Energy & Transportation in the Atlantic Basin

Energy & Transportation in the Atlantic Basin Energy & Transportation Energy & Transportation in the Atlantic Basin Energy & Transportation EnergyEnergy & & Transportation Transportation in in the the Atlantic Atlantic Basin Basin PaulPaul Isbell Isbell and and Eloy Eloy Álvarez Álvarez Pelegry, Pelegry, Editors Editors ThisThis volume volume focuses focuses on on the the intersection intersection of ofenergy energy and and transportation transportation across across Energy & Transportation thethe broad broad Atlantic Atlantic world world against against the the backdrop backdrop of ofthe the Paris Paris Climate Climate Agree Agree- - mentment and and the the international international policy policy imperative imperative to todecarbonize decarbonize the the transporta transporta- - tiontion sector. sector. Authors Authors analyze analyze current current dynamics dynamics and and future future trends trends affecting affecting the the energyenergy and and transportation transportation nexus nexus across across each each of ofthe the four four Atlantic Atlantic continents, continents, in the Atlantic Basin as aswell well as asin inthe the maritime maritime realm realm of ofthe the Atlantic Atlantic Ocean. Ocean. They They offer offer recom recom- - mendationsmendations for for both both region-specific region-specific action action and and transnational, transnational, “pan-Atlantic” “pan-Atlantic” cooperationcooperation in inenergy, energy, transportation, transportation, and and broader broader maritime maritime affairs. affairs. ThisThis book book is theis the first first in ina seriesa series undertaken undertaken by bythe the Jean Jean Monnet Monnet Network Network on on AtlanticAtlantic Studies, Studies, a consortiuma consortium of of10 10 research research institutes institutes and and universities universities from from thethe four four continents continents of ofthe the Atlantic Atlantic Basin, Basin, which which is exploringis exploring the the emerging emerging and and interlockinginterlocking dynamics dynamics of ofenergy energy and and transportation, transportation, economy economy and and trade, trade, and and humanhuman security security in inthe the wider wider Atlantic Atlantic region. region. The The Network Network is supportedis supported by by the the Erasmus+Erasmus+ Program Program of ofthe the European European Union. Union. AuthorsAuthors include: include: EloyEloy Álvarez Álvarez Pelegry Pelegry R. R.Andreas Andreas Kraemer Kraemer RebeccaRebecca O’Connor O’Connor JordiJordi Bacaria Bacaria MacarenaMacarena Larrea Larrea Bastera BasteraNataliaNatalia Soler-Huici Soler-Huici JoãoJoao Fonseca Fonseca Ribeiro RibeiroMichaelMichael Leitman Leitman LisaLisa Viscidi Viscidi RogerRoger Gorham Gorham MartinMartin Lowery Lowery Eloy Álvarez Pelegry, Editors Eloy Álvarez Pelegry, PaulPaul Isbell Isbell JaimeJaime Menéndez Menéndez Sánchez Sánchez Editors Eloy Álvarez Pelegry, Paul Isbell and Paul Isbell and $20.00$20.00 ISBNISBN 978-1-947661-01-1 978-1-947661-01-1 525020000>0> Paul Isbell and Eloy Álvarez Pelegry, Editors 9 978718914974676616010111 Energy and Transportation in the Atlantic Basin Paul Isbell and Eloy Álvarez Pelegry Editors Center for Transatlantic Relations The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies Johns Hopkins University Paul Isbell and Eloy Álvarez Pelegry, eds., Energy and Transportation in the Atlantic Basin © Center for Transatlantic Relations, 2017. All rights reserved. Licensed to the European Union under conditions. Distributed and available via Brookings Institution Press https://www.brookings.edu/press/ Center for Transatlantic Relations The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies The Johns Hopkins University 1717 Massachusetts Ave., NW, 8th Floor Washington, DC 20036 Tel: (202) 663-5880 Fax: (202) 663-5879 Email: [email protected] http://transatlantic.sais-jhu.edu ISBN 13: 978-1-947661-01-1 Cover Photograph: AKaiser, shutterstock.com Contents Preface . v Daniel S. Hamilton and Renato G. Flôres Jr. Introduction . vii Paul Isbell and Eloy Álvarez Pelegry Part I: Innovative Perspectives on Energy and Transportation in the Atlantic Basin Chapter 1 . 3 The Co-Transformation of Energy and Transport: Outlook for the Wider Atlantic R. Andreas Kraemer Chapter 2 . 17 Electrification, Collaboration, and Cooperation: Managing the Future of Energy and Transportation Systems in the Atlantic Basin Martin Lowery and Michael Leitman Part II: Energy and Land Transportation in the Atlantic Basin Chapter 3 . 55 Sustainable Mobility in the European Union: Alternative Fuels for Passenger Transport Eloy Álvarez Pelegry, Jaime Menéndez Sánchez, and Macarena Larrea Basterra Chapter 4 . 91 The Energy of Transportation: A Focus on Latin American Urban Transportation Lisa Viscidi and Rebecca O’Connor Chapter 5 . 127 Prospects for Decarbonization of African Transport Roger Gorham Part III: Energy and Transportation in the Maritime Realm of the Atlantic Basin Chapter 6 . 153 Atlantic Maritime Transportation: Impacts of the Atlantic Trade on Shipping Transport Emissions and International Regulation Jordi Bacaria and Natalia Soler-Huici iv | ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION IN THE ATLANTIC BASIN Chapter 7 . 181 The Greening of Maritime Transportation, Energy and Climate Infrastructures in the Atlantic Basin: The Role of Atlantic Port-Cities and Maritime Policy João Fonseca Ribeiro Conclusion and Recommendations . 227 Paul Isbell and Eloy Álvarez Pelegry About the Authors . 245 Preface We are pleased to present the book Energy and Transportation in the Atlantic Basin: Implications for the European Union and Other Atlantic Actors, a collaboration among member institutions of the Jean Monnet Network on Atlantic Studies and the first tangible output of the Network’s research efforts. The Jean Monnet Network on Atlantic Studies is an initiative across the four Atlantic continents by 10 leading centers—many with Jean Monnet professors and in countries identified by the EU as key strategic partners— aimed at the interdisciplinary exploration of three pan-Atlantic themes of particular relevance to the EU: energy, commercial interactions, and chal- lenges to human security. The objective of the project is to create and develop a pan-Atlantic research network, to contribute to a nascent epistemic community in New Atlantic Studies and to offer strategic perspectives for the design of energy, trade and security policies in the countries of the Atlantic world. The Jean Monnet Project is also supported and co-funded by the Erasmus+ Program of the European Union. The institutions involved in the Network consortium are each vibrant centers of EU-related studies in their respective regions. Most have collab- orated—recently as part of the FP 7 project Atlantic Future—on themes related to Atlantic issues and the role of the EU as a key actor in this space. Fundação Getulio Vargas, through its International Intelligence Unit, based in Rio de Janeiro, leads the consortium; its members are: • Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV), Brazil • Johns Hopkins University SAIS (the Center for Transatlantic Relations, CTR), United States • University of Pretoria, South Africa • Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IPRI: Instituto Português de Relações Internacionais), Portugal • CIDE (Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas), Mexico • Roskilde University, Denmark v vi | ENERGY AND TRANSPORTATION IN THE ATLANTIC BASIN • Orkestra-Basque Institute for Competitiveness, University of Deusto, Spain • CIDOB (Barcelona Centre for International Affairs), Spain • Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain • OCP Policy Centre (OCP Foundation), Morocco The Center for Transatlantic Relations of Johns Hopkins University SAIS led the first year’s agenda on energy, and placed the focus on the nexus between energy and transportation. On July 20–21, 2017, the Jean Monnet Network´s first research conference (Energy and Transportation in the Atlantic Basin) took place at the John Hopkins University’s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) in Washington, D.C. Together with work leading up to and following it, the conference catalyzed the research and insights that have produced the book in hand. We wish to show our appreciation to the European Commission, that pro- vided the funding which has made this research and related book publication possible. We are especially grateful to the team at the leading institution, in Rio de Janeiro, and to all partners in the Network who have participated in the energy cycle, as well as the outside collaborators who have contributed to the conference and the book. It is our hope that the present work will successfully propel this Jean Monnet Project into its next annual cycle, dealing with trade. In addition, that the Network will position its members individually and together as a go-to resource on the contemporary role of the EU in the wider Atlantic space, advancing the comparative knowledge of integration processes in Europe and other Atlantic regions. Daniel S. Hamilton Johns Hopkins University SAIS Renato G. Flôres Jr. International Intelligence Unit Fundação Getulio Vargas Introduction Paul Isbell and Eloy Álvarez Pelegry The purpose of this book is to stimulate the activity and effectiveness of the Jean Monnet Network on Atlantic Studies, to explore the current state and future directions of the nexus between energy and transportation in the wider Atlantic world, and to identify the implications for the European Union and other Atlantic actors. The book draws on the collaboration,

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