Louisiana Fee-For-Service Medicaid Antipsychotics
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HALDOL Brand of Haloperidol Injection (For Immediate Release) WARNING Increased Mortality in Elderly Patients with Dementia
HALDOL® brand of haloperidol injection (For Immediate Release) WARNING Increased Mortality in Elderly Patients with Dementia-Related Psychosis Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with antipsychotic drugs are at an increased risk of death. Analyses of seventeen placebo-controlled trials (modal duration of 10 weeks), largely in patients taking atypical antipsychotic drugs, revealed a risk of death in drug-treated patients of between 1.6 to 1.7 times the risk of death in placebo-treated patients. Over the course of a typical 10-week controlled trial, the rate of death in drug-treated patients was about 4.5%, compared to a rate of about 2.6% in the placebo group. Although the causes of death were varied, most of the deaths appeared to be either cardiovascular (e.g., heart failure, sudden death) or infectious (e.g., pneumonia) in nature. Observational studies suggest that, similar to atypical antipsychotic drugs, treatment with conventional antipsychotic drugs may increase mortality. The extent to which the findings of increased mortality in observational studies may be attributed to the antipsychotic drug as opposed to some characteristic(s) of the patients is not clear. HALDOL Injection is not approved for the treatment of patients with dementia-related psychosis (see WARNINGS). DESCRIPTION Haloperidol is the first of the butyrophenone series of major antipsychotics. The chemical designation is 4-[4-(p-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidino] 4’-fluorobutyrophenone and it has the following structural formula: HALDOL (haloperidol) is available as a sterile parenteral form for intramuscular injection. The injection provides 5 mg haloperidol (as the lactate) and lactic acid for pH adjustment between 3.0 – 3.6. -
Prochlorperazine 5Mg Tablets
Package leaflet: Information for the patient Prochlorperazine 5mg tablets Read all of this leaflet carefully before you start taking this • the person is a child. This is because children may develop unusual face and body medicine, because it contains important information for you. movements (dystonic reactions) • Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again. • you are diabetic or have high levels of sugar in your blood (hyperglycaemia). Your doctor • If you have any further questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist. may want to monitor you more closely. • This medicine has been prescribed for you only. Do not pass it on to If you are not sure if any of the above apply to you, talk to your doctor or pharmacist before others. It may harm them, even if their signs of illness are the same taking Prochlorperazine Tablets. as yours. Other medicines and Prochlorperazine tablets • If you get any side effects, talk to your doctor or pharmacist. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are taking, have recently taken or might take any This includes any possible side effects not listed in this leaflet. other medicines. This includes medicines you buy without a prescription, including herbal See section 4. medicines. This is because Prochlorperazine Tablets can affect the way some other medicines work. What is in this leaflet: Also some medicines can affect the way Prochlorperazine Tablets work. 1 What Prochlorperazine tablets are and what they In particular, tell your doctor if you are taking any of the following: • medicines to help you sleep -
Serotonin 2A Activation and a Novel Therapeutic Drug
Psychopharmacology (2018) 235:3083–3091 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-5042-1 THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE The neuropharmacology of sleep paralysis hallucinations: serotonin 2A activation and a novel therapeutic drug Baland Jalal1 Received: 23 April 2018 /Accepted: 17 September 2018 /Published online: 5 October 2018 # The Author(s) 2018 Abstract Sleep paralysis is a state of involuntary immobility occurring at sleep onset or offset, often accompanied by uncanny Bghost-like^ hallucinations and extreme fear reactions. I provide here a neuropharmacological account for these hallucinatory experiences by evoking the role of the serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR). Research has shown that 5-HT2AR activation can induce visual hallucinations, Bmystical^ subjective states, and out-of-body experiences (OBEs), and modulate fear circuits. Hallucinatory experiences triggered by serotonin—serotonergic (Bpseudo^) hallucinations, induced by hallucinogenic drugs—tend to be Bdream-like^ with the experiencer having insight (Bmeta-awareness^) that he is hallucinating, unlike dopaminergic (Bpsychotic^ and Blife-like^) hallucinations where such insight is lost. Indeed, hallucinatory experiences during sleep paralysis have the classic features of serotonergic hallucinations, and are strikingly similar to perceptual and subjective states induced by hallucinogenic drugs (e.g., lysergic acid diethylamide [LSD] and psilocybin), i.e., they entail visual hallucinations, mystical experiences, OBEs, and extreme fear reactions. I propose a possible mechanism whereby serotonin could be functionally implicated in generating sleep paralysis hallucinations and fear reactions through 5-HT2AR activity. Moreover, I speculate on the role of 5-HT2C receptors vis-à-vis anxiety and panic during sleep paralysis, and the orbitofrontal cortex—rich with 5-HT2A receptors—in influencing visual pathways during sleep paralysis, and, in effect, hallucinations. -
Atypical Antipsychotics TCO 02.2018
Therapeutic Class Overview Atypical Antipsychotics INTRODUCTION • Antipsychotic medications have been used for over 50 years to treat schizophrenia and a variety of other psychiatric disorders (Miyamato et al 2005). • Antipsychotic medications generally exert their effect in part by blocking dopamine (D)-2 receptors (Jibson et al 2017). • Antipsychotics are divided into 2 distinct classes based on their affinity for D2 and other neuroreceptors: typical antipsychotics, also called first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs), and atypical antipsychotics, also called second- generation antipsychotics (SGAs) (Miyamato et al 2005). • Atypical antipsychotics do not have a uniform pharmacology or mechanism of action; these differences likely account for the different safety and tolerability profiles of these agents (Clinical Pharmacology 2020, Jibson et al 2017). The atypical antipsychotics differ from the early antipsychotics in that they have affinity for the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor in addition to D2. Clozapine is an antagonist at all dopamine receptors (D1-5), with lower affinity for D1 and D2 receptors and high affinity for D4 receptors. Aripiprazole and brexpiprazole act as partial agonists at the D2 receptor, functioning as an ○ agonist when synaptic dopamine levels are low and as an antagonist when they are high. Cariprazine is a partial agonist at D2 and D3. Pimavanserin does not have dopamine blocking activity and is primarily an inverse agonist at 5-HT2A receptors. The remaining atypical antipsychotics share the similarity of D2 and 5-HT2A -
Medication Conversion Chart
Fluphenazine FREQUENCY CONVERSION RATIO ROUTE USUAL DOSE (Range) (Range) OTHER INFORMATION KINETICS Prolixin® PO to IM Oral PO 2.5-20 mg/dy QD - QID NA ↑ dose by 2.5mg/dy Q week. After symptoms controlled, slowly ↓ dose to 1-5mg/dy (dosed QD) Onset: ≤ 1hr 1mg (2-60 mg/dy) Caution for doses > 20mg/dy (↑ risk EPS) Cmax: 0.5hr 2.5mg Elderly: Initial dose = 1 - 2.5mg/dy t½: 14.7-15.3hr 5mg Oral Soln: Dilute in 2oz water, tomato or fruit juice, milk, or uncaffeinated carbonated drinks Duration of Action: 6-8hr 10mg Avoid caffeinated drinks (coffee, cola), tannics (tea), or pectinates (apple juice) 2° possible incompatibilityElimination: Hepatic to inactive metabolites 5mg/ml soln Hemodialysis: Not dialyzable HCl IM 2.5-10 mg/dy Q6-8 hr 1/3-1/2 po dose = IM dose Initial dose (usual): 1.25mg Onset: ≤ 1hr Immediate Caution for doses > 10mg/dy Cmax: 1.5-2hr Release t½: 14.7-15.3hr 2.5mg/ml Duration Action: 6-8hr Elimination: Hepatic to inactive metabolites Hemodialysis: Not dialyzable Decanoate IM 12.5-50mg Q2-3 wks 10mg po = 12.5mg IM CONVERTING FROM PO TO LONG-ACTING DECANOATE: Onset: 24-72hr (4-72hr) Long-Acting SC (12.5-100mg) (1-4 wks) Round to nearest 12.5mg Method 1: 1.25 X po daily dose = equiv decanoate dose; admin Q2-3wks. Cont ½ po daily dose X 1st few mths Cmax: 48-96hr 25mg/ml Method 2: ↑ decanoate dose over 4wks & ↓ po dose over 4-8wks as follows (accelerate taper for sx of EPS): t½: 6.8-9.6dy (single dose) ORAL DECANOATE (Administer Q 2 weeks) 15dy (14-100dy chronic administration) ORAL DOSE (mg/dy) ↓ DOSE OVER (wks) INITIAL DOSE (mg) TARGET DOSE (mg) DOSE OVER (wks) Steady State: 2mth (1.5-3mth) 5 4 6.25 6.25 0 Duration Action: 2wk (1-6wk) Elimination: Hepatic to inactive metabolites 10 4 6.25 12.5 4 Hemodialysis: Not dialyzable 20 8 6.25 12.5 4 30 8 6.25 25 4 40 8 6.25 25 4 Method 3: Admin equivalent decanoate dose Q2-3wks. -
Schizophrenia Care Guide
August 2015 CCHCS/DHCS Care Guide: Schizophrenia SUMMARY DECISION SUPPORT PATIENT EDUCATION/SELF MANAGEMENT GOALS ALERTS Minimize frequency and severity of psychotic episodes Suicidal ideation or gestures Encourage medication adherence Abnormal movements Manage medication side effects Delusions Monitor as clinically appropriate Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Danger to self or others DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA/EVALUATION (PER DSM V) 1. Rule out delirium or other medical illnesses mimicking schizophrenia (see page 5), medications or drugs of abuse causing psychosis (see page 6), other mental illness causes of psychosis, e.g., Bipolar Mania or Depression, Major Depression, PTSD, borderline personality disorder (see page 4). Ideas in patients (even odd ideas) that we disagree with can be learned and are therefore not necessarily signs of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a world-wide phenomenon that can occur in cultures with widely differing ideas. 2. Diagnosis is made based on the following: (Criteria A and B must be met) A. Two of the following symptoms/signs must be present over much of at least one month (unless treated), with a significant impact on social or occupational functioning, over at least a 6-month period of time: Delusions, Hallucinations, Disorganized Speech, Negative symptoms (social withdrawal, poverty of thought, etc.), severely disorganized or catatonic behavior. B. At least one of the symptoms/signs should be Delusions, Hallucinations, or Disorganized Speech. TREATMENT OPTIONS MEDICATIONS Informed consent for psychotropic -
Trifluoperazine 1Mg/5Ml Syrup Can Trifluoperazine 1Mg/5Ml Syrup Have Effects on Muscle Control
• Rarely patients may develop Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome. This causes a high temperature, rigid muscles, drowsiness, occasional loss of consciousness, and requires emergency admission to hospital for treatment. PATIENT INFORMATION LEAFLET • If you have chest pain (angina) and your pain is getting worse. • Very occasionally, medicines such as Trifluoperazine 1mg/5ml Syrup can Trifluoperazine 1mg/5ml Syrup have effects on muscle control. If this happens, symptoms can include slurred speech, odd movements of the face, particularly of the tongue, eyes, head or neck (such as twisting of the neck which causes an Read all of this leaflet carefully before you start taking this medicine. unnatural positioning of the head, rigid muscles, tremors or restlessness Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again. and difficulty in sitting still). Some patients (especially on high doses of If you have any further questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist. this medicine) experience problems with muscle control which may This medicine has been prescribed for you. Do not pass it on to others. It continue for years. Such patients may experience constant chewing or may harm them, even if their symptoms are the same as yours. tongue movements or other gentle movements of the neck, head or trunk. If any of the side effects become serious, or if you notice any side effects Uncontrollable movements of the arms and legs have also been reported not listed in this leaflet, please tell your doctor or pharmacist. in these patients. In this leaflet: • Occasionally, some patients have complained of feeling slowed down, 1. What Trifluoperazine 1mg/5ml Syrup is and what it is used for whilst • Rarely, jaundice (yellowing of skin and whites of eyes), eye problems, 2. -
Management of Side Effects of Antipsychotics
Management of side effects of antipsychotics Oliver Freudenreich, MD, FACLP Co-Director, MGH Schizophrenia Program www.mghcme.org Disclosures I have the following relevant financial relationship with a commercial interest to disclose (recipient SELF; content SCHIZOPHRENIA): • Alkermes – Consultant honoraria (Advisory Board) • Avanir – Research grant (to institution) • Janssen – Research grant (to institution), consultant honoraria (Advisory Board) • Neurocrine – Consultant honoraria (Advisory Board) • Novartis – Consultant honoraria • Otsuka – Research grant (to institution) • Roche – Consultant honoraria • Saladax – Research grant (to institution) • Elsevier – Honoraria (medical editing) • Global Medical Education – Honoraria (CME speaker and content developer) • Medscape – Honoraria (CME speaker) • Wolters-Kluwer – Royalties (content developer) • UpToDate – Royalties, honoraria (content developer and editor) • American Psychiatric Association – Consultant honoraria (SMI Adviser) www.mghcme.org Outline • Antipsychotic side effect summary • Critical side effect management – NMS – Cardiac side effects – Gastrointestinal side effects – Clozapine black box warnings • Routine side effect management – Metabolic side effects – Motor side effects – Prolactin elevation • The man-in-the-arena algorithm www.mghcme.org Receptor profile and side effects • Alpha-1 – Hypotension: slow titration • Dopamine-2 – Dystonia: prophylactic anticholinergic – Akathisia, parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia – Hyperprolactinemia • Histamine-1 – Sedation – Weight gain -
Opipramol and Trifluoperazine in the Treatment of Anxiety and Tension
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO ANTIHISTAMINES 395 In table VI are given the results of a question directed at discovering how effective the preferred treatment was compared to any other antihistamine used. Fifteen patients only were able to give this information but the results are interesting. Discussion TABLE VI The design of this study was very simple as COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUSLY USED ANTIHISTAMINE such studies must be if they are to be completed under the conditions of a busy general practice. In a condition such as hay fever where anti- Worse As good Better Total histamines are known to be etfective and where fairly rapid symptomatic relief is needed by the 2 4 9 15* patient, we did not feel justified in including a placebo. The results of the study seem fairly *In the majority of patients the previously used clear-cut that if patients are offered the choice antihistamine was the chemically related chlor- of a plain form of this antihistamine or a long- pheniramine maleate B.P. acting form more will choose the latter. Ofthose that do so, however, only about a third find a single tablet at night completely effective, the remainder have to take one further tablet during the day. Both forms of antihistamine are effective and where a retrospective comparison can be made this effectiveness is considered greater or equal to that of previously administered anti-histamines. Summary A simple comparative study under general-practice conditions of two formulations of pheniramine is described. Sixty-one per cent of patients preferred the long-acting form of this antihistamine. -
Appendix 13C: Clinical Evidence Study Characteristics Tables
APPENDIX 13C: CLINICAL EVIDENCE STUDY CHARACTERISTICS TABLES: PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ 3 APPENDIX 13C (I): INCLUDED STUDIES FOR INITIAL TREATMENT WITH ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATION .................................. 4 ARANGO2009 .................................................................................................................................. 4 BERGER2008 .................................................................................................................................... 6 LIEBERMAN2003 ............................................................................................................................ 8 MCEVOY2007 ................................................................................................................................ 10 ROBINSON2006 ............................................................................................................................. 12 SCHOOLER2005 ............................................................................................................................ 14 SIKICH2008 .................................................................................................................................... 16 SWADI2010..................................................................................................................................... 19 VANBRUGGEN2003 .................................................................................................................... -
Management of Major Depressive Disorder Clinical Practice Guidelines May 2014
Federal Bureau of Prisons Management of Major Depressive Disorder Clinical Practice Guidelines May 2014 Table of Contents 1. Purpose ............................................................................................................................................. 1 2. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Natural History ................................................................................................................................. 2 Special Considerations ...................................................................................................................... 2 3. Screening ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Screening Questions .......................................................................................................................... 3 Further Screening Methods................................................................................................................ 4 4. Diagnosis ........................................................................................................................................... 4 Depression: Three Levels of Severity ............................................................................................... 4 Clinical Interview and Documentation of Risk Assessment............................................................... -
Reviews Insights Into Pathophysiology from Medication-Induced Tremor
Freely available online Reviews Insights into Pathophysiology from Medication-induced Tremor 1* 1 1 1 John C. Morgan , Julie A. Kurek , Jennie L. Davis & Kapil D. Sethi 1 Movement Disorders Program Parkinson’s Foundation Center of Excellence, Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA Abstract Background: Medication-induced tremor (MIT) is common in clinical practice and there are many medications/drugs that can cause or exacerbate tremors. MIT typically occurs by enhancement of physiological tremor (EPT), but not all drugs cause tremor in this way. In this manuscript, we review how some common examples of MIT have informed us about the pathophysiology of tremor. Methods: We performed a PubMed literature search for published articles dealing with MIT and attempted to identify articles that especially dealt with the medication’s mechanism of inducing tremor. Results: There is a paucity of literature that deals with the mechanisms of MIT, with most manuscripts only describing the frequency and clinical settings where MIT is observed. That being said, MIT emanates from multiple mechanisms depending on the drug and it often takes an individualized approach to manage MIT in a given patient. Discussion: MIT has provided some insight into the mechanisms of tremors we see in clinical practice. The exact mechanism of MIT is unknown for most medications that cause tremor, but it is assumed that in most cases physiological tremor is influenced by these medications. Some medications (epinephrine) that cause EPT likely lead to tremor by peripheral mechanisms in the muscle (b-adrenergic agonists), but others may influence the central component (amitriptyline).