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Breeding for Resistance to Tree Pests: Successes, Challenges, and a Guide to the Future Carolyn C

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Breeding for Resistance to Tree Pests: Successes, Challenges, and a Guide to the Future Carolyn C Journal of Forestry, 2021, 96–105 doi:10.1093/jofore/fvaa049 Discussion Received May 12, 2020; Accepted October 16, 2020 Advance Access publication December 3, 2020 Discussion Breeding for Resistance to Tree Pests: Successes, Challenges, and a Guide to the Future Carolyn C. Pike, Jennifer Koch, and C. Dana Nelson Carolyn C. Pike ([email protected]), USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Eastern Region, West Lafayette, IN. Jennifer Koch ([email protected]), USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Delaware, OH. C. Dana Nelson ([email protected]), USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Forest Health Research and Education Center, Lexington, KY. Keywords: resistance breeding, shared stewardship, forest health, tree improvement Forests in North America are threatened by a myriad critically endangered on the International Union for of native and nonnative pests and pathogens, the latter Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List (Westwood of which are largely introduced via the international et al. 2017). Invasive pests threaten native forest species trade of raw wood products and live plants. The early at a time when reforestation is considered one of our twentieth-century arrival of white pine blister rust best options for mitigating the impacts of climate change (WPBR) (Cronartium ribicola) and chestnut blight (Goymer 2018, Bastin et al. 2019). (Cryphonectria parasitica) on imported seedlings devas- Invasive pests have devastated entire ecosystems tated forests across North America. Invasive species not- across the eastern United States, affecting major urban ably affect entire genera. For example, WPBR has now centers to sensitive riparian areas in remote forests. infected all North American five-needle pine (Pinus) spe- Dutch elm disease (DED) (Ophiostoma novo-ulmi) es- cies across the entire United States, which has affected sentially ended the existence of American elm (Ulmus species of commercial and noncommercial value and americana) along streets and greatly diminished the threatened sensitive, high-elevation ecosystems (Sniezko presence of elm in riparian forests. In many instances, et al. 2011, 2014, Sniezko and Koch 2017). The entire dead elms were replaced with green ash in urban for- Lauraceae family, which includes avocado (Persea ameri- ests across the United States and in riparian forests cana), redbay (P. borbonia), and sassafras (Sassafras throughout the Midwest (Crocker et al. 2005, 2009). albidum), is threatened by laurel wilt disease. American In a disheartening twist of fate, history repeated it- chestnut (Castanea dentata), once a dominant, keystone self when EAB arrived in the late 1990s to ravage the species, survives only as an understory shrub because of ash that had replaced elm trees (Haack et al. 2002, constant dieback from repeated chestnut blight infections Siegert et al. 2014). The impending loss of black ash (Dalgleish et al. 2016). Less common Castanea species in northern wetland forests because of EAB has the in North America, such as dwarf chestnut (C. pumila), potential to convert forests into open marsh by al- are also susceptible to blight (Dane et al. 2003). The ex- tering the hydrologic cycles of these wetlands (Slesak tensive, rapid mortality of ash trees (Fraxinus species) et al. 2014). An entire North American forest type— caused by emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis) beech-hemlock—is currently under threat by multiple has spread to 35 states and resulted in the listing of five invaders: hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae), eastern North American ash species—green (Fraxinus elongate hemlock scale (Fiorinia externa), beech bark pennsylvanica), white (F. americana), black (F. nigra), blue disease, and beech leaf disease (Danoff-Burg and Bird (F. quadrangulata), and pumpkin ash (F. profunda)—as 2002; Small et al. 2005, Morin and Liebhold 2015, Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of American Foresters 2020. 96 This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US. Journal of Forestry, 2021, Vol. 119, No. 1 97 Crocker et al. 2017, Carta et al. 2020). The plethora United States but should be generally applicable to of dead and dying trees in natural forests, parks, and other regions. urban areas serves as a stark reminder of native tree vulnerability to novel pests from an infestation pipe- line that is not expected to disappear anytime soon What Is Resistance Breeding? (Aukema et al. 2010). The need for pest-resistant seed In general, the process of resistance breeding begins is greater than ever, but capacity to generate this ma- with a search in natural forests for trees that remain terial is not in place, especially in the eastern United healthy, relative to their counterparts, after initial ex- States (Nelson and Koch 2017). posure to a pest or pathogen of interest. Optimizing Our national response to the first sign of an invasive timing of these selections is critical, but often difficult species follows a protocol that includes eradication, to perfect because some lag time after initial exposure containment, and mitigation (Pyček and Richardson is needed to ensure the pest or pathogen has spread 2010). Eradication and containment are usually exe- throughout the forest. Initial attacks often kill the cuted by chemical, mechanical (removal of infested host most susceptible genotypes, leaving behind trees that trees), and physical (quarantine) means. Mitigation fre- may have genetic resistance or tolerance (a condition quently employs biological control with various levels where the host coexists with the pest). For example, of success in lowering pest populations; in some cases “lingering” ash (trees selected for further testing) were little is known whether tree health or survival will be defined as mature trees greater than 10 cm diameter positively affected (Woods and Elkinton 1987, Kenis at breast height (DBH) that retained a healthy canopy et al. 2017). Modified silvicultural practices can also at least two years after more than 95 percent of the provide mitigation by favoring the tree over the pest, population died (Koch et al. 2015). Waiting too long but additional tools, such as biocontrol and resistance, to select and preserve candidate resistant trees, how- are inevitably needed (Vose et al. 2013). In a few in- ever, can result in losing these potentially resistant trees stances, pests may be locally eradicated (e.g., Asian either from the primary pest or by other stressors (e.g., longhorned beetle [Anoplophora glabripennis] in secondary pests, drought, or wind snap) on an already Illinois, New York, and New Jersey), but the threat of weakened tree. reentry entails relentless detection and response cam- Candidate trees are likely to have a range of resist- paigns. Meanwhile, the Asian longhorned beetle con- ance from none (e.g., trees that escaped infection or tinues to expand its reach with South Carolina recently are simply the last to die) to moderate or higher levels becoming the sixth state to report an outbreak (USDA that warrant further evaluation. Scientists capture gen- APHIS 2020). When invasive insects and pathogens etic material by making clonal replicates of the can- overcome eradication and containment measures, and didate tree through vegetative propagation (generally mitigation efforts fail, the lack of resistant seedlings grafting) or by collecting seed from the tree. Developing for planting gives forest managers little choice be- a screening method for a lab or field setting is neces- yond adapting management practices and switching to sary to determine the degree of resistance as well as the nonhost tree reforestation programs. extent resistance is attributable to either genetic factors At this critical junction we have a unique oppor- or environmental influences. The process requires trial tunity to meet these forest health challenges with new and error to elicit a measurable response indicating a and reimagined resistance tree breeding partnerships. subtle, yet useful, genetic resistance without killing all The purpose of this discussion is to review the cur- inoculated seedlings or propagules (clones). Initial ef- rent situation of resistance breeding and encourage the forts to refine appropriate dose of inocula or insects forestry community to embrace this emerging oppor- (often a slow and painstaking process) is a preamble to tunity to enhance forest health. To this end, we will efficiently mass screening large numbers of candidate (1) describe the main features of resistance breeding to genotypes. Mass screening employs quantitative gen- include phases detailed by Sniezko and Koch (2017), etics, the foundation of tree improvement, to identify (2) provide examples of tree resistance breeding suc- the most promising parents for a breeding program out cess stories, (3) delineate major challenges resistance of hundreds or thousands of candidate survivors and tree breeding programs face, and (4) describe nascent their progeny while capturing enough genetic diver- partnerships and emerging themes to develop and de- sity to retain resilience to biotic and abiotic stressors ploy host resistance in forest trees. Resistance breeding (Namkoong 1991). The sheer number of candidate considerations described here focus on the eastern selections to propagate (seedling or clone) and screen 98 Journal of Forestry, 2021, Vol. 119, No. 1 creates a unique challenge for scientists who include improvement program located at the Dorena Genetic resistance
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