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Diversidad De Los Artrópodos Fitófagos Del A mi familia mis papás Marta y Alejandro mis hermanos Tere, Ale, Fran y Pedro por siempre alentarme a seguir creciendo… 2 Índice ÍNDICE ÍNDICE ............................................................................................................................. 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS .................................................................................................... 7 RESUMEN ....................................................................................................................... 9 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 13 Sección A ....................................................................................................................... 17 Organización de la Tesis................................................................................................. 17 CAPÍTULO I INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL ...................................................................................... 18 1.1. El cultivo de arándano ......................................................................................... 18 1.1.1. Áreas productivas .......................................................................................... 19 1.1.2. Requerimientos agroclimáticos del cultivo y variedades utilizadas.............. 21 1.2. Herbívoros presentes en el cultivo de arándano .................................................. 23 1.3. Marco teórico, hipótesis y predicciones............................................................... 31 CAPÍTULO II ÁREA DE ESTUDIO ..................................................................................................... 36 2.1. Sitios de muestreo ................................................................................................ 38 2.2. Características climáticas de los sitios de muestreo ............................................ 46 2.3. Relación de los sitios con el paisaje agrícola ....................................................... 49 CAPÍTULO III METODOLOGÍA ........................................................................................................... 51 3.1. Muestreo .............................................................................................................. 51 3.2. Determinación de los estados fenológicos del cultivo ......................................... 52 Sección B ........................................................................................................................ 56 CAPÍTULO IV DIVERSIDAD DE LAS COMUNIDADES DE HERBÍVOROS ................................. 56 4.1. Introducción ......................................................................................................... 56 4.2. Materiales y Métodos ........................................................................................... 62 4.2.1. El uso de taxa superiores como medida de la diversidad biológica .............. 62 4.2.2. Riqueza .......................................................................................................... 63 3 Índice 4.2.3. Índices de Diversidad .................................................................................... 63 4.2.4. Diversidad alfa, beta y gama ......................................................................... 65 4.3. Resultados ............................................................................................................ 69 4.3.1. Riqueza, diversidad y abundancia relativa .................................................... 69 4.3.2. Diversidad alfa, beta y gama ......................................................................... 82 4.4. Discusión ............................................................................................................. 85 ANEXO 1 ....................................................................................................................... 96 CAPÍTULO V GREMIOS DE HERBÍVOROS Y SU RELACIÓN CON LOS ESTADOS FENOLÓGICOS DEL CULTIVO. ................................................................................ 98 5.1 Introducción .......................................................................................................... 98 5.2. Materiales y Métodos ......................................................................................... 102 5.3. Resultados .......................................................................................................... 104 5.3.1. Riqueza de los gremios de herbívoros......................................................... 104 5.3.2. Abundancia de los gremios de herbívoros .................................................. 112 5.4. Discusión ........................................................................................................... 117 Sección C ..................................................................................................................... 120 CAPÍTULO VI LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE (“orugas enruladoras”) Y SUS PARASITOIDES 120 6.1. Introducción ....................................................................................................... 120 6.2. Materiales y Métodos ......................................................................................... 125 6.3. Resultados .......................................................................................................... 129 6.3.1. Riqueza de los tortrícidos y sus parasitoides ............................................... 129 6.3.2. Gremios de parasitoides de Tortrícidos ....................................................... 136 6.3.3. Tramas tróficas de tortrícidos y sus parasitoides ........................................ 138 6.4. Discusión ........................................................................................................... 141 CAPÍTULO VII HEMIPTERA: APHIDAE (“pulgones”) Y SUS ENEMIGOS NATURALES ........... 146 7.1 Introducción ........................................................................................................ 146 7.2. Materiales y Métodos ......................................................................................... 149 7.3. Resultados .......................................................................................................... 151 4 Índice 7.4. Discusión ........................................................................................................... 165 CAPÍTULO VIII .......................................................................................................... 170 HEMIPTERA: COCCOIDEA (“cochinillas”) ............................................................. 170 8.1. Introducción ....................................................................................................... 170 8.2. Materiales y Métodos ......................................................................................... 173 8.3. Resultados .......................................................................................................... 174 8.4. Discusión ........................................................................................................... 180 8.5. Abundancia de Icerya purchasi y su parasitoide Cryptochaetum iceryae en arándanos de la Argentina. ........................................................................................ 182 8.1.1. Introducción ................................................................................................ 182 8.1.2. Objetivos particulares .................................................................................. 183 8.1.3. Materiales y Métodos .................................................................................. 183 8.1.4. Resultados ................................................................................................... 184 8.1.5. Discusión ..................................................................................................... 189 CAPÍTULO IX THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE (“trips”) ................................................................. 192 9.1 Introducción ........................................................................................................ 192 9.2. Materiales y Métodos ......................................................................................... 194 9.3. Resultados .......................................................................................................... 195 9.4. Discusión ........................................................................................................... 203 CAPÍTULO X ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDOIDEA (Tucuras) ................................................................ 207 10.1. Introducción ..................................................................................................... 207 10.2. Materiales y Métodos ....................................................................................... 208 10.3. Resultados y Discusión .................................................................................... 209 CAPITULO XI DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE (“Moscas de la fruta”)..................................................... 213 11.1. Introducción ..................................................................................................... 213 11.2. Materiales y Métodos ....................................................................................... 214 11.3. Resultados y Discusión .................................................................................... 217 5 Índice CAPÍTULO XII COLEOPTERA: MELOLONTHIDAE (“gusanos
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