The Listed Areas (10/10/2020)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Listed Areas (10/10/2020) Please read carefully “Navigation Limitations for Hull War, Strikes, Terrorism and Related Perils” to check “THE LISTED AREAS” with proper nautical/Admiralty charts. [MAP(1) ] This map shown herein is only for your information and you should not rely upon this map for geographical accuracy. THE LISTED AREAS(10 /10/2020) (F)Syria (G)Iraq (MAP (5)) (O)Iran (Q)Pakistan(MAP(3)) (J)Lebanon (MAP (5)) (I)Israel (MAP (5)) (P)Libya (H)Saudi Arabia (S)Persian or Arabian Gulf and (MAP (5)) adjacent waters including 60° the Gulf of Oman west of Longitude 58°E(MAP(5)) (T)United Arab (L)Eritrea Emirates(MAP(5)) (MAP (3)) (R)Oman(MAP(5)) 30° (N)Venezuela (K)Yemen (MAP (4)) (MAP (3)) 0° (C)Togo (MAP(2)) (M)Indian Ocean / Arabian Sea / (E)Somalia Gulf of Aden / Gulf of Oman / (MAP(3)) Southern Red Sea(MAP(3)) 30° (A)Nigeria(MAP(2)) (D)Gulf of Guinea(MAP(2)) (B)Benin(MAP(2)) 60° 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 150° 120° 90° 60° 30° Please read carefully “Navigation Limitations for Hull War, Strikes, Terrorism and Related Perils” to check “THE LISTED AREAS” with proper nautical/Admiralty charts. [MAP(2) ] This map shown herein is only for your information and you should not rely upon this map for geographical accuracy. Lagos (6° 26’N, 3° 24’E) Togo Benin (A) Nigeria ● Nigeria (B) Benin 6°06’45” Ghana ● (C) Togo 6° Warri (6°06’45”N, 1°12’E) (5° 31’N, 5° 44’E) ● (D) Gulf of Guinea Port Harcourt 12 nautical miles (4° 46’N, 7° 00’E) ● Cameroon 30 nautical miles 4° 3° Equatorial Guinea São Tomé and Príncipe Equator Gabon ● ● (0°40’S, 3°00’E) (0°40’S, 8°42’E) 0°40’ 1° 12’ 3° 5° 6° 8° 42’ 9° Please read carefully “Navigation Limitations for Hull War, Strikes, Terrorism and Related Perils” to check “THE LISTED AREAS” with proper nautical/Admiralty charts. [MAP(3)] This map shown herein is only for your information and you should not rely upon this map for geographical accuracy. Persian or Arabian Gulf Iran Pakistan and adjacent waters 25° including the Gulf of (E)Somalia Oman west of Longitude 58°E Oman (K)Yemen Saudi Arabia (L)Eritrea India 20° United Arab Emirates (M)Indian Ocean / 40 nautical miles Arabian Sea / Gulf of Aden / EritEritrearea Yemen Gulf of Oman / 15° Southern Red Sea Socotra Djibouti ● (O)Iran Ras Asir (Q)Pakistan 10° (11° 50’N, 51° 16.9’E) (R)Oman Ethiopia 50 nautical miles (S)Persian or Arabian Gulf and adjacent waters 5° Somalia including the Gulf of Oman west of Longitude 200 nautical miles Kenya Equator Maldives 5 8 °E (T)United Arab Emirates (M)Indian Ocean / Arabian Sea / 12 nautical miles area 5° Gulf of Aden / Gulf of Oman / 12 nautical miles area Southern Red Sea 12 nautical miles This exclusion area shall Seychelles not apply where the vessels or craft are transiting these TanzaniaTanzania Comoros areas and where such vessels or craft do not call 10° at any ports and/or places therein. 12° MozambiqueMozambique Madagascar 40° 45° 50° 55° 60°58° 65° 70° 75° 80° 85° 90° 95° Please read carefully “Navigation Limitations for Hull War, Strikes, Terrorism and Related Perils” to check “THE LISTED AREAS” with proper nautical/Admiralty charts. [MAP(4)] This map shown herein is only for your information and you should not rely upon this map for geographical accuracy. Jamaica Haiti Dominican Puerto Rico(U.S.) Republic (N) Venezuela Including all offshore installations located within its Exclusive Economic Zone, which is deemed to extend 200 nautical miles from the coast of mainland Venezuela. But this area; (i)shall not include any installations in the above area which are in the territorial waters, out to 12 nautical miles, of Islands, Dependencies or Countries which are not owned by Venezuela (ii)shall not apply to vessels or craft transiting Venezuelan waters. However, when For Hull AP / LOT AP / transiting, such vessels or craft shall not call at any port or place or interrupt Crew AP, no advices of their passage to engage in the transfer of cargo, stores, personnel or the like. calls to Venezuela other than Lake Maracaibo & Gulf of Venezuela South of 11°North, are required to Caribbean Sea be made by the Assured. 11° 10° Atlantic Ocean Venezuela Guyana Colombia Suriname 70° Brazil 60° Please read carefully “Navigation Limitations for Hull War, Strikes, Terrorism and Related Perils” to check “THE LISTED AREAS” with proper nautical/Admiralty charts. [MAP(5)] This map shown herein is only for your information and you should not rely upon this map for geographical accuracy. Iraq (G) Iraq (H ) Saudi Arabia (I ) Israel Israel 12 nautical miles (M) Indian Ocean / Arabian Sea / Umm Qasr Gulf of Aden / Gulf of Oman / (30° 02’N, 47° 57’E) Southern Red Sea 30° Khor-al-Amaya(Oil Terminal) Iran (O) Iran (R ) Oman (29° 47’N, 48° 48’E) (S) Persian or Arabian Gulf and ●Eilat adjacent waters including the Al Basra(Oil Terminal) Jordan (29° 41’N, 48° 48’E) Gulf of Oman west of Longitude 5 8 °E Kuwait (T) United Arab Emirates 50 nautical miles ● Al jubayl 58° Saudi Arabia 25° Qatar 52° Persian or Arabian Gulf Red and adjacent waters including Sea the Gulf of Oman west of Longitude 58°E Oman ●Jeddah United Arab Emirates 20° 35° 40° 45° 50° 55°.
Recommended publications
  • Tectonics of the Musandam Peninsula and Northern Oman Mountains: from Ophiolite Obduction to Continental Collision
    GeoArabia, 2014, v. 19, no. 2, p. 135-174 Gulf PetroLink, Bahrain Tectonics of the Musandam Peninsula and northern Oman Mountains: From ophiolite obduction to continental collision Michael P. Searle, Alan G. Cherry, Mohammed Y. Ali and David J.W. Cooper ABSTRACT The tectonics of the Musandam Peninsula in northern Oman shows a transition between the Late Cretaceous ophiolite emplacement related tectonics recorded along the Oman Mountains and Dibba Zone to the SE and the Late Cenozoic continent-continent collision tectonics along the Zagros Mountains in Iran to the northwest. Three stages in the continental collision process have been recognized. Stage one involves the emplacement of the Semail Ophiolite from NE to SW onto the Mid-Permian–Mesozoic passive continental margin of Arabia. The Semail Ophiolite shows a lower ocean ridge axis suite of gabbros, tonalites, trondhjemites and lavas (Geotimes V1 unit) dated by U-Pb zircon between 96.4–95.4 Ma overlain by a post-ridge suite including island-arc related volcanics including boninites formed between 95.4–94.7 Ma (Lasail, V2 unit). The ophiolite obduction process began at 96 Ma with subduction of Triassic–Jurassic oceanic crust to depths of > 40 km to form the amphibolite/granulite facies metamorphic sole along an ENE- dipping subduction zone. U-Pb ages of partial melts in the sole amphibolites (95.6– 94.5 Ma) overlap precisely in age with the ophiolite crustal sequence, implying that subduction was occurring at the same time as the ophiolite was forming. The ophiolite, together with the underlying Haybi and Hawasina thrust sheets, were thrust southwest on top of the Permian–Mesozoic shelf carbonate sequence during the Late Cenomanian–Campanian.
    [Show full text]
  • Oman: Politics, Security, and U.S
    Oman: Politics, Security, and U.S. Policy Updated May 19, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RS21534 SUMMARY RS21534 Oman: Politics, Security, and U.S. Policy May 19, 2021 The Sultanate of Oman has been a strategic partner of the United States since 1980, when it became the first Persian Gulf state to sign a formal accord permitting the U.S. military to use its Kenneth Katzman facilities. Oman has hosted U.S. forces during every U.S. military operation in the region since Specialist in Middle then, and it is a partner in U.S. efforts to counter terrorist groups and other regional threats. In Eastern Affairs January 2020, Oman’s longtime leader, Sultan Qaboos bin Sa’id Al Said, passed away and was succeeded by Haythim bin Tariq Al Said, a cousin selected by Oman’s royal family immediately upon Qaboos’s death. Sultan Haythim espouses policies similar to those of Qaboos and has not altered U.S.-Oman ties or Oman’s regional policies. During Qaboos’s reign (1970-2020), Oman generally avoided joining other countries in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC: Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates , Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman) in regional military interventions, instead seeking to mediate their resolution. Oman joined but did not contribute forces to the U.S.-led coalition against the Islamic State organization, nor did it arm groups fighting Syrian President Bashar Al Asad’s regime. It opposed the June 2017 Saudi/UAE- led isolation of Qatar and had urged resolution of that rift before its resolution in January 2021.
    [Show full text]
  • FMFRP 0-54 the Persian Gulf Region, a Climatological Study
    FMFRP 0-54 The Persian Gulf Region, AClimatological Study U.S. MtrineCorps PCN1LiIJ0005LFII 111) DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY Headquarters United States Marine Corps Washington, DC 20380—0001 19 October 1990 FOREWORD 1. PURPOSE Fleet Marine Force Reference Publication 0-54, The Persian Gulf Region. A Climatological Study, provides information on the climate in the Persian Gulf region. 2. SCOPE While some of the technical information in this manual is of use mainly to meteorologists, much of the information is invaluable to anyone who wishes to predict the consequences of changes in the season or weather on military operations. 3. BACKGROUND a. Desert operations have much in common with operations in the other parts of the world. The unique aspects of desert operations stem primarily from deserts' heat and lack of moisture. While these two factors have significant consequences, most of the doctrine, tactics, techniques, and procedures used in operations in other parts of the world apply to desert operations. The challenge of desert operations is to adapt to a new environment. b. FMFRP 0-54 was originally published by the USAF Environmental Technical Applications Center in 1988. In August 1990, the manual was published as Operational Handbook 0-54. 4. SUPERSESSION Operational Handbook 0-54 The Persian Gulf. A Climatological Study; however, the texts of FMFRP 0—54 and OH 0-54 are identical and OH 0-54 will continue to be used until the stock is exhausted. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS This manual will not be revised. However, comments on the manual are welcomed and will be used in revising other manuals on desert warfare.
    [Show full text]
  • Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman by Global Ocean Associates Prepared for Office of Naval Research – Code 322 PO
    An Atlas of Oceanic Internal Solitary Waves (February 2004) Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman by Global Ocean Associates Prepared for Office of Naval Research – Code 322 PO Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman Overview The Arabian Sea is located in the northwest Indian Ocean. It is bounded by India (to the east), Iran (to the north) and the Arabian Peninsula (in the west)(Figure 1). The Gulf of Oman is located in the northwest corner of the Arabian Sea. The continental shelf in the region is widest off the northwest coast of India, which also experiences wind-induced upwelling. [LME, 2004]. The circulation in the Arabian Sea is affected by the Northeast (March-April) and Southwest (September -October) Monsoon seasons [Tomczak et al. 2003]. Figure 1. Bathymetry of Arabian Sea [Smith and Sandwell, 1997]. 501 An Atlas of Oceanic Internal Solitary Waves (February 2004) Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman by Global Ocean Associates Prepared for Office of Naval Research – Code 322 PO Observations There has been some scientific study of internal waves in the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman through the use of satellite imagery [Zheng et al., 1998; Small and Martin, 2002]. The imagery shows evidence of fine scale internal wave signatures along the continental shelf around the entire region. Table 1 shows the months of the year when internal wave observations have been made. Table 1 - Months when internal waves have been observed in the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman (Numbers indicate unique dates in that month when waves have been noted) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 2 552 1251 Small and Martin [2002] reported on internal wave signatures observed in ERS SAR images of the Gulf of Oman.
    [Show full text]
  • RSIS COMMENTARIES RSIS Commentaries Are Intended to Provide Timely And, Where Appropriate, Policy Relevant Background and Analysis of Contemporary Developments
    RSIS COMMENTARIES RSIS Commentaries are intended to provide timely and, where appropriate, policy relevant background and analysis of contemporary developments. The views of the authors are their own and do not represent the official position of the S.Rajaratnam School of International Studies, NTU. These commentaries may be reproduced electronically or in print with prior permission from RSIS. Due recognition must be given to the author or authors and RSIS. Please email: [email protected] or call (+65) 6790 6982 to speak to the Editor RSIS Commentaries, Yang Razali Kassim. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ No. 81/2011 dated 18 May 2011 Indian Ocean Region: Critical Sea Lanes for Energy Security By Joshua Ho Synopsis The Indian Ocean region is home to three critical sea lanes used for global energy transportation. The disruption of these sea lanes, even temporarily, can lead to substantial increases in energy costs. What actions are required to keep these sea lanes safe? Commentary CHOKEPOINTS are narrow channels along widely used global sea routes. They are a critical part of global energy security due to the high volume of oil traded through their narrow straits. The Strait of Hormuz, leading out of the Persian Gulf, and the Strait of Malacca linking the Indian and the Pacific Oceans are two of the world’s most strategic chokepoints. They lie in the Indian Ocean region. Another important passage in the Indian Ocean region is the Bab el-Mandab, which connects the Arabian Sea and the Red Sea which leads to the Suez Canal. As the international energy market is dependent on reliable transport, the blockage of a chokepoint, even temporarily, can lead to substantial increases in total energy costs.
    [Show full text]
  • Arabian Peninsula from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Jump to Navigationjump to Search "Arabia" and "Arabian" Redirect Here
    Arabian Peninsula From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search "Arabia" and "Arabian" redirect here. For other uses, see Arabia (disambiguation) and Arabian (disambiguation). Arabian Peninsula Area 3.2 million km2 (1.25 million mi²) Population 77,983,936 Demonym Arabian Countries Saudi Arabia Yemen Oman United Arab Emirates Kuwait Qatar Bahrain -shibhu l-jazīrati l ِش ْبهُ ا ْل َج ِزي َرةِ ا ْلعَ َربِيَّة :The Arabian Peninsula, or simply Arabia[1] (/əˈreɪbiə/; Arabic jazīratu l-ʿarab, 'Island of the Arabs'),[2] is َج ِزي َرةُ ا ْلعَ َرب ʿarabiyyah, 'Arabian peninsula' or a peninsula of Western Asia situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian plate. From a geographical perspective, it is considered a subcontinent of Asia.[3] It is the largest peninsula in the world, at 3,237,500 km2 (1,250,000 sq mi).[4][5][6][7][8] The peninsula consists of the countries Yemen, Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.[9] The peninsula formed as a result of the rifting of the Red Sea between 56 and 23 million years ago, and is bordered by the Red Sea to the west and southwest, the Persian Gulf to the northeast, the Levant to the north and the Indian Ocean to the southeast. The peninsula plays a critical geopolitical role in the Arab world due to its vast reserves of oil and natural gas. The most populous cities on the Arabian Peninsula are Riyadh, Dubai, Jeddah, Abu Dhabi, Doha, Kuwait City, Sanaʽa, and Mecca. Before the modern era, it was divided into four distinct regions: Red Sea Coast (Tihamah), Central Plateau (Al-Yamama), Indian Ocean Coast (Hadhramaut) and Persian Gulf Coast (Al-Bahrain).
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Analysis of Strategic Competition in the Middle East And
    ense ef Ma f D n o a l g a e m Roudgar, J Def Manag 2017, 7:2 n r e u n o t J Journal of Defense Management DOI: 10.4172/2167-0374.1000164 ISSN: 2167-0374 ReviewResearch Article Article Open Access A Comparative Analysis of Strategic Competition in the Middle East and Asia-Pacific Iraj Roudgar* Department of Policy Studies, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Malaysia Abstract This study aimed to identify specific policies issues that contribute to the strategic competition in the Middle East and Asia-Pacific regions. It comprised the grand strategies of Iran, China, and North Korea -as pivotal regional actors- reactions in response to the USA military presence in the Persian Gulf, South China Sea, and Korean Peninsula. The conflicting security between the American global interests and regional powers’ interests has brought a sustainable competition in the world. The strategic competition has resulted in conflicting security and conflicts of policy objectives at the regional and global levels. The results also indicated that geopolitical dominance and an ability to launch nuclear weapons are the principal reasons for the strategic competition. Keywords: Alliances; Foreign policy; Grand strategy; Distribution of geographic choke point and main artery for the transport of oil from power; Strategic interests the Middle East. The USA imports are relativity little of the oil from the Strait of Hormuz, but two Americans alliances in Asia-Pacific such Introduction South Korea and Japan depended on the imports of crude oil. Thus, The conflicting security due to different kinds of regional and the stability of the Persian Gulf will remain an important focus of strategic interests and policy objectives at the regional and global levels Western strategy for many years to come.
    [Show full text]
  • Terrorism on the High Seas 2014
    Shipping & Offshore November TERRORISM ON THE HIGH SEAS 2014 The threat Energy crisis A recent on-line Al Qaeda propaganda publication The threat evidenced in the Al-Qaeda publication has once again highlighted the potential threat is worrying for the global shipping industry and posed to global shipping by terrorism. The for the world’s energy supply. Indeed, a secure inaugural edition of “Resurgence” contains energy supply is fundamental to the world an article ominously entitled “On targeting the economy. According to the 2014 BP Statistical Achilles Heel of Western Economies”. The article Review of World Energy, global primary energy highlights the vulnerability of certain key global consumption “accelerated” in 2013 for all fuels1. maritime chokepoints through which the majority Oil remains the world’s leading fuel, accounting of world energy is shipped every day. In particular, for 34.2% of total global energy consumption the article states “Even if a single supertanker in 20132. The BP Review reports that global oil (or even an ordinary westbound cargo-vessel) consumption grew in 2013 by 1.4 million barrels were to be attacked in one of the chokepoints or per day (b/d), with the US recording the largest hijacked and scuttled in one of these narrow sea increment to consumption at +400,000 b/d, lanes, the consequences would be phenomenal: followed by China at +390,000 b/d3. Similarly, a spike in oil prices, an increase in shipping global oil trade grew by 1.7% in 2013 with rates, more expensive maritime insurance, and particularly high growth occurring in Europe and increased military spending to ensure the safety emerging economies4.
    [Show full text]
  • Table 2. Geographic Areas, and Biography
    Table 2. Geographic Areas, and Biography The following numbers are never used alone, but may be used as required (either directly when so noted or through the interposition of notation 09 from Table 1) with any number from the schedules, e.g., public libraries (027.4) in Japan (—52 in this table): 027.452; railroad transportation (385) in Brazil (—81 in this table): 385.0981. They may also be used when so noted with numbers from other tables, e.g., notation 025 from Table 1. When adding to a number from the schedules, always insert a decimal point between the third and fourth digits of the complete number SUMMARY —001–009 Standard subdivisions —1 Areas, regions, places in general; oceans and seas —2 Biography —3 Ancient world —4 Europe —5 Asia —6 Africa —7 North America —8 South America —9 Australasia, Pacific Ocean islands, Atlantic Ocean islands, Arctic islands, Antarctica, extraterrestrial worlds —001–008 Standard subdivisions —009 History If “history” or “historical” appears in the heading for the number to which notation 009 could be added, this notation is redundant and should not be used —[009 01–009 05] Historical periods Do not use; class in base number —[009 1–009 9] Geographic treatment and biography Do not use; class in —1–9 —1 Areas, regions, places in general; oceans and seas Not limited by continent, country, locality Class biography regardless of area, region, place in —2; class specific continents, countries, localities in —3–9 > —11–17 Zonal, physiographic, socioeconomic regions Unless other instructions are given, class
    [Show full text]
  • Maritime Security in the Middle East and North Africa: a Strategic Assessment
    MARITIME SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA: A STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT By Robert M. Shelala II Research Analyst, Burke Chair in Strategy Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy [email protected] Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ 3 Chapter I – A Brief Introduction to Maritime Security .................................................................. 4 Chapter II – The Suez Canal and the Growing Threat of Egyptian Terrorism ............................... 6 Background on the Canal ............................................................................................................ 6 The Threat of Terrorism .............................................................................................................. 8 Egyptian Maritime Security Capabilities .................................................................................. 13 Recommendations for Securing the Suez Canal ....................................................................... 17 Chapter III – The Gulf and Threats From Iran ............................................................................. 20 A Brief Introduction to the Gulf ................................................................................................ 20 Regional Tensions and Iranian Threats to Gulf Security .......................................................... 22 Escalation Drivers in Iranian Strategic Calculus......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Central Asia-Caucasus Institute (CACI)
    1 Caucasus & Central Asia Post COVID-19 Edited by Ilya Roubanis (PhD) Director of Programs Strasbourg Policy Centre Volume I 2 Strasbourg Policy Centre The Strasbourg Policy Centre (SPC) launched in 2020 is a forum dedicated to exploring Europe’s role in the world. We explore the regulatory, financial, human rights, and security ties that bind Europe together as “an international actor” of consequence with the rest of the world. The Caucasus and Central Asia Program investigates the way the Europe connects with the region that bridges the Atlantic and the Pacific Economy. We look at the web of regulatory standards, collective security platforms, and human rights regimes that underpin Europe’s relationship to a region with geopolitical fluidity and tremendous potential. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute (CACI) The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute (CACI) was founded in 1997 to respond to the increasing need for information, research and analysis on the vast territory of Central Eurasia stretching from Turkey to Western China, encompassing eight former Soviet republics as well as Afghanistan. CACI is affiliated with the American Foreign Policy Council in Washington, D.C., and forms a Joint Transatlantic Research and Policy Center with the Institute for Security and Development Policy’s Silk Road Studies Program in Stockholm. Led by founding Chairman, Dr. S. Frederick Starr, and Director, Dr. Svante E. Cornell, CACI convenes regular Forum meetings and publishes the Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst, Turkey Analyst and Silk Road Papers. Learn more at http://www.silkroadstudies.org. The CAMCA Network The CAMCA Network is a collection of professionals committed to sharing ideas, knowledge, expertise, experience and inspiration across the 10 countries of Central Asia, Mongolia, the Caucasus and Afghanistan (CAMCA).
    [Show full text]
  • 9. the Evolving Security Role of Iran in the Caspian Region
    9. The evolving security role of Iran in the Caspian region Mehrdad M. Mohsenin I. Introduction The Caucasus Mountains were the birthplace of some of humankind’s earliest legends. It was from here that Prometheus stole fire from the gods and gave it to Man. The Svanetia region of western Georgia was the land Jason and the Argo- nauts searched to find the Golden Fleece, and in Azerbaijan Zoroastrian mystics discovered the thick, black water that fuelled the smelly flames of torches and cooking fires and was believed to be magic. Marco Polo wrote of the myster- ious liquid on his way to China in the 13th century. By the late 1600s, Azeri locals constructed the first hand-dug wells and were using oil in their lamps. Two hundred years later, tsarist Russia permitted the first commercial enter- prises to operate in Azerbaijan. In 1920, things had changed when the Bolsheviks subjugated all their neighbours. In the subsequent 70 years, the Soviets tapped the potential of the Caspian Sea Basin. The collapse of the Soviet Union—the most important event of the second half of the 20th century—opened up new dimensions for the security and national interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The vast region which sur- rounds the Caspian has been influenced by great civilizations on its periphery. The region has been at the crossroads of Confucianism, Buddhism, Islam and Christianity and the crossing of the Silk Road, the ancient route that transferred science, skills and knowledge as well as merchandise between the civilizations of China, India, Iran and Europe.
    [Show full text]