DOCSLIB.ORG

The Glorifying History of Golconda Fort

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Glorifying History of Golconda Fort High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748 The Glorifying History of Golconda Fort Dr.K.Karpagam, Assistant Professor, Department of History, D.G.Government Arts College for Women, Mayiladuthurai, Nagapattinam District – 609001 Abstract India is a vast country with a lot of diversity in her physical and social environment. We see people around us speaking different languages, having different religions and practising different rituals. We can also see these diversities in their food habits and dress patterns. Besides, look at the myriad forms of dance and music in our country. But within all these diversities there is an underlying unity which acts as a cementing force. The intermingling of people has been steadily taking place in India over centuries. A number of people of different racial stock, ethnic backgrounds and religious beliefs have settled down here. Let us not forget that the composite and dynamic character of Indian culture is a result of the rich contributions of all these diverse cultural groups over a long period of time. The distinctive features of Indian culture and its uniqueness are the precious possession of all Indians. Significance : The art and architecture of a nation is the cultural identity of the country towards the other countries and that's why the country which has a beach art and architecture is always prestigious to the other countries. The architecture of India is rooted in its history, culture and religion. Among a number of architectural styles and traditions, the contrasting Hindu temple architecture and Indo- Islamic architecture are the best known historical styles. Both of these, but especially the former, have a number of regional styles within them. Following the collapse of the Mughal Empire, regional nawabs such as in Lucknow, Hyderabad and Mysore continued to commission and patronize the construction of Mughal-style architecture in the princely states. Volume 26, Issue 8, 2020 156 http://www.gjstx-e.cn/ High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748 Indo-Islamic architecture has left a large impact on modern Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi architecture, as in the case of its influence on the Indo-Saracenic Revivalism of the late British Raj. Both secular and religious buildings are influenced by Indo-Islamic architecture. KEYWORDS: Glorifying history of Golconda Fort - Kohinoor Diamond- Ruling Dynasties of Golconda Fort- Architecture of Golconda Fort. Golconda Fort Golconda Fort, also known as Golkondais a fortified citadel and an early capital city of the QutbShahi dynasty (c.1512–1687), located in Hyderabad, Telangana. Because of the vicinity of diamond mines, especially Kollur Mine, Golconda flourished as a trade centre of large diamonds, known as the Golconda Diamonds. The region has produced some of the world's most famous diamonds, including the colourlessKoh-i-Noor (now owned by the United Kingdom), the blue Hope (United States), the pink Daria-i-Noor (Iran), the white Regent (France), the Dresden Green (Germany), and the colourlessOrlov (Russia), Nizam and Jacob (India), as well as the now lost diamonds Florentine Yellow, Akbar Shah and Great Mogul HISTORY Golconda was originally known as Mankal Golconda Fort was first built by the Kakatiyas as part of their western defenses along the lines of the Kondapalli Fort. The city and the fortress were built on a granite hill that is 120 meters (390 ft) high, surrounded by massive battlements. The fort was rebuilt and strengthened by Rani Rudrama Devi and her successor Prataparudra. Later, the fort came under the control of the KammaNayakas, who defeated the Tughlaqi army occupying Warangal. It was ceded by Kamma king MusunuriKapayaNayaka to the Bahmani Sultanate as part of a treaty in 1364. Under the Bahmani Sultanate, Golconda slowly rose to prominence. Sultan QuliQutb-ul-Mulk (r. 1487–1543), sent by the Bahmanids as a governor at Golconda, established the city as the seat of Volume 26, Issue 8, 2020 157 http://www.gjstx-e.cn/ High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748 his government around 1501. Bahmani rule gradually weakened during this period, and Sultan Quli formally became independent in 1538, establishing the QutbShahi dynasty based in Golconda. Over a period of 62 years, the mud fort was expanded by the first three QutbShahi sultans into the present structure, a massive fortification of granite extending around 5 kms in circumference. It remained the capital of the QutbShahi dynasty until 1590 when the capital was shifted to Hyderabad. The QutbShahis expanded the fort, whose 7 km outer wall enclosed the city. The fort finally fell into ruin in 1687, after an eight-month-long siege led to its fall at the hands of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. Diamonds The Golconda Fort used to have a vault where the famous Koh-i-Noor and Hope diamonds were once stored along with other diamonds. Golconda is renowned for the diamonds found on the south-east at Kollur Mine near Kollur, Guntur district, Paritala and Atkur in Krishna district and cut in the city during the Kakatiya reign. At that time, India had the only known diamond mines in the world. Golkonda was the market city of the diamond trade, and gems sold there came from a number of mines. The fortress-city within the walls was famous for diamond trade. During the Renaissance and the early modern eras, the name "Golconda" acquired a legendary aura and became synonymous for vast wealth. The mines brought riches to the QutbShahis of Hyderabad State, who ruled Golconda up to 1687, then to the Nizam of Hyderabad, who ruled after the independence from the Mughal Empire in 1724 until 1948, when the Indian integration of Hyderabad occurred. Some sources note that the first references to the diamond, which later became known as the Koh-i-noor, appeared in Sanskrit and possibly even Mesopotamian texts as early as 3200 BCE, but this claim is controversial. In contrast, some experts claim that Sultan AlauddinKhalji took the jewel in 1304 from the raja of Malwa, India, whose family had owned it for many Volume 26, Issue 8, 2020 158 http://www.gjstx-e.cn/ High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748 generations. Other writers have identified the Koh-i-noor with the diamond given to the son of Babur, the founder of the Mughal dynasty in India, by the raja of Gwalior after the battle of Panipat in 1526. Still others have contended that it came originally from the Kollur mine of the Krishna River and was presented to the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in 1656. Some claim that the stone was cut from the Great Mogul diamond described by the French jewel trader Jean- Baptiste Tavernier in 1665, but the Koh-i-noor’s original lack of fire and shape make that unlikely. In any case, it most likely formed part of the loot of Nader Shah of Iran when he sacked Delhi in 1739. After his death it fell into the hands of his general, Aḥmad Shah, founder of the Durrani dynasty of Afghans. His descendant Shah Shoja, when a fugitive in India, was forced to surrender the stone to Ranjit Singh, the Sikh ruler. On the annexation of the Punjab in 1849, the Koh-i-noor was acquired by the British and was placed among the crown jewels of Queen Victoria. It was incorporated as the central stone in the queen’s state crown fashioned for use by Queen Elizabeth, consort of George VI, at her coronation in 1937. The Koh-i-noor remains part of this crown. The Fort Golconda Fort is listed as an archaeological treasure on the official "List of Monuments" prepared by the Archaeological Survey of India under the “Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act”. Golconda actually consists of four distinct forts with a 10 km long outer wall with 87 semicircular bastions (some still mounted with cannons), eight gateways, and four drawbridges, with a number of royal apartments and halls, temples, mosques, magazines, stables, etc. inside. The lowest of these is the outermost enclosure into which we enter by the "FatehDarwaza" (Victory gate, so called after Aurangzeb’s triumphant army marched in through this gate) studded with giant iron spikes (to prevent elephants from battering them down) near the south- eastern corner. An acoustic effect can be experienced at FatehDarwazaan, characteristic of the engineering marvels at Golconda. Volume 26, Issue 8, 2020 159 http://www.gjstx-e.cn/ High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748 A hand clap at a certain point below the dome at the entrance reverberates and can be heard clearly at the 'BalaHisar' pavilion, the highest point almost a kilometer away. This worked as a warning note to the Royals in case of an attack. The fort of Golconda is known for its magical acoustic system. The highest point of the fort is the "BalaHissar", which is located a kilometer away. The palaces, factories, water supply system and the famous "Rahban" cannon, within the fort are some of the major attractions. It is believed that there is a secret tunnel that leads from the "Durbar Hall" and ends in one of the palaces at the foot of the hill. The fort also contains the tombs of the QutubShahi kings. These tombs have Islamic architecture and are located about 1 km north of the outer wall of Golconda. They are encircled by beautiful gardens and numerous exquisitely carved stones. It is also believed that there was a secret tunnel to Charminar. The "Kala Mandir" is also located in the fort. It can be seen from the king's durbar (king's court) which was on top of the Golconda Fort. This majestic structure has beautiful palaces and an ingenious water supply system. Sadly, the unique architecture of the fort is now losing its charm.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Wittelsbach-Graff and Hope Diamonds: Not Cut from the Same Rough
    THE WITTELSBACH-GRAFF AND HOPE DIAMONDS: NOT CUT FROM THE SAME ROUGH Eloïse Gaillou, Wuyi Wang, Jeffrey E. Post, John M. King, James E. Butler, Alan T. Collins, and Thomas M. Moses Two historic blue diamonds, the Hope and the Wittelsbach-Graff, appeared together for the first time at the Smithsonian Institution in 2010. Both diamonds were apparently purchased in India in the 17th century and later belonged to European royalty. In addition to the parallels in their histo- ries, their comparable color and bright, long-lasting orange-red phosphorescence have led to speculation that these two diamonds might have come from the same piece of rough. Although the diamonds are similar spectroscopically, their dislocation patterns observed with the DiamondView differ in scale and texture, and they do not show the same internal strain features. The results indicate that the two diamonds did not originate from the same crystal, though they likely experienced similar geologic histories. he earliest records of the famous Hope and Adornment (Toison d’Or de la Parure de Couleur) in Wittelsbach-Graff diamonds (figure 1) show 1749, but was stolen in 1792 during the French T them in the possession of prominent Revolution. Twenty years later, a 45.52 ct blue dia- European royal families in the mid-17th century. mond appeared for sale in London and eventually They were undoubtedly mined in India, the world’s became part of the collection of Henry Philip Hope. only commercial source of diamonds at that time. Recent computer modeling studies have established The original ancestor of the Hope diamond was that the Hope diamond was cut from the French an approximately 115 ct stone (the Tavernier Blue) Blue, presumably to disguise its identity after the that Jean-Baptiste Tavernier sold to Louis XIV of theft (Attaway, 2005; Farges et al., 2009; Sucher et France in 1668.
    [Show full text]
  • 03404349.Pdf
    UA MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT STUDY GROUP Jagdish M. Bhagwati Nazli Choucri Wayne A. Cornelius John R. Harris Michael J. Piore Rosemarie S. Rogers Myron Weiner a ........ .................. ..... .......... C/77-5 INTERNAL MIGRATION POLICIES IN AN INDIAN STATE: A CASE STUDY OF THE MULKI RULES IN HYDERABAD AND ANDHRA K.V. Narayana Rao Migration and Development Study Group Center for International Studies Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 August 1977 Preface by Myron Weiner This study by Dr. K.V. Narayana Rao, a political scientist and Deputy Director of the National Institute of Community Development in Hyderabad who has specialized in the study of Andhra Pradesh politics, examines one of the earliest and most enduring attempts by a state government in India to influence the patterns of internal migration. The policy of intervention began in 1868 when the traditional ruler of Hyderabad State initiated steps to ensure that local people (or as they are called in Urdu, mulkis) would be given preferences in employment in the administrative services, a policy that continues, in a more complex form, to the present day. A high rate of population growth for the past two decades, a rapid expansion in education, and a low rate of industrial growth have combined to create a major problem of scarce employment opportunities in Andhra Pradesh as in most of India and, indeed, in many countries in the third world. It is not surprising therefore that there should be political pressures for controlling the labor market by those social classes in the urban areas that are best equipped to exercise political power.
    [Show full text]
  • 2Regional Context Analysis
    5 2 REGIONAL CONTEXT ANALYSIS This chapter broadly reviews the regional context of Andhra Pradesh. Capital Region’s locati on at the heart of Andhra Pradesh and proximity with the nearby big cies; seng the Capital Region’s intrinsic role as the new Gateway of East India and also an access to all regions of Andhra Pradesh. Air, Rail, Road and water connec vity of the Capital region with the nearest landlocked ci es; give Capital Region the key advantage with trade poten al. To be a key player in the region, improvements to infrastructure will help Capital Region to realize its highest poten al. A study of the acvie s around the Region reveals the opportunity for the C apital Region to be a central node in the region. This chapter covers the following topics broadly: 1 Upcoming Na onal Projects 2 Regional Advantage Post Bifurca on 3 Regional Connec vity 4 Analysis with respect to landcover, key ci es, environment and heritage 5 Constraints and Opportuni es Workers loading bananas from the fi elds 2.1NATIONAL CONTEXT dedicated Freight Corridor along the 6 East Coast Economic Corridor which is 2.1.1 UPCOMING NA expected to be func onal by the end TIONAL PROJECTS of the decade. The large agricultural produce and the many ports along the Ýã ÊÝã ÊÄÊî ÊÙÙ®ÊÙ coastline; will facilitate in posi oning Andhra Pradesh as the gateway for The Government of India is developing Inland transac ons. Industrial Corridors across India as global manufacturing and investment «®¦« ÝÖ Ù®½ des na ons. These corridors are expected to drive the manufacturing High Speed Rail Corpora on of growth in India within the next decade.
    [Show full text]
  • District Survey Report - 2018
    District Survey Report - 2018 4 DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND GEOLOGY Government of Andhra Pradesh DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT - KRISHNA DISTRICT Prepared by ANDHRA PRADESH SPACE APPLICATIONS CENTRE (APSAC) ITE & C Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh 2018 i District Survey Report - 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS APSAC wishes to place on record its sincere thanks to Sri. B.Sreedhar IAS, Secretary to Government (Mines) and the Director, Department of Mines and Geology, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh for entrusting the work for preparation of District Survey Reports of Andhra Pradesh. The team gratefully acknowledge the help of the Commissioner, Horticulture Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh and the Director, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh for providing valuable statistical data and literature. The project team is also thankful to all the Joint Directors, Deputy Directors, Assistant Directors and the staff of Mines and Geology Department for their overall support and guidance during the execution of this work. Also sincere thanks are due to the scientific staff of APSAC who has generated all the thematic maps. VICE CHAIRMAN APSAC ii District Survey Report - 2018 Contents Page Acknowledgements List of Figures List of Tables 1 Salient Features of Krishna District 1 1.1 Administrative Setup 1 1.2 Drainage 2 1.2a Kolleru Lake- A eco-sensitive zone 4 1.3 Climate and Rainfall 4 1.4 Transport and Communications 9 1.5 Population and Literacy 10 1.6 Important Places 11 1.6a Places of Tourist Interest 11 1.6b Places of
    [Show full text]
  • District Census Handbook, Hyderabad, Part XIII a & B, Series-2
    CENSUS OF INDIA 1981 SERIES 2 ANDHRA PRADESH DISTRICT CENSUS. HANDBOOK HYDERABAD PARTS XIII-A & B VILLAGE & TOWN DIRECTORY VILLAGE & TOWNWISE PRIMARY CENSUS ABSTRACT S. S. JAYA RAO OF THE INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE DIRECTOR OF CENSUS OPERATIONS ANDHRA PRADESH PUBLISHED BY THE GOVERNMENT OF ANDHRA PRADESH 1987 ANDHRA PRADESH LEGISLATURE BUILDING The motif presented on the cover page represents the new Legislature building of Andhra Pradesh State located in the heart of the capital city of Hyderabad. August, 3rd, 1985 is a land mark in the annals of the Legislature of Anohra Pradesh on which day the Prime Minister, Sri Rajiv Gandhi inaugu­ rated the Andhra Pradesh Legislacure Build­ ings. The newly constructed Assembly Build­ ing of Andhra Pradesh is located in a place adorned by thick vegitation pervading with peaceful atmosphere with all its scenic beauty. It acquires new dimensions of beauty, elegance and modernity with its gorgeous and splen­ did constructions, arches, designs, pillars of various dImensions, domes etc. Foundation stone for this new Legislature Building was laid by the then Chief Minister, Dr. M. Chenna Reddy on 19th March, 1980. The archilecture adopted for the exterior devation to the new building is the same as that of the old building, leaving no scope for differentiation between the two building~. The provision of detached round long columns under the arches add more beauty to the building. The building contains modern amenities such as air-connitioning, interior decoration and reinforced sound system. There is a provision for the use of modc:rn sophisticated electronic equipment for providing audio-system.
    [Show full text]
  • Reptile Rap Newsletter of the South Asian Reptile Network ISSN 2230-7079 No.18 | November 2016 Date of Publication: 30 November 2016
    Reptile Rap Newsletter of the South Asian Reptile Network No.18 | November 2016 ISSN 2230-7079 Date of publication: 30 November 2016 www.zoosprint.org/Newsletters/ReptileRap.htm OPEN ACCESS | FREE DOWNLOAD REPTILE RAP #18, 30 November 2016 Contents A pilot-survey to assess the diversity and distribution of reptilian fauna in Taralu Village, abutting the Bannerghatta National Park, Karnataka, India -- S. Aaranya Gayathri, M. Jayashankar & K. Avinash, Pp. 3–18 A comprehensive report on the Hook-nosed Sea Snake Enhydrina schistosa (Daudin, 1803) -- Hatkar Prachi & Chinnasamy Ramesh, Pp. 19–22 A sighting of the Sind Awl-headed Snake Lytorhynchus paradoxus (Günther, 1875) from western Rajasthan: Habitat preferences -- Kachhawa Yati, Kachhawa Dimple, Kumawat Kumar Rakesh, K.K. Sharma & Sharma Vivek, Pp. 23–24 Distribution of Treutler’s Gecko (Hemidactylus treutleri Mahony, 2009) in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, southern India - a general information -- B. Laxmi Narayana, G. Baburao & V. Vasudeva Rao, Pp. 25–28 On the occurrence of the Calamaria Reed Snake Liopeltis calamaria (Günther, 1858) (Squamata: Colubridae), in the Kalakadu Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, India -- Surya Narayanan, Pp. 29–30 Note on record of body length of the Common Wolf Snake Lycodon aulicus -- Raju Vyas, Pp. 31–32 Unusual feeding behavior of the Checkered Keelback Xenochrophis piscator on Jahangirnagar University Campus, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh -- Noman Al Moktadir & Md. Kamrul Hasan, Pp. 32–33 Bifid tail inHemidactylus prashadi (Smith, 1935) -- Shivanand R. Yankanchi & Suresh M. Kumbar, Pp. 34–35 Some observations on the Malabar Pit Viper Trimeresurus malabaricus in central Western Ghats, India -- Uday Sagar, Pp. 36–39 First records of Oligodon taeniolatus and Bungarus sindnus walli from Nagpur District, Maharashtra, India -- Deshmukh, R.V., Sager A.
    [Show full text]
  • Egoism, Anomie and Masculinity: Suicide in Rural South India (Andhra Pradesh)
    The London School of Economics and Political Science Egoism, Anomie and Masculinity: Suicide in Rural South India (Andhra Pradesh) Kumar Nilotpal A thesis submitted to the Development Studies Institute of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, January 2011 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotations from it are permitted, provided that full acknowledgment is made. The thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. Abstract The dissertation offers an examination of the incidence and significance of ‘farmer suicides’ in post-reform India. Based on fieldwork conducted in a village in Anantpur district, Andhra Pradesh, it challenges the notion that the official category of ‘farm- related’ suicides is always characterized by farm-related etiologies. Instead, it shows an etiological continuum underlying these suicides. One end of this continuum does comprise genuine farm-related suicides that are distinguished by high levels of indebtedness on account of non-fructuous investments in groundwater extraction, land-leases, expenditure on marriage(s) of daughter(s) and health related difficulties. But there is also a large sub-category amongst official ‘farm-related’ suicides that includes many that are not exclusively or principally farm-related.
    [Show full text]
  • 5Bb5d0e237837-1321573-Sample
    Notion Press Old No. 38, New No. 6 McNichols Road, Chetpet Chennai - 600 031 First Published by Notion Press 2018 Copyright © Shikha Bhatnagar 2018 All Rights Reserved. ISBN 978-1-64429-472-7 This book has been published with all efforts taken to make the material error-free after the consent of the author. However, the author and the publisher do not assume and hereby disclaim any liability to any party for any loss, damage, or disruption caused by errors or omissions, whether such errors or omissions result from negligence, accident, or any other cause. No part of this book may be used, reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission from the author, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Contents Foreword vii Ode to Hyderabad ix Chapter 1 Legend of the Founding of the City of Good Fortune, Hyderabad 1 Chapter 2 Legend of the Charminar and the Mecca Masjid 13 Chapter 3 Legend of the Golconda Fort 21 Chapter 4 Legend of Shri Ram Bagh Temple 30 Chapter 5 Legends of Ashurkhana and Moula Ali 52 Chapter 6 Legends of Bonalu and Bathukamma Festivals 62 Chapter 7 Legendary Palaces, Mansions and Monuments of Hyderabad 69 v Contents Chapter 8 Legend of the British Residency or Kothi Residency 81 Chapter 9 Legendary Women Poets of Hyderabad: Mah Laqa Bai Chanda 86 Chapter 10 The Legendary Sarojini Naidu and the Depiction of Hyderabad in Her Poems 92 Conclusion 101 Works Cited 103 vi Chapter 1 Legend of the Founding of the City of Good Fortune, Hyderabad The majestic city of Hyderabad is steeped in history and culture.
    [Show full text]
  • The Urban Morphology of Hyderabad, India: a Historical Geographic Analysis
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 6-2020 The Urban Morphology of Hyderabad, India: A Historical Geographic Analysis Kevin B. Haynes Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Human Geography Commons, and the Remote Sensing Commons Recommended Citation Haynes, Kevin B., "The Urban Morphology of Hyderabad, India: A Historical Geographic Analysis" (2020). Master's Theses. 5155. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/5155 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE URBAN MORPHOLOGY OF HYDERABAD, INDIA: A HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS by Kevin B. Haynes A thesis submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Geography Western Michigan University June 2020 Thesis Committee: Adam J. Mathews, Ph.D., Chair Charles Emerson, Ph.D. Gregory Veeck, Ph.D. Nathan Tabor, Ph.D. Copyright by Kevin B. Haynes 2020 THE URBAN MORPHOLOGY OF HYDERABAD, INDIA: A HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS Kevin B. Haynes, M.S. Western Michigan University, 2020 Hyderabad, India has undergone tremendous change over the last three centuries. The study seeks to understand how and why Hyderabad transitioned from a north-south urban morphological directional pattern to east-west during from 1687 to 2019. Satellite-based remote sensing will be used to measure the extent and land classifications of the city throughout the twentieth and twenty-first century using a geographic information science and historical- geographic approach.
    [Show full text]
  • September 27, 2020: Diamond Consciousness
    Today's Thoughts: September 27, 2020: Diamond Consciousness The Hope Diamond is a large, 45.52-carat deep-blue diamond, now housed in the National Gem and Mineral collection at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. Estimated value: $200–$250 million USD. Mine of origin: Kollur mine, Guntur District, India. Diamond Consciousness When you look at the world through your physical eyes, you will see all the facets of our diversity: culture, race, personality, religion and so on. Seeing only through your physical eyes, it is easy to become stubborn and to try to prove yourself right. However where there is stubbornness there is no love. And trying to prove the self-right is equally offensive. A diamond will sparkle even in the dust; you do not ever need to prove that you are right. In the face of the dangers that come from seeing only with the physical eyes, always think: now is the time to go beyond all divisions, beyond all that limits us and our sense of self. Whatever the race, the religion, the class - our consciousness now has to go beyond all of that. Seven Techniques To Let Go Off The Past (Part 2) Positive Information and Intoxication - The more we listen or read positive and constructive spiritual knowledge, even if it is for 10 minutes daily, and imbibe (absorb) it, the more our negative memories fade into the background. Also the regular input of knowledge lifts our consciousness to a higher level and gives us an experience of intoxication or spiritual bliss, in which the memory of our past sorrows and negative experiences gets dissolved.
    [Show full text]
  • Vijayawada-Theme-Brochure.Pdf
    If there is one place in Andhra Pradesh that can be called the crucible of prosperity,it isVijayawada. Signifying inTelugu“place of victory”, historically it has been the hub of politics in the State. Formerly called Bezawada, the city has a number of tourist spots of deep religious, archaeological and historical significance. Vijayawada has the largest railway junction in south India. Vijayawada has a wide range of star and other hotels to suit every budget. Andhra Pradesh Tourism’s Haritha Berm Park, withAC deluxe rooms andAC suite as well asAC standard and non-AC suites,provides comfortable accommodation.Tourists can contact Ph: 0866-2418057; 2418092. Accommodation is available also at Haritha Hotel, Amaravati: 9948391758 (M). Boating and water sports are popular on the Krishna river at Vijayawada. The authorities have introduced a variety of boats, including mechanized boat, speed boat andVijayasiri, a twin- deck cruiser. 1 Prakasam Barrage The 4,014-feet Prakasam Barrage, built across the Krishna river, has created a panoramic lake. Its three irrigation canals flowing through the city enhance its beauty so much so that some people compareVijayawada withVenice for its enchanting environment. The barrage, completed in 1957, is named after Tanguturi Prakasam Barrage Prakasam, freedom fighter and the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. This barrage, with modern regulators, is among the oldest irrigation projects of south India. Reservoir created by the Prakasam Barrage is a popular spot for pleasure cruise on the Bhavani Island Krishna river. The Bhavani Island is a 133-acre estuary in the Krishna river. In view of its potential, the Bhavani Island tourism authorities have developed it into a full-fledged tourist spot.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ROLE of the MUJTAHIDS of TEHRAN in the IRANIAN CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION 1905-9 Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Ph.D. By
    THE ROLE OF THE MUJTAHIDS OF TEHRAN IN THE IRANIAN CONSTITUTIONAL REVOLUTION 1905-9 Thesis submitted for the Degree of Ph.D. by Vanessa Ann Morgan Martin School of Oriental and African Studies University of London 1984 ProQuest Number: 11010525 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010525 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 - 1 - ABSTRACT The thesis discusses the role of the mujtahids of Tehran in the Constitutional Revolution, considering their contribution both in ideas and organisation. The thesis is divided into eight chapters, the first of which deals with the relationship between the Lulama and the state, and the problem of accommodation with a ruler who was illegitimate according to Twelver Shi'ite law. The second chapter discusses the economic and social position of the Lulama, concentrating on their financial resources, their legal duties, and their relationships with other groups, and attempting to show the ways in which they were subject to pressure. In the third chapter, the role of the ^ulama, and particularly the mujtahids, in the coming of the Revolution is examined, especially their response to the centralisation of government, and the financial crisis at the turn of the century.
    [Show full text]