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Symphoricarpos (Sneeuwbes) Is Een Heester Die Veel Wordt Gebruikt in Het Openbaar Groen En - Op Wat Beperkter Schaal - in Particuliere Tuinen

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Symphoricarpos (Sneeuwbes) Is Een Heester Die Veel Wordt Gebruikt in Het Openbaar Groen En - Op Wat Beperkter Schaal - in Particuliere Tuinen 6\PSKRULFDUSRV - sortimentsonderzoek en keuringsrapport Ir. M.H.A. Hoffman Symphoricarpos (Sneeuwbes) is een heester die veel wordt gebruikt in het openbaar groen en - op wat beperkter schaal - in particuliere tuinen. Van nature is het een zeer gemakkelijke plant, die vooral gewaardeerd wordt vanwege de opvallende witte of paarsroze bessen en/of de zeer goede bodembedekking. Het gewas is de afgelo- pen jaren ook uitgegroeid tot één van de populairste snijheesters. Vooral voor dit gebruik zijn er de afgelopen jaren veel nieuwe cultivars op de markt verschenen. Inmiddels zijn er ruim 60 verschillende cultivars bekend. Ruim 30 cultivars zijn op twee verschillende locaties getest. De planten zijn door PPO beschreven en beoor- deeld op gebruik als tuin- en plantsoenplant. De KVBC voerde een sterrenkeuring uit. 'DDUQDDVWVWDDWRRNGHFODVVL¿FDWLHYDQ Symp- dens de keuringen. De weergegeven gebruiks- horicarpos ter discussie. Tot nu toe werden waardedata, zoals ziektegevoeligheid en stevig- cultivars ingedeeld in soorten en soorthybri- heid zijn een gemiddelde van de waarnemingen den, met name S. albus , S. × doorenbosii en S. van de opplantingen in Boskoop en Leersum. ×chenaultii . Vooral voor nieuwe cultivars blijkt De plantbeschrijvingen zijn samengesteld aan dit steeds lastiger vol te houden, omdat de gene- de hand van het materiaal in Boskoop, toen de tische herkomst gecompliceerd of discutabel is. planten zo’n 5 jaar oud waren. Daarom is voor de praktijk een nieuwe inde- +HWRQGHU]RHNZHUGJH¿QDQFLHUGGRRUKHW3UR - ling in groepen gemaakt, die in deze publicatie ductschap Tuinbouw. wordt gepresenteerd. Taxonomie en verspreiding +HWRQGHU]RHN Symphoricarpos behoort tot de Caprifoliaceae In totaal zijn er 32 verschillende soorten en (Kamperfoeliefamilie) en wordt in Nederland, cultivars verzameld en aangeplant op twee ver- behalve Sneeuwbes, ook wel Klapbes genoemd. schillende locaties: Boot & Co Boomkwekerijen Het is een klein geslacht met ongeveer 15 ver- in Boskoop (veengrond) en Darthuizer Boom- schillende soorten. Bijna alle soorten komen kwekerijen in Leersum (zandgrond). De planten van nature voor in Noord- en Midden-Ameri- waren afkomstig van diverse kwekerijen, maar ka. Slechts één soort ( S. sinensis ) komt voor in met name van Snijheesterkwekerij Kolster uit West-China. De soorten groeien in uiteenlo- Boskoop. Het sortiment bestond uit de nieuwe pende klimaten, van de koude delen van Cana- cultivars, aangevuld met oudere cultivars uit het da en Alaska (bv. S. albus ), de prairies in het handelssortiment. Nadrukkelijk zijn dus ook binnenland van de VS (bv. S. orbiculatus ), de diverse nieuwe snijheestercultivars opgenomen. bergachtige streken van de Rocky Mountains Deze werden in de proef beoordeeld op kwaliteit (bv. S. oreophilus ) tot de droge en subtropische als tuin- en openbaargroenplant. De resultaten gebieden van Texas en Mexico ( S. microphyl- zeggen dus niets over de kwaliteit als snijhees- lus ). De naam komt uit het Grieks: symporein ter. = gezamenlijk dragend; karpos = vrucht. Dit Van 2009 tot 2012 zijn er waarnemingen ver- laatste duidt op de dicht opeengepakte vruchten. richt door PPO en is de collectie diverse malen Voor de indeling en beschrijving van de soorten gekeurd door de keuringscommissie van de EHVWDDWHHQPRQRJUD¿HYDQ-RQHV 'H]H KVBC. Alle beoordeelde planten zijn op naam PRQRJUD¿H YRUPW QRJ VWHHGV HHQ EHODQJULMNH gebracht, beschreven en gefotografeerd. De EDVLV YRRU GH KXLGLJH EHQDPLQJ HQ GH¿QLWLHV beschrijvingen zijn samengesteld aan de hand YDQGHVRRUWHQ,QGH]HPRQRJUD¿HZHUGRRN van literatuuronderzoek, veldobservaties en een indeling in twee subgenera gegeven, vooral discussies met kwekers en specialisten, o.a. tij- op basis van kroonvorm: Subgenus Eusympho- 66 Dendroflora nr 49 2012 6RUWLPHQWVSURHI Symphoricarpos ELM%RRW &R%RRPNZHNHULMHQ ricarpos met korte klokvormige kroon en sub- zijn de vruchten bij Lonicera echte bessen en bij genus Anisanthus met lange buisvormige tot Symphoricarpos besachtige steenvruchten. In verlengd klokvormige kroon. Het eerste subge- dit rapport worden ze overigens voor het gemak nus bevat vooral de overwegend Noord-Ame- wel bessen genoemd. rikaanse, zeer winterharde en tevens bij ons bekende soorten zoals S. albus en S. orbicula- Morfologie tus . Ook de enige Chinese soort S. sinensis valt Loofverliezende struiken, tot 2 m hoog, zelden in dit subgenus. Het tweede subgenus bevat de tot 3 m hoog. Bladeren tegenoverstaand, ron- wat meer zuidelijk voorkomende en in het alge- dachtig tot langwerpig-ovaal, gaafrandig of meen wat zachtere soorten zoals S. microphyl- met enkele lobben, kaal of behaard. Blad- lus , S. oreophilus en 6ORQJLÀRUXV . Moleculair steel kort. Bloemen klein, symmetrisch, bij de onderzoek van Bell (2010) ondersteunt deze meeste soorten in clusters van 5-15, bij sommige indeling overigens niet. soorten solitair of in een paar bijeen. Kelk kom- Er zijn twee soorthybriden in gebruik, bei- vormig met 4 of 5 lobben. Kroon witgroen tot den ontstaan in cultuur: S. ×chenaultii en S. roze, 4 of 5-lobbig, van binnen behaard of kaal. ×doorenbosii . Vooral deze laatste kent een Meeldraden 4 of 5, van gelijke lengte, ingesloten LQFRQVHTXHQWJHEUXLNHQHHQGLVFXWDEHOHVWDWXV of iets boven de kroon uitstekend. Vruchtbegin- (zie kopje verderop “ S. × doorenbosii een ver- sel 4-hokkig, waarbij 2 hokken alleen steriele warrende naam”). zaadbeginsels hebben en de andere 2 hokken Het meest verwante geslacht aan Symphoricar- elke met 1 fertiel zaadbeginsel. De vrucht is een pos is Triosteum , een klein vasteplanten geslacht besachtige steenvrucht; de kleur is wit, roze tot met soorten uit Noord-Amerika en Azië. Verder rood, en bij één soort blauwzwart ( S. sinensis ). is Symphoricarpos ook verwant aan Lonicera en De vruchten zitten bij de meeste soorten con- Leycesteria . De twee belangrijkste verschillen form de bloeiwijze in dichte clusters met 5-15 met Lonicera zijn dat de bloemen symmetrisch bijeen en soms in paren of solitair. Elke vrucht zijn in plaats van tweelippig en dat de vruchten bevat 2 zaden. 2-zadig zijn in plaats van meerzadig. Daarbij Dendroflora nr 49 2012 67 'HEORHLYDQSymphoricarpos is vrij onopvallend ( S. albus 'HEHVVHQYDQSymphoricarpos hebben veel sierwaarde ( S. albus 68 Dendroflora nr 49 2012 S. ×chenaultii µ+DQFRFN¶LVHHQLGHDOHERGHPEHGHNNHU S. albus LV]HHUJHVFKLNWDOVRQGHUEHSODQWLQJYDQERPHQ Dendroflora nr 49 2012 69 6WDQGSODDWVHQJHEUXLN FANTASY ) ‘Kolcharm’ ( CHARMING F ANTASY ), De bij ons bekende soorten van Symphoricarpos en ‘Kolgreep’ ( GREENPEARL F ANTASY ). Daarna behoren tot de gemakkelijkste en sterkste hees- volgden snel anderen zoals ‘Kolmava’ ( MAGI - ters van de Nederlandse tuinen en plantsoenen. CAL A VALANCHE ) en ‘Kolmajo’ ( MAGICAL J OY ). Ze groeien op uiteenlopende grondsoorten (incl. Zeer recent zijn ‘Kolmaman’ ( MAGICAL M ANDY ), zeer arme), zijn behoorlijk droogteresistent en ‘Kolmagimel’ (M AGICAL M ELODY ) en ‘Kolmatre- ook luchtverontreiniging wordt getolereerd. su’ (M AGICAL T REASURE ) geïntroduceerd, welke Daarbij zijn ze bij uitstek geschikt als onderbe- niet eens zijn opgenomen in de sortimentsproef. planting van bomen omdat ze naast droogte ook Voor deze snijcultivars is vooral geselecteerd op ÀLQNH VFKDGXZ HQ GUXSZDWHU YHUGUDJHQ 2RN besdracht, beskleur (bv. donkerroze en groen), TXDZLQWHUKDUGKHLG]LMQGHEHNHQGHVRRUWHQXLW - takstand (rechtopgaand) en stevigheid en uni- stekend (USDA zone 2-4). Door de ondergrond- formiteit van takken, compacte groeiwijze en se uitlopers (m.n. van S. albus en S. × chenaultii ) gezondheid. Vooral snijheesterkwekerij Kolster worden ze ook vaak ingezet voor erosiepreven- heeft, samen met veredelaar Floribreed (voor- tie, bv. van oevers of hellingen. En natuurlijk als heen de Jong) uit Heelsum, een belangrijke rol bodembedekkende heesters voor vakbeplanting. gespeeld bij de ontwikkeling en introductie van Een vak met Symphoricarpos groeit snel dicht en deze snijcultivars. Overigens heeft dit bedrijf staat garant voor jarenlang groen met uitermate RRNHQNHOH FRPSDFWH FXOWLYDUVVSHFL¿HNYRRU weinig onderhoud. Het is niet voor niets één van de tuinmarkt ontwikkeld, bijvoorbeeld: ‘Kol- de meest populaire openbaar groen planten. maswet’ ( MAGICAL S WEET ), ‘Kolmcan’ ( MAGI - Ook voor de biodiversiteit zijn ze erg waardevol. CAL C ANDY ) en ‘Kolmgala’ ( MAGICAL G ALAXY ). De bloemen vormen een uitstekende nectarbron Sneeuwbestakken wordt vooral in boeket- voor bijen, hommels en zweefvliegen; dit laat in ten gebruikt. De piek van de aanvoer ligt van het seizoen, wanneer het voedselaanbod schaars augustus tot oktober, maar vroege en late rassen wordt. Daarnaast worden de bessen door diverse worden het best betaald. Voor een goede bestui- vogels gegeten, hoewel vaak pas laat in de win- ving is het voor sommige cultivars raadzaam ter. De bessen zijn voor mensen licht giftig, con- om andere cultivars in de buurt te zetten. Som- sumptie kan leiden tot braken en duizeligheid. mige cultivars hebben weinig stuifmeel (zie ook Kinderen gebruiken de bessen wel als projectiel vorige kopje). Vooral voor deze cultivars is het voor blaaspijpen of laten de bessen stuk ‘knal- raadzaam om ze te combineren met cultivars die len’ met handen of voeten (vandaar de Neder- veel stuifmeel bevatten; bijvoorbeeld twee rijen landse naam Klapbes). van een (hybride-)cultivar, en elke derde rij een Voor de besdracht kunnen de meeste Sneeuw- stuifmeelrijke S. albus of een cultivar daarvan. bessen zichzelf bestuiven, maar vaak is bestui- Voor de snij wordt doorgaans een plantafstand ving via kruisbestuiving effectiever (betere van 90 bij 90
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