Thèse De Sébastien Piccino

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Thèse De Sébastien Piccino − UNIVERSITÉ DE LA RÉUNION − THÈSE Présentée en vue de l’obtention du titre de Docteur de l’Université de La Réunion École doctorale : Sciences, Technologies et Santé Formation doctorale : Chimie Section C.N.U : 31 (Chimie théorique, physique, analytique) Rôle des constituants chimiques du café vert, du terroir et des traitements post-récolte sur la qualité aromatique du « Bourbon Pointu » Par Sébastien PICCINO Soutenance prévue le 27 octobre 2011 devant le jury composé de : Mme Andrée VOILLEY Professeur, AgroSup Dijon Rapporteur Mme Sabine GALINDO Professeur, Université Montpellier II Rapporteur Mme Jacqueline SMADJA Professeur, Université de La Réunion Examinateur M. Renaud BOULANGER Chargé de recherche, CIRAD Montpellier Co-directeur de thèse M. Alain SHUM CHEONG SING Maître de Conférences, HDR, Directeur de thèse Université de La Réunion M. Frédéric DESCROIX Coordinateur du programme de recherche sur le Invité « Bourbon Pointu », CIRAD Réunion Remerciements « ad vitam aeternaeternamamamam »»» Remercier une personne, c’est la faire entrer dans votre vie pour un instant ou pour qu’elle soit le « synonyme » d’un de vos souvenirs, son adjectif, son verbe, sa formule magique pour toute votre vie. C’est dans cette conjugaison pascalienne du souvenir que je voudrais adresser mes remerciements à ces personnes qui ont toutes traversé ma vie. Rassurez vous, je n’énumèrerai que les personnes qui répondront par leur nom à un discours de remerciements « politiquement correct » de manuscrit de thèse. Mon premier « Merci » revient à Monsieur Shum Cheong Sing qui de part la sensibilité de son cœur a su raviver en moi la flamme de l’envie d’être curieux dans des moments où l’apprenti chercheur aurait voulu se tourner vers la facilité de la damnée oisiveté. MERCI en majuscule pour que les lettres comme le souvenir de vous, aussi lourds qu’ils soient, ne s’envolent jamais. Madame Smadja, une élégance au service de l’intelligence, une femme au profil de présidente mais que sa peur de décevoir, cela n’engage que moi, m’a permis de la rencontrer. Merci et j’aurai bien aimé pouvoir féminiser ce mot pour vous l’attribuer tant il vous est dû. Renaud, Frédéric, tant de fois nos esprits se sont échauffés, tant de fois je me suis écarté de la piste sur laquelle nous courions tous les trois vers le même but ; bien entendu, un parmi tant d’autres pour vous mais pour moi le seul. Et vous m’avez transmis le relais du courage et de l’abnégation dans le virage de ma vie professionnelle. Merci à vous Un grand « Merci » à Mesdames Voilley et Galindo pour avoir accepté de faire partie de mon aventure. Madame Voilley, au souvenir de vos mots complimenteurs au sujet du nombre d’analyses réalisées lors du premier comité de thèse, j’espère que ce manuscrit et plus tard la soutenance ne vous décevront pas. Madame Galindo, je suis ravi que vous consacriez un peu de votre temps aussi occupé soit-il, à apporter à ce manuscrit votre regard d’experte sur le café. Merci à vous, les autres « profs » du LCSNSA (même en l’écrivant doucement et au clavier, j’oublie encore le deuxième « s »). Vous, pour certains, qui m’avez enseigné ce qui m’a permis d’être là, au seuil d’une victoire professionnelle, pour d’autres, qui avez réussi à soulager des journées où le poids du stress d’une thèse peut vous briser. Merci Clara, Marie, Sabrina, Sophie, William (ordre alphabétique), que dire… et si seulement nous nous étions retrouvés sur une île déserte sans contraintes « vitales » pour chacun, nous aurions pu partager plus que les mots qui ont maquillé nos sentiments d’amitié naissante. Je vous connais un peu mais surtout à la hauteur de votre empreinte sur des cahiers de laboratoire. Mais Merci à vous d’avoir stimulé ou simulé une émulation entre apprentis chercheurs. Succinctement, je voudrais adresser mes plus sincères remerciements à cette femme qui à la fois m’a envoyé nu aux enfers et à la fois m’a revêtu d’un manteau de joie. Elle se reconnaîtra si elle lit ce manuscrit un jour. Merci à toi Marika, tu es entrée dans ma vie comme un ange et par ta douceur d’être et de vivre, tu m’as fait découvrir l’autre face de la pièce, la plus belle et inconnue de moi, celle dont je pensais qu’elle n’existait pas, jusqu’à ce jour. J’aime être à tes côtés et j’oublie avec toi que la vie est si courte. J’aime ta personne, le naturel et l’intégrité de notre amour. Merci et doux baisers intimes. A ma famille, à Alexandre, à Eric pour la vie, aux trois femmes qui ont partagé ma vie durant ces cinq années. Papa, Maman, j’aurai le jour de l’attribution de mon titre de « Docteur » (Si bien sur, je réussis ce dernier examen de l’enseignement supérieur) un sentiment de réussite personnel différent à l’égard de chacun mais qui répondra à vos attentes de moi. Papa, je serai fier de te montrer que malgré mes 18/20 au lycée, je n’avais pas de poil dans la main ! Que ton éducation stricte au sens le plus profond du terme démasquée par ton amour si réservé pour moi, ne se dévoilant qu’avec les autres, tes valeurs d’éthique qui sont les miennes maintenant, m’ont permis de réussir en prenant des coups et sans me relâcher, toujours à penser à l’avenir. Maman, hummm…. ! Un vrai bijou, un sourire et un rire qui vous obligent à la suivre. Et bien oui ! Je t’ai suivie un soir de l’année…Pas toujours aisé de te comprendre ni à te calmer dans tes impasses. Mais je pense que lorsqu’un enfant dit à sa mère : « Tu es la plus belle et la plus gentille des mamans de la Terre », il est sincère et comme lui, je crois vraiment que ma maman est la meilleure et qu’elle est éternelle. Enfin, à toi, la dernière mais « le meilleur pour la fin », une phrase si triviale mais tellement vraie, en tout cas pour moi. Attention je vais parler avec notre code: « Marie, ma sœur chérie, tu es la number one de mon cœur » Notre histoire est si aventureuse de périples, longtemps séparés, réunis un moment, embrassant l’increvable éternité et aujourd’hui distants, pliés sous la réalité de nos vies d’adulte. Je n’ai pas grand-chose à te dire de plus qui pourrait te surprendre, tu finirais ma phrase ou nous dirions le même mot au même moment, comme à notre habitude. Tu me connais et je te connais comme si nous formions qu’un seul être. Et c’est à toi, rien qu’à toi que je dirai « Je t’aime », et même deux fois Tu es plus que ma vie, Marie, Je t’aime A un petit bout de vie Tu sais, tu la connais cette envie de cueillir cette fleur Mais tu hésites car elle est seule et si tu l’arrachais même sans heurts, Tu repousserais toute résignation à ce dogme manichéen du bien et du mal. Car, connais-tu vraiment celui qui te jugera au son du glas. Alors, franchement prends la, retourne toi et que tes yeux se ferment, Oublie ta ceinture terrestre et pense à cette aventure qu’est l’éphémère. Je t’avoue, je la connais cette envie, je m’y suis laissé tenter et j’ai abdiqué. Personne ne saura à quel point j’aurai voulu que cette fleur soit toi en vérité. A toi, pour toi, à jamais toi Gaïa que ton prénom de joie Pense à moi, à elle, pardonne nous C’est toi qui devrais respirer dans cette vie C’est toi qui devrais rire de la vie Tu seras toujours en nous, ma fille Sommaire Liste des abréviations 9 Introduction générale 10 Chapitre I – Généralités sur le café 14 Introduction 15 1 - Présentation du caféier et de son fruit 15 2 - Les cafés commerciaux 16 2.1. Distinction entre les variétés arabica et robusta 16 2.2. La production mondiale 17 2.3. La création de nouvelles niches commerciales 18 2.3.1. Définition de la qualité 19 2.3.2. La qualité dans la filière caféïcole 20 2.3.2.1. Le cahier des charges en vue de la création des cafés labellisés 20 2.3.2.2. Le « specialty coffee » (Café gourmet) 22 3 - Le café à La Réunion 26 3.1. Historique 26 3.2. Le « Bourbon Pointu » 28 3.2.1. Description botanique 28 3.2.2. Le choix des parcelles 30 3.2.3. Traitement du « Bourbon Pointu » après récolte 32 Conclusion 34 Références bibliographiques 35 Chapitre II – Composition chimique du café « Bourbon Pointu » suivi de son évolution 37 Introduction 38 1 - Etude du café vert 39 1.1. Distinctions de l’origine botanique et géographique des cafés 39 1.2. Composition chimique globale du « Bourbon Pointu » 41 1.3. Evolution de la composition chimique 45 1.3.1. Composition par année de récolte 45 1.3.2. Influence des paramètres pédoclimatiques entre les deux années de récolte 47 1.3.2.1. Au niveau de la zone de l’île entre les deux années 47 1.3.2.2. Au niveau de la classe d’altitude entre les deux années 49 1.3.2.3. Au niveau du type de transformation post-récolte entre 51 les deux années 1.3.3. Le paramètre pédoclimatique prépondérant 54 2 - Etude du café torréfié 58 2.1. La torréfaction 58 2.1.1. Le profil de torréfaction 60 2.1.1.1.
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