PALMER/RAE ASSOCIATES International Cultural Advisors European Cities and Capitals of Culture - City Reports Study Prepared for the European Commission PART II Palmer/Rae Associates Rue de la Croix de Pierre 74, B-1060 Brussels, Belgium Tel. +32 (0)2 5343484 - Fax +32 (0)2 5348161 E-mail: [email protected] - Web site: http://www.palmer-rae.com PALMER/RAE ASSOCIATES, BRUSSELS August 2004 Palmer/Rae Associates REPORT ON EUROPEAN CITIES AND CAPITALS OF CULTURE PART II Project Team Director Robert Palmer Research Manager Susie Jones Senior Researcher Caspar Will Assistants Sofie Sweygers Susanna Malzacher Raphael Bosch-Joubert Database Consultant Stephanie Racette Cover Design Julie Doutrelepont Expert Advisers Tourism Perspectives Greg Richards Social Perspectives François Matarasso Economic Perspectives Stuart Gulliver External Advisers Eric Corijn Rod Fisher Beatriz Garcia Brit Holtebekk Gottfried Wagner European Cities and Capitals of Culture - City Reports Table of Contents PART II Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 8 EUROPEAN CAPITALS AND CITIES OF CULTURE 1995 - 2004 LUXEMBOURG 1995 11 COPENHAGEN 1996 27 THESSALONIKI 1997 47 STOCKHOLM 1998 63 WEIMAR 1999 81 AVIGNON 2000 97 BERGEN 2000 112 BOLOGNA 2000 129 BRUSSELS 2000 147 CRACOW 2000 167 HELSINKI 2000 182 PRAGUE 2000 203 REYKJAVIK 2000 219 SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA 2000 235 PORTO 2001 248 ROTTERDAM 2001 267 BRUGES 2002 287 Palmer/Rae Associates, Brussels Page 6 SALAMANCA 2002 303 GRAZ 2003 319 GENOA 2004 341 LILLE 2004 346 EUROPEAN CULTURAL MONTHS 1995-2003 NICOSIA 1995 353 ST. PETERSBURG 1996 AND 2003 359 LJUBLJANA 1997 364 LINZ 1998 367 VALLETTA 1998 372 PLOVDIV 1999 376 BASEL 2001 379 RIGA 2001 383 ANNEX: QUESTIONNAIRE 387 Table of Contents European Cities and Capitals of Culture - City Reports Introduction Part II comprises reports on each of the 21 ECOC and the 8 cities that hosted European cultural months in the period 1995-2004. The Introduction to Part I describes the terms of reference for the study as a whole and the methodology that was used. City reports were compiled on the basis of information and data that were received from respondents in each city, and are based on published documents, questionnaire responses and interviews. The intention has not been to give a comprehensive description of each ECOC. To do justice to the scope and scale of each city’s aims and objectives and their means of trying to achieve these would require considerably more time than the schedule for this study allowed. The city reports intend to offer only a brief overview of each city’s main aims and objectives, approaches to organisation and communications, programmes and projects, infrastructural developments, finances, and some of the main cultural, social, economic and tourism outcomes of the event. Those who are interested in more detail about each ECOC should consult the documents and reports that are listed in annex V in Part I. The documentation received from each city varied. Most submitted catalogues, programmes, publicity material, and final reports that were written by ECOC organisers or the municipality after the event. Other cities submitted detailed evaluation reports, and in a few cases independent studies. Financial information and budgets were collected from most cities although in some cases different sources reported different budgetary figures for the same city. Budgets were recorded in different ways across the cities and so caution should be taken when making direct comparisons between cities. Budgets have been given in Euros and exchange rates were taken from the official Europa web site, using the rates for December of the year in question. The report contains information received up until 28th June 2004. There were sometimes contradictions in the views expressed by respondents, occasionally in terms of factual information, but more often in relation to issues and problems that each ECOC faced. In certain cities, there were extreme variations between views. In the city reports, generally it is the view of the majority of respondents that is stated, although very often the minority view is also reported. Terms like ‘weak management’ or ‘poor communication’ may, for example, be considered by some respondents to be extreme when describing a particular ECOC organisation. However, the reports represent what respondents said. Considerable efforts were made to identify a mix of respondents in cities who had a range of different interests. The observations section of each city report is not intended to be a definitive statement, conclusion or evaluation, but to offer some additional information about the context in which each ECOC was operating, and to emphasise or clarify some of the details in the report. The city reports were sent to respondents in each city for comment. When comments were received, any factual errors were corrected. If individual respondents disagreed with more qualitative statements recorded in the reports, these were considered carefully, but balanced against the general views of other respondents. ECOC are complex actions, and the relative successes and weaknesses of each city generally cannot easily be attributed to any specific factor. There is always a danger when reducing the scope of a large event to a few summary pages that the complexity is lost. The objective of these city reports was to supplement with short case studies the analytical framework, summaries and conclusions contained in Part I. Page 8 Palmer/Rae Associates, Brussels European Cities and Capitals of Culture - City Reports Introduction Palmer/Rae Associates August 2004 Palmer/Rae Associates, Brussels Page 9 Table of Contents European Cities and Capitals of Culture - City Reports Page 10 Palmer/Rae Associates, Brussels European Cities and Capitals of Culture - City Reports Luxembourg 1995 European Capitals and Cities of Culture 1995-2004 Luxembourg 1995 General information Luxembourg 1995 was Luxembourg's first European Capital of Culture and it was decided that the designation would extend beyond the city to incorporate the entire country (the Grand Duchy). Luxembourg will host the Capital of Culture again in 2007. Profile of the city: National capital - historic city. Significant characteristics of the city’s identity: Multi-ethnic - multilingual - 50 % of residents are non-Luxembourgers - third sector activities (banking, insurance, administration) - headquarters of some European institutions - aging population. Major employment sectors: third sector Population during 1995: City: 77.401 National: 412.555 City ranking in population terms: 1 % Immigrants: 44% (figure from 1991) % Unemployment: 3,9% Other large-scale events hosted by the city: European Presidency, Tour de France. The city would like to host other large-scale events. Public expenditure on culture in Luxembourg (shared by the state and local authorities) in 1995 was approximately 1,6 billion Flux or 40 million Euros (40,3399 flux: 1 Euro). Aims and objectives Main motivation behind the city bidding to become Capital of Culture: To put Luxembourg on the cultural map. Official mission or broad aim: Luxembourg, European city of all cultures. Objectives rated as having a high importance: Highest importance: Growing and expanding the local audience for culture Running a programme of cultural activities Creating a festive atmosphere Palmer/Rae Associates, Brussels Page 11 Luxembourg 1995 European Cities and Capitals of Culture - City Reports Attracting visitors from own country Attracting visitors from abroad Raising the international profile Followed by: Cultural infrastructure improvements Social cohesion/community development Encouraging artistic and philosophic debate Promoting innovation and creativity Long-term cultural development Developing the talent/career of local artists Enhancing pride and self-confidence Consultation to define aims and objectives: Yes. Who was consulted: Politicians - cultural organisations - artists - the tourism sector - local residents. How was consultation undertaken: Meetings - workshops - external consultants (national and international) - calls for projects. Organisation and management Governance structure/board Organisation of the formal board structure: Autonomous structure, non-profit organisation (asbl) with shared responsibility between the state and the city. The governing board was established in 1992 Total number of board members: 9 Number of members from: City Regional National Cultural Private Other authorities authorities authorities institutions sector (universities etc) 4 0 4 1 0 0 Chairs of the Board: Joint chairs: Lydie Würth-Polfer (Mayor) and from 1992 to January 1995: Marie-Josée Jacobs (Ministry of Culture) and from February 1995-1996: Erna Hennicot-Schoepges (Ministry of Culture). Primary roles of the Board: Take final decisions about cultural projects and activities - financial decisions and have overall financial control. Key issues and problems related to the functioning of the Board: Not fully representing cultural interests – leadership issues - structure too large - insufficient specialist expertise - relationship problems with the operational management team. Page 12 Palmer/Rae Associates, Brussels European Cities and Capitals of Culture - City Reports Luxembourg 1995 Operational structure – the office of Luxembourg 1995 Primary responsibilities of the operational structure: Initiation and development of projects - coordination of the cultural programme - communication - promotion and marketing - fundraising/sponsorship, finance and budget - tourism