügyetlensége wyrobników przecłapie środkiem bruku, ciężkim folytán. Első felindulásában maga vette át a zászlóalj chodem nóg obutych w trepy, niosąc pod pachą vezényletét s negyvennyolc óra óta egy percre le nem węzełki, a w ręku cebrzyki, kielnie, liny. siekiery, piły.

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D. Benedita levantou-se, no dia seguinte, com He olivat ystäviä ystävyydessä, joka oli lähei- a idéia de escrever uma carta ao marido, uma longa sempää kuin veljeys. Nello oli pieni Ardennelainen carta que lhe narrasse a festa da véspera, nome- — Patras suuri Flamandilainen. He olivat saman asse os convivas e os pratos, descrevesse a recepção ikäisiä vuosilla mitattuna, mutta kuitenkin toinen noturna, e, principalmente, desse notícia das novas oli vielä nuori, toinen oli jo vanha. He olivat asuneet relações com D. Maria dos Anjos. A mala fechava-se yhdessä koko ikänsä; molemmat he olivat orpoja ja às duas horas da tarde, D. Benedita acordara às nove, kurjia sekä saivat leipänsä samasta kädestä. Se oli e, não morando longe (morava no Campo da Acla- ollut heidän siteensä alku, heidän ensimmäinen sym- mação), um escravo levaria a carta ao correio muito a patian säikeensä; se oli vahvistunut päivä päivältä tempo. Demais, chovia; D. Benedita arredou a cortina ja kasvanut heidän mukanaan kiinteänä ja erotta- da janela, deu com os vidros molhados; era uma mattomana niin, että he alkoivat rakastaa toisiansa chuvinha teimosa, o céu estava todo brochado de uma erittäin paljon. Heidän kotinsa oli pieni mökki pienen cor pardo-escura, malhada de grossas nuvens negras. Flamandilaisen kylän reunalla, peninkulman Ao longe, viu flutuar e voar o pano que cobria o balaio päässä Antverpenistä. Kylä sijaitsi leveiden laidun- que uma preta levava à cabeça: concluiu que ventava. kaistaleiden ja viljavainioiden välissä, ja sen läpi vir- Magnífico dia para não sair, e, portanto, escrever uma taavan suuren kanavan reunamilla kasvoi pitkät rivit carta, duas cartas, todas as cartas de uma esposa ao tuulessa taipuvia poppeleita ja tervaleppiä. Siinä oli marido ausente. Ninguém viria tentá-la. Enquanto ela parikymmentä maatilaa ja taloa, joiden ikkunaluu- compõe os babadinhos e rendas do roupão branco, kut olivat kirkkaan vihreät tai taivaansiniset ja katot um roupão de cambraia que o desembargador lhe ruusunpunaiset tai mustavalkoiset sekä seinät niin dera em 1862, no mesmo dia aniversário, 19 de setem- valkoisiksi maalatut, että ne loistivat auringossa kuin bro, convido a leitora a observar-lhe as feições. Vê que puhdas lumi. Kylän keskustassa oli tuulimylly pienel-

SVENSKA (SWEDISH) TÜRKÇE (TURKISH) CHISWICK TEXT REGULAR, REGULAR ITALIC, 9/12 PT CHISWICK TEXT REGULAR, REGULAR ITALIC, 9/12 PT

Klockan var mellan åtta och nio den vackra Sadık genç, araladığı kapıyı çekince, yine birden majmorgonen, då Arvid Falk efter scenen hos brodern kararan sanduka sükunu içinde, İskender Paşa, vandrade gatorna framåt, missnöjd med sig själv, galeyansız ibadetine başlardı. Artık dünyaya dair missnöjd med brodern och missnöjd med det hela. hiçbir ümidi kalmamıştı. İstediği yalnız bir iman Han önskade att det vore mulet och att han hade då- selametiydi. Vâkıa korkak bir adam değildi. Ama, ligt sällskap. Att han var en skurk, det trodde han icke muhakkak bir ölümü her gün, her saat, her dakika, fullt på, men han var icke nöjd med sig själv, han var hatta her saniye beklemek… Onun cesaretini kırmış, så van att ställa höga fordringar på sig, och han var sinirlerini zayıflatmıştı. Evet, ya kafası kesilecek, ya inlärd att i brodern se ett slags styvfar, för vilken han boğulacaktı! Düşündükçe, ensesinde soğuk bir satırın hyste stor aktning, nästan vördnad. Men även andra sarih temasını duyar gibi oluyordu. Bu sarih temas si- tankar döko upp och gjorde honom bekymrad. Han linirken karşısına kendi boğuk hayali gelirdi; gözleri var utan pengar och utan sysselsättning. Detta senare patlamış, kavuğu bir tarafa yuvarlanmış, boynu yağlı var kanske det värsta ty sysslolösheten var honom bir kement ile sıkılmış, ayağından pabuçları çıkmış, en svår fiende, begåvad med en aldrig vilande fantasi ipek kuşağı çözülmüş, karanlık, köpüklü ağzından som han var. Under ganska obehagliga funderingar siyah dili sarkmış bir naaş… İskender Paşa’nın yerde hade han kommit ner på Lilla Trädgårdsgatan; han sürünen ölüsü! Titrer, gözlerini oğuşturur, yine följde vänstra trottoaren utanför Dramatiska Teatern salât-ü selamlarını çekmeye başlardı. Yakın akıbe- och befann sig snart inne på Norrlandsgatan; han tinin bu uzvî hatırası o kadar bariz, o kadar kuvvet- vandrade utan mål och gick rätt fram; snart börja- liydi ki… Çocukluğunun saf muhayyilesini süsleyen de stenläggningen bli ojämn, träkåkar efterträdde cennet bahçelerini, hûri, gılman alaylarını, Tûba stenhusen, illa klädda människor kastade misstänk- ağacını, Sırat köprüsünü şimdi düşünemiyordu bile… samma blickar på den snyggt klädde personen som Zihni durmuştu. Sinirleri, beyni pek yorgundu. Ye-

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UPPERCASE

LOWERCASE

SMALL CAPS

STANDARD

ALL CAP PUNCTUATION

SMALL CAP PUNCTUATION

LIGATURES

PROPORTIONAL LINING default figures

PROPORTIONAL LINING cap-height

PROPORTIONAL OLDSTYLE

SMALL CAP PROPORTIONAL LINING

PREBUILT FRACTIONS

NUMERATORS & DENOMINATORS

SUPERSCRIPT & SUBSCRIPT

SWASHES & DISCRETIONARY LIGATURES

TITLING ALTERNATES

STYLISTIC ALTERNATES all stylistic alternates include accented characters and ligatures where appropriate

HISTORICAL LONG S

ACCENTED UPPERCASE

ACCENTED LOWER CASE

ACCENTED SMALL CAPS

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UPPERCASE

LOWERCASE

SMALL CAPS

STANDARD PUNCTUATION

ALL CAP PUNCTUATION

SMALL CAP PUNCTUATION

LIGATURES

PROPORTIONAL LINING default figures

PROPORTIONAL LINING cap-height

PROPORTIONAL OLDSTYLE

SMALL CAP PROPORTIONAL LINING

PREBUILT FRACTIONS

NUMERATORS & DENOMINATORS

SUPERSCRIPT & SUBSCRIPT

SWASHES & DISCRETIONARY LIGATURES

TITLING ALTERNATES

STYLISTIC ALTERNATES all stylistic alternates include accented characters where appropriate

HISTORICAL LONG S

ACCENTED UPPERCASE

ACCENTED LOWER CASE

ACCENTED SMALL CAPS

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OPENTYPE FEATURES DEACTIVATED ACTIVATED FAMILY WIDE

ALL CAPS opens up spacing, moves Belts & [Socks] @ £9.70 BELTS & [SOCKS] @ £9.70 punctuation up

SMALL CAPS (Mayo) & ‘Ketchup’ @ €18? (Mayo) & ‘Ketchup’ @ €18?

ALL SMALL CAPS (Mayo) & ‘Ketchup’ @ €18? includes punctuation & figures (Mayo) & ‘Ketchup’ @ €18?

PROPORTIONAL LINING default figures March: $32,460 €11,895 March: $32,460 €11,895 April: ¥70,031 £97,215 April: ¥70,031 £97,215

PROPORTIONAL LINING March: $32,460 €11,895 March: $32,460 €11,895 April: ¥70,031 £97,215 April: ¥70,031 £97,215 PROPORTIONAL OLDSTYLE March: $32,460 €11,895 March: $32,460 €11,895 April: ¥70,031 £97,215 April: ¥70,031 £97,215

SMALL CAP PROPORTIONAL LINING March: $32,460 €11,895 March: $32,460 €11,895 April: ¥70,031 £97,215 April: ¥70,031 £97,215

PREBUILT FRACTIONS 2 1/2 1/3 2/3 1/4 3/4 3/8 5/8… 7/8 2 1/2 1/3 2/3 1/4 3/4 1/8 3/8 5/8 7/8

ARBITRARY FRACTIONS ignores numeric date format 21/03/15 and 2 9/118 46/923 21/03/15 and 2 9/118 46/923

DENOMINATOR for making arbitrary fractions 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789

NUMERATOR for making arbitrary fractions 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789

SUPERSCRIPT/SUPERIOR x158 + y23 × z18 − a4260 x158 + y23 × z18 − a4260 SUBSCRIPT/INFERIOR x158 ÷ y23 × z18 − a4260 x158 ÷ y23 × z18 − a4260

DISCRETIONARY LIGATURES ct st sp Fact hastens specialist acts Fact hastensspecialist acts

HISTORICAL FORMS historical long s Cross Accessible Brasseries Croſs Acceſſıble Bra�eries

LANGUAGE FEATURE Polski (Polish) kreska accent ŹRÓDŁA Ślady możliwość ŹRÓDŁA Ślady możliwość

LANGUAGE FEATURE Română ş accent FAIMOŞI conştiinţa artiști FAIMOŞI conştiinţa artiști

LANGUAGE FEATURE Nederlands IJ VRIJDAG ijsselmeer Rijk VRIJDAG ijsselmeer Rijk

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OPENTYPE FEATURES DEACTIVATED ACTIVATED ROMAN

TITLING ALTERNATES & g 2 3 4 5 6 9 (lining) Taught & raised 452 kids in 1935 Taught & raised 452 kids in 1935 2 3 4 5 (oldstyle)

SWASH & 2 7 (lining), 2 3 (oldstyle) 27 acts of valor & grit of 230 men 27 acts of valor & grit of 230 men (activates discretionary ligatures)

STYLISTIC SET 01 alternate C J K Q R g k y Rang Jack Q Cink at 9:13 for £20 Rang Jack Q Cink at 9:13 for £20 £ 0 1 2 3 5 6 9 & Œ quickly cranking 2,561 joints quickly cranking 2,561 joints

STYLISTIC SET 02 alternate t Quietly resets the master circuit Quietly resets the master circuit

STYLISTIC SET 03 alternate P R g The beginning of vogue pr firms The beginning of vogue pr firms

STYLISTIC SET 04 alternate K Q R g k y Kept key qr codes begrudgingly Kept key qr codes begrudgingly

STYLISTIC SET 07 alternate g Prologue to the giant awakening Prologue to the giant awakening

STYLISTIC SET 08 alternate g Figuring in their new mythology Figuring in their new mythology

STYLISTIC SET 10 alternate R Register an srt in Main Records Register an srt in Main Records

STYLISTIC SET 13 alternate y Sufficiently close by Center City Sufficiently close by Center City

STYLISTIC SET 14 double barred $ £ Final closing price of $254 / £201 Final closing price of $254 / £201

STYLISTIC SET 15 alternate & Local & federal government laws Local & federal government laws

STYLISTIC SET 16 alternate 1 2 4 7 8 (lining) Affected 224,178 citizens in 1845 Affected 224,178 citizens in 1845 alternate 1 4 5 8 (oldstyle)

STYLISTIC SET 17 increases stroke weight on Scrimped & saved for all £12,875 Scrimped & saved for all £12,875 £ 2 3 7 8 &

STYLISTIC SET 18 alternate y Seeks your company in January Seeks your company in January

STYLISTIC SET 19 alternate 6 9 The first collection of early 1969 The first collection of early 1969

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OPENTYPE FEATURES DEACTIVATED ACTIVATED ITALIC

TITLING ALTERNATES A B D J P Q R Y of RSVP to Yvonne by 24 of July RSVP to Yvonne by 24 of July various figures

SWASH A J M N Q T 2 7 (LF) 2 3 5 (OSF) All Queen’s 27th Festival in 1325 All Queen’s 27th Festival in 1325 (activates discretionary ligatures)

STYLISTIC SET 01 alternate C J K Q R Y t John & Quinn Cooke’s 36th Year John & Quinn Cooke’s 36th Year £ ¥ 0 1 2 3 5 6 9 &

STYLISTIC SET 02 alternate abdhijklmnpqrtuy All are invited for a 10pm party All are invited for a 10pm party (flat incoming serifs)

STYLISTIC SET 03 alternate C G J K S k v w Joint Chilean & Greek viewing Joint Chilean & Greek viewing

STYLISTIC SET 04 alternate J Q Quickly she flew to Jacksonville Quickly she flew to Jacksonville

STYLISTIC SET 05 alternate b d h k l p q t ct sp st þ Like many other smaller stamps Like many other smaller stamps (no incoming serifs)

STYLISTIC SET 06 alternate g v w y Give way to divergent varietals Give way to divergent varietals

STYLISTIC SET 07 alternate g Cataloging archaeological digs Cataloging archaeological digs

STYLISTIC SET 08 alternate g Advancing regular engagement Advancing regular engagement

STYLISTIC SET 09 alternate v w y Envisions new wavy variations Envisions new wavy variations

STYLISTIC SET 10 alternate A V W A Winter Viewing Opportunity A Winter Viewing Opportunity

STYLISTIC SET 11 alternate p Represented phenomenal plans Represented phenomenal plans

STYLISTIC SET 12 alternate f Sought to offer her future ideals Sought to offer her future ideals

STYLISTIC SET 13 alternate y Beyond simply a new itinerary Beyond simply a new itinerary

STYLISTIC SET 14 double barred $ £ Priced this weekend at £25 ($31) Priced this weekend at £25 ($31)

STYLISTIC SET 15 alternate S & Serena & Sam’s announcements Serena & Sam’s announcements

STYLISTIC SET 16 alternate 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 (lining) Exactly 245,738 born in fall 1854 Exactly 245,738 born in fall 1854 3 4 5 8 (oldstyle)

STYLISTIC SET 17 increases stroke weight on Had £7,382 in gold & silver bars Had �7,382 in gold & silver bars £ 2 8 &

STYLISTIC SET 18 alternate J f g y £ 2 Gatherings for 2nd of January Gatherings for �nd of January featuring live acts & fireworks featuring live acts & fireworks

STYLISTIC SET 19 removes ball terminals from YMCA’s Quick Juke is paying YMCA’s Quick Juke is paying J Q Y f g y 6 9 homage to 1969’s high artistry homage to 1969’s high artistry

STYLISTIC SET 20 alternate t Getting instant fame tomorrow Getting instant fame tomorrow

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OPENTYPE FEATURES DEACTIVATED ACTIVATED ITALIC

TITLING + STYLISTIC SET 18 alternate Y of 3 Yasmine’s, NYC, 23rd of May Yasmine’s, NYC, 23rd of May

SWASH + TITLING alternate swash A A Lazy Afternoon Spent Inside A Lazy Afternoon Spent Inside

SWASH + STYLISTIC SET 15 alternate swash A Available after 6th April, 2017 Available after 6th April, 2017

SWASH + STYLISTIC SET 18 alternate swash A All King Arthur’s Adventurers All King Arthur’s Adventurers

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STYLES INCLUDED IN COMPLETE FAMILY ABOUT THE DESIGNER

Chiswick Text Extralight Paul Barnes (born 1970) is a graphic designer spe- Chiswick Text Extralight Italic cializing in the fields of lettering, typography, type Chiswick Text Light design, and publication design. In the early 1990s he Chiswick Text Light Italic worked for Roger Black in New York where he was Chiswick Text Regular involved in redesigns of Newsweek, US and British Chiswick Text Regular Italic Esquire and Foreign Affairs. During this time he Chiswick Text Semibold art directed Esquire Gentleman and U&lc. He later Chiswick Text Semibold Italic returned to America to be art director of the music Chiswick Text Bold magazine Spin. Chiswick Text Bold Italic Since 1995 he has lived and worked in London. He has formed a long term collaboration with Peter Saville, which has resulted in such diverse work

SUPPORTED LANGUAGES as identities for Givenchy, ‘Original Modern’ for Manchester and numerous music based projects, Afrikaans, Albanian, Asturian, Basque, Breton, such as Gay Dad, New Order, Joy Division and Bosnian, Catalan, Cornish, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Electronic. Independently he has created identities Dutch, English, Esperanto, Estonian, Faroese, for luxury Italian shoe manufacturer Gianvito Rossi, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Greenlandic, and German publisher Schirmer Graf. Barnes has Guarani, Hawaiian, Hungarian, Ibo, Icelandic, also been an advisor and consultant on numerous Indonesian, Irish, Gaelic, Italian, Kurdish, Latin, publications, notably The Sunday Times Magazine, Latvian, Lithuanian, Livonian, Malagasy, Maltese, The Guardian and The Observer Newspapers, GQ, Maori, Moldavian, Norwegian, Occitan, Polish, Wallpaper*, Harper’s Bazaar and frieze. He has Portuguese, Romanian, Romansch, Saami, Samoan, designed many books for publishers all over Europe Scots, Scottish Gaelic, Serbian (Latin), Slovak, including Schirmer Mosel, Oxford University Press, Slovenian, Spanish (Castillian), Swahili, Swedish, the Tate, and the iconic Schirmer Graf series. Tagalog, Turkish, Walloon, Welsh, Wolof His interest in the modern and vernacular is encompassed in his ranging from the contemporary such as for Björk, through to the CONTACT extensive traditional British modern Brunel as seen in Condé Nast Portfolio. Whilst consultant Commercial Type to The Guardian he designed Guardian Egyptian 110 Lafayette Street, #203 with Christian Schwartz. Following the redesign of New York, New York 10013 The Guardian, as part of the team headed by Mark Porter, Barnes was awarded the Black Pencil from office 212 604-0955 the D&AD. They were also nominated for the Design fax 212 925-2701 Museum ‘Designer of the Year’. In September 2006, www.commercialtype.com with Schwartz he was named one of the 40 most in- fluential designers under 40 in Wallpaper*. A year later The Guardian named him as one of the 50 best COPYRIGHT designers in Britain.

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