La Gu´Ia Del Enrootador Para Linux

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La Gu´Ia Del Enrootador Para Linux La Gu´ıadel enROOTador para Linux Eric Dumas, [email protected], [email protected] Versi´on2.8, 21 Septiembre 1998 ´Indice General 1 Advertencia del traductor 7 2 Pre´ambulo 8 2.1 Historia de esta gu´ıa ......................................... 8 2.2 Presentaci´ondel contenido ...................................... 8 2.3 Plataforma .............................................. 8 2.4 Que hay de nuevo ? ......................................... 9 2.5 Copyrigth ............................................... 9 2.6 Mejoras de este documento ..................................... 9 2.7 Traducciones ............................................. 9 2.8 Sitios oficiales de distribuci´on .................................... 9 2.9 Evolucion del formato de esta guia ................................. 10 3 Introducci´on 11 4 Linux Information Sheet : Hoja de Informaci´onLinux (v2.153, 1 Agosto 1998) 12 4.1 Resumen ................................................ 12 4.2 Introducci´ona Linux ......................................... 12 4.3 Caracter´ısticasde Linux ....................................... 13 4.4 Hardware ............................................... 15 4.4.1 Configuraci´onm´ınima .................................... 15 4.4.2 Configuraci´onrecomendada ................................. 15 4.4.3 Hardware soportado ..................................... 16 4.5 Una lista incompleta de Programas disponibles .......................... 17 4.6 >Qui´enusa Linux? .......................................... 18 4.7 Documentaci´on ............................................ 19 4.8 Obtener Linux ............................................ 19 4.8.1 Por Internet .......................................... 19 4.8.2 Otras formas de obtener Linux ............................... 20 4.8.3 Por Tel´efono ......................................... 20 4.8.4 En CD-ROM por correo ................................... 21 ´INDICE GENERAL 2 4.9 Empezando .............................................. 21 4.10 Los grupos de noticias Usenet dedicados a Linux ......................... 22 4.11 Otros grupos de noticias Usenet ................................... 23 4.12 The Linux Journal .......................................... 24 4.13 Status legal de Linux ........................................ 24 4.14 Este documento ............................................ 24 4.15 Legalidad ............................................... 25 5 Introduci´ona la instalaci´on 25 5.1 Recuperaci´on ............................................. 25 5.2 Las diferentes posibilidades de instalacion ............................. 25 5.3 Consejos de instalaci´on ........................................ 26 6 Distribuciones 27 6.1 Definici´ony c´omoelegir una distribuci´on .............................. 27 6.2 Introducci´on .............................................. 27 6.3 Discos de arranque .......................................... 28 6.4 Slackware : descripci´on ....................................... 28 6.4.1 Disquetes Boot y Root .................................... 28 6.4.2 La distribuci´on ........................................ 31 6.4.3 Fallos de la Slackware .................................... 38 6.5 RedHat : descripci´on ......................................... 39 6.5.1 Disquete de inicio ...................................... 39 6.5.2 La Red Hat sin disquete ................................... 39 6.5.3 Distribuci´on .......................................... 39 6.5.4 Utilizaci´ondel Programa rpm ................................ 54 7 Instalaci´on 56 7.1 Instalaci´oninicial ........................................... 56 7.2 Particionar el disco duro ....................................... 56 7.3 Instalaci´oncon la Slackware ..................................... 57 7.4 Instalaci´oncon RedHat ....................................... 58 8 Administraci´onbajo Linux 58 8.1 Teclado Espa~nol ........................................... 58 8.2 LILO .................................................. 58 8.3 Montaje autom´aticode las particiones: /etc/fstab ........................ 60 8.4 Montaje manual de las particiones ................................. 61 8.5 Puesta en servicio de las cuotas ................................... 61 ´INDICE GENERAL 3 8.5.1 Software necesario ...................................... 61 8.5.2 Compilaci´onde utilidades .................................. 61 8.5.3 Activaci´ondel soporte de cuotas en el n´ucleo ....................... 62 8.5.4 Activaci´onde cuotas en el sistema de archivos ....................... 62 8.5.5 Adjudicaci´onde una cuota a un usuario .......................... 63 8.5.6 estad´ısticassobre las quotas ................................. 63 8.5.7 Otros documentos sobre las cuotas ............................. 63 8.6 mtools ................................................. 63 8.7 Swap : creaci´onde la partici´on ................................... 64 8.8 Swap : archivo ............................................ 64 8.9 Agregar un usuario, un grupo .................................... 64 8.10 Lanzamiento de programas personales durante el arranque. /etc/rc.d/rc.local ......... 65 8.11 Planificaci´onde trabajos : crontab ................................. 66 8.12 Imprimir ! ............................................... 67 8.13 Timezone ............................................... 69 8.14 Nuevos cambios de hora ....................................... 70 8.15 locate ................................................. 70 8.16 CDROM ATAPI ........................................... 71 8.17 Poner una consola externa como consola .............................. 71 8.18 Dos tarjetas de red .......................................... 71 8.19 Los archivos de inicializaci´onde los int´erpretesde ´ordenes .................... 72 8.20 Las copias de seguridad (salvaguardas) bajo Linux ........................ 73 8.20.1 dump y restore ........................................ 73 8.20.2 tar ............................................... 74 8.21 Num Lock al arrancar ........................................ 74 8.22 Los archivos core ........................................... 74 8.23 Accounting - lastcomm ........................................ 74 9 SMP, otras arquitecturas 75 9.1 SMP .................................................. 75 9.2 Plataformas Alpha .......................................... 76 10 X Window 76 10.1 XF86Config .............................................. 77 10.2 Teclado franc´esbajo X : Xmodmap ................................. 80 10.3 Teclado franc´esbajo X... segunda posibilidad ........................... 83 10.4 Teclado franc´esbajo X... utilizar xkb ................................ 84 10.5 xdm .................................................. 84 ´INDICE GENERAL 4 10.6 > C´omoarrancar varias sesiones X ? ................................ 85 10.7 > C´omorecuperar los errores en la consola ? ............................ 85 10.8 XFree86 y XInput .......................................... 85 10.9 Un problema bastante corriente ................................... 87 10.10Rat´onpara zurdos .......................................... 87 11 Seguridad 87 11.1 X Window : el archivo .Xauthority ................................. 87 11.2 X Window : control de la sesi´on .................................. 87 11.3 Problemas de seguridad ....................................... 88 11.4 Protecci´onde la m´aquinacontra el exterior ............................ 88 11.5 Algunos enlaces ............................................ 88 11.6 Virus .................................................. 88 11.7 Cops/Crack .............................................. 89 12 Recompilar el n´ucleo 89 12.1 Cyrix ................................................. 89 12.2 Pentium ................................................ 89 12.3 Compilaci´on .............................................. 89 13 Archivos especiales 94 14 Comunicar 116 14.1 UUCP y modem ........................................... 116 14.2 Llamadas entrantes .......................................... 120 14.3 PPP .................................................. 120 14.3.1 Introducci´on ......................................... 120 14.3.2 Acceso a un servidor PPP .................................. 121 14.3.3 Configuraci´onde un servidor PPP ............................. 123 14.3.4 Bibliograf´ıa .......................................... 123 14.4 Una red detr´asde una sola direcci´on ................................ 124 14.5 Sendmail ............................................... 124 14.6 Configuraci´ondel correo durante una conexi´oncon un proveedor ................ 125 14.7 Uso del Kit de Jussieu ........................................ 126 14.8 Uso de m4 ............................................... 126 14.9 Una vez generado sendmail.cf... ................................... 130 14.10>Qu´ehacer en caso de asignaci´ondin´amicade la direcci´onIP? ................. 131 14.11netstat -s ............................................... 134 ´INDICE GENERAL 5 15 ELF 135 15.1 Introducci´on .............................................. 135 15.2 utilizaci´onde los utilitarios ELF .................................. 135 15.3 Fuentes de informaci´onsobre ELF ................................. 135 16 Cat´astrofe! 136 16.1 Corrupci´onde particiones ...................................... 136 16.2 Imposible de arrancar ! ........................................ 136 16.3 Formateo accidental de una partici´on ................................ 136 16.4 Problemas con el disco duro : super-bloque ...........................
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