CENSUS OF INDIA 1991 REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF INDIA A CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
OCCASIONAL PAPERS
SERIES -1 VOLUME-I
ANDHRA PRADESH
Planning & Supervision Dr. R.P. Singh Assistant Registrar General (Map)
General Direction & Editing J.K. Banthia Of the Indian Administrative Service Registrar General & Census Commissioner India 2-A, Mansingh Road, New Delhi.
V.S.BHASKAR Of the Indian Administrative Service Director of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh Maps included in this volume are based upon Survey oflndia map with the permission of the Surveyor General of India.
The interstate boundaries between Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya shown on the map of India are as interpreted from the North-eastern areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971, but has yet to be verified. (applicable to India map only)
The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line.
© Government ofIndia Copyright, 2002. FOREWORD
"Regional Divisions of India - A Cartographic Analysis", of each State and Union Territory Volume,1991 is undertaken by the Map Division of this office. The project is in continuation of a similar 'Occasional Paper' publIshed during the 1981 Census. In this study,
regions are delineated at macro, meso I micro and sub-micro level in each state/union
territory. While ddineating such regionsl the physio-geographic factors are taken into " account. These physio-geographic factors ~nsist of (i) Physiography; (ii) Geological structure; (iii) Forest coverage; (iv) Climatic conditions and (v) Soils. The sub-micro regions are delineated within the district keeping in view the above physio-geographic factors. The regional boundaries delineated earlier at different levels are retained as such. However, the jurisdictional changes at the district level during 1981-91 were added in the respective regions. A few more tables and maps on educational level of primary and secondary schools and availability of medical facilities at the villages, have been appended in this volume. This publication consists of three parts. Part I contains the brief introductory note on Regional Divisiom, of India along with a map of India showing the regional boundaries at (~:.. micro level. This part is common for all the States and Union territories Volume. Part II deals with the description of Regional Divisions of each State and Union territory. In this section,
lhere are nearly 21 maps re1ated to different themes e.g. density, sex ratio, growth of population, workers, literacy and the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes. These maps are prepared at the sub-micro level. Part III is mainly devoted to presentation of data and maps of the districts. The districts are divided into sub-micro regions of the fourth order and brief analysi!. of each of these sub-micro regions is written and supported by tables relating to the main demographic theme of the districts. This project is executed under the technical supervision of Dr. R.P. Singh, Assistant Registrar General (Map) and other officers and staff of the Map Division of this office and Directorates of Census Operations of States/Union territories. The officers and the staff associated with this project are acknowledged separately. An effort is made to publish this volume on Compact Discs also for the convenience of the users. I hope this publication will be useful for. administrators, geographers, demographers and others interested in different fields of population study.
New Delhi Dated: 30.1.2001 J.K. Banthia Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India
(III)
PREFACE
The public ation bearing the title "Regional Divisions of India - A Cartographic Analysis" in regal d to Andhra Pradesh was first brought out after the 1981 Census. The publication contained cartographic depletion of Census data for the State as a whole and for all the individual districts. The publication received wide patronage and appreciation from the data users due to which it was decided to continue this "Occasional Paper" in regard to the 1991 Census data too.
The Census Organization endeavours to present data, obtained thought Census and non-Census methods at various geographic levels covering a variety of data items relating to the popUlation, density, sex-ratio, literacy, population of workers and non \vorkers including geo-climatic conditions etc. The Regional Divisions of India - A Cartographic Analysis in regard to Andhra Pradesh is one such attempt which portrays data in relation to factors mentioned afore at macro, meso, micro and sub-micro levels. The pub1ication is made in three parts. Part I contains a brief note on Regional Divisions of India along wiLl a Map showing the regional boundaries. Part II contains the Regional Divisions of the State and deals with a variety of themes such as the administrative divisions of the State, relief and drainage, rainfall, temperature, geo-climatic conditions, distribution of population, growth, density and rural-urban distribution of popUlation, sex-ratio, literacy, workers and non-workers popUlation, etc. These details are depicted cartographical1y cy using 21 maps. Part III contains maps of each and every district of the State, the Regional Divisions of each district showing macro, meso, micro and sub micro divisions, geo-climatic conditions, geology and soil particulars of various areas, etc,
This Directorate owes a special debt of gratitude to Sri A.R. Nanda and Dr, Vijayanunni, who both were formerly Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India for their constant encouragement in preparing this volume. I also express deep sense of gratitude to Sri J.K. Banthia, Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India for his constant help, guidance and inspiration. This publication, although belated, could not have probably been possible without his support.
This Directorate of Census Operations would like to place on record deep sense of appreciation of efforts made by Sri R.P. Singh, Assistant Registrar, Map and his colleagues at the headquarters for able guidance and stewardship due to which this volume has been completed.
The credit for the production of this Regional Divisions v01ume goes to hard and sustained efforts of the entire team of Map Unit which worked with a high sense of devotion and dedication and I wish to record my appreciation to the team under the active guidance of Sri Shyam Deo, Research Officer (Map), ably assisted by Dr. (Kum.) Aqeela Begum, S :nior Geographer. A list of officials associated with the project is gi ven separately.
Hyderabad V.S. BHASKAR Director of Census Operations
(V)
TECHNICAI~ STAFF OF THE RGI HEADQUARTERS AND DIRECTOR<\TE
Of CEl\SUS OPERATIONS OF A.~DHRA PRADESH ASSOCIATED WITH
THE PROJECT':
REGIONAL DIVISIONS: ANDHRA PRADESH 1991
At RGI Headquarters
Planning & S: Ipervision Dr. R.P.Singh Asstt. Registrar General (Map)
Progress & Monitoring R. K Chhipa Research Officer (map) RK.Chourajit Singh - up to 31-8-200 J Research Officer (Map)
Computer mapping and other Pooran Singh, Sf. Geographer Computerised work Dinesh, Draughtsman (Photo) Ani! B. Dhengle, Sr. Draughtsman
Cover Design Mohd. Ishaque Sr. Drawing Asstt
Secretariat A.K. Jain, P.A. P.K. Ajmani, P.A
At nco, Andhra Pradesh
Monitoring & Execution Sri Shyam Deo Research Officer (Map)
Updation of lnterpretions Dr. (kum) Aqeela Begum Sf. Geographer
Mapping Cartographic work, Sri, P. Jolm Samuel Cartographer Data Compilation & Typing work Sri, M.J.Sadiq Sr. Drawing Ass1. Sri, Mohiuddin Hasan Sf. Draughtsman Smt, Daya Sexena ,. Sri B. Raghu Ram Sri. K. Deva Dass Sri, G. Marriyanna Sri, D.C. Raju Sri. M.A.Quadecr Sri, K.S.P. Reddy Sri, T.Trinadh Draughtsman Smt, R.R.S.N. Subba Laxmi Sri, Gulam Hasan Mohiuddin " Sri. P.Babji
(VII)
CONTENTS Page No Foreword III Preface V PART-I
Regional Divisions of India - A Cartographic Analysis 1-4 Brief Characteristics of Regional Divisions 5-14 Statement on Physio - Geographic Regions oflndia (Regional Divisions) 17-25
PART-II
Regional Divisions of Andhra Pradesh 29-45
GENERAL MAPS
Position of Andhra Pradesh in India 49 Administrative Divisions of Andhra Pradesh, 1991 51 Relief and Drainage 53 Normal Monthly and Annual Rainfall 55 Normal Monthly and Annual Temperature (Minimum) 57 Normal Monthly and Annual Temperature (Maximum) 59 Geology 61 Soils 63 Distribution of Population, 1991 65 Growth of Population, 1981 -1991 (Sub - micro level) 67 Density of population, 1981 - 1991 (Sub - micro level) 69 Variation in Density of population, 1981 --1991 (Sub - micro level) 71 Rural Density of popUlation, 1991 (Sub - micro level) 73 Variation in Rural Density of population, 1981- 1991 (Sub - micro level) 75 Urban Density of population, 1991 (Sub- micro level) 77 Variation in Urban Density of population, 1981 -1991 (Sub - micro level) 79 Sex ratio, 1991 (Sub - micro level) 81 Main Workers, 1991 (Sub - micro level) 83 Literates to total popUlation, 1991 (Sub - micro level) 85 Scheduled Castes, 1991 (Sub - micro level) 87 Scheduled Tribes, 1991 (Sub - micro level) 89
IX PART-III Karimnagar District Regional Divisions of Karimnagar District 93-96 Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions 100-102 Table 2 - Region wise Village Code, 1991 103 Table 3 - Data on Regional Divisions (Total Workers) 104 Table 4 - Data on Regional Divisions (Rural Workers) 105 Table 5 - Data on Regional Divisions (Urban Workers) 106 Table 6 - Data on Regional Divisions (Literates and Scheduled Castes) 107
Warangal District Regional Divisions of Warangal District 108-109 Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions 113 Table 2 - Region wise Village Code, 1991 114-116 Table 3 - Data on Regional Divisions (Total Workers) 117 Table 4 - Data on Regional Divisions (Rural Workers) 118 Table 5 - Data on Regional Divisions (Urban Workers) 119 Table 6 - Data on Regional Divisions (Literates and Scheduled Castes) 120
Khammam District Regional Divisions of Kbarnmam District 121-125 Table I - Data on Regional Divisions 129 Table 2 - Region wise Village Code, 1991 130-133 Table 3 - Data on Regional Divisions (Total Workers) 134 Table 4 - Data on Regional Divisions (Rural Workers) 135 Table 5 - Data on Regional Divisions (Urban Workers) 136 Table 6 - Data on Regional Divisions (Literates and Scheduled Castes) 137
Mahbubnagar District Regional Divisions of Mahbubnagar District 138-140 Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions 144 'Table 2 - Region wise Village Code, 1991 145-147 Table 3 - Data on Regional Divisions (Total Workers) 148 Table 4 - DJ.ta on Regional Divisions (Rural Workers) 149 Table 5 - Data on Regional Divisions (Urban Workers) 150 Table 6 - Data on Regional Divisions (Literates and Scheduled Castes) 151
x Rangareddi District Regional Divisions of Rangareddi District 152-154 Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions 158 Table 2 - Region wise Village Code, 1991 159-161 Table 3 - Data on Regional Divisions (Total Workers) ]62 Table 4 - Data on Regional Divisions (Rural Workers) 163 Table 5 - Data on Regional Divisions (Urban Workers) 164 Table 6 - Data on Regional Divisions (Literates and Scheduled Castes) 165
Hyderabad District Regional Divisions of Hyderabad District 166-167 Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions 170-171
Table 2 ~~ Region wise Village Code, 1991 Table 3 - Data on Regional Divisions (Total Workers) Table 4 - Data on Regional Divisions (Rural Workers) Table 5 - Data on Regional Divisions (Urban Workers) Table 6 - Data on Regional Divisions (Literates and Scheduled Castes)
Medak District Regional Divisions of Medak District 172-174 Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions 178 Table 2 - Region wise Village Code, 1991 179-180 Table 3 - Data on Regional Divisions (Total Workers) 181 Table 4 - Data on Regional Divisions (Rural Workers) 182 Table 5 - Data on Regional Divisions (Urban Workers) 183 Table 6 - Data on Regional Divisions (Literates and Scheduled Castes) 184
Nizamabad District Regional Divisions ofNizamabad District 185-188
Table 1 ~ Data on Regional Divisions 191 Table 2 - Region wise Village Code, 1991 192-194
Table 3 -~ Data on Regional Divisions (Total Workers) 195 Table 4 - Data on Regional Divisions (Rural Workers) 196 Table 5 Data on Regional Divisions (Urban Workers) 197
Table 6 .~ Data on Regional Divisions (Literates and Scheduled Castes) 198
XI Adilabad District Regional Divisions of Adilabad District 199-202 Table I - Data on Regional Divisions 205
Table 2 ~. Region wise Village Code, 1991 206-209 Table 3 - Data on Regional Divisions (Total Workers) 210 Table 4 - Data on Regional Divisions (Rural Workers) 211 Table 5 - Data on Regional Divisions (Urban Workers) 212 Table 6 - Data on Regional Divisions (Literates and Scheduled Castes) 213
Nalgonda District Regional Divisions ofNalgonda District 215-218 Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions 221 Table 2 - Region wise Village Code, 1991 222-224 Table 3 - Data on Regional Divisions (Total Workers) 225 Table 4 - Data on Regional Divisions (Rural Workers) 226 Table 5 - Data on Regional Divisions (Urban Workers) 227 Table 6 - Data on Regional Divisions (Literates and Scheduled Castes) 228
Chittoor District Regional Divisions of Chittoor District 229-232 Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions 235 Table 2 - Region wise Village Code, 1991 236-239 Table 3 - Data on Regional Divisions (Total Workers) 240 Table 4 - Data on Regional Divisions (Rural Workers) 241 Table 5 - Data on Regional Divisions (Urban Workers) 242 Table 6 - Data on Regional Divisions (Literates and Scheduled Castes) 243
Cuddapah District Regional Divisions of CUddapah District 245-248 Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions 251 Table 2 - Region wise Village Code, 1991 252-254 Table 3 - Data on Regional Divisions (Total Workers) 255 Table 4 - Data on Regional Divisions (Rural Workers) 256 Table 5 - Data on Regional Divisions (Urban Workers) 257 Table 6 - Data on Regional Divisions (Literates and Scheduled Castes) 258
XII Anantapur District Regional Divisions of Anantapur District 259-262 Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions 265 Table 2 - Region wise Village Code, 1991 266-269 Table 3 - Data on Regional Divisions (Total Workers) 270 Table 4 - Data on Regional Divisions (Rural Workers) 271 Table 5 - Data on Regional Divisions (Urban Workers) 272 Table 6 - Data on Regional Divisions (Literates and Scheduled Castes) 273
Kurnool District Regional Divisions ofKumool District 275-277 Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions 281 Table 2 - Region wise Village Code, 1991 282-284 Table 3 - Data on Regional Divisions (Total Workers) 285 Table 4 - Data on Regional Divisions (Rural Workers) 286 Table 5 - Data on Regional Divisions (Urban Workers) 287 Table 6 - Data on Regional Divisions (Literates and Scheduled Castes) 288
N ellore District Regional Divisions of Nellore District 289-291 Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions 295 Table 2 - Region wise Village Code, 1991 296-298 Table 3 - Data on Regional Divisions (Total Workers) 299 Table 4 - Data on Regional Divisions (Rural Workers) 300 Table 5 - Data on Regional Divisions (Urban Workers) 301 Table 6 - Data on Regional Divisions (Literates and Scheduled Castes) 302
Prakasam District Regional Divisions ofPrakasam District 303-305 Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions 309 Table 2 - Region wise Village Code, 1991 310-312 Table 3 - Data on Regional Divisions (Total Workers) 313 Table 4 - Data on Regional Divisions (Rural Workers) 314 Table 5 _. Data on Regional Divisions (Urban Workers) 315 Table 6 - Data on Regional Divisions (Literates and Scheduled Castes) 316
XIII Guntur District Regional Divisions of Guntur District 317-320 Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions 323 Table 2 - Region wise Village Code, 1991 324-326 Table 3 - Data on Regional Divisions (Total Workers) 327 Table 4 - Data on Regional Divisions (Rural Workers) 328 Table 5 - Data on Regional Divisions (Urban Workers) 329 Table 6 - Data on Regional Divisions (Literates and Scheduled Castes) 330
Krishna District Regional Divisions of Krishna District 321-333 Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions 337 Table 2 - Region wise Village Code, 1991 338-340 Table 3 - Data on Regional Divisions (Total Workers) 341 Table 4 - Data on Regional Divisions (Rural Workers) 342 Table 5 - Data on Regional Divisions (Urban Workers) 343 Table 6 - Data on Regional Divisions (Literates and Scheduled Castes) 344
West Godavari District Regional Divisions of West Godavari District 345-346 Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions 349 Table 2 - Region wise Village Code, 1991 350-351 Table 3 - Data on Regional Divisions (Total Workers) 352 Table 4 - Data on Regional Divisions (Rural Workers) 353 Table 5 - Data on Regional Divisions (Urban Workers) 354 Table 6 - Data on Regional Divisions (Literates and Scheduled Castes) 355
East Godavari District Regional Divisions of East Godavari District 359-362 Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions 365 Table 2 - Region wise Village Code, 1991 366-368 Table 3 - Data on Regional Divisions (Total Workers) 369 Table 4 - Data on Regional Divisions (Rural Workers) 370 Table 5 - Data on Regional Divisions (Urban Workers) 371 Table 6 -- Data on Regional Divisions (Literates and Scheduled Castes) 372
XIV Srikakulam District Regional Divisions of Srikakulam District 373-376 Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions 379 Table 2 - Region wise Village Code, 1991 380-382 Table 3 - Data on Regional Divisions (Total Workers) 383 Table 4 - Data on Regional Divisions (Rural Workers) 384 Table 5 - Data on Regional Divisions (Urban Workers) 385 Table 6 - Data on Regional Divisions (Literates and Scheduled Castes) 386
Vizianagaram District Regional Divisions of Vizianagaram District 387-389 Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions 393 Table 2 - Region wise Village Code, 1991 394-395 Table 3 - Data on Regional Divisions (Total Workers) 396 Table 4 - Data on Regional Divisions (Rural Workers) 397 Table 5 - Data on Regional Divisions (Urban Workers) 398 Table 6 - Data on Regional Divisions (Literates and Scheduled Castes) 399
Visakhapatnam District Regional Divisions ofVisakhapatnam District 403-405 Table 1 - Data on Regional Divisions 409 Table 2 - Region wise Village Code, 1991 410-412 Table 3 - Data on Regional Divisions (Total Workers) 413 Table 4 - Data on Regional Divisions (Rural Workers) 414 Table 5 - Data on Regional Divisions (Urban Workers) 415 Table 6 - Data on Regional Divisions (Literates and Scheduled Castes) 416
xv
PART -I REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF INDIA
REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF INDIA-A CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS GENERAL NOTE
Region is a complex phenomenon which varies according to purposes but must have homogeneous 2 characteristics. To delineate a region in a country like India with an area of 3287,263 Km , extending between latitudes of 8° 4' 28" and 37° 17' 53" North and longitudes of 68° 7' 53" and 97° 24' 47" East and having a great range of geographic variations is a gigantic task. In the changed scenario of planning where emphasis is being laid on grassroot level planning. the delineation of sub-micro region having village as unit, is significant. For carving out such natural regions, the following considerations, inter-alia, are to be kept in view:
(i) Contiguous geographical area;
(ii) Homogeneous administrative machinery capable of formulating and implementing integrated area plans; (iii) Reliable statistical data base; (iv) Existence of nodal regions; and (v) Amenability of the natural boundaries to marginal adjustments so that the former, by and large, conform to administrative boundaries at given points of time.
In India, district is a defined administrative unit which is planning unit also. The district boundaries do coincide with regional boundaries and have reliable statistical data base. Hence, district has been taken as a basic unit of delineation.
A number of scholars have delineated the natural regions of the country which was mainly based on physical factors. Accordingly they divided the country into traditional regions of mountains, plateaus and plains. In Census of India, A. Mitra and late P. Sengupta attempted the regionalisation of the country taking into consideration district as basic unit of data presentation but they have not taken into consideration the intra-district variations. Hence this study was undertaken during 1981 to delineate sub-micro region in each district based on physio-geographical characteristics. While delineating the sub-micro region, village was taken as a basic unit of demarcation. Since each sub-micro region has been clearly delineated in rural and urban constituents, the demographic characteristics and other statistical data can be generated fo r the post-census period also to the extent to which village-wise I town-wise data are available. The scheme was the first of its kind in the history of the Census in India and would serve as a useful framework for administrators, planners, researchers and other data users for area specific planning.
The basic work of delineation of sub-micro region at district level was undertaken during 1981 Census as a plan project and separate volumes for each State / Union Territory was published during 1981 Census. Present study is in continuation of the 1981 project in which sub-micro regions delineated during 1981 Census and published in the respective volume were adopted in the same pattern without any change. The code structures of the sub-micro regions are also the same used in 1981 Census. A detailed description of code structure is given in the Macro and Meso regional divisions of India. However, the new administrative changes during 1981-91 were added in the respective sub-micro regions as per list given herewith:
Region Micro region Newly Created Districts No. (1981-91 )
(1 ) (2) (3)
1.4.3. Western Arunachal Pradesh-Himalaya (i) Tawang 1.4.4. Eastern Arunachal Pradesh·Himalaya (i) Changlang 1.5.2. Manipur Hills (i) Ukhrul (ii) Senapati (iii) Tamenglong (iv) Churachandpur (v) Pocket of Imphal (vi) Chandal 1.5.3. Imphal Valley (i) Imphal (ii) Bishnupur (iii) Thoubal
1.5.7. eachar Plain (i) Haila Kandi (ii) Karimganj
2.2.1. Eastern Haryana Plain (i) Yamuna Nagar (ii) Kaithal (iii) Panipat
2.2.3. Southern Haryana Plain (i) Rewari
2.4.1. Northern Upper Ganga Plain (i) Hardwar
2.4.2. Southern Upper Ganga Plain (i) Firozabad
2.5.1. Middle Ganga Plain-West (i) Kanpur Oehat (ii) Kanpur Nagar
2.5.2. Middle Ganga Plain-East (i) Mau (Ii) Siddharth Nagar (iii) Maharajganj
2.6.1. North Bihar Plain (i) Madhepura (ii) Araria (iii) Kishanganj
2.6.2. South Bihar Plain (i) Khagaria (ii) Jehanabad
2 (1 ) (2) (3)
2.6.5. Proper Delta (i) North 24 Parganas (ii) South 24 Parganas
2.7.1. Western Brahmaputra Valley (i) Kokrajhar (ii) Bongaigaon (iii) Barpeta (iv) Nalbari (v) Dhubri
2.7.2. Central Brahmaputra Valley (i) Sonitpur (ii) Marigaon
2.7.3. Eastern Brahmaputra Valley (i) Dhemaji (ii) Tinsukia (iii) Jorhat (iv) Golaghat
3.1.3. Banas Chambal Basin (i) Dhaulpur
3.2.2. Mirzapur Uplands (i) Sonbhadra
3.3.1. Ranchi Plateau (i) Gumla (ii) Lohardaga
3.3.2. Hazaribag Plateau (i) Dumka (ii) Deoghar (iii) Godda (iv) Sahibganj
3.3.4. Singhbhum Plateau (i) Pashchimi Singhbhum (ii) Purbi Singhbhum
3.7.2. Wardha-Penganga-Wainganga Plain (i) Gadchiroli
3.8.1. Eastern Plateau (i) Jalna (ii) Latur
3.9.3. Southern Karnataka Plateau (i) Bangalore Rural (ii) Bangalore Urban
3.10.1. Eastern Flanks of Sahyadri (i) Dindigul-Anna
3.10.2. Tamil Nadu Uplands (i) North Arcot-Ambedkar (ii) Tiruvannamalai- Sambuvarayar
3 _. (1 ) (2) (3)
I 4.2.1. Maharashtra Littoral (i) Sindhudurg
4.2.2. Goa Coast (i) North Goa (ii) South Goa
4.2.4. North Kerala Coast (i) Kasaragod (ii) Kannur
4.2.5. Central Kerala Coast (i) Palakkad (iI) Thrissur
4.2.6. South Ke(ala Coast (I) Alappuzha . (ii) Pathanamthitta (iii) Kollam (iv) Thiruvananthapuram
4.3.2. Sandy Littoral (I) Pasumpon Muthu Ramalinga Thevar (ii) Kamarajar (iii) Chidambaranar
4.3.3. Coromandel Coast (i) Chengalpattu M.G.R.
4 BRIEF CHARACTERISTICS OF REGIONAL DIVISIONS
1. THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINS :
The Northern Mountains corresponding with the Himalayan zone facing the northern frontier of the sub-continent comprise Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Northern Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, Northern West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya and part of Assam. The Northern Mountains have been divided primarily according to the geology and forest cover. The relief and drainage however, have also played a dominant role in establishing various sub-divisions within the Himalayan zone. This macro region has been divided into 5 sub-regions (meso) and 24 divisions (micro) on the basis of above mentioned factors.
These sub-regions are :
1.1 Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya:
This sub-region covers the entire Jammu and Kashmir and is further divided into following three divisions (micro regions)
1.1.1 Ladakh 1.1.2 Kashmir Valley 1.1.3 Jammu
In these divisions the relief presents remarkable variations. The grouping of the districts has been made in conformity with the geological structure, elevation and forest cover. Other factors do not play significant role in delineating these divisions. However, sub·montane soil (Podsolic) is dominant in the Kashmir Valley and brown hill soil is seen in the southern part of Jammu and Kashmir. Ladakh region is fully predominated by mountain meadow soils as well as glaciers and eternal snow. Forest is mostly alpine type in the northern regions and sub-alpine in the southern regions.
1.2. Himachal Pradesh Himalaya :
The entire state of Himachal Pradesh falls under this sub-region. It has been further divided into the following 4 divisions:
., .2.1 Northern Himachal Pradesh
1.2.2 Trans-Himalayan Zone ., .2.3 Central Himachal Pradesh
1.2.4 Southern Himachal Pradesh
Geologically, it is almost similar to that of Jammu and Kashmir Himalaya. However, this sub region is characterised by marked variations in the relief features, mainly on the consideration of micro-relief and little variations in soils.
5 1.3. Uttar Pradesh Himalaya :
This sub-region has been divided into three divisions, viz.,
1.3.1 Kumaon Himalaya-North
1.3.2 Western Kumaon Himalaya, Siwalik and Doons
1.3.3 Kumaon Himalaya-East
In these areas, the elevation has been taken as the main basis for classification. Geology and forest have also been taken into account. The soils are mostly of brown hill type in the sub-reg,ion with marked differences in the southern Siwalik zone, locally known as 'Tarai' and 'Bhur' soils. The Kumaon Himalaya-North has important peaks like Nanda Devi, Kamet and 8adrinath. The Ganga and the Yamuna have their sources in this region. The Western Kumaon Himalaya, Siwalik and Doons cover Dehradun, Garhwal and Tehri Garhwal districts and have an elevation of 900 to 1000 m. The Kumaon Himalaya-East which comprises Almora and Nainital districts is marked with some narrow valleys on high altitudes.
1.4 North Eastern Himalaya :
This region includes four sub-regions extending over Sikkim, Darjiling and 'Duar' areas of West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh. The Darjiling section of the Himalayan zone rises abruptly from 'Duar' plains of West Bengal. Three high peaks namely, Siwalik Phu (3630 m), Sabargam (3546 m) and Phalut (3596 m) are located in this section of Himalayan zone. Similarly, the lofty range of about 5000 m. with intermittent summits are the chief characteristics of Arunachal Pradesh. Weather is damp and cold and the forests are dense. Annual rainfall ranges between 250 and 350 cm. The drainage is in evolutionary stage and immature. This region has been divided into 4 divisions as below:
1.4.1 Sikkim Himalaya
1.4.2 Darjiling Himalaya including 'Duars'
1.4.3 Western Arunachal Pradesh Himalaya
1.4.4 Eastern Arunachal Pradesh Himalaya
1.5 Eastern Hill Zone :
This region represents the eastern section of Himalayan zone extending over Nagaland, Manipur Mizoram, Tripura, part of Assam and Meghalaya. This region is interspersed with plains especially in Silchar, North Cachar Hills and adjoining areas. Topographically it is rugged. The slopes are quite steep. Over the Tripura region the topography has interspersed ranges and valleys. Consequently communication is difficult.
The Khasi and Jaintia Hills region in Meghalaya is like a table land. Geologically it is an eastward extension of the massive block of the peninsular region broken by the alluvium of Bengal basin. In its long geological history this region is said to have been submerged during Mesozoic and early Tertiary times due to marine transgression which was further uplifted at the time of Himalayan orogenesis.
6 The region has been divided into 10 divisions as below:
1.5.1 Nagaland Hills 1.5.2 Manipur Hills 1.5.3 Imphal Valley 1.5.4 Mizo Hill Zone 1.5.5 Tripura Plain 1.5.6 Tripura Hills 1.5.7 Cachar Plain 1.5.8 Karbi Anglong and North Cachar Hills 1.5.9 Eastern Meghalaya 1.5.10 Western Meghalaya
2. THE GREAT PLAINS :
This is the most important zone in view of human concentration and it stretches from Rajasthan via Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal to the eastern section of Brahmaputra Valley. It is an enclosed vast basin of various small and large rivers separated by 'alluvial divides'.
The western section comprising arid Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi and Western Uttar Pradesh is slightly higher in elevation (over 150 m) than the eastern section 01 the plain. However, according to elevation, this plain shows three levels of relief configuration, between 0 to 75 m. in the eastern section, 75 to 150 m in the Central Uttar Pradesh and 150 to 300 m. in the western zone with the exception of small zone in eastern Jaisalmer district where the elevation is below 75 m. Geologically the whole region is made of alluvium brought by rivers from the Himalayas and this is a gradational plain formed during Pleistocene and Recent geological1imes. On the basis of drainage, soils and rainfall, the region has been divided into 7 (meso) sub-regions and 24 (micro) divisions :-
2.1 Punjab Plain :
In this plain 4 divisions as listed below have been delineated on the basis of soils and rainfall. Soils are alluvial with variations of 'banger' and 'Khadar'. Agriculturally, this is the most important region.
2.1.1 Ravi-8eas Inter-Fluvial Plain 2.1.2 Hoshiarpur-Ghandigarh sub-montane Plain 2.1.3 Beas-Satluj Doab 2.1.4 Punjab Malwa Plain
2.2 Haryana Plain :
In this region which also includes Delhi, three divisions have been delineate~ on the basis of topography and distribution of soils which are sandy and calcareous.
2.2.1 Eastern Haryana Plain 2.2.2 Western Haryana Plain 2.2.3 Southern Haryana Plain
7 2.3 Arid Rajasthan Plain :
This meso region receives an average rainfall of less than 40 em. It has been divided into four micro regions mainly on the basis of distribution of rainfall which are:
2.3.1 Ghaggar Plain 2.3.2 Rajasthan Sagar 2.3.3 Extremely Arid Tract 2.3.4 Luni Valley
2.4 Upper Ganga Plain :
This is the vast stretch of the Ganga Plain where the rivers are playing an important role in carrying out definite influence of their own. In general. the soil is alluvial but variations have developed on the upland and the low land areas. The Upper Ganga Plain has been divided into 2 divisions, viz .•
2.4.1 Northern Upper Ganga Plain 2.4.2 Southern Upper Ganga Plain
2.5 Middle Ganga Plain :
This is the transitional zone between the Upper Ganga Plain and the Lower Ganga Plain and has been divided into two divisions. viz.,
2.5.1 Middle Ganga Plain-West
2.5.2 Middle Ganga Plain-East
2.6 Lower Ganga Plain :
The characteristics of the landscape in the Ganga Plain change abruptly in Lower Ganga Plain extending over Bihar and West Bengal due to high rainfall. It has an elevation of below 75 m. and has been further divided into following six micro regions :-
2.6.1 North Bihar Plain
2.6.2 South Bihar Plain
2.6.3 Barind Tract
2.6.4 Moriband Delta
2.6.5 Proper Delta
2.6.6 Rarh Plain
2.7 Brahmaputra Valley:
The Brahmaputra Valley presents typical geographical features. In general, the valley has an elevation of below 75 m. The eastern section is more undulating. Rainfall is very high and river pattern is braided in various sections of the Brahmaputra. The tributaries joining the main river Brahmaputra
8 discharge large amount of water during the monsoon period and hence cause floods in the valley region. It is also covered with luxuriant vegetations throughout. Hence, on these basis this valley has been divided into three divisions with definite characteristics.
2.7.1 Western Brahmaputra Valley 2.7.2 Central Brahmapu1ra Valley 2.7.3 Eastern Brahmaputra Valley
3. THE DECCAN PLATEAU :
The Deccan Plateau represents the whole of South Indian tableland. From the point of view of geology, the whole region is composed of metamorphic rocks of pre Cambrian age. Considering drainage, elevation, forest cover, soils and rainfall, sub-divisions were delineated. In general, the elevation rises to over 1000 m. in the south while it hardly exceeds 500 m. in the north. The rivers of this region have mostly reached their base level of erosion which have carved wide valleys in various regions of considerable importance. This region has been divided into 12 (meso) sub-regions and 33 micro divisions.
3.1 Semi-Arid Rajasthan :
This portion of Rajasthan is marked with intervening valleys where the soils are red, yellow and mixed red·black in character. The regional characteristics of this region are different from those of the arid zone of the Rajasthan (2.3). The annual rain tall here varies from 35 to 45 cm. Besides, the vegetation is partly developed over the hills and slopes which mostly belong to semi-arid type; while the arid plains are intested with thorny scrub and bushy vegetation. This region has further been divided into three divisions:
3.1.1 Aravalli Range and the Associated Uplands 3.1.2 Semi-Arid Uplands of Eastern Rajasthan 3.1.3 Banas-Chambal Basin
3.2 Uttar Pradesh Uplands:
Uttar Pradesh Uplands represent well defined zone of Vindhyan System in the south. The average elevation is 500-600 m. and slope towards the plain in the north. The divisions made in this meso region are:
3.2.1 Jhansi Uplands 3.2.2 Mirzapur Uplands
Jhansi Uplands are comparatively dry while the Mirzapur Uplands are wet.
3.3 Bihar-West Bengal Uplands :
Bihar-West Bengal Uplands region is one of the most interesting regions for the studies in geomorphology and cultural geography. The whole region belongs to the unclassified crystalline rocks. The elevation of the Bihar Highlands known as Chotanagpur Plateau, is in the range of 300-900 m. which is often high above 900 m. at places in the form of rounded hills. Soils in this region are mainly red
9 and yellow, and red sandy. Red and black soils are predominant in Singhbhum region. The drainage is radial. Forests are dense in Palamu, Ranchi and Hazaribag areas, while it becomes sparse in Puruliya on account of degenerated soils on the uplands. On the basis of elevation and nature of topography the region has been divided into 4 divisions:
3.3.1 Ranchi Plateau
3.3.2 Hazaribag Plateau
3.3.3 Puruliya Uplands
3.3.4 Singhbhum Plateau
3.4 Northern Madhya Pradesh Uplands :
The Northern Madhya Pradesh Uplands region has been sub-divided into three divisions. In general, the elevation is between 300-600 m. with numerous hills which are thickly forested. The Northern Madhya Pradesh is typically a ravine and derelict land zone on account of erosion by the tributaries of Chambal system. The Northern Madhya Pradesh Uplands-East region represents the Vindhyas with well developed scraps. Three divisions made in this meso region are:
3.4.1 Northern Madhya Pradesh Ravine Uplands-West
3.4.2 Northern Madhya Pradesh Uplands-Central
3.4.3 Northern Madhya Pradesh Uplands-East
3.5 Central Madhya Pradesh Plateau :
The Central Madhya Pradesh Plateau inherits a complex geology. In general, Gneisses, Vindhyans and Gondwanas are fairly represented here. Forest is deciduous and presents large varieties of Sal. Soils are primarily medium black to deep black types. The region has been sub-divided into three divisions:
3.5.1 Sagar Plateau 3.5.2 Bhopal Plateau 3.5.3 Ratlam Plateau
3.6 Southern Madhya Pradesh Uplands :
The region in general represents black soil. Annual rainfall varies between 200-300 em. The whole region is densely forested in general. According to the elevation, drainage and micro-orographic characteristics the region has been divided into three divisions.
3.6.1 Narmada Region including Flanks of Vindhya and Satpura
3.6.2 Mahanadi Basin
3.6.3 Madhya Pradesh Dandakaranya
10 3.7 Northern Maharashtra :
The Northern Maharashtra represents the major soil regions developed over 'Deccan Flows'. In this region average annual rainfall ranges between 40 and 80 cm. The altitudinal characteristics are quite pronounced and hence the delineation of above regions is based on the 'Valleys and divides' concept of orography of the region. It has been further divided into following two divisions:
3.7.1 Tapti-Puma Valley 3.7.2 Wardha-Penganga-Wainganga Plain
3.8 Maharashtra Plateau :
This meso region in general, has an altitude ranging between 300 and 900 m. and extends over basalts. Some high ranges like Ajanta range, Harischandra range, Mahadeo range and Balaghat range break the monotony and thus form a mosaic of plateau with protruded hills. Annual rainfall in general, varies between 80 and 100 em. except in the central region of Maharashtra Plateau which generally gets less than 80 cm. rainfall. Forest cover, in general, is sparse and at places dense which is of dry deciduous type. Consequently two divisions have been made in this region, viz.,
3.8.1 Eastern Plateau 3.8.2 Western Plateau with Protruded Hills
3.9 Karnataka Plateau :
The Karnataka Plateau is a well defined plateau region of the Deccan over the unclassified crystalline rocks in general, the northern portion is having an elevation of about 300 m. with a westward slope, while the southern portion is high (over 900m.) and slopes towards the southeast. Tungabhadra river cuts it into two regions. Average annual rainfall is around 80 em. in major parts of this region. Soils in the northern Karnataka are black, while in the south these are mostly laterite, red sandy and red loamy. Forests are dense only in Malnad bordering Sahyadri where the main elevation reaches 1000 m. with heavy rainfall of 150 em. per annum. Three divisions made on the above considerations in the region are:
3.9.1 Northern Karnataka Plateau 3.9.2 Central Karnataka Plateau 3.9.3 Southern Karnataka Plateau
3.10 Tamil Nadu Uplands:
This region is the southern extension of unclassified crystalline rocks of Cambrian period and is marked with fairly wide valley of Cauvery and its tributaries. In general, the elevation is over 900 m. in the west due to southern Sahyadri and Nilgiri Hills. The western and the eastern flanks get an annual rainfall of about 80-200 cm. but the central part of the uplands is atmost dry. Due to comparatively high rainfall the hilly areas are forested.On the basis of elevation two divisions have been carved out which are:
3.10.1 Eastern Flanks of Sahyadri 3.10.2 Tamil Nadu Uplands
11 3.11 Andhra Plateau :
Andhra Plateau is another well-defined plateau region over the Archaean gneissic rock of Southern India which is drained mostly by Godavari, Krishna and Penner river systems. Over the western margins, the soils are mostly medium black with intrusion of deep black soils in Krishna valley. The rest of the region is characterised by red sandy soils. The average annual rainfall is below 80 cm. in this region .The region is covered with deciduous forests. On the basis of elevation and other considerations, the region has been divided into four divisions and identified as :
3.11.1 Godavari Depressions 3.11.2 Telangana Plateau 3.11.3 Krishna Piedmont Plain 3.11.4 Rayalaseema
3.12 Orissa Highlands :
The Orissa Highlands region is comprised of the north-eastern extension of unclassified crystalline rocks of the Deccan Plateau. Here the topography is rugged and elevation is about 1,200 m. in Koraput Plateau. The Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers have carved out well defined valleys. Soils of the region are mostly red and sandy interspersed with red and yellow soils ,in some areas. The western portion of the region consists of deep valleys with spurs. In general, the southern portion is much more dissected and higher than the northern, where the range of elevation is between 300 and 900 m. Average annual rainfall of the region is between 200 and 300 cm. The region has been divided into two well marked divisions according to elevation, viz.
3.12.1 Northern Orissa Highlands 3.12.2 Southern Orissa Highlands (Orissa Dandakaranya)
4. THE COASTAL PLAINS AND ISLANDS :
Geologically the Coastal Plains adjacent to the Peninsular region are mere 'Shore Facies' of the Deccan Trap. The region has attained a definite regional approach for classification on account of coastal alluvium characteristics hemmed in between the Sahyadri and Arabian sea in the west and the Eastern Ghats and Bay of Bengal in the east. The rainfall varies in the sections which is high (above 300 cm.) in the Western Coastal Region and low (100 cm.) in the Eastern Coastal Region. The Coastal Plain has been sub divided into 4 (meso) sub-regions and 20 micro divisions.
4.1 Gujarat Coastal Plain :
This region represents almost the whole of Gujarat state. This region is composed of 'Deccan Flows' and coastal Tertiary deposits. Gujarat Plain is drained by Sabarmati and Mahi rivers. Eastern Hilly Region is comprised of Panch Mahals and the Dangs districts. Kathiawar Peninsula is partly rocky having an elevation of above 75 m. Radial drainage is the chief characteristic feature of this zone.
12 Kachehh Peninsula solely corresponds with Kaehehh district. The chief characteristic feature of the region is the sandy plain with isolated rocky hills, All these regions may typically be said as semi-arid while the Kachehh Peninsula is arid. The above mentioned four regions are as follows:
4.1.1 Gujarat Plain 4.1.2 Eastern Hilly Region 4.1.3 Kathiawar Peninsula 4.1.4 Kaehchh Peninsula
4.2 Western Coastal Region :
The Western Coastal Region lies just bordering the Sahyadri (the Western Ghats). The width of the region is often very narrow in Karnataka Coastal Region which broadens further south in Kerala. Rainfall is quite heavy over 300 em. per annum. Six divisions have been demarcated in this region which cover portions of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala, Mahe district of Pondicherry and South Goa and North Goa districts of Goa. The six divisions are:
4.2.1 Maharashtra Littoral 4.2.2 Goa Coast 4.2.3 Karnataka Coast 4.2.4 North Kerala Coast 4.2.5 Central Kerala Coast 4.2.6 South Kerala Coast
4.3 Eastern Coastal Region :
The Eastern Coastal Region can be distinguished from the Western Coast because the basic geographical factors of these two regions vary to a great extent. The 100 cm. isohyetalline separates the eastern and western coastal areas at the district level at Kanniyakumari. The Eastern Coastal Region is wide and the soils differ appreCiably within this region. The big rivers carve out broader valleys or deltas which give further help in establishing the division in the Eastern Coastal Region. The Eastern Ghats are broken as they do not run as continuous geographical barrier. The region has been divided into 8 divisions viz.
4.3.1 Kanniyakumari Coast 4.3.2 Sandy Littoral 4.3.3 Coromandel Coast 4.3.4 Southern Andhra Coastal Plain 4.3.5 Krishna Delta 4.3.6 Godavari Delta 4.3.7 Northern Andhra Coastal Plain 4.3.8 Mahanadi Delta
13 4.4 The Islands :
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and Lakshadweep in the Arabian Sea vary between themselves in geographical location as well as in human geography and form two micro regions.
4.4.1 The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are composed of more than 300 named and unnamed Islands. Out of them 33 major islands are inhabited, while the remaining islands are uninhabited. Geologically, sandstone and shales of Eocene period predominate. Due to hot and humid climate, soils are lateritic and degenerated with luxuriant growth of vegetation cover. Coral formation is the chief characteristics of the islands and so the group of islands forms a definite entity of a region on these considerations.
4.4.2 The Lakshadweep islands have developed very near to the continental shelf of the Indian coast. The total number of islands is 27 of which 10 are inhabited and the remaining 17 uninhabited.
These two present a peculiar geographical environment, ecology and cultural zone of India.
14 Map-1
INDIA
PHYSIO-GEOGRAPHIC ZONES OF INDIA
INplA PHYSIO . GE O~ RAPHIC ZONES I Boundary, InternatIOnal. Boundary, StateJUl . Boundary, DistrIct . . o KILO'> ETRES :12 10050 0 100 ,) 0 300 400 500
MYANMAR (~URMA)
B AY
o F
BEN GAL
ARABIAN Name of Districts STATE: I DISTRICT Kh KhH81Hia (BIHAR) Ki KishnnganJ (BIHAR) NANIPU R y, Milhendrtlg~rh (HARYAN A) tSenapati ., ~okokch u ng ~NAGALAND) a Ukhru] SEA N" IJllUtHarpur BlI!,AR) lChllfltlel Pa.C Pasbchim Champaran 4.l'houoo J P.NT. Pasurnpon Nu thuramalinga (TAWIL NADU) 5. hnp heJ !J ~DCfl l~ Thevar a Ta menglong p, P&thanamttuttll (BURMA) Pu_C Purbil Champaran m~:kr) 7. Eishnupllr 8. Churachandpur So Sahibganj (B !,H AR) Som Samastipur SIKKI!II TS TiruYlmmlmalai SambuvaraYIIT (TA MIL NADU) Too Tuensang 1. NlJrLh Dislr ict Wesl Districl WKH We;t Khasi Hills f~~~~~l~~A) a W, '1o khil (NAGAI .l..ND) :J.Soulh District 4,East Dislricl Z, Zunhebolo (NACAL\ND) K Kll.purthllJf\ (PUNJA W
REGIONS (WACRO)-•. __ .__ ..... SUB - REGIONS {WESO)._,, _ DlVISJONS( M1CRO) ___.... _ S [ A
4.4.1 '/ ""1- MACRO R!l;IONS 0 1- " ~£------D THE NORTHERN MOUNTAINS !- 1- / 7 (' o D TIlE GREAT Pl41NS & ', 1> 8 0 _ D THE DECCAN PLATEAU 8 0
4.3, Figures in Red colour in the map indicate the sequence of D TilE COASTAL PLAINS AND ISLANDS Regional Divisions with reference to the all India map codes upto :3 tier
Where the boundaries 01 Reg ional Divisions are co-tr.rmintls Nil - Data not available. with those 01 the states/UTs and districts,the former are only shown. N D A o c E A N
EAST or CR~~KWI(,H Based upon Survey of India map wilh the permi ssion of the Surveyor General of India. t ©Govemment of India, copyright 2001 . The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles mea SI red from the appropriate base line. The interstate boundaries between Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya shown on thi map are as interpreted from the North-Eastem Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971 but have yet to verified .
INDIA INVENTORY OF THREE TIER REGIONS
PHYSIO-GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS OF INDIA (REGIONAL DIVISIONS)
Regions with Sub-Regions Divisions with State/Union Code No. with Code No. Code No. Districts Territory (Macro) (Meso) (Micro)
(1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5)
The Northern Jammu & Ladakh Ladakh & Kargil Jammu & Kashmir Mountains Kashmir [1 .1 .1] [1 ] Himalaya Kashmir Valley Anantnag (K.S.), Jammu & Kashmir [1 .1] [1.1.2] Baramula (K.N.), Pulwama, Badgam, Kupwara and Srinagar.
Jammu Doda, Jammu, Kathua, Jammu & Kashmir (1.1.3] Punch, Rajauri and Udhampur
Himachal Northern Himachal Chamba Himachal Pradesh Pradesh Pradesh Himalaya [1.2.1] [1.2]
Trans Himalayan Kinnaur and Himachal Pradesh Zone Lahul & Spiti [1.2.2]
Central Himachal Kangra, Kullu, Una, Himachal Pradesh Pradesh Hamirpur and Mandi [1.2.3]
Southern Himachal Bilaspur, Solan, Shimla Himachal Pradesh Pradesh and Sirmaur [1.2.4]
Uttar Pradesh Kumaon Chamoli, Pithoragarh Uttar Pradesh Himalaya Himalaya-North and Uttarkashi [1.3] [1.3.1]
Western Kumaon Dehra Dun, Garhwal Uttar Pradesh Himalaya, Siwalik and Tehri Garhwal & Doons [1.3.2J
Kumaon Almora and Nainital Uttar Pradesh Himalaya-East [1.3.3]
17 (1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5)
North-Eastern Sikkim Himalaya North District, Sikkim Himalaya [1.4.1J West District, South [1.4] District and East District Darjiling Himalaya Darjiling and Jalpaiguri West Bengal including Duars [1.4.2J Western Tawang, West Kameng, Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh East Kameng, Lower Himalaya Subansiri, Upper Subansiri, [1.4.3J West Siang and East Siang Eastern Arunachal Dibang Valley, Lohit, Arunachal Pradesh Pradesh Himalaya Chang lang and Tirap [1.4.4J Eastern Hill Nagaland Hills Kohima, Mokokchung, Nagaland Zone [1.5.1] Mon, Wokha, Zunheboto, [1.5] Phek and Tuensang Manipur Hills Ukhrul, Senapati, Manipur [1.5.2] Tamenglong, Pocket of ImDhal,Ghurachandpur and Chandet - Imphal Valley Imphal, Bishnupur.and Manipur [1.5.3J Thoubal. Mizo Hill Zone Aizawl, Lunglei and Mizoram [1.5.4] Chhimtuipui Tripura Plain South Tripura and Tripura [1.5.5] West Tripura Tripura Hills NorthTripura Tripura [1.5.6] Cachar Plain Cachar, Hailakandi and Assam [1.5.7] Karimganj Karbi Anglong & Karbi Anglong and Assam North Cachar Hills North Cachar Hills [1.5.8] Eastern Meghalaya West Khasi Hills, East Meghalaya [1.5.9] Khasi Hills and Jaintia Hills Western Meghalaya West Gam Hills and Meghalaya {1.5.10] East Garo Hills The Great Punjab Plain Ravi·Beas Amritsar and Gurdaspur Punjab Plains [2.1] lnterfluvial Plain [2] 12.1.1 ]
18 (1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Hoshiarpur· Chandigarh, Hoshiarpur Chandigarh U.T. Chandigarh Sub- and Rupnagar and Punjab Montane Plain [2.1.2]
Beas-Satluj Doab Jalandhar and Punjab [2.1.3] Kapurthala Punjab-Malwa Bathil1da, Firozpur, Punjab Plain Ludhiana, Patiala, [2.1.4] Sangrur and Faridkot Haryana Plain Eastern Haryana Ambala, Yamunanagar, Haryana [2.2] Plain Kurukshetra, Kaithal, [2.2.1] Jind, Karnal, Rohtak, Panipat and Sonipat Western Haryana Hisar, Sirsa and Haryana Plain Bhiwani [2.2.2] Southern Haryana Delhi, Gurgaon, Delhi U.T. and Plain Mahendragarh, Rewari Haryana [2.2.3] and Faridabad Arid Rajasthan Ghaggar Plain Ganganagar Rajasthan Plain [2.3.1] [2.3] Rajasthan Bagar Churu, Jhunjhunun, Rajasthan [2.3.2] Nagaur and Sikar Extremely Arid Bikaner and Jaisalmer Rajasthan Tract [2.3.3] LuniValley Barmer, Jalor, Jodhpur Rajasthan [2.3.4] and Pali
Upper Ganga Northern Upper Bijnor, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh Plain Ganga Plain Meerut, Moradabad, [2.4] [2.4.1] Muzaffarnagar, Rampur, Saharan pur and Hardwar
Southern Upper Aligarh, Agra, Firozabad, Uttar Pradesh Ganga Plain Bareilly, Budaun, [2.4.2] Bulandshahr, Etah, Etawah, Farrukhabad, Kheri, Mainpuri, Mathura, Pilibhit and Shahjahanpur
19 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Middle Ganga Middle Ganga Allahabad, Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh Plain Plain-West Bara Banki, Faizabad, [2.5] [2.5.1] Fatehpur, Gonda, Hardoi, Kanpur Dehat, Kanpur Nagar, Lucknow, Pratapgarh, Rae Bareli, Sitapur, Sultan pur and Unnao Middle Ganga Azamgarh, Ballia, Mau, Uttar Pradesh Plain-East Siddharthnagar, Basti, [2.5.2J Deoria, Gorakhpur, Maharajganj, Varanasi, Jaunpur and Ghazipur
Lower Ganga North Bihar Plain Pashchim Champaran, Bihar Plain [2.6.1) Purba Champaran, [2.6] Darbhanga, Muzaffarpur, Purnia, Madhepura, Saharsa, Araria, Kishanganj. Saran, Sitamarhi, Begusarai, Madhubani, Katihar, Samastipur, Vaishali, Siwan and Gopalganj South Bihar Plain Bhagalpur, Gaya, Munger, Bihar [2.6.2] Khagaria, Patna, Bhojpur, Nalanda, Jehanabad, Nawada, Rohtas and Aurangabad 8arind Tract Koch Bihar, Maldah and West Bengal [2.6.3] West Dinajpur Moriband DeUa Murshidabad and Nadia West Bengal [2.6.4) Proper Delta Barddhaman, Calcutta, West Bengal [2.6.5] Hugli, Haora, North Twenty Four Parganas and South Twenty Four Parganas
Rarh Plain Bankura, Birbhum and West Bengal [2.6.6) Medinipur Brahmaputra Western Kokrajhar, Barpeta, Assam Valley Brahmaputra Kamrup, Bongaigaon, [2.7] Valley Nalbari, Goalpara and [2.7.1] Ohubri
20 (1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Central Darrang, Sonitpur, Assam Brahmaputra Nagaon and Marigaon Valley [2.7.2] Eastern Lakhimpur, Dhemaji, Assam Brahmaputra Tinsukia, Sibsagar, Valley Dibrugarh. Jorhat and [2.7.3] Golaghat The Deccan Semi-Arid Aravalli Range and Ajmer. Alwar, Banswara. Rajasthan Plateau Rajasthan The Associated Chittaurgarh (Part), [3] [3.1] Uplands Dungarpur, [3.1.1] Jaipur, Sirohi and Udaipur
Semi-Arid Uplands Bhilwara. Bundi, Kota, Rajasthan of Eastern Jhalawar. Tonk and Rajasthan pocket of Chittaurgarh [3.1.2]
Banas·Chambal Bharatpur, Dhaulpur and Rajasthan Basin Sawai Madhopur [3.1.3J Uttar Pradesh Jhansi Uplands Banda, Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh Uplands (3.2.1] Jalaun, Lalitpur 13.2] and Jhansi Mirzapur Uplands Mirzapur and Sonbhadra Uttar Pradesh [3.2.2] Bihar-West Ranchi Plateau Palamu, Ranchi, Gumla Bihar Bengal Uplands [3.3. i 1 and Lohardaga [3.3) Hazaribag Plateau Dhanbad, Hazaribag, Bihar [3.3.2] Giridih, Dumka, Deoghar, Godda and Sahibganj Puruliya Uplands Puruliya West Bengal [3.3.3] Singhbhum Plateau Pashchimi Singhbhum Bihar [3.3.4] and Purbi Singhbhum Northern Northern Madhya Bhind, Datia, Guna, Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Ravine Gwalior, Morena and Pradesh Uplands-West Shivpuri Uplands [3.4.1] [3.4]
21 (1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Northern Madhya Chhatarpur, Panna and Madhya Pradesh Pradesh Uplands- Tikamgarh Central [3.4.2] Northern Madhya Rewa, Satna, Shahdol, Madhya Pradesh Pradesh Uplands- Sidhi and Surguja East [3.4.3]
Central Sagar Plateau Damoh, Sagar Madhya Pradesh Madhya [3.5.1 ] and Vidisha Pradesh Plateau [3.5] Bhopal Plateau Dewas, Indore, Raisen, Madhya Pradesh [3.5.21 Bhopal and Sehore
Ratlam Plateau Dhar, Jhabua, Mandsaur, Madhya Pradesh [3.5.3] Ratlam, Rajgarh, Shajapur and Ujjain
Southern Narmada Region Balaghat, Betul, Madhya Pradesh Madhya including Flanks of Chhindwara, Hoshangabad, Pradesh Vindhya and Jabalpur, West Nimar, Uplands Satpura East Nimar, Mandla, . (3.S] [3.6.1 ] Narsimhapur and Seoni Mahanadi Basin Bilaspur, Durg, Raigarh, Madhya Pradesh [3.6.2] Raj Nandgaon and Raipur Madhya Pradesh Bastar Madhya Pradesh Dandakaranya [3.6.3] Northern Tapti-Purna Amravati, Akola, Buldana, Maharashtra Maharashtra Valley Dhule and Jalgaon [3.7) [3.7.1) Wardha Penganga Bhandara, Chandrapur, Maharashtra Wainganga Plain Gadchiroli, Nagpur, [3.7.2] Wardha and Yavatmal Maharashtra Eastern Plateau Aurangabad, Jalna, Latur, Maharashtra Plateau [3.8.1] Bid, Kolhapur, Nanded, [3.8] Osmanabad, Parbhani, Sangli and Solapur
22 (1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Western Plateau Ahmadnagar, Nashik, Maharashtra with protruded Pune and Satara Hills [3.8.2]
Karnataka Northern Belgaum, Bidar, Bijapur Karnataka Plateau Karnataka Plateau and Gulbarga [3.9] [3.9.1]
Central Karnataka Bellary, Chikmagalur, Karnataka Plateau Raichur, Chitradurga, [3.9.2] Dharwad, Shimoga and pocket of Tumkur
Southern Bangalore Rural, Karnataka Karnataka Plateau Bangalore Urban, Kodagu, [3.9.3] Hassan, Kolar, Mandya, Mysore and Tumkur (part)
Tamil Nadu Eastern Flanks of COimbatore, Madurai, Tamil Nadu Uplands Sahyadri Nilgiri, Dindigul-Anna [3.10] [3.10.1] and Periyar
Tamil Nadu Tiruvannamalai Tamil Nadu Uplands Sambuvarayar, [3.10.2] North Arcot Ambedkar, Dharmapuri and Salem
Andhra Godavari Karimnagar, Khammam Andhra Pradesh Plateau Depression and Warangal [3.11] [3.11.1]
Telangana Plateau Adilabad, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh [3.11.2J Medak, Mahbubnagar, Nizamabad and Rangareddi
Krishna Piedmont Nalgonda Andhra Pradesh Plain [3.11.3]
Rayalaseema Anantapur, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh [3.11.4] Cuddapah and Kurnool
23 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Orissa Northern Orissa Dhenkanal, Kendujhar, Orissa Highlands Highlands Mayurbhanj. Sambalpur [3.12] [3.12.1] and Sundargarh
Southern Orissa Phulabani. Balangir. Orissa Highlands (Orissa Ganjam. Kalahandi Dandakaranya) and Koraput [3.12.2]
The Coastal Gujarat Region Gujarat Plain Ahmadabad. Bharuch, Gujarat, Plains and [4.1] [4.1.1] Banas Kantha, Dadra & Nagar Islands Gandhinagar, Kheda, Haveli U.T. and [4] Mahesana, Sabar Kan1ha, Daman & Surat, Vadodara, Valsad, Diu U.T. Daman and Oadra & Nagar Haveli
Eastern Hilly Panch Mahals and Gujarat Region The Oangs [4.1.2]
Kathiawar Amreli, Bhavnagar, Gujarat and Peninsula Jamnagar, Junagadh. Daman & Diu U.T. [4.1.3] Surendranagar. Rajkot and Diu
Kachchh Peninsula Kachchh Gujarat [4.1.4]
Western Maharashtra Greater Bombay, Maharashtra Coastal Region littoral Raigarh. Ratnagirl. [4.2] [4.2.1] Sindhudurg and Thane
Goa Coast North Goa and Goa [4.2.2] South Goa
Karnataka Coast Uttara Kannada and Karnataka [4.2.3] Dakshina Kannada
North Kerala Coast Kasaragod, Kannur, Kerala and [4.2.4] Kozhikode, Wayanad Pondicherry U.T. and Mahe
Central Kerala Ernakulam, Kottayam, Kerala Coast Idukki, Malappuram, [4.2.5] Palakkad and Thrissur
24 (1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5)
South Kerala Coast Alappuzha, Kerala [4.2.6] Pathanamthitta, Thiruvananthapuram and Kollam
Eastern Kanniyakumari Kanniyakumari Tamil Nadu Coastal Region Coast [4.3] [4.3.1]
Sandy Littoral Pasumpon Muthu Tamil Nadu [4.3.2J Ramalinga Thevar, Ramanathapuram, Kamarajar, Chidambaranar and Tirunelveli Kattabomman
Coromandel Coast Chengalpattu M.G.R., Tamil Nadu [4.3.3J Madras, Thanjavur, Tiruchirappalli, South Arcot, Pudukkottai, Karaikal and Pondicherry Pondicherry U.T
Southern Andhra Nellore and Prakasam Andhra Pradesh Coastal Plain [4.3.4)
Krishna Delta Guntur and Krishna Andhra Pradesh [4.3.5J
Godavari Delta East Godavari, West Andhra Pradesh and [4.3.6] Godavari and Yanam Pondicherry U.T.
Northern Andhra Srikakulam, Vizianagaram Andhra Pradesh Coastal Plain and Visakhapatnam [4.3.7]
Mahanadi Delta Baleshwar, Cuttack Orissa [4.3.8] and Puri
The Islands Andaman and Andamans and Nicobars Andaman and (4.4] Nicobar Islands Nicobar Islands U.T. [4.4.1]
Lakshadweep Lakshadweep Lakshadweep U.T. [4.4.2]
25
PART II REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF ANDHRA PREDESH
REGIONAL DIVISION OF ANDHARA PRADESH
The State of Andhra Pradesh was Nellore districts, with low peneplains on formed on 1st November 1956 under the Archaean gneisses and schists. These are State Re-organisation Act. even sandy or lateritic in nature and largely covered with scrub and bushes. In Andhra Pradesh is . situated this region, the great salt water lagoon of approximately between 12°38' and 19°55' Pulicat is situated. north latitudes and 76°45' and 84°45' east longitudes and is bounded by Maharashtra, (ii) The Eastern Ghats are a series of Madhya Pradesh and Orissa states in the detached hill ranges of heterogeneous north, Tamil Nadu in the South, Karnataka composition bordering the peneplains over in the West and the Bay of Bengal in the the plateau in the interior. The Eastern East. The total area of Andhra Pradesh is Ghats widen and reach an elevation of 275,045.00 km2 (provisional geographical more than 900 metres south of the Krislma area figures) with a total population of valley. They continue into the 66,508,008 persons in 1991. Kondaveedu hills. South of the Krishna lie the most interesting of the eastern hills-the Andhra Pradesh in general has the Cuddapah ranges and basin. This region structure of the plateau which can be forms a great cresent, the heart of it being broadly divided into three natural regions: the wide Nandyal vaHey drained by the (i)The Coastal Plains, ii) the Eastern Ghats Kundru river. This region has an altitude and (iii) the Plateau with intermittent of about 200 metres. To the west this peneplains. Some of the brief trough is marked off from the Deccan characteristics of these broad zones are as plateau by the out facing scarps of follows: Erramalai/SeshachalamlP alakonda hills, raising to an altitude of about 900 metres (i) The coastal plains consists of a belt of and forming a very fine scarp over looking varying width between the Eastern Ghats the Anantapur and Chittoor basins. The and the Bay of Bengal. Srikakulam, eastern limb of the central Kunderu basin Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam districts is formed by the parallel Nallamalais and constitute tht: northem portion of the Velikondas having an altitude of 750 to narrow coastal plains having an altitude 900 metres. between 75 and 150 metres. The northern parts of this region are dotted with outliers (iii) The plateau: The plateau is composed of the Eastern Ghats where the altitude is of a land having eroded flat and hi llock between 300 and 600 metres. The central stmcturcs. The interior of Andhra Pradesh plain which is broadest, comprises of East in Anantapur, Kurnool and all the districts Godavari, West Godavari, Krishna and of Telangana consists of indications of Guntur Districts. The coast for several Peneplains developed on the Archaean kilometres inland is largely fringed with gneisses in the plateau region. In the north, mangrove swamp or sand dunes rising to faulting has preserved a belt of 30-50 feet. The Kris}ma and Godavari Gondwanas along the lower Godavari deltas have conspicuous characteristics in trough which is below 150 metres in the state. Tht: narrow coastal plain in the altitude. The most general level lies south is occupied by Prakasam and between 480 to 800 metres altitude in this
29 portion. On the south the Krishna and monsoon (June to September) contributes Tungabhadra valleys lie at an altitude of nearly 80 percent of the annual rainfall in 300 to 450 metres below the rugged break Telangana, 75 per cent in Rayalaseema of slope dowr from the Mysore plateau. and 50 percent in the Coastal Andhra To the north west, the watershed between region. The rainfall is not evenly the Bhima and the Godavari is a great distributed during the monsoon season swelling upland reaching an altitude of over the entire state and it decreases 720 metres in certain places. usually towards the north. The heavy rainfall is experienced during the rainy Geologically, the state shows season due to concentration of low predominance of the Archaean gneisses in pressure in the Bay of Bengal. The floods its western region. Almost the entire are common in rainy season in north Telangana, western and southern Telangana area and north Coastal Andhra. Rayalasema, portion of Kurnool and The south-western part, covering most of Anantapur, the entire Chittoor district and Rayalaseema, remains as arid due to lack parts of Nellore district are composed of of rainfall. Due to high temperatures and this rock type. Some parts of thunderstorms during April-May, showers Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East occur in Andhra Pradesh. ~he average Godavari, West Godavari, Anantapur, annual rainfall in Andhra Pradesh is 90 CUddapah, Nellore, Kumool and ems. The maximum rainfall is recorded at Khammam Districts have Lower Pre Kakinada i.e., 110.17 ems in Coastal Cambrian ari.d Upper Pre-Cambrian Andhra, while Anantapur in Rayalaseema formations. The coastal part of the state is receives the minimum of 55.79 ems having Recent alluvium, Pleistocene and rainfall. The north-eastern border Mio-Pliocene deposits. The Upper alongwith the forest belt covenng Carboniferous fonnation is spread over the Telangana and Coastal Andhra receives parts of Adilabad, Karimnagar, Warangal good rainfall. and Khammam districts. The highest maximum annual mean Most of the soils in the state are red temperature of 34.9°C has been recorded at sandy, red loamy, medium and deep black, Rentachintala in Guntur district, closely while the coastal parts of the state are followed by Ramagundam (34.4 DC) in covered with Cillluvial, deltaic alluvial and Karimnagar district; while Arogyavaram in coastal alluvial soils. The soil map given Chittoor district is having the lowest annual in this volume is in addition to the above mean maximum temparature (30.4°C). The also outlines the traditional classifications minimum annual mean temperature ranges on the map rfproduced according to the between 19.7°C at Arogyavaram and 24.4°C National Burec1U of Soil Survey and Land at Nellore and O~gole. Use Planning. I.C.A.R, Nagpur. Readers may match both the classification for their On the basis of Physiographical evaluation and the distribution of soils background, elevation, distribution of with reference to the regional systems as forests, geology, soil coverage and different evolved in this exercise. regional characteristics as out lined earlier, the entire Andhra Pradesh has been divided The climate of Andhra Pradesh is of into two main regions, viz., Andhra Plateau monsoon type in general. The summer and Andhra Coastal Plain Further these two
30 have been sub-divided into eight micro This region is affected by floods during regions with the above considerations on rainy season. There are few isolated hills in large scales as given below: the central and eastern parts of the region. As regards the hill ranges which run in the 3. 11. 1 Godavari Depression including north-east and south-west directions in the districts of Karimnagar, Karimnagar is quite conspicuous. The Warangal and Khammam. famous hills of Hasanaparthi and Chandragiri lie in the north-west of 3. 11.2 Telangana Plateau include the Warangal in this region. The steep slopes districts of Rangareddi, face erosion during rainy season and the Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, topography is dissected. Medak, Nizamabad and Adilabad. The main soils of this region are red-sandy, 3.1l.3 Krishna Piedmont plain include black clay, loamy clay, black cotton soils Nalgonda district. and alluvial soils in the river valley. The north-eastern and south-eastern portions of 3.11.4 Rayalaseema include the districts this region are composed of Gondwana of Chittoor, Cuddapah, Anantapur rocks while rest of the region IS and Kurnool. characterised by the Archaean Gneisses.
4.3.4 Southern Andhra Coastal Plain The Telangana Plateau (3.11.2 ) consists include the district of Nellore and of the districts of Mahbubnagar, Prakasam. Rangareddi, Hyderabad, Medak, Nizamabad and Adilabad. The river 4.3.5 Krishna Delta include the districts Godavari flows along the northern border of Gu fitur and Krishna. of Nizamabad and southern border of Adilabad Districts. The river Penganga 4.3.6 Godavari Delta include the touches the northern border of Adilabad districts of East Godavari and district, while river Musi and river Manjira West Godavri. flow through Hyderabad and Nizamabad districts. The river Krishna enters the 4.3.7 Northern Andhra Coastal plain district of Mahbubnagar from the south include the districts of west and is joined by river Tungabhadra SrikaJ.allam, Vizianagaram and on the southern border of the distrisct. The Visak hapatnam. districts of TeJangana Plateau are mostly covered with tropical dry deciduous type The Godavari Depression (3.11.1) consists of forests which constitutes half of the of Karimnagar, Warangal and Khammam forest coverage of the state. In this region districts. The river Godavari is the main the land is undulated and hillocks are river flowing in the south-east direction scattered all over the surface. The satmala joined by its tributaries in Warangal which hill is lying in this region. This region has are flowing from south-west. The other developed on the Archaean gneisses The small rivers of this region are sabari, main soils found are deep black, medium Muneru, Palair. Akheru and wira. black, red sandy and laterites.
31 The Krishna Piedmont plain (3.11.3)* Penner and Gundlakamma rivers flow includes Nalgonda district. The river through this region. The eastern part of the Krishna flows along the southern border of region is influenced by Bay of Bengal. the district. The river Dindi joins the river The Coastal plain has been formed after Krishna on the southern margin. The the deposition of sediments of rivers and region is having undulating terrain and has from the sea. The main forest types of this developed predominantly on the region are southern dry mixed deciduous formations of Archaean gneisses. The and southern thorny forests. The eastern forests of the region are dry deciduous part facing sea coast is covered with scrubs and mainly located in the Krishna alluvium and laterite, while the remaining Dindi forest tract. The main soil of this part of the region belongs to Archaean and region is red sandy. Upper and Lower Pre-Cambrian formations. The main soils of the region The Rayalaseema region (3.11.4) consists are brown, red sandy, coastal alluvium, of Chitto or, CUddapah, Anantapur and laterites and mixed red and black soils. Kurnool districts. The river Pennar and Swarnamukhi are the mian rivers of this The Krishna Delta (4.3.5) includes region. The river Krishna and Guntur and Krishna districts. These Tungabhadra from the northern border of districts are separated by the river Krishna this region. PJmost the entire eastern part which is one of the main rivers of this of this region is covered with hill ranges. region. The Nallamala hills and reserved The main hill ranges are N allamala, forests are spread in the western and Eramala, Lankamala, Velikonda, Palkonda northern part, while the other areas of the and Naglapuram. The remaining part of region can be categorized under Coastal this region has even topography formed by plains as well as Krishna Delta. The river basins. Most part of the region is deltaic portion of this region has been composed of Archaean gneisses. The formed by the sediments of the Krishna north-eastern part consists of Lower and its tributaries. The delta area is formed Palaeozoic and Upper pre-Cambrian by the Recent alluvium while in the formations. The important forest types of remaining part of the region Upper pre this region are dry deciduous scrubs, dry Cambrian, Lower pre-Cambrian and peninsular ~.al, southern thorny and Archaean rocks are found. The main soils southern dry mixed deciduous and teak of the region are deltaic alluvium, red forests. The main soils of this region are sandy, deep black and mixed red and red sandy, mixed red and black, red loamy black. The main forest types of the region and alluvial. are dry deciduous scrub and southern dry mixed deciduous. The southern Andhra Coastal plain (4.3.4.) consists of Nellore and Prakasam The Godavari Delta (4.3.6.) consists of districts. The western part of the region is East Godavari and West Godavari having Velikonda and Nall amala hill districts. The river Godavari with its ranges, while the remaining part of the tributaries, Vasistha and Gautami region is almost plain. The Swarnamukhi, Godavari flow through the middle part of
* At the dislrict set-up of regional divisions, the piedmont characteristics are considered as an integral part of plateau chara';teristics in this part of the country.
32 the region. The Godavari Delta has been The coastal plain has alluvium deposits formed of the sediments deposited by the while the remaining part of the region is river. The region is affected by the floods formed by the Lower pre-Cambrian of Godavari during rainy season. The (Khondalites and Charnockites) rocks. northern paIl of the region is mostly Southern dry mixed deciduous and tropical covered witt forests and hills of the dry forests are mainly found over the Eastern Ghats. The middle part of the region. The main soils of the region are region is plain while the south-eastern part coastal alluvium, red sandy and laterites. belongs to the Godavari delta. The delta Within the broad frame-work of two area of the region consists of the Recent macro regions, viz., the Deccan Plateau (3) Alluvium, while the remaining portion has and the Coastal Plains & Islands (4) of the Lower Pre-Cambrian (Khondalites and national set-up the entire state has been Charnockites) rocks. The region is covered further divided into two meso regions, with southern dry mixed deciduous and eight micro regions in the frame of the tropical dry fI)rests. The main soils of the state and 141 sub-micro regions in the region are red and deltaic alluviums. districts of the state. In the chapters following hereafter a brief analysis of the The Northern Andhra Coastal plain physio-cultural characteristics at sub (4.3.7) consists of Srikakulam, micro regional level of each district has Vizianagaram and Visakhapatnam been given with additional statistics within districts. The river Suvarnamukhi, the frame of the regional divisions as the Vegavati, Langulya and Vamsadhara form fourth tier. It is hoped that this study will the primary drainage system. The north emerge as a reasonable tool in the field of western part of the region is hilly and area-specific planning for a balanced forested. The middle part of the region is a socio-economic developments of the state reverine plain while the south-eastern part with reference to the regions evolved in represents coastal characteristics. this volume for each district.
33
MAP 2
ANDHRA PREDESH CENSUS CODE 02 REGIONAL DIVISIONS KILOMETRES 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 o • 20 - s }J - 20
18• -
o 16 - 16•
5 o 5 BAY OF BENGAL Kms
o o 14 14
1 ) BOUNDARY, STATE I MACRO REGION / DISTRICT I MESO REGION )f I MICRO REGION SUB-MICRO REGION DISTRICT CODE 1991 (09) J REGIONAL DIVISIONS 3. 11 . 2. 2
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IQ 00 V) 0 N N (' 0 IQ 00 00 N 00 00 ,...., 0 ,.., 00 00 \0 00 N N N ' V) M IQ t- OO 0\ IQ (' IQ t- V) 0\ N 00 V) IQ 0- "'" "'~ N N ,...., V) 0 ... 0 0 IQ V) 0'1, 0'1 (' IQ (' 00, (', C) V) M t- N""" .... 0\ IQ 0' M """ 00 "",,' V) C,' ,...., """0'1' IQ' -.c .... 00 V) r-: r-' 0\ IQ ° 00 r-: N 0\ r- N IQ, IQ 0\ 00 0 V) 0 IQ, V)"'~ N ,...., O. O. N """. " 0'1 °N' "N "'" """ 0 0 0 C) 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 ~ \D 0 IQ 8 V) <:> t- 00 ° 0\ °~ ~ N .... 00 N V) 00 c:i IQ N c:i r-: 00 ,....,t- .,0 N """ ,,~ t- IQ 0'1 00 IQ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 V) 0 0 t', 0 N 00 V) 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ ~ IQ 0\ r-: ..t c:i c:i .,0 ~ c:i r- ~ a-. 0\ V) 0 00 6 0- 0 V) N t- t- oo V) 00 V) V) V) 00 V) 0'1, ,...., IQ IQ, ... 0\ V) , ... 00. V) """ 00 N' IQ ,...., <'I' N' 0\ N N 00 0 C) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 V) 0 0 t'- (") N 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 ~ IQ c:: c:: c:: <'"! t': ..- M N c:: .,.; OC ..t r-: 00 ci V) r-: r- V) 0 ci 0'1 00 N N (' t- o N °N 00 IQ 00- ." V) ... M IQ V) N N -, C"!, 00. 0 r---_ 0, """o. V) 00 N' IQ ,...., N' ,...., 00 """ N' ",f ..- N I- ... N 0 N N IQ IQ """ ,...., N o o o 00 ,...., ,...., r ,...., t- I IN II I-I I 44 0'1 0'1 r- N N 0'1 r- -0 "'1" 00 N N t'l ...... c'. "'1" N "'1" 00. N 0 r- 00. ... ",- 0- ~ '" M 0 ..0- r-: 0 00 '0 N r- N ' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ~ \0 \C ~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 'r, 0 00 0 M ~ r- I': e: ~ '"~ r--: 0\ 00 v) e: r- Q\ or, M M °6 00 00 00 ~ N or, \C ' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 M 0 0 00 ,....,c: c: '" c: v) 6 N 00 c: 6 \f;) M "'1" 00 0 N 6 M r- oo 0 N'" r- N V"l M 00_ ' r- N M ,...., r-- 00 00 \0 N- 0'1 r-r, ~o U 45 GENERAL MAPS \fAP 3 !II' ",' INDIA qTTT:::T " ...,,\\1 1:[ ~" 1"\ POSITION~ ~~.. OF ANDHR A~ PRADESH CfiT INfktfu INDIA 1991 ClIpt. ~ ~r.;a _.__ _-- !JYANMAR (BUR... A) 8 A Y o F BENCAL ARABIA SEA 7 + .-;. '"1- .K .....r~ "0 -. - " ..~ c,i<. "o ~-. '"'" '\,. \"P Tri r.ondrum ~~ - -~ .'. '., .~ftA ~~;~ !) A 0 :: t: :.. ~ I ,,--- _( _. ___ L ~,g ,~;;, ~;,~! , . ~ , " ' I i ANOHRA PRADESH Q~lFRf.:rCfi ~ ADMlHtSTRATTVE DMSK>HS 1991 ~_ SfAlr,u.T ______1'JO..fiIC>N(V. DlSl.:7 j£,Io()(JUAH II In" S TA T~ II'· - ~ 'ICL~lJlL\ ~O:ZO I~ ;~U'a r."="I" ';:"l-"C' n ~c ~1L~ric1 .. \"", .. ~ ~"Ir'..LllJJ ~~~ ...p \ "~L(.r:.1M ~~~ ~L~-:\t..o('t " t'(..c::"l J ! -l~' ______.1. ______• • ___• ______.___ -____ .,, ____ L______._ 1 CENSU OF INDIA MA P 5 02' 64' 78' 80' ANDHRA PRADESH, a-efl fCN ~ ~ 1006 RELIEF AND DRAINAGE 80UN0AIIY.S TATE I U. T 20 0 ao 4Q IO 10 11)0 t=1' I I I I J s KL OMETfl(S 20' 20' A \ l B' IS' SEA L.EVa 12' 70' EaBI 01 GfCcll"ovich 82' 114' CENSUS OF INDIA MAP 6 78' 80' 82' 64' ANDHRA PRADESH ~ 1q 1-=4 q 1fff C'fi lfcr 611 ff:r Cf) CI"ri NORMAL MONTHLY AND ANN UAL RAINFALL BOUNDARY, STATE I U.T. ... _ ._. _ BOUNDARY, DISTRICT ... _ ._ ._ ._ s KILOMETRE S 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 20" 18' S' IS' MACHUPATNAM ANNUAL RAfNFALL IN MfLLIMETRES ~__;'_-I 1100 I---_, 1000 1-----' 900 . . . . 12' ISOHYETAL VALUES ARE IN MILLIMETRES 78' East of Greenwich 80' 82' 64' CE~SUS or INDIA MAP 7 78 " 80' 8 Z' ANDHRA PRADESH ffl'il;:q qtff4?fi -Qq cU~?fi ~ t1lqqH NORMAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE BOUNDARY. STATE / U.T.. _._. _ BOUNDAR,!" DIS TRICT .. . _ . _ . _ ._ s KILOMETRES 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 I I I I I I I I .., s A \ 40 ~ 'C 90 I MJJASOND ~""\ wJ. "'I..L HLlPATNAM BAY OF BENGAL ANNUAL MINIMUM TEMPERATURE IN DEGREE CELCIUS 36 '/ '/ :% ~ 34 I 1... 32 ...... 12' 7B ' Eosl 01 Gr eenwich 80' 114' CENSUS OF INDIA MA P 7 (A) 78' 60' 82 ' I I I I ANDHRA PRADESH ~Iql~ qlfftCfi ~ clifilCfi ;:q:_Pf<'tq <'tlqqPf NORMAL MONTHLY AND ANNUAL MINIMUM TEMPERATURE BOIJN(lAR~ , STATE / U.T.... _ . _ ._ BOUNDARY , DISTRIC T . " _ ._.-._ KILOMETRES ~ S 20 01--- If 20 0 20 40 GO 80 100 -20 U I I I I I I )' -9 , ,j ~ ~~2~l ~ ~ 21'C ~ S \ J ! . " ~ ,< , 1\ () ! 30. It II It J J II SON D - II' ~t..-.~,ALlNGAPA TNAM ...... I r.~ 23'C 3'C A ~YANAM ill UJ (Pondlcherry) . PAT AM 23'C 24'C -II BAY OF Bj:NGAL ... ANNUAL MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE IN DEGREE CELCIUS --- ~~ 24'C ~ ,.c ~24 -I" 22'C 111111111 23 ~22 I--- __ 21 1------1------..... 20 ...... -12' I I I I 78· Easl af Greenwich , 80' 14. - ... ~.-----, ...... _,.."*,-----.. ,,,,--...... __.._~ ~-, ...... ~~~ ANDHRA PRADESH GEOLOGY S A OF BENGAL GEOLOIj'1' MAP 9 rr- 1______,7a_' ______-;.o~' ______~t~1. ______------~·r'-'------~ ! I I I I ANDHRA PRADESH I I lfCJ SOILS I I ! s K'_~: , + SUB - ORDER ASSOCIATIONS --- 1"· A(JUt..lF:' - Us TALFS us T.:.LFS VST!LFS - ORTHHHS vSi!..LfS - OCkR(prs \JST:'liS - TilOPEPfS USTtJ..FS - USTOLLS US"ilJJS - ROCl( OUTCROPS UDeLt S BAY PS:'I/JAC~ITS OF PS:.I ....V.E111S - I'LUVENT5 BENGAL FlU'le.'ITS - THOPEf'TS 0" Tt-.~··If~ - rflOf-'£" r~ - ROCK OU rCHOi'S O~Th~,n5 - IlC~lriEPl5 . U5Tn.LFS ORTI-'::.'HS - TROP£prS jRCPEP(<; mt.)f·~.F'r:; -.•':iAMM'urs - fLllVlIl fS USTUH:: UST~rs - TflCJP(rrS 1::E=3 uSTEin5 - Fl.UVF.tll, 1g7 US P:_RT'~ - DIIT HElH S l 'j) I),f'-',r~ -1}::rIlU', - r;n,l'fl'r', IQ;! l:~~- -~~--I ;WCY. ~tlTcrj()J':i - I;OM.;·' - I)~rllu"; ,~~ ... _---- ,\2~;;G;.:IW\TI:: TRADITIONAL r,OMUICLATUflE ~'-;r. '.:.~ ';.ltJt\J~ -:.S ~ O-!'t'{j:(jrf~o~:p1i.1C) /·,'r"': :-':~~ ~ldlJ~ :t" ";t;.m~ fh1 5a~Hl'l 'J~d ~:U,,ilQi '(Jd I ;;'~~"=' ~'f .rCf{r,'~1 H'~: .:,,_' ,:.; 11 :"r:(~_ brC-"..:i ~~.~ ,.,li,I'I;ul ',0,1: oj n(..:l rrt!:r,~rl:f;IDn:.. IIII i, I I .., ------_._------,----~~-----.--- CENSUS OF INDIA MAP 10 ,.. 110' 11' ANDHRA PRADESH \it "n:i(§!(t fcrff ~ UI DISTRIBUTION Of POPULATION 1991 BOUNOARY . STATE/U.T.. .. _ ._._ s KILOMETRES 20 0 20 ~O 60 60 100 I II I I I I I .., A \ ~. A HYDERA8AD BAY OF BENGAL .. SIZE OF URBAN POPULATION I 000 000 AND ABOVE 500000 r-~-t-r 100.000 ~-+T- 50 000 \ \. " ~eQ~'-- 10 000 AND BELOW " ,. • 71' East of Greenwich 12' MAP 11 ANDHRA PRADESH KILOMETRES GROWTH OF POPULATION 1981- 91 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 I I I I I I I I ( SUB - MICRO LEVEL) Boundary, State I U.T Boundary, District o Boundary, Regional Division 211 A s lJ A o 18 o o 16 16 5 0 5 BAY OF BENGAL Kms PERCENTAGE INCREASE 0 0 14 14 90.01 AND ABOVE - 70.0 I - 90.00 ~ 50.01 - 70.00 ~ )J - 30.01 - 50.00 ~~ " 10.01 - 30.00 \\_, j\.~ 1 10.00 AND BELOW 0 0 12 12 o o o 78· East ofOroenwich III 62 84 MAP 12 ANDHRA PRADESH KILOMETRES DENSITY OF POPULATION 1991 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 II I I I I I I ( SUB - MICRO LEVEL ) Boundary, State I U.T Boundary, District • Boundary, Regional Division 20 A s Ii A o 18 o 16 5 0 5 BAY OF BENGAL I I Kms PERSONS PER Km 2 0 14 901 AND ABOVE - 701 - 900 501 -700 -<0 )J \) I I 301 - 500 ~~ 1__ 101 - 300 \\.. J j\~ 100 AND BELOW I 1 0 12 0 o o 78 East of GfC(.llwich 82 B4 MAP 13 O 0 o eo 82 &4 ANDHRA PRADESH VARIATION IN DENSITY OF POPULATION KILOMETRES 1981- 91 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 I I I I I I I I ( SUB - MICRO LEVEL) Boundary, State I U.T Boundary, District o Boundary, Regional Division o 20 s ill A o 1S 18 • o o 16 16 5 0 5 BAY OF BENGAL I I Kms VARIATION IN DENSITY OF POPULATION 1981-91 o GAIN LOSS o 14 14 _ 100 AND ABOVE 100 AND ABOVE 90- 99 99 AND BELOW 80 - 89 )J 70- 79 60 - 69 59 AND BELOW o o 12 12 0 o o 78 EastofGreenwieh 82 &4 MAP I· 0 80 ANDHRA PRADESH KILOMETRES RURAL DENSITY OF POPULATION 1991 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 ( SUB - MICRO LEVEL) Boundary, State I U.T . Boundary, District Boundary, Regional Division A s lJ 21 A 11 , 16 5 0 5 BAY OF BENGAL Kms PERSONS PER Km 2 I 14 500 AND ABOVE 400 - 499 300- 399 )f 200 -299 100- 199 99 AND BELOW ENTlRELYURBAN 0 78 East of G""",wich o 82 84• MAP 15 0 o 80 84 ANDHRA PRADESH VARIATION IN RURAL DENSITY KILOMETRES 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 OF POPULATION 1981 - 91 I I I I I I I I (SUB - MICRO LEVEL ) Boundary, State I U.T Boundary, District ~ Boundary, Regional Division -~ o 20 A S if 20 l' ~ l? ~ '1 f:t; « S ~ /J "I/) \ 1'1 It}' /)~ '1 0 sit 0 18 18 o o 16 16 5 0 5 BAY OF BENGAL Kms VARIATION IN RURAL DENSITY o o 14 OF POPULATION 1981 - 91 14 GAIN LOSS 100 AND ABOVE 57 AND BELOW 75 - 99 - 50 - 74 25 - 49 24 AND BELOW o ENTIREL Y URBAN o 12 12 o o 78 Easl ofGrecnwich 82 MAP 16 0 1f20 o 00 84 ANDHRA PRADESH KILOMETRES URBAN DENSITY OF POPULATION 1991 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 I I I I I I I I ( SUB - MICRO LEVEL) Boundary, State I u. T Boundary, District o Boundary, Regional Division , 20 Po. S 20 A o 18 o o 16 16 5 0 5 BAY OF BENGAL Kms , 7< PERSONS PER Km 2 , 14 14 5000 AND ABOVE 4000 - 4999 v- I 3000 - 3999 )f ~ I 2000 - 2999 ~\) \>~ I I 1999 AND BELOW ~\ Jlo,. ~ Cl ENTJREL Y RURAL 0 0 12 12 , o 78° Ea.'il of Greenwich If2 84 MAP 17 BO O ANDHRA PRADESH VARIATION IN URBAN DENSITY OF KILOMETRES POPULATION 1981- 91 20 0 20 40 60 60 100 LI I I I I I I ( SUB - MICRO LEVEL) Boundary, State I U.T Boundary, District o Boundary, Regional Division o 20 A s If 20 A o 18 o o 16 16 5 0 5 BAY OF BENGAL Kms VARIATION IN URBAN DENSITY OF POPULATION 1981-91 o GAIN LOSS o 14 14 llOOO AND ABOVE 10000 AND ABOVE 10000 - 10999 9999 AND BELOW - 8000- 9999 6000-7999 4000- S999 I I 3999 AND BELOW o ENTIRELY RURAL , 12 D 12 , o , 78' East of Gn:cnwich BO 82 84 MAP 18 0 BO O 82 ANDHRA PRADESH KILOMETRES SEX RATIO 1991 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 I I I I I I I I ( SUB - MICRO LEVEL) Boundary, State I U.T Boundary, District o Boundary, Regional Division 20 s o o 18 18 o o 16 16 5 0 5 BAYOFBENGAL Kms FEMALES PER 1000 MALES o o 14 14 1026 AND ABOVE 100 1- 1025 976 - 1000 )f 95 1 - 975 950 AND BELOW o 12 0 o o 78 East of Greenwich 82 84 MAP 19 0 82 ANDHRA PRADESH KILOMETRES MAIN WORKERS 1991 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 I II I I I I I ( SUB - MICRO LEVEL) Boundary, State I U.T Boundary, District o Boundary, Regional Division o 20 A s }f 20 A o 18 o o 16 16 5 0 5 BAYOFBENGAL Kms PERCENTAGE OF MAIN WORKERS TO TOTAL POPULATION 0 0 14 14 50.01 AND ABOVE 40.01 - 50.00 f,.> I I 30. 01 - 40.00 )f '\) C~ 20.01 - 30.00 I'-\) ~ 20.00 AND BELOW . \ '-' I I j\ ~ 'f 0 0 12 12 o o o 78 East of Greenwich 82 84 MAP 20 ANDHRA PRADESH PERCENTAGE OF LITERATES KILOMETRES TO TOTAL POPULATION 1991 20 0 20 40 60 ao 100 I I I I I I I I ( SUB - MICRO LEVEL) Boundary, State I U.T Boundary, District Boundary, Regional Division A S }{ A 5 5 BAY OF BENGAL Klns PERCENTAGE OF LITERATES TO TOTAL POPULATION 1991 EXCLUDING AGE GROUP 0 . 6 _ 50.01 AND ABOVE 40.01 - 50.00 _ 30.01 · 40.00 )J ~ 20.01 - 30.00 \) ~ '" 20.00 AND BELOW \'-' 't~~ MAP 21 ANDHRA PRADESH KILOMETRES SCHEDULED CASTES 1991 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 I I I I I I I I ( SUB - MICRO LEVEL ) Boundary, State I U.T Boundary, District o Boundary, Regional Division 20 s }f 20 A o 18 Ie o 16 5 0 5 BAY OF BENGAL I I I Kms PERCENTAGE OF SCHEDULED CASTE POPULATION TO TOTAL POPULATION _ 25.00 AND ABOVE _ 20.00 - 24.99 ",. 15.00 - 19.99 )J 10.00 - 14.99 9.99 AND BELOW o 12 o o 78 82 MAP 22 0 80 ANDHRA PRADESH KILOMETRES SCHEDULED TRIBES 1991 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 ( SUB - MICRO LEVEL ) Boundary, State I U.T Boundary, District o Boundary, Regional Division o 20 20 A s If A o o 18 18 o o 16 16 5 0 5 BAY OF BENGAL Kms PERCENTAGE OF GROWTH 14• 70.01 AND ABOVE - 50.0 1 - 70.00 I 30.01 - 50.00 ~ )J "\) 1- 10.01 - 30.00 ~ ~ \ \_, I 10.00 AND BELOW l' ~~ 0 0 12 12 o o o 78 EaSI of Greenwich 62 84 PART III REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF DIST_RICTS KARIMNAGAR DISTRICT REGIONAL DIVISIONS Karimnagar d strict is a part of the 3.11.1.1 TADCHERLA-SINGARAM Godavari Der,ression (3.1 1,1). It is FORESTED REGION located apprc ximately between the latitudes 18°(1' and 19°0' Nand The regIOn covers the parts of longitudes 78 c 30' and 80°31 E. The Mahadevpur, Manthani and Peddapalle district extend:; over an area of 11823 mandals. The region is rocky with steep km and has a population of 3037486 slopes covered with reserved forests of persons accord ng to the 1991 census. It teak. The general slope is towards the consists of 56 nandals. north. Geologically, the region consists of rocks of Gondwana series mainly Physiographica lly, the district is belonging to Upper Carboniferous comprised of plateaus with an absolute Lower Triassic period. A few patches of height of below 690 metres. River Middle Triassic-Lower Cretaceous rocks Godavari and Manner and their in the central and eastern part, and tributaries h.lve substantial plain Lower Palaezoic Upper Pre-Cambrian characteristics. River Godavari forms the and Archaean rocks in western part are northern boundary of the district while also noticed. The soil sub-order river Manner d:-ains the southern parts of association found in the region is Ustalfs the district. The general slope tends Us tolls. These are high base status soils towards east. The district is mainly of sub tropical origin. Cultivated land composed of Archaean gneisses. Rocks with even surface is limited. Settlements of Upper Carboniferous ~ Lower are sparsely distributed. The region is Triassic and Middle Triassic-Lower entirely rural and has 101 villages Creataceous occur in the eastern areas of identified in this region. Its total area is the district. The impact of geological 1,349.00 km2 which is inhabited by structure on :;oil distribution can be 92,454 persons rural population as per viewed as SOlIs of Ustalfs, sub-order 1991 Census. The region is least association characterizes the western populated with the lowest density of 69 2 half and Us1alfs-Usterts the eastern persons per km • sections of the district. The climate is dry with hot :mrnmer. Average annual The percentage of literates excluding the rainfall received is 975 mm. The plateau age group of 0-6 to the total popUlation areas of the district have significant of 92,454 comes to about 18.65. isolated forest cover mainly of dry Teak. Likewise the lowest is found in this region. Out of the total 49,603 main Keeping all these factors in view the workers (28,643 are male main workers district has bet:n divided into following and 20,960 are female main \vorkers) are eight sub-micw regions. in this region. 93 3.11.1.2 DHARMAPUR- forests of dry Teak. Pedda vagu is the BAGDAPALLl-MANTHANI PLAIN main river flowing from south to north. The region extends over the parts of The region is composed of Archaean Mallial, Sultanabad, Peddapalle, rocks. The soils are red loamy belonging Manthani and Jagtial mandals. The to Ustalfs sub-order association. region lies in the interfluves of river Settlements are mainly concentrated in Godavari and Manner and is a plain with the central part of the region. Tt contains occurrence of hillocks, rocky surfaced 186 villages and 3 towns. With an area and dry ponds. Some areas of reserved of 2,025.00 km2 the region is inhabited forests are also located in the eastern by 5,76,576 persons of which 4,37,193 most part of the region. It is mainly persons reside in rural and 1,39,383 composed of A rchaean rocks with a few persons in urban areas. The density of occurrence of Lower Palaeozoic-Upper popUlation as calculated measures 285 Pre-Cambrian formations. The soil persons per km2 which is relatively distribution in the region marks the higher in the region. association of parent rocks and soils. The associated sub-orders are Ustalfs, The percentage of literates excluding the Ustalfs-Us toIlE and Usterts. The region age group of 0-6 to the total population is mainly agyicultural and relatively of5,76,576 comes to about 28.77. Out of developed as compared to the former the total, 3,11,653 main workers region. Settlements are evenly (1,60,315 are male main workers and distributed thr:mght the region. The 1,51,338 are female main workers) are in region is chamcteristically rural and this region. contains 127 villages with an area of 1,425.00 km2 which is inhabited by 3.11.1.4 SIRSILLA UPLAND 2,42,538 persons rural population and accordingly haf, a density of 170 person The region consists of Sirsilla and 2 per km • Vemulawada mandals. It is an upland with a few hillocks. Dry ponds and stony The percentage of literates excluding the waste markedly characterise the region. age group of 0··6 to the total population The north-western part of the region has of 2,42,538 comes to about 21.95. Out dense mixed jungles. This upland is of the total, 1,25,774 main workers crises-crossed by river Manner and its (28,643 are male main workers and tributaries mainly Mula vagu, Nekka 20,960 are female main workers) are in vagu and Bikka vagu. The western part this region. is relatively higher. The altitude decreases towards the east. The region is 3.11.1.3 METPALLI-JAGTIAL made up of Archaean rocks and the soil PLAIN sub-order found is Ustalfs. The central and eastern part of the region is mainly The region 'neludes the parts of inhabited. It comprises 173 villages and Metpalli, Jagtial and Mallia] mandals. 2 towns. The total area of the region is Lying beside the river Godavari the 1,850.00 km 2 which is inhabited by central part of the region is a plain while 4,55,347 personsaccording to 1991 the upper and lower parts are rough and census. Out of this 385991 persons reside hilly, mainly covered with reserved in rural and 69356 persons in urban 94 areas. It has (; moderate density of 246 The percentage of literates excluding the 2 persons per km • The towns and larger age group of 0-6 to the total population setlements are mainly concentrated of 5,84,350comes to about 39.27. Out of along river Manner and its tributary the total 2,57,527 main Mula vagu. workers(I,60,578 are male main workers and 96,949 are female main workers) are The percentage of literates excluding the in this region. age group of (-6 to the total population of 4,55,347 comes to about 29.08. Out 3.11.1.6 HUSNABAD UPLAND of the total, 2,39,413 main workers 1,30,451 are male main workers and The region corresponds to the whole of 1,08,962 are female main workers) are in Husnabad mandaI and parts of this region. Karimnagar and Bheemadevarapalle mandals. This is an upland with an 3.11.1.5 KARIMNAGAR- altitude ranging between 380 and 544 PEDDAPALlE metres above the mean sea level. There some scattered hillocks covered with The regIOn covers the parts of open forests. It slopes towards the north. Karimnagar, Gangadhara, Sultanabad River Manner flows along the northern and Peddapalle mandals. It is almost border of the region which is joined by plain with numerous perennial and Mohedamada river flowing in the region seasonal channels. The main river is in south-north direction. The entire Manner which flows along the southern upland is composed of Archaean border of the region. Among the gneisses. Soil sub-order Ustalfs occurs tributaries of!\.{anner draining the region in the east. Most of the area is under Hussain Miyan vagu flowing in west culti vation theswttw lments are evenly east direction is important. The general distributed it is entirely rural and having slope of the region is towards south-east. 114 villages. Its total area is 1,375.00 The region i~ made up of Archaean km2 which is inhabited by 3,31,681 rocks; erosional surfaces have caused dural popUlation. The region has a isolated hillocks of various heights. The moderate density of population (241 2 main soil sub-order association found in persons per km ) in the district. the region is U stalfs. In the eastern most part Usterts occurs in some areas. The percentage of Literates excluding 0- Settlements a·e compact and evenly 6 to the total population of 3,31,681 distributed. 11 has 169 villages and 3 comes to about 29.15. Out of the towns. The total area of the region is total,l,n,381 main workers (96,275 are 1,525.00 km 2 which is inhabited by male main workers and 76106 are 5,84,350 persons out of which 3,97,793 female main workers) are in this region. persons residE in rural and 1,86,557 persons in urb an areas. The region is 3.11.1.7 HUZURABNAD PLAIN thickly populated and has the highest density of populations (383 persons per The region covers the entire Huzurabad 2 km ) among th~ regions of district. mandaI and parts of Karimnagar and Bheemadevarapalle mandals. The region is almost plain with a few 95 scattered hillocks. Tributaries of Manner river which fonn the northern boundary of the region flow in west~east direction in the region. It has Archaean geology and the soils belong to Usterts the western area of the regIOn ]s sub~order association. In addition, composed of Archaean gneisses. The settlements are evenly distributed. More eastern part of the region is relatively particularly, the size of settlements in the complex having rocks of Upper eastern section of the region is larger. It Carboniferous-Lower Triassic period. has 114 villages. The total area of the Rocks of Lower Palaeozoic-Upper Pre region is 1,175.00 km2 which is Cambrian and Middle Triassic-Lower inhabited by :;,,60,653 persons as per Cretaceous period occur in patches. Soils 1981 Census. Out of these 2,99,429 of the western part of region belong to persons reside in rural and 21,142 in Ustalfs sub-order association while Us urban areas. It is one of densely tolls are associated with Ustalfs in the populated regi,)ns of the district and eastern part of the region. The central ranks second in terms of density (273 part of region is suitable for cultivation persons per km: . and is relatively developed one. Impact of physiographical factors is clearly seen The percentage of literates excluding O~6 in settlement distribution which are to the total population of 3,60,653 comes concentrated in the central part. It to about 31.72. Out of the total, 1,75,10 contains 119 villages and 2 towns. With main workers (1,0,36,618 are male main an area of 1,099.00 km2 the region is workers and 71,592 are female main inhabited by 4,11,217 persons of which workers) are in this region. 1,71,194 reside in rural and 2,29,023 persons in urban areas. The density of 3.11.1.8 GODAVARI BASIN popUlation is higher (364 persons per 2 km ) mainly because of location of 2 The regIOn covers the parts of towns in the region. Sultanabad, Peddapalle, Manthani, Mahadevpur, Jagtial, Mallial and The percentage of literates excluding 0-6 Metpalle mandals. The region runs along to the total popUlation 4,00,217 comes to the southern bank of river Godavari. about 35.73 out of the total, 1,50,224 The eastern and western parts of the main workers (1,06,139 are male main region are covered under dense reserved workers and 44085 are female main forests of Teak while the central part is workers ) are in this region. inhabited where towns and large settlements are located. Geologically, 96 B A o N o s T R .. " ,.. '" J> " 1I§1~1ill c: r 0 ":u '" ~ ~ ~ :0 ';) ~ '"-i n ... ,. 1 ;!! ,. '"z ~ r 1:; .. ,. § 0 III n ~ '"0 r- !a 0 0 ~ :f :i !jj :0'" ;ll n r :0 ~:.' Ii! :0 .,0 ,.'"-i !a ~ 4 ~ ; n , -i n ~ '"0 31 5i .. ..j ,.. ..en 31 ~ n :a ..z e - 0 3: !j'_-:: I ,..z ~ U l ! g,.. i " :a J Ii rn ~ i i N.. rt:. a I 15 C Ii :iii ! ;;I -i-i ~ tn :0 ~~ -I ;;: ...., '. :a iii 0 -i - -I riii en %1 ..... 0::: :::J «) 1-0:::::> ..... 0:::::> ..... 0:::::> ..... O::::::J 1-0:::::> ~o:::::> ..... 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Q; ...... ca .,.. :J .... :J .... 0 ..;~~ ..; 0 a:: M ::!: ..; en ..; ~ ..; :r: M :r: ..; (!) 104 J: U) Q) 0'> 0'> <') r-- "iii ' /J i) _OC. U) r-. II) (0 ,.... 3 Q) <') <') 0 0 -.. 0'> 0 0 (0 ..... 0 0 N ~ :> "iii r-. r-. 10 co Q) 0 :2 <') ..... ' "'C C co U) Q) N "iii ' .9 ~ V) II) Q) II) c It') <') N ~ iii (0 0'> II) 'ro ' {? rn lP 0 VI N 0 0 "'"~) ' VI c: r-. LO C") C') 0 N C') (0 N 0 0 N &:l 0 IX) !'! LO 00 II) co Q) · · n. LO N ' 105 I() I() ~t!'l ~~' fRfR OlCXlCXl, 00 ,.. T"" zo ~ oo c: o ~o ..I III ::J IIIc: ~ 0...I G) c: E (1l i Z a. -0c:: .!! (1l zci § I, ... l ca It)~• c: .,..": or:E .... ca MX! 106 WARANGAL DISTRICT REGIONAL DIVISIONS Warangal district is a part of the Patches of shallow black cotton soils. northern port ion of the Telangana Medium and deep black cotton soils are districts of Andhra Pradesh. It lies also seen at places. The steep slopes and approximately between 17° 19' and 18° marginal lands bordering hillocks face 13' north latitudes and 78°49' and 80° acute erasion in times of heavy rains. 43' east longit Ides. The district occupies The total forest area in Warangal district an area 12,84(i sq.kms. With density of is 3,71,313.00 hectares forming 28.90% 2 population 2 19 per km • the total of the total geographical area of the population of the district is 28,18,832 district. Geologically, the major portion out of which :!2, 72,210 is the rural and of the district in the west is occupied by 5,46,622 is in urban as per 1991 census. Archaen rocks while remaining part The S.C. population in the district [onus bears a complex geology. Specifying 17.19% of the total population while the rock formations of upper-pre S.Ts account £Jr 13.67%. Of264 towns cambrian, upper palaeozoic-Upper in the state, si l( towns are located in the Cambrian carboniferons. Lower troassic district River Godavari flows 36 kms to and middle Triassic. Lower cretaceous the north east::rn border of the district. periods. Gegetal cover relates to teak There are five reservoirs in the district of forests in the north-eastern part and dry which pahal lake is under the control of deciduous scrubs in the extreme west. forest dept. Besideses these, there are Warangal district is not rich in mineral about 4000 tanks in Warangal district resources. But it is predominantly an with total water spread area of agricultural district. The district is 83,857.70 hectares. The entire area is industrially advanced in terms of both studded with [solated hills, hill stream, technical and traditional production. rainfed tanks and large lakes. A range of In 1985 the then existing 15 taluks were hill stretches Jrom parkal and Singareni recognized into 50 rnandals in 1991 to Aswaraopet in Khammam district in census. the south eaft boundary being lower Altogether, such Laterogeneity in the Godavari valley. physio Geographic factors at the micro level leads to subdivided the district into The Chandra~;iri hills and the famous the following five sub-micro divisions. Iron hills of R:lSanaparthi lie 16 krns and 22 kms respectively to the northwest of 3.11.1.1 JANGAON - W ARANGAL Warangal. The average elevation of the NARSAMPET & MAHBUBABAD district is abo It 265.48 mtrs. Whereas REGION the area aroun j Hanumakonda is 518.16 mtrs. above the sea level. There is no The region is the largest one covering remarkable fluctuation III the almost half of the district area which temparature cs the district generally compnses Cherial, Maddur, tends to be dr;r. The soils of the district Bachannapet, Jangaon, Ghanpur, comprise sand/ loams with Raghunathpalle, Wardhanapet, 107 Zaftargadh, Palakurthi, Thorrur, total population of 470434 comes to Maripeda, N arasimhalapet, Sangam, about 28.37 out of the total, 231782 total geerugonda etc. main workers (132022 male main It contains 596 villages and 5 towns i.e. workers 99760 female main workers) Warangal, J mgaon, Mahbubnagar, are in this region. Domakal and Kodipikonda. Its total area is 6354.00 km2 which is inhabited 3.11.11.3 MUL UG-CHINTAGUDEM by 2080688 persons out of which GUDUR - FORESTED REGION 1534066 persons reside in rural and 546622 persons in urban areas, the The region covers Mulug, Chintagudem, region has a density of 327 persons per Gudur Mandals and this region is 2 km • The soils in general are red loamy forested and has a rugged topography and the sub-order assoc iation is related characterised by hills and forests. to Ustalfs, Trophets. Along the northern Geologically the region is composed of border extension of Usters are observed. upper pre cambrain, lower palaeozoic - It is mainly ,m agricul tural area with upper pre-cambrian and upper almost even distribution of settlements. carboniferous-lower triassis rocks. The The percentage of litrates excluding the soils sub-order association fo.und is age group of 0-6 to the total population Ustalfs - Tropepts. Settlements are of 2080688 comes to about 34.29 out of mostly concentrated in the cultivated the total, 916369 total main workers areas. It is entirely a rural region having (566672 male main workers 349697 183 villages. It has a total area of female main wl)rkers) are in this region. 330400 km2 which is inhabited by 187777 rural population and thus it 2 3.11.1.2 PARKAL PLAIN shows a density of 57 persons per km • The percentage. of litrates excluding the The region covers the parts of Chitiyal, age group of 0-6 to the total population mulug, P lrkal, Dharmasagar, of 187777 comes to about 25.81 out of Hasanaparty, Hanamkonda, Nallavalli, the total, 90248 total main workers Duggondi, Atmakur. Shyampet, (53373 male main workers 36875 Regonda, MogullapaUe, Chitiyal female main workers) are in this region. Bhupalpalle, Ghanpur and Venkatapur mandaI, total ) 86 villages cover of this 3.11.1.4 NAGARAM - MANGAPET region no one town in this region it is FORESTED REGION entirely rural region. It is a plain region with a few hilbcks , forests patches and It is forested region. The region covers dry ponds. hs Geology is Archaean. the two(2) mandals i.e. Nagaram and The soils are medium black, red loamy Mangapet. Physiographic personality and brown be longing to U sters in the and is charecterised by rough north-west ane. Ustalfs-Tropepts in the topography with hillocks covered with major remainirg parts of the district. Its dense mixed forests. Geologically the total area is 158200 km2 which is region belongs to upper carboniferous - inhabited by 470434 rural population lower Triassic formation in the major making a demity of 297 persons per part and middle Triassic-lower 2 krn • The percentage of litrates fonnation in the extreme north. The soil excluding the age group of 0-6 to the sub-orders found are ustalfs in the major 108 portion and U;talfs (in the north) there mandaI and Mangapet mandaI in the are only 78 villages in this region north-eastern part of the district. It is accounting for a total area of 1331.00 composed of upper carboniferous - km 2 inhabited by 25205 rural population lower Triassic in the southern and where the region shows a density of 19 middle Triassic - lower cretaceous 2 persons per 1m • The percentage of fonnations in the northern areas. The litrates excIudi,lg the age group of 0-6 to soils are red loamy and red sandy the total population of 25205 comes to belonging to ustalfs (southem part) and about 23.41 out of the total, 13050 total ustalfs - ustalls sub-order associations main workers (7287 male main workers (northern part). The region has only 46 5763 female main workers) are in this villages with an area of 275.00 km 2 regIOn. which is inhabited by 54728 rural population. It shows a density of 199 2 3.11.1.5 GODAVARI BASIN persons per km • The percentage of litrates excluding the age group of 0-6 to This region is entirely mral and there is the total population of 54728 comes to no town. The region stretches along the about 31.87 out of the total, 25091 total Godavari (right banks) in a strip main workers (15886 male main covering the p2.rt of Etumagaram workers 9205 female main workers) are in this region. 109 <0<0 \00.0 '"(]) m m 'iii 00 '::i'::i E C\JC\J (]) &l&l ...... u. CD CD C\JC\J f,5f,5 C\JC\J '"c Sl CD 0.. f-a::::> f-a::::> en z o ~I (ij o ::;;: Z GI is '0 ..J o c( o Z c o o a ~ w III a:: Uo z ..J o III :::I z z ~ III C3 S .£ .§ U) Ol '0 <0 CD C'l ~~C\J C1l <0 <0 <0r-- zO..!!!.c ._ (.) I.() ... > m (]) E .;:ti iii i5 113 J: C/) W C ~ Q. ~ J: C Z ~ « ~ or-: or-: Vl ("j ~ ("j nl (1l c: E c .Q (]) 0 Ol a: ·0 ~ ~ .s .s ~ ~ ~ oil r.:.. vi "'"vi 0 0 Z Z Q) Q) "0 0 "8 () () c CD nl CD -e co 0 ::J N E l-I- ~ C"') ..... ~ ("j"'" en .s: :::J I'- en nl a: N Q) "'"CD - t-t- C/) .:c 0 w NI 0 c S (0 -.t 0 LO 0 0 l- C"') (.) Z CD G) W '0 . c ~ Cl 0 .> .Q « (.) 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LL. ttl .... . c:: E ci III 0 II) ii - -61 'C Q. Z 01 III c: C GI :::J C 01 III a: 01 .2 c:: .9 .. III c:: "iii III 01 III 0: 'C II) III Q) c:: C :::E ::. III -jij a: co a: . ..0 "E . C III ii: 0 'C ";;: .-; ..0 ~ C'? , GI ~ E ~ III 0 :::J III .-; 111..0 --: 01- --: .. .-; > --: :::J III III III .... 0I_s= .... ~ ...... 01 .... 'C ..... c: III ...... - e ...... III :::J 0 III 0 M ~:::!E M Q. M :::!ELI.. M Z M (!) 1J 9 :::t .q-.q- C\I C\I 00 , Nt tOU) zo CII CD W "8 fg ...J o o ID I: l!! ;5 .2 CIl fti a. u o ...J ."::s ." I: CII o 00 00 U) 10 ~~ I:o C, a:CII Q) E zCIl -g ...J CIl ~ zci Z c: < o I: a: Cl 'iii 120 KHAMMAM DISTRICT REGIONAL DIVISIONS Khammam di strict is a part of Godavari are developed on Archaean gneisses. Depression (: .11.1) as delineated for the The extreme north-western and some present stud y. It lies approximately western parts are made up of Upper pre between 16°45' and 18°35' N.latitudes Cambrian rocks, The hilly areas of the and 79°47' Elongitudes. Extending over district comprise Lower pre-Cambrian an area of 1() 029 km2 the district has a deposits while Recent alluvium is found population of 2215809 according to the along river Godavari; the proximity is 1991 Census. It consists of 46 mandals. wide in the western part. Major part of On account of the Eastern Ghats the the district is occupied under Ustalfs district, in general, represents rough soils. In the western part U stalfs topography consisting of dissected Tropepts occur in large areas. Udalfs uplands and lills some times exceeding Ustalfs associated with Rock Outcrops a height of 600 metres above the mean are found in some parts of Eastem Ghats. sea level. The central and eastern parts More than fifty per cent area of the of the district are mainly hilly. Important district is covered under forests of are Marriguttl, RajaguHa, yerragutta and reserved category. These are dense Bison hills. The entire drainage of the mixed jungles of Teak, Bijasal, Tunki, district is controlled by the river system Sandra, Anduk, Bamboo and Tapsi. The of Godavari md Krishna. However, the climate is characterized by a hot summer rivers/stream~; flowing towards north and good rains. The temperature shoots east join GOliavari while those flowing upto 40°Cin June. The district receives in southern direction join the river an average annual rainfall of 1, 018 mm, Krishna, Godavari enters this district three fourths of which is concentrated near Chandllpalle vi llage in Nugur during south-west monsoon period. mandaI. After flowing a distance of Keeping these physio-geographical about 18 kms in the south-eastern factors in view the district has been direction it leaves the district at Kollur divided into following eight sub-micro village of Bbadrachalam MandaI. The regIOns. important tril)utaries of river Godavari are sabri and Kennerasani. The notable 3.11.1.1 NUGUR-CHERLA tributaries of river K1 ishna flowing in FORESTED UPLANDS this district are wyra, Muneru, paleru and Kattaleru. The regions extends over the part of Nugur mandaI This is the smallest region The district has very complex geological in the district as delineated covering structure, Th(: central part between river northern most part of the district lying Godavari and Kinnerasani spreading in a adjacent to the Godavari Basin. It is northwest-southwest dIrection is mainly mainly covered with reserved forests of composed of upper Carboniferous dry Teak. The entire region is hilly Lower Triass ,c rocks. The south westem composed of rocks belonging to Upper and northern and southern central parts pre-Cambrian period. The soils are red 121 loamy, red sandy and alluvial. The main concentration is good and the region sub-order a~sociated is Ustalfs. ranks seconds in the district in terms of Settlements ar,~ scattered and isolated density of population which is 171 2 along-with cultivated areas. It consists of persons per km . only 25 villages and has no town. The region has an area of 776.00 km2 which The percentage of literates excluding to is inhabited by 6098 rural population. the age group of 0-6 to the total Being a fore~ted region it is thinly population of 2,31,,045 comes to about populated and has a low density of 8 33.55 out of the total, 1,05,253 main persons per km~. workers (66586 are male main workers and 38,667 are female main workers) are The percentage of literates excluding the in this region. age group of 0-6 to the total population of 6098 comes to about 17.43 out of the 3.11.1.3 NARAKONDA total 3249 main workers (1868 are male TATILANKA - BANDARUGUDEM main workers and 1381 are female main FORESTED REGION workers) are in this region. It is a forested regi on extending over the 3.11.1.2 GODAVARI BASIN parts of Nugur and Bhadrachalam. mandaI The region is hilly which slopes The region co vers the parts of Nugur, towards south, crises-crossed by the Bhadrachalam, Bhoorgampadu and tributaries of Godavari. Notable rivers Mangoor Mandals. The region extends are Sabari in the east Talperu in the west. in a narrow belt along the river Godavari. The region is mainly composed of This elongat(:d region has varied Archaean rocks. A patch of Recent geology, The western part of the region alluvium occurs in the central part of the mainly belongs to Recent, Middle region Conforming to its geological Triassic-Lower Cretaceous and Upper structure the soils mainly belong to Carboniferous-Lower Triassic periods Ustalfs sub-order associations. Besides, while eastern part is mainly composed of there occur Aqualfs-Ustalfs deposited in Archaean rocks. An intrusion belonging the western part along river Talperu and to pre-Cambrian period is also visible in Ustalfs-Ochrepts in northwestern parts. the eastern m,lrgin of the region. the The region is mainly covered under main soil sub-order found is Ustalfs reserved forests of dry Teak. Settlements however, there are local variations in the are not evenly distributed and soil distribution. There are few scattered concentrated in low flat areas of the patches of reserved forest. Settlements region. It is entirely a rural tract and are concentrated in relatively flat areas contains 191 villages. Its total area is along river Godavari. The region 1,226,00 km2 which is inhabited by contains 342 villages and one town, viz., 68176 rural population. The region has a 2 Bhadrachalam an important religious density of 56 persons per km . center and place of tourist interest. Its total area is 1,351.00 1an2 which is The percentage of literates excluding the inhabited by 231045 persons of which age group of 0-6 to the total population 195215 persons reside in rural and of 68176 comes to about 14.58 likeswise 85830 persons in urban areas. Settlement lowest is found in this region. Out of the 122 total, 36,561 main workers (20,742 are The reglOn covers the parts of male main Norkers and 15,819 are Bhoorgampadu, Kothagudem, female main workers )are in this region. Aswaraopet and sathupalle mandal. Falling in the vicinity of the Eastern 3.11.1.4 RAKAPALLE HILLS Ghatts. The region reperesents rugged (Eastern Ghats) topography with steep to moderate slopes Some parts are sandy. The The regioin forming parts of the Eastern general slope is towards the west. It is Ghats covers the parts of Bhadrachalam, mostly covered with reserved forests Bhoorgampadu and Aswaraopet mandals. consisting of Bijasal, Teak, Tunki It is the highest altitude in the district Sandra, Bamboo and Tapsi trees. Most exceeding 600 m above the mean sea part of the region is composed of Upper level. With rough hilly topography the Carboniferious-Lower Triassic rocks. A region is covered with reserved forests few areas in the western and north (dense mixed jungles mainly of Teak) eastern part have deposits of Lower pre Geologically the region is made-up of Cambrian rocks. The soils are red loamy Lower pre-Cambrian rocks. An intrusive and red sandy (Ustalfs). Udalfs-Ustalfs belonging to pre-Cambrian period associated with Rock Outcrops occur in separates the region from Godavari relatively higher areas in the south Basin. The main soil sub-order found is eastern part of the region. The Ustalfs. In higher altitudes in the distribution of settlement is random. It southern pmt of the region Rock contains 119 villages and two town. Its outcrops-Udaifs-Ustalfs occur in total areas is 2,65,0.00 km2 which is significant area while the northern most inhabited by 291424 persons of which of the region has deposits of Aqualfs 223136 persons reside in rural and Ustalfs. The soils are red loamy and 68288 persons in urban areas. The alluvial. Settlements are very sparse. It density of population is moderate and is contains 59 vl11ages and I town. With an computed as 110 persons per km2 area of 1,201.00 km2 the region is according to 1991 Census. inhabited by 16,918 persons of the total,13029 persons reside in rural and The percentage of literates excluding the 3889 persons in urban areas. This is the age group of 0-6 to the total population least populated region in the district with of 2,91,424 comes to about 34.83 out of a density of only 29 persons per lcm2 as the total ,1,20,999 main workers (81872 per 1991 Census. male main workers and 39127 are female main workers) are in this region. The percentage of literates excluding the age group of 0-6 to the total popUlation 3.11.1.6 KHAMMAM - MADHIRA of 16918 comes to about 21.92 out of the KALLVRU- KOTHAGUDEM total, 8502 main workers (5146 are male PLAIN main workers and 3356 are female main workers) in this region. The region includes Thirumalayapalem, Madhira and Khammam mandals and 3.11.1.5 KANNEGIRI the parts of Aswaraopet, kothagudem, PENGADAPA - DAMARCHERLA Yellandu, Sudimalla and Sathupalle FORESTED REGION mandals. This is a plain in character with 123 isolated hills and scattered patches of The region covers the parts of Sudimala, forests main1}' concentrated along the yellandu, Kothagudem and Mangoor northern border of the region and in manda1s. The entire region is hilly some western and central parts. Paleru mostly covered with reserved forests of river is flowing on the western border of dense mixed jungles. The altitude some the region. The region is drained by river time exceeds 600 m height above the Muneru, Wyra and Kattaleru all flowing mean sea level. Major part of the region from north 10 south following the is composed of Upper pre-Cambrian general slope of the region. Geologically, rocks. In some parts Upper most part of the region consists of Carboniferous-Lower Triassic rocks Archaean gneisses. The eastern part occur along the eastern border while falling towards the east of river wyra is Archaean gneisses are found in southern composed of Lower Pre-Cambrian rocks. border of the region. Soils are red loamy Recent alluvi urn is found deposited and red sandy belonging to U stalfs along rivers, mainly wyra and Kattaleru. Tropepts sub-order association, To the west of river Wyra rocks of Settlements are sparsely distributed Upper pre-Cambrian period occur in a located along with cultivated parches north-south elongation. The main soil scattered in between the reserved forests. sub-order found in eastern part is Ustalfs It contains 51 villages and only one town. while Ustalfs- Tropepts occur in rest part The region covers an area of 2,050,00 of the region. This is the most inhabited km2 which is inhabited by 182294 region in the district Settlements are persons of which 143619 persons reside evenly distributed. It consists of 401 in rural and 38675 persons in urban villages and 3 towns including the areas. Being a forested region the district Headquarters, i.e., Khammarn. It density of population is low at 89 2 2 has an area of 4,875.00 km which is persons per km • inhabited by 1281547 persons. Of these 1010142 persons reside in rural and The percentage of literates excluding the 271405 persons in urban areas. The age group of 0-6 to the total population region represents highest concentration of 1,82,294 comes to about 30.77, out of of population among the regions and has the total 71,750 main workers (48,172 2 a density of263 persons per km • male main workers and 23,578 are female main workers) are in this region. The percentage of literates excluding the age group of 0-6 to the total population 3.11.1.8 DAMARTOGU of 12,81,547 comes to about 34.75 out of BHOORGAMPADU FORESTED the total, 5,57,773 main workers REGION (3,60,392 are male main workers and 3,60,392 are female main workers) are in The region covers the parts of Sudimalla, this region. Mangoor, Bhoorgampadu and Kothagudem mandals. This is also a 3.11.1. 7 MAHBUBABAD forested region covered with reserved GUNDALA-CHIMALPAD forests which are dense mixed jungles FORESTED REGION mainly of dry Teak. The entire region is hilly with steep rocky slopes in the western side. There are hills of more 124 than 500 m height above the mean sea one Town with an area of 1,900.00 krn2 level. A few tributaries of Godavari the region is inhabited by 182294 of drain the region in west-east direction. which reside 143619 rural population Kinnarsani is an important ri ver flowing and 30076 persons in urban area. The along the southern border of the region. region has a density of 72 persons per 2 the region is mainly composed of Upper krn • Carbonifero is- Lower Tliassic rocks. In the eastern part near the confluence of The percentage of literates excluding the river Godavar i and kinnarsani deposits age group of 0-6 to the total population of Upper pre-Cambrian and Lower pre of 1,36,482 comes to about 33.51 out of Cambrian rocks are also found. The the total, 54,915 main workers (37,526 main soils sub-order found is Ustalfs. In are male main workers and 173 89 are western part 1 ropepts is associated with female main workers) are in this region. Ustalfs. It contains only 51 villages and 125 n enz (/l c::(/l o-n 4 Z 9 . ;> D 11 c G' o o o tJ) 0>0> Q) ,..._,..._ ro cr, g g , E Q) ll. 0>0> 00 cx:gg,..- ...... 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CI"tJ T"' ' ~.g~ ~ :; <-: co III T"' CI .- E ~ T"' ::I .. ro 0 "';z MOI.1.. 136 II C ' ((l((l cx:>cx:> (1)(')('), 21-+-1--1 III ro () II, "'0 Q) CIl it; ~ ~~ CIl ci {5 z (J)I--t-II--I (II "tJ II) o C (J o ~ I: Q; o II ~o ..J ~ ~ CII (J 00 It)(')('),...... u. c c IE Q; II 1-r:t:::JNI-D:::::J 1-a:::::J . iQ :cE o III iQ I: "tJ 0 c: '0 :::J (II I: Clet: "iii III III 137 MAHBUBNAGAR DISTRICT REGIONAL DIVISIONS Mahbubnagar district is a part of the and ladcherla Mandals. It is an upland Telangana Plateau (3.11.2) and is situated having slope towards the south -east. The approximately between 16° and 17° N. south eastern part is covered with reserved Latitudes and 77° and 79° E. Longitudes. forests. Most of the region is composed of Administratively being comprised of 15 Archaean rocks. Rocks of lower Palaeozoic mandals it occupies an area of 18.432 km2 with upper pre-Cambrian, Mesozoic-lower a population of 3077050 persons (1991 tertiary and undated rocks are found in the Census ),it contains 64 mandals western part. The main soil sub-orders Physiographically, it is higher in altitude in the occurring in the region are Ustalfs in the east north and north-western parts showing a Ustalfs. Tropepts in the west. The rugged topography and an elevation ranging settlements are scattered. The region between 600 and 1,200 metres. Other part of contains 238 villages and one town the district has an elevation between 300 and accounting for a total area of 2575.00 km2 600 metres. The district, with a general slope which is inhabited by 4120085 persons of towards the south-east is drained by the rivers which 407066 persons reside in rural and Krishna, Tungabhadra, Pedda vagu, Chinna 13019 persons in urban areas. The region 2 vagu and Dindi along with some perennial has a density of 163 persons per km • The tanks/lakes. Vegetation is dry deciduous with percentage of litrates excluding the age scrubs in the north and north-western parts and group of 0-6 to the total population of teak forests in the south-eastern part. 420085 comes to above 18.00 out of the Geologically, the district mainly belongs to the total, 209309 total main workers (119326 Archaean formation. A few areas in the north male main workers 89983 female main western and western part have Plaeozoic workers) are in this region. Upper Pre-Cambrian Lower Pre-Cambrian, Mesozoic-Lower T~rtiary and undated formations. A smaller area in the south-east is 3.11.2.2 MAHBUBNAGAR- noticed to show th~ Upper Pre-Cambrian W ANAPARTHI-MAKTHAL REGION formations. As regards soils, Ustalfs group (with 3 sub-order associations) predominate all Extending over the parts of Makthal, over the district excepting for a smaller area Atmakur, Wanaparthi kollapur, along the south-western margin of the district Mahbubnagar and Jadcherla mandals, it is where Udalfs and Ustcrts groups are noticed. almost a plain region. Pedda Vagu and Okacheti Vagu are the main rivers besides Keeping in view all such physio-geographic Krishna which flow along the southern traits the district may be divided into seven boundary of the region. The entire region is sub-micro regions as under- composed Archaean rocks excepts a few patches of Lower Pre-Cambrian rocks in the 3.11.2.1 KODANGAL KOILKONDA middle of the region. Soil sub-order found UPLAND are Ustalfs in the east and U stalfs-Tropepts and U::;terts in the west. It has 413 villages The region includes Kodangal MandaI and and (3) towns 1) Mahbubnagar, 2) parts of Makthal, Almakur, Mahbubnagar Narayanper, 3) Wanaparthi. Its total area is 138 3,950 km2 which is inhabited by 8,67,880 in plain and cultivated. The Dindi and persons of which 6,73,666 persons reside in Chinna Yagu river flow through middle rural and 1,89,214 persons in Urban areas. It part of the region following the general 2 has a density of220 persons per km • slope towards the south -east. Its Geology is Archaean and main soil sub-order found The percentage of litrates excluding the age is Ustalfs it contains 458 villages and group of 0-6 to the total population of (3) towns making altogether a total of 867880 comes to above 28.81 out of the 4,527 km2 which is inhabited by 856785 total, 393639 total main workers (231272 persons of which 789017 persons Reside in male main workers 162367 female main rural and 67768 in urban areas. It has a 2 workers) are in this region. density of 189 persons per km • The percentage of litrates excluding the age group of 0-6 to the total population of 3.11.2.3 KRISHNA-TUNGABHADRA 856785 comes to above 25.35 out of the INTERFLUVE total, 415375 total main workers (241810 male main workers 173565 female main The region is triangular in shape being workers) are in this region. constituted by Gadwal and Alampur mandals between the rivers Krishna and Tungadhadra forming the northern and southern 3.11.2.5. MUDHIVENU- boundaries of the region respectively. The CHARAKONDA UPLAND region is composed (If Archaean , Lower Pre-Cambrian and lower Palaeozoic-Upper The region covers the parts of Kalvakurthi Pre-Cambrian rocks. The soil sub-orders and Shadnagar mandals. The northern part found are Ustalfs in the north and Usterts of the region has areas of reserved forests. Tropepts in the south. The area is suitable Pedda vagu is the main river flowing in the for cultivation due to being rich in river region. The region is composed of Archaean borne alluvium. Consisting of 201 villages rocks Ustalfs soils and found all over the and (2) towns it has a total area of 2,050.02 region. The region has only 59 villages with km2 which is inhabited by 4,46,465 persons a total area 950 km2 inhabited by 1,36,412 out of which 3,93,879 persons reside in rural rural population. It shows density of 144 per 2 and 52,586 persons in urban areas. The km • The percentage of litrates excluding region makes a density' of 218 persons per the age group of 0-6 to the total population 2 km • The percentage of litrates excluding of 136412 comes to above 20.65 out of the the age group of 0-6 to the total population total, 66746 total main workers (39794 male of 446465 comes to ahove 19.84 out of the main workers 26952 female main workers) total, 226552 total main workers (128720 are in this region. male main workers 97832 female main workers) are in this regIOn. 3.11.2.6 KOLLAPUR REGION 3.11.2.4. SHAD NAGAR- BADEPALLE Being bounded in the south by the river ACHAMPET REGION Krishna this region extends northwards over the parts of Kollapur, Nagarkumool and The region extends over the parts of Achampet mandals, small tributaries of the Shadnagar, ladcherla Mahbubnagar, river Krishna crises-cross the area in north Wanaparthi, Nagarkumool, Kalvakurthi and south direction the region mainly consists of Achampet mandals. Most parts of the region Archaean rocks. The main soil sub-order 139 found is Ustalfs settlements are evenly Geologically the region mainly belongs to distributed. It contains 150 villages and one the upper pre-cambrain. Settlements are town. Its total area is 1,575.00 km2which is scattered with contains 34 villages and one inhabited by 2,86,345 persons of whkh town the total area of the region is 2804.00 2,70,371 persons reside in rural and 15,974 km 2 which is inhabited by 63078 persons of persons in urban area. Its density of which 59447 persons are rural and 3831 2 population is 182 persons per km • The persons in urban area. The region has 2 percentage of litrate, excluding the age density of only 22 persons per krn • The group of 0-6 to the total population of percentage of Iitrates excluding the age 286345 comes to ab.we 21.70 out of the group of 0-6 to the total popUlation of 63078 total, 145704 total main workers (81438 comes to above 21.41 out of the total, 30276 male main workers 64266 female main total main workers (17393 male main workers) are in this region. workers 128831 female main workers) are in this region. 3.11.2.7 KOLLAPUR-AMRABAD FORESTED REGION The region is situated in south eastern part of the district and is bounded by the river Dindi and Krishna nOJ1h-east and south this inter fluve covers the part Achampet and Kollapur MandaI mo~t partll of the region hilly and covered reserved forest. 140 n r:1 Z Vlc: ,...... Vl ::: o N N N N "T1 "in N " '"3: Z ~ if g_ ~ Sl g e ).. ~". il " f ~ ~ I;< ! j,. c; ~ ." f 3 9 I!' i 3 g p 0. f ~ If [ ,0 Q. " i i Q. 0 a f 0' ~ • ~ a. 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IJl Q) Iii E ~ zen o :!:I ~ o > z is CIl co oJ "8 W () IJlc: oJ ~ o c: IJl III o o :;::: iD a D.. ~ w III a: U z .3 III o ::t III s:: CIl Sc () IJl ~ Q) D.. i 'tIc: Q) E III E ..c:III Q. til u :::l Z a: « CIS « Uc: 'tI CJ til c: « ~ z ci III III Z :::l c: i; III o ..c: :I: 'a' , () « Q) ... :IE a: III en ti o:t III s:: ';: ~ .§ ,2 .... III en Ui ...... c: CII i5 M(/)a: 151 RANGAREDDI DISTRICT REGIONAL DIVISIONS Rangareddi is a part of the Telangana west. Vegetation includes patches of dry Plateau (3.11.2) and is constituted by 37 deciduous scrubs throught except two mandals accounting for a total area of significant patches of Teak forests in the 7 493 :kn? and a population of 2551966 northwest and extreme south. persons. 1991 census It lies approximately between the latitudes of Thus, in view of the above physio 16°30' and 18°20' North and longitudes geographical factors and their spatial of77°30' and 79° 30' east. variations, the district has been divided into five sub-micro regions as under- Physiographically, the district shows the height between 300 and 600 m. in its 3.11.2.1 TANDUR-PARGI western and eastern parts intervened FORESTED REGION most obviously by the elevated middle part that ranges even upto 1,200 m. Expanding over the western part of the Naturally, slope direction in both the district this region is constituted by parts is centrifugal, i.e., the western part Tandur mandaI and the parts of tends to the west and the eastern part to Marpally, Vicarabad and Pargi mandals. the east. Major drainage channels are It is having rugged terrain marked with Konga, Pedda vagu, Pochamma vagu stony waste, boulders and rocky slopes. etc. in the western part and Musi, The general slope is towards the west Yenteru, Pooya vagu Erramulli vagu, which is evident from the flow of the Mula vagu etc. in the eastern part. The Kanga river and its tributaries. The middle part shows considerable surface is mostly covered with open and ruggedness marked with small hillocks, dense mixed forests (Teak) and open stony waste, rock outcrops, boulders and scrubs. Geologically, most part of the rocky wastes. Geologically, the eastern region is composed of Archaean rocks. part of the district covers the Archaean In the north-western part Lower rocks while the western part has some Palaeozoic-Upper Pre Cambrian, areas of the Lower Palaeozoic-Upper Mesozoic-Lower Tertiary and Pre-Cambrian, undated granites and Pleistocene formations are conspicuous. Mesozoic-Lower Tertiary formations The region shows Usterts-Fluvents soils over the Archaean. The middle part in the northern part and Ustalfs-Tropepts belongs to Mesezoic-Lower Tertiary and Ustalfs in the southern-Western and (Deccan Trap) interrupted by significant southern parts. Settlements are parts and areas of laterites of Pleistocene. The governed by agricultural tracts. soils relating utsalfs group covers the Altogether there are 329 villages and 1 eastern and southern western parts, while town making a total area of 2,462.00 2 those relating to Usterts are visible over km • It is inhabited by 4,50,558 persons the central and western parts of the of which 4,05,041 persons are in rural district. A small patch of Orthents and 45,517 persons in urban areas. The Tropepts is noticed in the extreme north- 152 density of population comes 183 persons 3.11.2.3 MUSI-MUSA VALLEY per km2 for the region as a whole. The region covers the parts of Chevella The percentage of literates excluding the and Rajendranagar mandals. It is age group of 0-6 to the total popUlation drained by Musi-Musa rivers with a of 4,50,558 comes to about 22.79. general slope towards the east. The Likewise the lowest is found in this Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar are the region. Out of the total, 2,17,317 main important water bodies in the eastern workers (1,24,068 are male mam part of the region. The surface is rough workers and 93,249 are female mam marked with hillocks, rocky knobs and workers) are in this region. boulders particularly towards the east. Its geology is mainly Archaean, 3.11.2.2 MARPALLY-VICARABAD Mesozoic-Lower Tertiary formations are UPLAND seen only in the western side. The main soil sub-order association found is Lying to the east of the former region Usterts. Most part of the region is this covers the parts of Marpally, suitable for agriculture. There are 207 Vicarabad, Chevella and Pargi mandals villages and 4 towns that account for an 2 and Shadnagar mandaI of Mahbubnagar area of 1,175.00 km • It has a population district. This is an upland sloping of 5,87,142 persons where there are towards the east. The river Musi with 2,27,945 rural and 3,59,197 urban other streams/nalas is flowing in the dwellers making altogether a density of 2 southern most part of this region. The 500 persons per km • region is marked with small hillocks and stony wastes. Open scrubs are numerous The percentage of literates excluding the and areas of open mixed jungles are rare. age group of 0-6 to the total population The region shows Mesozoic-Lower of 5,87,142 comes to about 41.68. Out of Tertiary geological formations with the the total, 2,23,020 main workers rocks of Pleitstocene laterites. The soils (1,58,855 are male main workers and are mainly Usterts covering the major 64,165 are female main workers) are in part. However, there are Ustalfs soils on this region. the western margin of the region. Settlements are sparsely distributed. It 3.11.2.4 MEDCHAL- contains 151 villages and 1 town with a HAYATHNAGAR-REGION total area of 1,075.62 km2 which is inhabited by 2,30,038 persons of which Occupying the north-eastern part of the 1,90,823 persons reside in rural and district, this region consists of Medchal 39,215 in urban areas. The region has a and Vallabhnagar mandals and 2 density of214 persons per km • Hayathnagar mandaI in part. The surface is rugged marked with rocky areas, The percentage of literates excluding the bounders, stony waste and hillocks. age group of 0-6 to the total popUlation There are abundant ponds/tanks which of 2,30,038 comes to about 25.63. Out of are seasonal. Musi is the main river of the total, 1,05,746 main workers (62,150 the region flowing to the east. Its are male main workers and 43,596 are geology ubiquitously belongs to female main workers) are in this region. Archaean period showing the rock 153 formations such as cordierite gneIss, Ibrahimpatnarn mandals in full and hornblende-biotite gneIss and Hayathnagar mandaI in part. The unclassified crystallines. The soils are presence of boulders, rocky knobs and Ustalfs-Tropepts in the western part and stony waste is the main scrubs Ustalfs in the eastern part of the region. characterise the physiography Settlements are randomly distributed characterize of the region. Small hills concentrating mainly in the cultivable with open of the eastern part of the zones. There are 195 villages and 8 region undulating surface marked with towns inhabited by a total population steep rocky slopes and hillocks with 9,19,813 persons over an area of limited forest areas. Geologically, the 2 1,231.00 krn • Out of this total region exhibits Archaean rocks popUlation there are 2,52,020 persons in throughout the region where soils are red rural and 6,67,793 persons in urban sandy in character relating to U stalfs areas. The region has a density of 747 group. Settlements are dispersed being persons per krn2• located mostly in the agricultural tracts or along the transport routes. The region The percentage of literates excluding is entirely rural with 167 villages the age group of 0-6 to the total inhabited by 2,70,960 persons over an 2 population of 9,19,813 comes to about area of 1,550.00 krn • It makes a density 2 53.84. Likewise the highest is found in of population of 175 persons per km • this region . Out of the total, 3.13 .136 main workers (2,40,540 are male main The percentage of Literates excluding workers and 72,596 are female mam the age group of 0-6 to the total workers) are in this region. popUlation of 2,70,960 comes to about 27.40. Out of the total, 1,26,647 main 3.11.2.5 MAISARAM- workers (76,797 are male main workers IBRAHIMPATNAM REGION and 49,850 are female main workers) are in this region. In the south-eastern part of the district this region includes Maheswaram and 154 CENSUS OF INDIA MAP 27 RANGAREDDI DISTRICT caosua cooe Ui REGIONAL D1V1a1OHS ~ r ' f ? 'f' 't 6 0 l,UHlwr~1 Sh la a O l.l n O Gl'~ , . O i ' lrl d . dO ....H ;l cr1, Mc,n:jQj ARCHAEAl< 191. ~ RS Matu GOU 'it . ~ LOWiJI. PALAEOZOlC UPPER PRE-CAMBRIAN.I.1 NgU.;sCl Qt High .. ",. - Stc. l, hitjlll wtl1 G.HHB . -MESOZOIC L owER IHHEI TER TIARY UZI o PLElST OC~ 121. Sr;;. Ul\Qary , rotur 7 UST AW'S I RgQd Iha i'OQIoIQl\~ ' 01 rllilQn Qi Qi vlwQ,,,! . \1 lil'l (,fCl an" 10 (I'Ia 011 IrJ diQ 12 UST ALF S- TRoPERTS mop ,odu ~ IQ :5 1J;t) 61 ORTHENTS-TROPERTS 92 USTERTS 9& USTERT S-I'LUVENTS ti e Is.: Rw,i,n4CI CUrrie. H1~I •• QI'\' R ...... IlIriUt.na1 ~ .....f HoJ'''''''• • ''_I''''q...v:' ••• llX.4l" r, Hl'*aoo Db lrj,l. 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