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Folia Botanica Extremadurensis 10 Aproximación al catálogo florístico de las Sierras de Tentudía y Aguafría (Badajoz, España) Francisco Márquez García, David García Alonso & Francisco María Vázquez Pardo Grupo de investigación HABITAT. Área de Dehesas, Pastos y Producción Forestal. Instituto de Investigaciones Agrarias ―Finca La Orden-Valdesequera‖ (CICYTEX). Consejería de Economía e Infraestructuras. Junta de Extremadura. A-5 km 372, 06187 Guadajira (Badajoz-España) E-mail: [email protected] Resumen: Este estudio presenta el primer catálogo de flora vascular de las Sierras de Aguafría y Tentudía y territorios limítrofes. Los estudios de campo se realizaron entre los años 2008 y 2015 mediante la realización de itinerarios, y los materiales recolectados se conservan en el herbario HSS. El catálogo consta de 826 taxones, 23 helechos, 2 coníferas y 801 angiospermas (206 monocotiledóneas y 595 dicotiledóneas), de ellas 51 son endémicas del área peninsular, 34son consideradas especies amenazados, a nivel nacional o autonómico, y 21 alóctonas. Márquez, F., García, D. &Vázquez, F.M. 2016. Aproximación al catálogo florístico de las Sierras de Tentudía y Aguafría(Badajoz, España). Fol. Bot. Extremadurensis 9: 25-47. Palabras clave:endemismos, especies amenazadas, Extremadura, Sierra Morena Occidental Summary: This study presents the first catalogue of the vascular plants of Tentudia and Aguafria mountain range and neighboring territories. Fieldwork studies (itineraries)were conducted between 2008 and 2015, and the collected specimens are preserved in the HSS herbarium. The catalogue consists of 826 taxa, 23 ferns, 2 conifers and 801angiosperms (206 monocots and 595 dicotyledonous), of which 51 are endemic of the Iberian Peninsula, 34 are considered to be threatened at national or regional level, and 21 are non-native species. Márquez, F., García, D. &Vázquez, F.M. 2016. Approach to checklist of the flora of Tentudia and Aguafria mountain range (Badajoz, Spain). Fol. Bot. Extremadurensis 9: 25-47. Key words:endemic, endangered species, Extremadura, Western Sierra Morena., Spain. Folia Botanica Extremadurensis Vol. 10 Introducción Las sierras de Tentudía y Aguafría se ubican en el Sur de la Provincia de Badajoz (Extremadura, España) junto al límite provincial de la provincia de Huelva (Andalucía, España), formando parte de las estribaciones más occidentales de Sierra Morena. El área de estudio conformada por este conjunto de sierras abarca una superficie de aproximadamente 16500 hectáreas pertenecientes a los municipios de Monesterio, Calera de León, Cabeza la Vaca y Fuentes de León, en la provincia de Badajoz, y Arroyomolinos de León, en la provincia de Huelva (Figura 1). Figura 1. Localización del área de estudio. La orografía del terreno se caracteriza por la presencia de las sierrasde Tentudía y Aguafría que alcanzan las cotas de mayor altitud de la Sierra de Tentudía (1112 m.s.n.m. en el Cerro Tudía o Tentudía) y Aguafría (1079 m.s.n.m. en el Alto del Aguafría), constituyendo las zonas de mayor altitud de todo el cuadrante Suroeste de la Península Ibérica. Estas cumbres suponen el límite de las cuencas hidrográficas de los ríos Guadiana (vertiente Norte) y Guadalquivir (vertiente Sur) y condicionan la red de drenaje, la cual se caracteriza por la presencia de cursos de aguas intermitentes (arroyos, barrancos, etc.) que dan lugar al nacimiento de los ríos Ardila y Bodión, en la cuenca del Guadiana, y el río Víar, en la cuenca del río Guadalquivir. Desde el punto de vista geológico la zona de estudio presenta materiales de edad Precámbrico y Cámbrico Inferior, existiendo notables diferencias respecto a la naturaleza de los materiales que componen las dos sierras principales que abarcan esta área. La Sierra de Tentudía está constituida por un conjunto de metagrauwacas y pizarras vulcanoclásticas (Formación Tentudía), de dirección Noroeste- Sureste y una anchura de 12 km, acompañada de intercalaciones poco potentes de otros materiales (metacineritas, metatobas cristalinas, anfibolitas, cuarcitas negras, calizas marmóreas y metabasitas). En cambio, la Sierra de Aguafría o del Castillo presenta materiales de naturaleza plutónica donde se localizan los complejos granitoides del Granito del Castillo, formado por granito anfibólico. Finalmente, en la zona Oeste de la Sierra de Tentudía aparecen un conjunto de materiales vulcanosedimentarios que se sitúan por encima de la Sucesión Tentudía (metacineritas y pizarras grises, metatobas cristalinas ácidas (porfiroídes), etc.) seguido de una sucesión de materiales carbonatados, con predominio de calizas y dolomías sobre los niveles detríticos intercalados, de origen sedimentario y/o vulcanosedimentario (Eguiluz & al., 1983). Influenciados por la naturaleza generalmente acidófila del material geológico y la orografía, los suelos de esta zona se caracterizan por poseer una pobre evolución y un carácter ácido a neutro,con predominio de leptosoles, cambisoles y luvisoles. Los primeros se localizan en las zonas más elevadas y de mayor pendiente, donde el espesor del suelo apenas alcanza los 25cm. En las zonas de menor pendiente donde se ha producido un mayor desarrollo del suelo, con formación de un horizonte B cámbico, da lugar 26 28 Márquez, F. & al. Aproximación al catálogo florístico de la Sierra de Tentudía a la aparición de cambisoles. Y finalmente, en las zonas más llanas donde se originan procesos de iluviación de arcillas aparecen luvisoles. La clasificación bioclimática de lassierras de Tentudía yAguafría, siguiendo la metodología propuesta por Rivas-Martínez (2007), indica la presencia de un clima mediterráneo y bioclima mediterráneo pluvistacional-oceánico, que puede tener influencia continental en las zonas más elevadas, siendo en estos casos el bioclima mediterráneo pluvistacional-continental. Según la clasificación biogeográfica de Rivas-Martínez (2007) la zona de estudio se incluye en el Distrito Aracenense del Subsector Araceno-Pacense (Sector Mariánico-mochinquense, Provincia Mediterránea Ibérica Occidental). Dentro de este contexto biogeográfico la vegetación potencial de la zona de las sierras de Tentudía y Aguafría, según la clasificación de Rivas-Martínez (1987; 2011), incluye cuatro series de vegetación potencial:1) En las zonas más elevadas, con altitudes comprendidas entre los 850 y 1112 m.s.n.m., donde el estrato arbóreo se caracteriza por la asociación de roble melojo (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) y madroño (Arbutus unedo L.) se origina la serie supramediterránea luso- extremadurense silicícola Arbuto unedonis-Quercetum pyrenaicae Rivas Goday ex Rivas Martínez 1987; 2)En las zonas de altitud superior a los 700 m.s.n.m., suelos profundos y mayor humedad, donde el estrato arbóreo se caracteriza por la presencia de alcornoque (Quercus suber L.) acompañado de agrimonias bastardas (Sanguisorba hybrida (L.) Font Quer (= Sanguisorba agrimonioides Gaertn. ex Ces., nom. illeg.)), lúzulas béticas (Luzula forsteri (Sm.) DC. subsp. baetica P.Monts.) y cantuesos luiserianos (Lavandula stoechasLam. subsp. luisieri (Rozeira) Rozeira), se establece la serie mesomediterránea luso-extremadurense y bética subhúmeda-húmeda Sanguisorbo hybridae-Quercetum suberis Rivas Goday in Rivas Goday, Borja, Esteve, Galiano, Rigual & Rivas-Martínez 1960 nom. mut. propos. (= Sanguisorbo agrimonioidis-Quercetum suberis); En las zonas de altitudes inferiores a 900 m.s.n.m. donde el árbol predominante es la encina (Quercus rotundifolia Lam.) aparecen dos series de vegetación diferenciadas en función de la naturaleza silicícola o basófila del sustrato:3) sobre los sustratos silicícolas donde aparece el piruétano (Pyrus bourgaeana Decne.) se establece la serie de vegetación mesomediterránea luso-extremadurense silicícola Pyro bourgaeanae-Quercetum rotundifoliaeSigmetum Rivas-Mart. 1987, existiendo en las zonas más térmicas, una faciación termófila caracterizada por la presencia de lentisco (Pistacia lentiscus L.); y 4) sobre los sustratos básicos donde podemos encontrar peonías (Paeonia broteroi Boiss. & Reut.) se conforma la serie de vegetación mesomeditérranea bética, marianense y araceno-pacense basófila Paeonio-Quercetum rotundifoliaeSigmetum Rivas-Martínez 1964. La degradación del bosque climácico ocasionada por la utilización antrópica del terreno o fenómenos ambientales adversos (incendios naturales, cambio climático, etc.) ha dado lugar a la conformación actual de la vegetación presente en las Sierras de Tentudía y Aguafría y zonas limítrofes. Las formaciones vegetales presentes en las zonas más elevadas se caracterizan por el predominio de repoblaciones forestales de pinos y, en menor medida, eucalipto, y plantaciones de olivos y castaños, siendo escasa la presencia de formaciones más o menos densas de roble melojo, limitadas principalmente a la Sierra de Tentudía. Las áreas entre sierras se caracterizan por el predominio de espacios adehesados, principalmente dominados por encinas y, en menor medida, alcornoques. En este contexto la flora que albergan estas formaciones en este territorio es poco conocida, sólo se dispone de algunos estudios genéricos (Rivas Goday, 1964; López & del Viejo, 2001) y anotaciones sobre la presencia de especies raras o amenazadas para la provincia de Badajoz (Rodríguez-Marzal, 2006; Rodríguez-Marzal & Pérez-Carral, 2009; Blanco & Gutiérrez, 2009; Márquez & al., 2011; Vázquez & al., 2011). Por ello, el presente trabajo se centra en el estudio de la flora y vegetación de las Sierras de Tentudía y Aguafría, teniendo como objetivo generar un catálogo florístico, destacando aquellas especies que presenten
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