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The IRGC in the Age of Ebrahim Raisi: Decision-Making and Factionalism in Iran’S Revolutionary Guard
The IRGC in the Age of Ebrahim Raisi: Decision-Making and Factionalism in Iran’s Revolutionary Guard SAEID GOLKAR AUGUST 2021 KASRA AARABI Contents Executive Summary 4 The Raisi Administration, the IRGC and the Creation of a New Islamic Government 6 The IRGC as the Foundation of Raisi’s Islamic Government The Clergy and the Guard: An Inseparable Bond 16 No Coup in Sight Upholding Clerical Superiority and Preserving Religious Legitimacy The Importance of Understanding the Guard 21 Shortcomings of Existing Approaches to the IRGC A New Model for Understanding the IRGC’s Intra-elite Factionalism 25 The Economic Vertex The Political Vertex The Security-Intelligence Vertex Charting IRGC Commanders’ Positions on the New Model Shades of Islamism: The Ideological Spectrum in the IRGC Conclusion 32 About the Authors 33 Saeid Golkar Kasra Aarabi Endnotes 34 4 The IRGC in the Age of Ebrahim Raisi Executive Summary “The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps [IRGC] has excelled in every field it has entered both internationally and domestically, including security, defence, service provision and construction,” declared Ayatollah Ebrahim Raisi, then chief justice of Iran, in a speech to IRGC commanders on 17 March 2021.1 Four months on, Raisi, who assumes Iran’s presidency on 5 August after the country’s June 2021 election, has set his eyes on further empowering the IRGC with key ministerial and bureaucratic positions likely to be awarded to guardsmen under his new government. There is a clear reason for this ambition. Expanding the power of the IRGC serves the interests of both Raisi and his 82-year-old mentor, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the supreme leader of the Islamic Republic. -
Rare Birds in Iran in the Late 1960S and 1970S
Podoces, 2008, 3(1/2): 1–30 Rare Birds in Iran in the Late 1960s and 1970s DEREK A. SCOTT Castletownbere Post Office, Castletownbere, Co. Cork, Ireland. Email: [email protected] Received 26 July 2008; accepted 14 September 2008 Abstract: The 12-year period from 1967 to 1978 was a period of intense ornithological activity in Iran. The Ornithology Unit in the Department of the Environment carried out numerous surveys throughout the country; several important international ornithological expeditions visited Iran and subsequently published their findings, and a number of resident and visiting bird-watchers kept detailed records of their observations and submitted these to the Ornithology Unit. These activities added greatly to our knowledge of the status and distribution of birds in Iran, and produced many records of birds which had rarely if ever been recorded in Iran before. This paper gives details of all records known to the author of 92 species that were recorded as rarities in Iran during the 12-year period under review. These include 18 species that had not previously been recorded in Iran, a further 67 species that were recorded on fewer than 13 occasions, and seven slightly commoner species for which there were very few records prior to 1967. All records of four distinctive subspecies are also included. The 29 species that were known from Iran prior to 1967 but not recorded during the period under review are listed in an Appendix. Keywords: Rare birds, rarities, 1970s, status, distribution, Iran. INTRODUCTION Eftekhar, E. Kahrom and J. Mansoori, several of whom quickly became keen ornithologists. -
Fly Fauna of Livestock's of Marvdasht County of Fars Province In
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Repository of the Academy's Library Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica 54 (1), pp. 85–98 (2019) DOI: 10.1556/038.54.2019.008 Fly Fauna of Livestock’s of Marvdasht County of Fars Province in the South of Iran A. ANSARI POUR1, S. TIRGARI1*, J. SHAKARAMI2, S. IMANI1 and A. F. DOUSTI3 1Department of Entomology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Lorestan, Iran 3Department of Plant Protection, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom Branch, Jahrom, Fars Iran (Received: 5 August 2018; accepted: 13 August 2018) Flies damage the livestock industry in many ways, including damages, physical disturbances, the transmissions of pathogens and the emergence of problems for livestock like Myiasis. In this research, the fauna of flies of Marvdasht County was investigating, which is one of the central counties of Fars province in southern Iran. In this study, a total of 20 species of flies from 6 families and 15 genera have been identified and reported. The species collected are as follows: Muscidae: Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758, Musca autumnalis* De Geer, 1776, Stomoxys calci- trans** Linnaeus, 1758, Haematobia irritans** Linnaeus, 1758 Fanniidae: Fannia canicularis* Linnaeus, 1761 Calliphoridae: Calliphora vomitoria* Linnaeus, 1758, Chrysomya albiceps* Wiedemann, 1819, Lu- cilia caesar* Linnaeus, 1758, Lucilia sericata* Meigen, 1826, Lucilia cuprina* Wiedemann, 1830 Sarcophagidae: Sarcophaga africa* Wiedemann, 1824, Sarcophaga aegyptica* Salem, 1935, Wohl- fahrtia magnifica** Schiner, 1862 Tabanidae: Tabanus autumnalis* Linnaeus, 1761, Tabanus bromius* Linnaeus, 1758 Syrphidae: Eristalis tenax* Linnaeus, 1758, Syritta pipiens* Linnaeus, 1758, Eupeodes nuba* Wiede- mann, 1830, Syrphus vitripennis** Meigen, 1822, Scaeva albomaculata* Macquart, 1842 Species identified with * for the first time in the county and the species marked with ** are reported for the first time from the Fars province. -
Comparative Anatomical Study on Ferula L. Species in NE Iran
Greener Journal of Biological Sciences Vol. 4 (4), pp. 103-110, May, 2014 ISSN: 2276-7762; ICV: 5.99 Copyright ©2014, the copyright of this article is retained by the author(s) DOI Link: http://doi.org/10.15580/GJBS.2014.4.031014138 http://gjournals.org/GJBS Comparative Anatomical Study on Ferula L. species in NE Iran ASHENA Fatemeh (Aida), JAFARI Azarnoosh*, Shahrokhabady KN Department of Biology, Faculty of sciences, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article No.: 031014138 In present research, comparative anatomical study was carried on eight Type : Research Ferula species in NE Iran. The specimens were collected during March- DOI: 10.15580/GJBS.2014.4.031014138 June 2010- 2012. After identification, the cross sections from the base of stem, mature leaves, petioles and mericarps were prepared, and then stained by differential staining. Internal structure of stems, leaves and petioles varied among the species due to the shape and type of Submitted: 10/03/2014 collenchymous tissue below the epidermis layer and sclerenchymous Published: 28/05/2014 strands above the phloem, the shape of vascular bundle, the position and number of secretory ducts and the type of mesophyll. Also, in the *Corresponding Author mericarps, the number of dorsal rib, vallecular vittae, commissural vittae Azarnoosh Jafari and wing width changed among the species . E-mail: azarnoosh_djafari @mshdiau.ac.ir Keywords: Anatomy, mericarp, Iran, Ferula, sclerenchyma, collenchyma Greener Journal of Biological Sciences, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 103-110, May, 2014 104 Ashena et al / Greener Journal of Biological Sciences INTRODUCTION mericarp and root of F. -
3342 Investigating Geopolitical Factors Of
INVESTIGATING GEOPOLITICAL FACTORS OF RELIGIOUS CITIES (CASE OF STUDY: MASHHAD CITY) PJAEE, 18 (7) (2021) INVESTIGATING GEOPOLITICAL FACTORS OF RELIGIOUS CITIES (CASE OF STUDY: MASHHAD CITY) Dr. Ibrahim Romina 1*, Dr. Mahtab Jafari2 , Maryam Kalhor3 1 Assistant Professor of Political Geography, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran (Corresponding Author) [email protected] 2 Assistant Professor of Political Geography, Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch. [email protected] 3 PhD Student in Political Geography, Tehran Research Sciences Branch. [email protected] Dr. Ibrahim Romina, Dr. Mahtab Jafari , Maryam Kalhor: Investigating Geopolitical Factors of Religious Cities (Case of Study: Mashhad City) -- Palarch’s Journal Of Archaeology Of Egypt/Egyptology 18(7), ISSN 1567-214x Keywords: City, Religious city, Urban geopolitics, Power and competition ABSTRACT The security and defense approaches of every nation-state in world politics are derived from its perception of the threat posed to it from peripheral and international environment. The perceptions and misunderstandings of governments are the embodiment of their security behaviors and actions in international relations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of perception of threat and its effect on dominant Iranian security behavior in the Middle East. Since the victory of the Islamic Revolution, many regional governments have taken an aggressive and non-peaceful approach to the government of Iran and have perceived it as a government disrupting accepted rules of the game and also their internal stability and security. The question is "How the perception of the threat has formed the security behavior and policy of the government of the Islamic republic of Iran after the victory of the Islamic revolution?" The answer to this question, applying the theory of defensive realism, argues that threat perception by the Islamic Republic of Iran has mainly shaped its security and defensive policies in an intrinsic and unilateral threat balance in the Middle East. -
TRI Consulting, Exploring Opportunities in Iran's Hotel Market
Exploring Opportunities in Iran’s Hotel Market 2016 Introduction Exploring Opportunities in Iran’s Hotel Market Over the past two decades, TRI Consulting has undertaken many market and financial Iran is a theocratic republic consisting of 31 provinces. The capital of the country is Following the Islamic Revolution of 1979, Iran has been governed as a theocratic feasibility studies, highest and best use studies and hotel operator searches for hotel Tehran, which is located in the northern region of Iran. Other notable cities include state, whereby the Supreme Leader is the Head of State, who is elected by a council projects across Iran. With the signing of the initial framework (between the P5+1 Isfahan, Shiraz, Mashhad, Tabriz, Kerman and Yazd. of experts, who are democratically elected. The first Supreme Leader of Iran, also nations of US, UK, China, Russia, France & Germany) in July 2013, our work in Iran known as the founder of the Republic, was Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, and was Iran’s population base accounted for nearly 80 million inhabitants in 2016, making it significantly increased, advising local, regional and international investors and hotel succeeded by Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khameini in 1989, following the death of his prede- the most populous country in the region. One of Iran’s distinct characteristics in the management companies. cessor. region is its ethnic diversity which include the Persians, Tats, Kurds, Lurs, Talyshs and In recent months, we undertook a hotel market opportunities assessment for every Balochis , among others. The country also has one of the largest youth populations in The next most significant political figure after the Supreme Leader is the President, city in Iran with over one million people. -
Future Climate Projection and Zoning of Extreme Temperature Indices
Future Climate Projection and Zoning of Extreme Temperature Indices Mohammad Askari Zadeh Climatological Research Institute Gholamali Mozaffari ( [email protected] ) Yazd University Mansoureh Kouhi Climatological Research Institute Younes Khosravi University of Zanjan Research Article Keywords: Climate change, global warming, extreme index, trend, Razavi Khorasan. Posted Date: July 23rd, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-688612/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/25 Abstract Global warming due to increasing carbon dioxide emissions over the past two centuries has had numerous climatic consequences. The change in the behavior and characteristics of extreme weather events such as temperature and precipitation is one of the consequences that have been of interest to researchers worldwide. In this study, the trend of 3 extreme indices of temperature: SU35, TR20, and DTR over two future periods have been studied using downscaled output of 3 GCMs in Razavi Khorasan province, Iran. The results show that the range of temperature diurnal variation (DTR) at three stations of Mashhad, Torbat-e-Heydarieh and Sabzevar during the base period has been reduced signicantly. The trend of the number of summer days with temperatures above 35°C (SU35) in both Mashhad and Sabzevar stations was positive and no signicant trend was found at Torbat-e-Heydarieh station. The number of tropical nights index (TR20) also showed a positive and signicant increase in the three stations under study. The results showed highly signicant changes in temperature extremes. The percentage of changes in SU35 index related to base period (1961–2014) for all three models (CNCM3, HadCM3 and NCCCSM) under A1B and A2 scenarios indicated a signicant increase for the future periods of 2011–2030 and 2046–2065. -
Iranian Nomads Weaving Gabbeh Rugs for Centuries
April 27, 2021 Two ancient sites were identified in Bilqan area, located on Karaj-Chalous road, said deputy head of Alborz’s Province’s Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts 5 and Tourism Organization Abbas Nouri, IRNA reported. Anahita Temple 3,655m high. The citadel and fortifica- tions of Belqeys Throne are located on A temple attributed to Anahita, the the southern peak. Fortifications have goddess of water in Pre-Islam Iran, watchtowers overlooking the region. which is located to the northeast of the At the mountain, you can enjoy the lake. People used to praise water in this beautiful scenery of a lake between the temple. In some periods it was custom- two peaks created by melting snow. It’s a ary, in time of wars, to throw valuable scenic view for the most part of the year. and precious votive objects to the lake and believed that Anahita would pro- Solomon’s Prison tect them against enemies. So, there is hope for great treasure lying at the lake It’s a conical hill lying 3km west of bed! Takht-e Soleyman with the height of There are also two adjacent sites, about 100m above the surrounding namely Kooh-e Belqeys (Belqeys Moun- plains. At the summit of this hill, there’s a tain) and Zendan-e Soleyman (Solo- deep crater about 60m in diameter which mon’s Prison). Belqeys was the name of most likely was filled with water two the Queen of Sheba, Solomon’s wife. thousand years ago. tappersia.com General View of Takht-e Soleyman akht-e Soleyman is an Iranian vicinity. -
See the Document
IN THE NAME OF GOD IRAN NAMA RAILWAY TOURISM GUIDE OF IRAN List of Content Preamble ....................................................................... 6 History ............................................................................. 7 Tehran Station ................................................................ 8 Tehran - Mashhad Route .............................................. 12 IRAN NRAILWAYAMA TOURISM GUIDE OF IRAN Tehran - Jolfa Route ..................................................... 32 Collection and Edition: Public Relations (RAI) Tourism Content Collection: Abdollah Abbaszadeh Design and Graphics: Reza Hozzar Moghaddam Photos: Siamak Iman Pour, Benyamin Tehran - Bandarabbas Route 48 Khodadadi, Hatef Homaei, Saeed Mahmoodi Aznaveh, javad Najaf ...................................... Alizadeh, Caspian Makak, Ocean Zakarian, Davood Vakilzadeh, Arash Simaei, Abbas Jafari, Mohammadreza Baharnaz, Homayoun Amir yeganeh, Kianush Jafari Producer: Public Relations (RAI) Tehran - Goragn Route 64 Translation: Seyed Ebrahim Fazli Zenooz - ................................................ International Affairs Bureau (RAI) Address: Public Relations, Central Building of Railways, Africa Blvd., Argentina Sq., Tehran- Iran. www.rai.ir Tehran - Shiraz Route................................................... 80 First Edition January 2016 All rights reserved. Tehran - Khorramshahr Route .................................... 96 Tehran - Kerman Route .............................................114 Islamic Republic of Iran The Railways -
The Impact of Geomorphological Factors on Physical Development of Quchan City
Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Science Fen Bilimleri Dergisi (CFD), Cilt:36, No: 3 Ozel Sayı (2015) Science Journal (CSJ), Vol. 36, No: 3 Special Issue (2015) ISSN: 1300-1949 ISSN: 1300-1949 The Impact of Geomorphological Factors on Physical Development of Quchan City Ezatollah MAFI1,*, Ameneh NAGHDI2, Abdolreza NOURANIMOGHADDAM2, Ali ASKARPOOR2 1Associate Professor of Geography and Urban Planning, Islamic Azad University of Shirvan 2MA of Geography and Urban Planning, Islamic Azad University of Shirvan Received: 01.02.2015; Accepted: 06.06.2015 ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract. The physical development of the cities is directly related to the natural context and geomorphological effects. Development of the city in mountainous regions is highly sensitive due to geomorphological limitations and instability of the ranges. The study area in this research is Quchan City which is in the margins of Atrak River in Khorasan Razavi Province. In this study, it is attempted to investigate the physical development limitations of Quchan City in light of its natural context with a focus on geomorphology. The data in this study are topographic, geological, land use and soils maps, the map of Quchan City and field visit, and the given results of this study show that development of Quchan City is influenced by many limiting factors. Among these, the factors of flooding, subsidence and the seismic risk have the most important effects on urban -
Qozloq Route (Astrabad to Shahrud) Impact on Economic Developments of the Region (Safavid Course)
Journal of Politics and Law; Vol. 11, No. 2; 2018 ISSN 1913-9047 E-ISSN 1913-9055 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Qozloq Route (Astrabad to Shahrud) Impact on Economic Developments of the Region (Safavid Course) Dr. Mustafa Nadim1 & Ghorbanali Zahedi2 1 Associate Professor, Department of History, Shiraz University, Iran 2 Ph.D. student of Islamic History of Shiraz University, Iran Correspondence: Dr. Mustafa Nadim, Associate Professor, Department of History, Shiraz University, Iran. E-mail: [email protected] Received: January 28, 2018 Accepted: March 8, 2018 Online Published: March 28, 2018 doi:10.5539/jpl.v11n2p6 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v11n2p6 Abstract The Qozloq Route was one of the branches of the famous Silk Road in the northeast of Iran, which linked two important and strategic regions of Shahrud and Astrabad. This road constituted rough and smooth paths and was the passage of different nations with different goals. In this context, various cultures have also been published and exchanged in line with the trade of various goods. The presence of different caravansaries around the road indicates its importance and prosperity in the Safavid course, but with all of this, there is little information available on the importance of this route in the existing travel books and historical books. Despite all the inadequacies, in this research, with the descriptive-analytical approach based on the research data, it is concluded that the Qozloq Route has been of great importance in the Safavid course, strategically, and in term of the publication of the culture and prosperity of the economy, and the dynamism of development and awareness. -
Odonata Compiled By
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