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Practicing Biomedicine at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital 1913–1965

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Practicing Biomedicine at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital 1913–1965 Practicing Biomedicine at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital 1913–1965 <UN> Clio Medica studies in the history of medicine and health Series Editor Frank Huisman (Utrecht University) Associate Editors Laurinda Abreu (University of Evora) Jonathan Reinarz (University of Birmingham) Editorial Board Jonathan Barry (University of Exeter) – Alison Bashford (unsw Sydney) – Christian Bonah (University of Strasbourg) – Sandra Cavallo (Royal Holloway, University of London) – Pratik Chakrabarti (University of Manchester) – Harold Cook (Brown University, Providence) – Marcos Cueto (Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro) – Brian Dolan (University of California, San Francisco) – Philip van der Eijk (Humboldt University, Berlin) – Monica Green (Arizona State University, Tempe) – Patrizia Guarnieri (Universita degli studi, Florence) – Rhodri Hayward (Queen Mary, University of London) – Peregrine Horden (Royal Holloway, University of London) – Sean Hsiang- Lin Lei (Academica Sinica, Taipei) – Anne Kveim Lie (Institute of Health and Society, Oslo) – Guillaume Lachenal (Universite Paris Diderot) – Vivienne Lo (ucl China Center for Health and Humanity, London) – Daniel Margócsy (University of Cambridge) – Hilary Marland (Warwick University, Coventry) – Graham Mooney (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore) – Teresa Ortiz-Gómez (University of Granada) – Steven Palmer (University of Windsor) – Hans Pols (University of Sydney) – Peter Pormann (University of Manchester) – Michael Stolberg (University of Wurzburg) – Marius Turda (Oxford Brookes University) – John Harley Warner (Yale University, New Haven) volume 103 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/clio <UN> Practicing Biomedicine at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital 1913–1965 Ideas and Improvisations By Tizian Zumthurm leiden | boston <UN> This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creative commons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Published with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation. Cover illustration: The Swiss nurse Trudi Bochsler overseeing the dressing of wounds, 1950s. © Archives Centrales Albert Schweitzer Gunsbach. The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2020024571 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 0045-7183 ISBN 978-90-04-40267-6 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-43697-8 (e-book) Copyright 2020 by Tizian Zumthurm. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize dissemination by means of offprints, legitimate photocopies, microform editions, reprints, translations, and secondary information sources, such as abstracting and indexing services including databases. Requests for commercial re-use, use of parts of the publication, and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. <UN> Contents Acknowledgements VII List of Illustrations VIII Introduction 1 1 Between Pragmatism and Order: Medical Organization and Daily Routine 28 2 In and Out of Control: Technologies and Patients in Surgery 73 3 Dimensions of Ignorance: Discourses and Practices of Obstetrics 119 4 Trial and Error: Drugs and the Treatment of Infectious Diseases 171 5 Healing and ‘Civilizing’: Community and Safety in Psychiatric Care 213 6 Conclusions 257 Bibliography 273 Index 303 <UN> Acknowledgements Many people have contributed in many ways to this book. I heartily thank all of them. Some deserve particular mentioning. Hubert Steinke provided the best setting one could wish for and invaluable inputs in regards of content and strategy. Walter Bruchhausen shared his endless expertise. Without Hines Mabika, this book would not exist and his advice was very welcome. Our advi- sory board (Wolfgang Eckart, Nancy Rose Hunt, Gesine Krüger, Elísio Macamo, Laurence Monnais, William Schneider, Joseph Tonda) travelled all the way to Bern and gave encouraging and treasured feedback. Neil Kodesh enabled my fruitful stay at UW-Madison and took time for stimulating discussions on my drafts. Florence Bernault also gave extremely useful comments. My colleagues from the IMG, especially Beat Bächi, Urs Germann, and Pascal German, pro- vided valuable exchanges and inputs. Numerous peers, too many to name, at academic events commented various stages of my work and enabled good times. My favorite librarians Pia Burkhalter and Bruno Müller made life a lot easier. Romain Collot and the team at the Maison Schweitzer were a great help. Frank Huisman and an anonymous reviewer helped me to sharpen important things in this book, especially reformulating the Introduction. Rosanna Woens- dregt from Brill was always very helpful. I want to specifically thank all the in- terviewees for sharing their experiences and thoughts. Jacques-Adrien Rolagho provided precious contacts and guide services. Benoit Moussavou-Wora and his family offered their very kind hospitality. I am very grateful to my parents who have always supported me in all my endeavors. My friends, and also my sister, are the best. I am happy, lucky, and thankful that I spent the time sur- rounding this book with Rahel. Patrick Grogan has edited this book, which greatly improved the quality of the arguments and the writing. John Boonstra has corrected parts of the Intro- duction and the whole Conclusion. I have translated all the quotes from pri- mary sources and secondary literature in German or French into English. Vin- cent Hischier has created Maps 1–3 for me. The ‘Association Internationale Albert Schweitzer’ and the ‘Schweizer Hilfsverein für das Albert-Schweitzer- Spital in Lambarene’ supported this project, also financially. The doctoral re- search, out of which this book has developed, has been funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) as part of the project 100011_149880 (2014–2017). <UN> Illustrations Figures 1 Total inpatients 33 2 Average number of patients present 34 3 Percentage of inpatients from ‘maisons’ 35 4 Gender ratio of inpatients 35 5 Surgeries at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital 81 6 Surgeries in colonial Gabon 85 7 Deliveries at government clinics in Gabon 125 8 Deliveries at Lambaréné government hospital 125 9 Deliveries at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital 125 10 Gender ratio of inpatients at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital 126 11 Patients diagnosed with dysentery 191 12 Dysentery cases related to total entries 191 13 Dysentery treatment, July 1928 to May 1929 199 14 Development of dysentery treatment 199 Maps 1 The location of Gunsbach and Lambaréné 3 2 Gunsbach in France 4 3 Lambaréné in Gabon 4 4 The Albert Schweitzer Hospital in 1954 70 Illustrations 1 The former chicken coop at the mission station in Andendé, undated. © Archives Centrales Albert Schweitzer Gunsbach 29 2 The ruinous hospital in April 1924. © Archives Centrales Albert Schweitzer Gunsbach 30 3 The ‘appels mensuels’, ca. 1950. © Archives Centrales Albert Schweitzer Gunsbach 32 4 A page of the appels mensuels of 1 March 1936. © Archives Centrales Albert Schweitzer Gunsbach 33 <UN> Illustrations ix 5 Patients and gardiens at the landing area during rainy season, late 1940s. © Archives Centrales Albert Schweitzer Gunsbach 37 6 The hospital’s ‘main road’ with the ‘Grande Pharmacie’, mid-1950s. © Ar- chives Centrales Albert Schweitzer Gunsbach 38 7 Patients at the consultation space, mid-1950s. © Archives Centrales Al- bert Schweitzer Gunsbach 39 8 Patients or gardiens collecting their ration of food, mid-1950s. © Archives Centrales Albert Schweitzer Gunsbach 41 9 Patients or gardiens cooking their meals behind the sleeping quarters, mid-1950s. © Archives Centrales Albert Schweitzer Gunsbach 42 10 Operation protocols of January 1927. © Archives Centrales Albert Schweitzer Gunsbach 81 11 The quarters for freshly operated patients directly after their opening in 1927. © Archives Centrales Albert Schweitzer Gunsbach 87 12 The same quarters, now called ‘Case Bouka’, at a later date. © Archives Centrales Albert Schweitzer Gunsbach 88 13 The nurse M. Lagendijk, P. Piebé, and two doctors during an operation, ca. 1950. © Archives Centrales Albert Schweitzer Gunsbach 93 14 Pierre Piebé and Dr. Arnold Brack disinfect their hands, ca. 1947. © Ar- chives Centrales Albert Schweitzer Gunsbach 99 15 Sterilizing surgical instruments, probably late 1930s. © Archives Central- es Albert Schweitzer Gunsbach 102 16 The operation room and two assistants in 1940. © Archives Centrales Al- bert Schweitzer Gunsbach 117 17 The operation room in 2015 (photograph by Hubert Steinke) 117 18 Staff in front of the hospital’s maternity ward, ca. 1934. © Archives Cen- trales Albert Schweitzer Gunsbach
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