Investigation on the Expert Communities Awareness of the Urban River Water Quality, Case Study of Sugutamu River, Indonesia
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Sampurasun e-Journal Vol 02, No. 01. June 2016 INVESTIGATION ON THE EXPERT COMMUNITIES AWARENESS OF THE URBAN RIVER WATER QUALITY, CASE STUDY OF SUGUTAMU RIVER, INDONESIA Imas Komariah1, Toru Matsumoto2 1,2 Department of Life and Environment Engineering, the University of Kitakyushu Kitakyushu, Japan 1 [email protected] 2 [email protected] Abstract Many rivers in urban areas in Indonesia are commonly used as raw water sources for drinking water purposes. Therefore, the water quality of the rivers needs to be maintained. River restoration program becomes a major priority in improving the water sector and environmental, particularly in big cities in Indonesia. Sugutamu River is one of the main rivers passing through the Depok City, West Province of Indonesia. High population density has resulted in a critical land usage and water resources in many developing countries including in Indonesia. It will lead to the water quality deterioration. Stakeholder participations should be considered when implementing a participatory program in river restoration project. This program can be developed by increasing the awareness of the community. One of the most important communities is the ‘expert’ communities. In this research, economists, environmental specialists, river engineers, urban planners are selected as the ‘expert’ community. Questionnaires were distributed to the expert communities to investigate how the respondents concern about the importance of river water quality. The result shows that the awareness of the expert communityon river water quality and its improvement is higher than on other aspects. Keywords: expert community, Sugutamu River, urban river, water quality. Many kinds of efforts have been conducted to 1. Introduction recover the river water quality in Indonesia Urban river is defined as a stream where a [2].The efforts were conducted by government significant part of the contributing and community. The community living close to catchment consists of development where the river also carried out events to clean up the the combined area of roofs, roads and water, the government built some facilities to paved surfaces results in an impervious improve the water quality in several places [2]. surface area characterizing greater than River restoration program becomes a major 10% of the catchment [1]. Many rivers priority in improving the water sector and located in the urban area are functioned as environmental in Indonesia, especially in big the raw water source for the drinking cities. The program has been regulated by the water purposes. Therefore, the water Indonesian Government since 2011. Restoration quality of the rivers needs to be programs have resulted in positive effects even in maintained. Unfortunately, rivers in urban the small restoration projects. Nevertheless, the areas are experiencing severe pollution project outcomes did not positively increase with due to activities that take place in the a bigger project size. No “single best” measure catchment area of the river. The source of could be identified from the restoration projects, pollution is notonly from the riverbanks, but river widening generally has a larger effect but also from activities in the basin that compared to other restoration measures [3]. discharge their wastewater into the river. 115 Sampurasun e-Journal Vol 02, No. 01. June 2016 Depok is a city located closed to Jakarta bottom line pressures of social (including City. It plays an important role as a political), economic and environmental factors supporting area for the capital city of [1]. The rehabilitation effort has to be under the Indonesia, especially in providing scope of an integrated water resources residential areas for people working in management. To strengthen water resources Jakarta. Sugutamu River is one of the management, the capacity building is important. main rivers passing through the Depok. It will generate and analyze data, develop High population density has resulted in a sustainable water management plans, use conflict critical land usage in many developing resolution techniques, or encourage stakeholders’ countries including in Indonesia. Many participation, and religious groups [5]. people use Sugutamu riverbank illegally Stakeholders of the river management come from as their residential area. This area is not various institutions and communities, not only supported by proper infrastructures, from government, but also from private sectors, including waste management facility. researchers, people communities, and Domestic and non-domestic activities in environmentalists [2]. this area generate solid waste and wastewater which are discharged directly River restoration program contains many aspects into the river without any prior treatment. to be considered. The most important part of the program is water quality conditions. The Sugutamu River is a tributary of the interaction between teams preparing syntheses Ciliwung River. The main part of this and expert entrepreneurs helps influence the river is located in the administrative area construction of strategic policy narratives. Those of Depok. The upstream of this river is in narratives increase the impact of scientific the Cibinong District while the evidence by communicating and framing key downstream is in the Sukamajaya policy-salient messages, and brokering between District, Bogor. Sugutamu River has a broad ecosystem-based and environmental watershed elongated shape and functions economics narratives [6]. as the primary channel to drain the runoff from the upstream area. When implementing a participatory program, stakeholder participation should be considered Based on the government activity in water right from the outset, from concept development quality monitoring, the river water quality and planning, through implementation, to profile of the upstream part was 6.71 pH, monitoring and evaluation of outcomes [7]. River 15.67 mg/L TSS, 3.14 mg/L of dissolved restoration program might generate various oxygen (DO), 32.97 mg/L of biochemical problems. The complex and dynamic nature of oxygen demand (BOD), and 186 mg/L environmental problems require flexible and chemical oxygen demand (COD). transparent decision-making that embraces a Additionally, river water quality profile of diversity of knowledge and values [7]. In this downstream part was 6.78 pH, 15.33 mg/L research, the awareness of expert community on TSS, 1.56 mg/L DO, 19.63 mg/L BOD, river water quality was investigated. When the and 124.27 mg/L COD [4]. Based on the expert community awareness is significantly aforementioned water quality data, the high, river water pollution measurement can be water quality of Sugutamu River has applied directly in the pollutant source, therefore exceeded the government regulation’s the river water quality treatment can be less stream standard, especially for the BOD intense. In the contrary, if the expert community and COD concentrations. Therefore, awareness is low, the first effort to improve the Sugutamu River needs a significant river water quality is complete treatment facilities improvement to restore the water quality that require high budget preparation. conditions. Urban stream rehabilitation decisions are usually dominated by conflicting triple 116 Sampurasun e-Journal Vol 02, No. 01. June 2016 2. Methodology need for river construction, routine maintenance, recreation facility Prior to the main research, questionnaires development, wastewater treatment were distributed to 100 people living near plant (construction and operation); Sugutamu River was conducted to - Land use, which considers residential investigate community activities and area, crop/plantation, industrial area, events involving the river, i.e.: recreation places, and - Benefits obtained from the river, - Action, which considers activities in - Water usage of the river, community education, law and - recreational use of the river, regulation enforcement, sanction and - river flood experience, penalty, improvement of river - Benefits the river restoration construction. program, and - Community interest in the river Further investigation was taken place to discover restoration. the importance sequence among 4 aspects, i.e.: Observation on the community is very 1. Water quality important, mainly to formulate the most Includes all variables influencing the life of appropriate measures to improve the river river’s biota, such as color, turbidity, condition. River pollution is mainly due to temperature, dissolved oxygen the lack of management for both liquid concentration, pH, ammonia, and alkalinity. and solid wastes and lack of community 2. Water quantity participation in river management [8]. Includes the amount of water exist in the river. 3. Water use Data for this research was acquired mainly Water use means the type of area using the derive from the questionnaire results. water from the river, such as residential, Expert communities were defined in 4 irrigation, and industry. categories, i.e.: 4. Water usage - Economists, Usage of water represents the type of - Environmental experts, activities using the water from the river, - River engineers, and such as raw water for drinking water - Urban planners. purposes or power plant. Total number of respondents are 38 (thirty eight). In this research, expert Data gained from the questionnaire was analyzed communities are defined as a group or to obtain the percentage of each expert individual who can affect or being community in prioritizing the criteria and aspects. affected