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Merchant Marine Deck Officer Agency Through Performative Acts

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Merchant Marine Deck Officer Agency Through Performative Acts Merchant Marine Deck Officer Agency through Performative Acts An Oppositional View to Deskilling Theory By: Donald Frederick Clark Dissertation submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Science & Technology Studies Approved: Sonja D. Schmid Co-Chair Shannon A. Brown Co-Chair Barbara L. Allen Janet E. Abbate August 04, 2016 Falls Church, Virginia Keywords: Actor-network Theory, Tacit Knowledge, Commedia Del’Arte, Deskilling, ECDIS, Experiential Technical Knowledge, Marine Navigation, Merchant M Deck Officer, Mimeomorphic, Performative Act, Performativity, Polimorphic, Situated Action, Skill Merchant Marine Deck Officer Agency Through Performative Acts – An Oppositional View to Deskilling Theory Donald Frederick Clark ABSTRACT I bring together ethnographic interviews with deck officers, studies in actor-network theory, explicit and tacit knowledge theory, and performativity theory in this work. I prove that bridge technologies produce what are called mimeomorphic (repeatable with some variation) actions that contain no deck officer collective tacit knowledge. I argue that deck officer bridge watch situated actions are mostly polimorphic (actions can vary depending on social context), and these actions are in fact performatives (in an Austin sense) derived from a more oral than literate performance production process. These performatives constantly build the mariner’s identity within the maritime deck officer community and their successful performatives give deck officers agency in the form of an oppositional view to deskilling. These same performative acts are the value of the mariner’s experiential technological knowledge within the ship’s bridge technology framework Dedication My children – for making me cry… and laugh! Mom – taught me social tolerance. Dad – my partner in angling for ‘Old Fighter.’ Roger Sherman & Bill Conlon – my Little League coaches Ed Sullivan – my Babe Ruth coach Dave Sure, Lionel and Claude Bison – Friendly Ice Cream management, Brunswick Me, in 1974 That young girl (maybe age 5) aboard the USNS General Breckenridge (my first voyage) during the passage from San Diego to Honolulu in 1963, who would without hesitation give me (age 3) a backrub as we sat watching Looney Tunes cartoons in the children’s playroom. Acknowledgements My dissertation committee – for all of their encouragement and insightful comments Sheila Rogoff for providing me with a copy of Mortimer Rogoff – Man of the Future The helpful administration at MITAGS, including Eric Friend and Capt. Alan De Sa Christian Hempstead of Hempstead Maritime Training iii Table of Contents List of figures ..................................................................................................................... 7 List of abbreviations ......................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1 – Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Research Questions ................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Outline of Chapters ................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 2 – Review of Literature .................................................................................. 10 2.1 About Labor, Skill, and Deskilling ......................................................................... 11 2.2 Sociology of Translation ......................................................................................... 15 2.3 Identity through Performativity .............................................................................. 17 2.4 Situated Action........................................................................................................ 19 2.5 A Model for Crafting Situated Actions ................................................................... 24 2.6 Assessing Worker Knowledge Requirements in Light of Automation .................. 31 2.7 Research Framework .............................................................................................. 35 Chapter 3 – ECDIS’s Heterogeneity and Contingency ............................................... 37 3.1 Reassembling Marine Navigation through ECDIS ................................................. 37 3.2 Overview of Commercial Maritime Entities and Their Agency ............................. 39 3.3 Some Views of Commercial Maritime Economic Value ....................................... 41 3.4 Oversight of Shipboard Labor ................................................................................ 43 3.5 Shipboard Labor Power Structure ........................................................................... 44 3.6 How They Know What They Know ....................................................................... 45 3.7 The Business of Ocean Shipping ............................................................................ 47 3.8 Views on Technology and Work Processes on the Bridge of Ships ....................... 50 3.9 Catastrophes and The Appearance of New Technology on Ships .......................... 54 3.10 A Social History of ECDIS ................................................................................... 58 3.11 ECDIS Group Formation and Open Enrollment ................................................... 67 3.12 Controversy A and Transformation – Equate Navigation Safety to ECDIS ........ 69 3.13 Controversy B and Transformation – Raster versus Vector ................................. 78 3.14 Assumed and Forced Mariner Enrollment ............................................................ 86 Chapter 4 – Comparative Navigation Traditions – Pre and Post ECDIS ................. 94 4.1 Deck Officer Action through the Embodied Notion of Good Seamanship ............ 94 4.2 Understanding of Work Process Flexibility, Variability, and Luck ....................... 97 iv 4.3 Deck Officers and Tacit Knowledge Types ............................................................ 98 4.4 Communication, Duty, and Understanding .......................................................... 101 4.5 Action Types and Their Relationship to Types of Knowledge ............................. 105 4.6 Work Process Vignettes ........................................................................................ 107 4.6.1 Pre-ECDIS Nautical Chart Correcting and Updating .................................... 107 4.6.1.1 Vignette Discussion and Action Analysis................................................... 109 4.6.2 Voyage Planning Using Traditional pre-ECDIS Methods............................. 112 4.6.2.1 Vignette Discussion and Action Analysis................................................... 115 4.6.3 Open Ocean Navigation Using Traditional pre-ECDIS Methods .................. 116 4.6.3.1 Vignette Discussion and Action Analysis................................................... 132 4.6.4 Navigation in Pilotage Waters Using Traditional pre-ECDIS Methods ........ 139 4.6.4.1 Vignette Discussion and Action Analysis................................................... 142 4.6.5 Nautical Chart Correction and Updating in a Post ECDIS Maritime World . 147 4.6.5.1 Vignette Discussion and Action Analysis................................................... 148 4.6.6 Voyage Planning in a Post ECDIS Maritime World ..................................... 152 4.6.6.1 Vignette Discussion and Action Analysis................................................... 158 4.6.7 Navigation in a Post ECDIS Maritime World ............................................... 162 4.6.7.1 Vignette Discussion and Action Analysis................................................... 171 4.7 Action Survey Comparing Pre and Post ECDIS Implementation Actions ........... 176 4.7.1 Action Survey Analysis ................................................................................. 180 Chapter 5 – Performativity, ECDIS, and Deck Officer Identity Production .......... 182 5.1 Locations of Deck Officer Identity Creation ........................................................ 182 5.2 Embodied Deck Officer Identity ........................................................................... 184 5.3 The Social Identification of ECDIS Character ..................................................... 185 5.4 Deck Officer Performative Acts ........................................................................... 189 5.4.1 Analysis of Deck Officer Bridge Work Performative Acts (1) ..................... 191 5.4.2 Analysis of Deck Officer Bridge Work Performative Acts (2) ..................... 193 5.4.3 Analysis of Deck Officer Bridge Work Performative Acts (3) ..................... 195 5.5 Contingent Deck Officer Identities ....................................................................... 196 5.6 The Process of Constructing Deck Officer Actions .............................................. 197 5.6.1 Deck Officer Action Production Model ......................................................... 200 5.6.2 Using the Deck Officer Action Production Model ........................................ 202 Chapter 6 – Conclusion ................................................................................................ 204 Appendix A – IRB Consent Form & Interview Questions ........................................ 216 v Appendix B – Listing of Interviewees ........................................................................
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